Artículos de revistas: "Silk merchants of Lyon"

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KHALEEL, Zahraa Hameed. "THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN FRANCHISES ON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN BELAD AL-SHAM(1838 - 1914)". RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, n.º 05 (1 de septiembre de 2022): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.19.18.

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The foreign franchises were - in the beginning - grants granted to foreigners by the strong Sultan as a sign of his generosity, and they continued, in fact, during the rule of the Sultan who granted them only, and their aim was to strengthen economic ties. These franchises can be renewed or canceled whenever a new ruler ascends the throne, by entering into long negotiations, and the Sublime Porte has the right to add or delete clauses specific to the state on which these franchises are presented to. The Ottoman state began granting franchises since the era of its founder Othman (128-1324 AD) when it entered into relations with its neighbors at that time, and commercial franchises were the first form of peaceful relations for the Ottoman state because its relations with the Europeans revolved around a narrow range, and that the number of foreigners in the Ottoman Empire was not large, and because the Ottomans were powerful in the beginning, there were no forces that forced them to remove them except for the free will of the grantor, as indicated by one of the historians, including: “These franchises were at the time, in principle granted, by the Sultans without prior discussions, and voluntarily granted rights and privileges to the subjects of foreign countries that had both trade and friendship relations with the Ottoman Empire. The franchises were granted unilaterally and voluntarily by the Sultan, so foreign countries followed the policy of renewal until 1740, when Sultan Mahmud I (1730-1754), permanently renewed the French franchises. All treaties concluded between the Ottoman Empire and foreign countries included a general article that stated: “Every country benefits from the franchises that will be given by treaty to other countries, in addition to the privileges it obtained by its treaties with the Sublime Porte .” The Treaty of Balta Liman , concluded on August 16, 1838, with Britain, abolished the protection system for national products, by limiting the ability of the Ottoman Empire to impose new taxes, and opened the markets of the Ottoman Empire to foreign merchants, and allowed them freedom of import and trade, which led To the imbalance in the trade balance, after determining the percentage of the customs tariff, which amounted to (3%) of the value of the goods, and this condition is not subject to reciprocity. It also included the condition that the customs tariff cannot be modified without the consent of Britain. The importance of the Balta Liman Treaty was that it not only confirmed the previous privileges, but also abolished the Ottoman monopolies. This was represented in the sixth clause of the treaty, which stipulated: “The Turkish government agrees to the measures stipulated in the treaty, which include all the Ottoman Empire, in the European part of Turkey, as well as in the Asian part, Egypt and all the possessions of the Sublime Porte in Africa, and they are applied to all subjects of the regions The Ottoman Empire, whatever their status, and the Turkish government agrees that no foreign country will refuse its trade under this treaty. Foreign traders took advantage of the lack of customs duties imposed on their imported goods, which was at a rate of (3%), as well as exempting them from the fees imposed on their imported goods within the same country. %), which led to the control of foreign traders over foreign trade, which in turn was reflected in the export of agricultural products on the one hand, which led to an increase in the production of some agricultural crops for the purpose of export at the expense of other crops, and this policy resulted in specialization in agriculture, so the cultivation of some crops was limited In certain areas, depending on the presence of branches of foreign companies, which do not depend on the suitability of the land for cultivation, the cultivation of mulberry trees has spread in Syria, for the purpose of raising silkworms to produce silk that is exported to the factories of Lyon and Marseille in France. The production of raw silk in Syria reached between 1880 -1914), two and a half million kilograms in 1880, increased to (6.1) million kilograms in 1914.

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Ali, Venus. "The MOST IMPORTANT STRATEGIC WAYS AFFECTING The ABBASID STATE'S TRADE With OTHER COUNTRIES ) SILK ROAD As A MODEL)". Islamic Sciences Journal 10, n.º 5 (17 de marzo de 2023): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jis.19.10.5.11.

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The Silk Road gained a good reputation and unprecedented fame, as a result of the goods known for its name, which was not only attracted the attention of merchants and travelers, but was the focus of attention of the caliphs, kings and kingdoms through which the convoys of multinational merchants were passing as it was not only a route for silk merchants, but was The Silk Road also played an important role in scientific and economic exchanges. Therefore, the Silk Road is not merely a geography, not a history, not merely an identity. This identity is united by difference, convergence and contrast. Coexistence and peace

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Bottin, Jacques y Isabelle Vérité. "Les Salviati de Lyon et le commerce du pastel languedocien, 1519-1549". Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale 132, n.º 309 (2020): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/anami.2020.9027.

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We know much of the banking activity that Italian companies conducted on behalf of major woad merchants, but far less of their business practices. It can be closely looked at from the rich commercial documentation from the Salviati of Lyon, although they were not leading players. Twenty transactions conducted from 1519 to 1549 allow us to understand how they carried on their business, from decision making to finalisation of payments. The fact that they were selling woad in London, Antwerp, Venice, Valence and Florence highlights the functionality of the Salviati’s European network, based on their agencies and relationships with a small core of reliable partners. On the other side, the growing involvement of local woad merchants in their business reflects the strengthening of this network at the regional level. This increased the autonomy of the payment system, centered in Lyon, from the pastel circuit.

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Liu, Chuning. "Sogdian Traders Along the Silk Road: Causes for Their Commercial Success". Communications in Humanities Research 4, n.º 1 (17 de mayo de 2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220142.

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The Sogdian traders were arguably the most important traders along the Silk Road from the 4th century to the 8th century. Their sphere of influence expands across Eurasia, and their trading partners include China and the Roman Empire. This paper will argue that there are some distinct reasons behind their success as merchants who built a massive political-economic system along the Silk Road. In this paper, the research will base on the famous Sogdian Ancient Letters, other archeological findings, and secondary literature by historians like Di Cosmo and De la Vaissire and investigate the causes of Sogdian merchants success in building a transcontinental commerce system. Furthermore, this paper will specifically explain how Sogdian merchants rose to prominence in cities such as Dunhuang and Turpan and gained commercial success in China, one of its greatest trading partners.

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Bubenok, O. "The Alanian merchants on the Great Silk Way". World of the Orient 2013, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2013): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/orientw2013.01.099.

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Marsden, Magnus. "Actually existing silk roads". Journal of Eurasian Studies 8, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2016.11.006.

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This article explores the relevance of the concept of Silk Road for understanding the patterns of trade and exchange between China, Eurasia and the Middle East. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork in the city of Yiwu, in China's Zhejiang Province. Yiwu is a node in the global distribution of Chinese ‘small commodities’ and home to merchants and traders from across Asia and beyond. The article explores the role played by traders from Afghanistan in connecting the city of Yiwu to markets and trading posts in the world beyond. It seeks to bring attention to the diverse types of networks involved in such forms of trade, as well as their emergence and development over the past thirty years.

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N.T., Nurulla Khodjaeva. "“Dancing” Merchants beyond the Empires On The Silk Road". MGIMO Review of International Relations 1, n.º 52 (1 de enero de 2017): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2017-1-52-119-139.

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DALE, STEPHEN FREDERIC y Thomas K. Park. "INA BAGHDIANTZ MCCABE, The Shah's Silk for Europe's Silver: The Eurasian Trade of the Julfa Armenians in Safavid Iran and India (1530–1750), Armenian Texts and Studies 15 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania 1999). Pp. 436." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, n.º 2 (mayo de 2001): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801212069.

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It has long been recognized that Iranian silk constituted the principal source of foreign exchange of the Safavid state in the reign of Shah [ayn]Abbas I (1589–1629), and widely appreciated that Armenian merchants of New Julfa, Isfahan, played a critical role in marketing Iranian silk both within the country and abroad. It is all the more remarkable therefore to consider that Ina Baghdiantz McCabe has produced the first major study of the Iranian Armenian community's business organization, their relationship with the Safavid state, and the nature of their involvement in the production and marketing of Iranian silk. Based on Armenian, English, French, and Persian sources, this well-illustrated publication in the University of Pennsylvania's Armenian Texts and Studies series represents an ambitious work of political economy. In it, Baghdiantz McCabe argues forcefully that the Armenians' position reflected the implementation of systematic economic goals by Iranian monarchs; that Armenians during the reign of Shah [ayn]Abbas I became part of the political elite; that Armenian trade, far from being the work of itinerant peddlers, was directed by a highly organized, extremely wealthy commercial elite; and that Armenian merchants operating within the Safavid system were successful in excluding European companies from gaining significant influence in the Iranian silk trade.

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Pallini-Martin, Agnès. "Toulouse, Lyon, Florence : les réseaux florentins du pastel languedocien". Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale 132, n.º 309 (2020): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/anami.2020.9026.

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The pastel of the Lauragais region represents an important stake for Florentine merchants and financiers at the turn of the 16th century. For them, who perfectly mastered accounting techniques and long-distance commercial circuits, the commercialization of the dye plant represented a profitable and relatively safe investment. Domenico and Francesco Naldini, Florentines established in Toulouse since the of the 15th century and associated with the Salviati company in Lyon, developed business for about twenty years. Their unpublished accounting documents shed on the pastel routes to Tuscany and allow us to question the functioning of between companies.

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Rybar, Lukas y Artem A. Andreev. "The Russian-Iranian Silk Trade during the Reign of Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 66, n.º 3-4 (28 de marzo de 2023): 394–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341598.

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Abstract This article is a case study of the Russian-Iranian silk trade, particularly during the period of the Safavid Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642). During his reign, substantial changes occurred in the state silk trade, which also affected the Russian-Iranian trade. This study mainly focuses on the amount of Iranian silk exported to Russia by royal merchants, the form the Russian-Iranian silk trade took and the mode of transport as well as the main trade routes. Our research is based on archival historical sources from the Russian state archives of ancient documents. The study thus aims to shine new facts on the Russian-Iranian trade relations in the early modern period.

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Firro, Kais. "Silk and Agrarian Changes in Lebanon, 1860–1914". International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, n.º 2 (mayo de 1990): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800033353.

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The production of silk on Mount Lebanon dates back to the time of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. From his reign in the 7th century until the 19th century, despite fluctuations in the production of silk, Mount Lebanon and parts of the Bekaa valley continued to produce “Syrian silk.” In the latter part of the 19th century, silk production on Mount Lebanon and elsewhere even expanded, as new areas for growing mulberry trees were added along the coast from Antioch to Sidon.Studies on silk production in Syria, such as those of Gaston Ducousso, Dominique Chevallier, Roger Owen, and Boutros Labaki, focus on the silk industry and trade, treating silk as a cash crop and analyzing its impact on the 19th-century Syrian economy, and deal only indirectly with subjects such as the land-tenure system, the peasants' dependence on the silk merchants, the decline of the landlords, and changes in the mushāc system, or collective use of land.

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Mao, Yutao. "The Influence of Tang Dynastys Policies on Sogdian Commercial Networks". Communications in Humanities Research 4, n.º 1 (17 de mayo de 2023): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220927.

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Sogdian merchants played an essential role in the commercial and cultural activities between the Tang dynasty and other states in the west of Tang, along the Silk Road. Based on the conditions for the Tarim region to be able to perform a role in the commercial transfer station and the well-established advanced monetary and postal system, the article discusses how the Tang court's policies influenced the Sogdian commercial system that the influence was mainly in three aspects: i) Tang court intentionally introduced Sogdian merchants and helped Sogdian merchants to spread; ii) The household registration of Sogdian merchants and endorsement by Tang court offered Sogdian merchants significant opportunities to earn profits from trading with Tang court when Sogdian merchants monopolized the trade between Tang dynasty and western states; iii) The fusion of Sogdian people into Han people and Sogdian people's entrance into the political system of Tang court enhanced the Sogdian merchant's commercial networks. Finally, the article concludes: The deep fusion of ethnic groups of Han people and Sogdian people was the promoter of the prosperity of the Tang dynasty, and it again made the Sogdian commercial network thrive.

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Lidin, Konstantin. "the new silk road". проект байкал 19, n.º 72 (31 de julio de 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.72.1986.

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Thousands of years ago, a system of routes was taking shape across the Eurasian continent, transporting people, goods, ideas and technology from east to west and from west to east. The armies of Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan passed along those routes; caravans of merchants carried silk, porcelain, spices and wisdom books. Today the concept of the Great Silk Road is not just coming to life, but is becoming one of the large-scale ideas for the development of dozens of states, up to the global level. The New Silk Road will be implemented simultaneously along many parallel paths. The southern ones will pass across the territories of Central Asia, Iran and Turkey. The northern routes will mainly run through Russia, including its Arctic territorial waters. These large-scale linear projects represent a major challenge and, at the same time, a tremendous development opportunity for many decades (centuries?) ahead. We start to discuss the New Silk Road by selecting materials on some specific aspects of the project and look forward to discussing it further – as its global nature demands.

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Hafter, Daryl M. "Women in the Underground Business of Eighteenth-Century Lyon". Enterprise & Society 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 11–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/2.1.11.

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Women's work has often been portrayed as unskilled and lowpaid labor done for the benefit of others. But the role of female enterprise in eighteenth-century Lyon presents another dimension: non-guild women workers who secured control of raw materials, labor,and distribution networks within an underground economy. In an unusual twist of fortune,a small but significant number of women in the silk,hat-making, and button-making industries turned to their own benefit the advantages customarily provided to male entrepreneurs. These women workers stole materials from the guild workshops in which they were employed. Having learned the technology needed to manufacture silk,hats,and buttons from guild masters,they set up clandestine workshops and trained their own workers. Even in the face of official guild protest,their low prices and competent workmanship induced some masters to buy their goods to reduce the cost of their own products. The women used a set of capitalist practices to survive in a difficult transitional era of superficially regulated norms.

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Gottschang, Thomas R. "One Industry, Two Chinas: Silk Filatures and Peasant-Family Production in Wuxi County, 1865–1937. By Lynda S. Bell. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. xvii+290 pp. $51.00. ISBN 0-8047-2998-0.]". China Quarterly 170 (junio de 2002): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902260283.

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With this book Lynda Bell contributes a major piece to our understanding of China's modern economic history. The core of the book is a detailed description of the evolution of the silk industry in central China between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. Bell's exhaustively researched analysis covers each level of silk production in Wuxi county, from the rural household producers of cocoons, to the intermediate level cocoon merchants and local filatures, to the major firms that by the early 1930s controlled much of the market through modern, vertically integrated organizations.

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Xin, Ning y Liao Jingjing. "History of the Silk Road". Chronos 36 (20 de agosto de 2018): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v36i0.86.

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It is often mentioned that the "Silk Road" was a trade route between theEast and the West. Conceptually, it represents the history of communicationbetween China and the West: goods and merchants frequently travelledalong this route. The meaning of the Silk Road and its formation processand scope of influence has been documented in different records, and hadan impact on academic research in several countries: in the field of researchon the history of China, the study of the Silk Road is a subject that manyresearchers have tackled and discussed. Early historical chronicles have beenanalyzed and discussed as well as documents and unearthed artefacts foundalong the Silk Road; these studies involve political, cultural, and economicaspects. Research has not been limited to China, but has also interested thecountries which were along the Silk Road and those which were affected bythe Silk Road culture. The Silk Road acted as a cultural bridge between Eastand West: it did not only promote commerce but also cultural exchanges.For example, Buddhism, as one of the religions of the Kushan kingdom,reached China thanks to this route.

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Chandan Roy. "A Review on Genesis, Growth and Development of Bengal Artisanal Silk Industry in India". Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, n.º 4 (5 de julio de 2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.4.54.

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This paper explores how the silk production in India started flourishing from mid of the seventeenth century when the demand for cheaper Bengal silk began to rise in European market. Initially Dutch merchants were collecting the silk from domestic market for exporting it to Europe and later English East India Company (EEIC) took over the control of silk trade spreading their tentacles in different parts of Bengal. In order to improve the quality, EEIC introduced Italian technology of reeling in Bengal in 1769, though Bengal sericulture was unable to adapt the technology. Bengal economy was going through several natural calamities and domestic disturbances. From 1813 the company started selling its filatures. The economic power of dadani merchant, money-lenders started growing from this period and they formed a new middle class while the situation of artisan and farmer classes deteriorated. The condition of native artisans of Bengal further worsened under the rule of British Monarch as the Industrial Revolution in West set in. Being potential competitor of Machester Silk, Bengal silk faced serious crisis and eventually Bengal silk industries were transformed into suppliers of raw materials, which was driven by the national interest interests of the British Monarch.

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G.I., Sheriff y Akeje K. "Developmental Historiography of the Ancient Silk Road". African Journal of Culture, History, Religion and Traditions 4, n.º 1 (12 de octubre de 2021): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajchrt-a7od6ndn.

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This study seeks to explain the history of the ancient Silk Road and also explain its strategic importance as a network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. Using the library's documented instrument and historical descriptive methodology, findings show that the Silk Road is historically connected with the Eastern and Western civilizations and culture. Merchants on the Silk Road transported goods and traded at bazaars along the way. They traded goods such as silk, spices, tea, ivory, cotton, wool, precious metals, and ideas. The Silk Road also enabled cultural transfers, for instance when Genghis Khan and the Mongols invaded China, they came along with their own culture, e.g., buttons on clothes were introduced in China as a cultural import from Central Asia especially under the rule of Kublai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty. The paper concludes that the Silk Road rose to prominence during the Han and Tang dynasties. The long-distance trade at this time did not just transport goods and luxuries, it was also a lifeline of ideas and innovations from Persia, India and countries of the Middle East and Central Asia.

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Mann, Keith. "Political Identity and Worker Politics: Silk and Metalworkers in Lyon, France 1900–1914". International Review of Social History 47, n.º 3 (5 de noviembre de 2002): 375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900200069x.

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This paper aims to explain the different political trajectories and identities of two sets of industrial workers in the city of Lyon, France during the years immediately preceding the first World War. Silk workers supported reformist socialist parties while metalworkers were pillars of the revolutionary syndicalist current that dominated the prewar CGT. Unlike base and superstructure models or political autonomy explanations, it is argued that the particular industrial structures and social relations within each industry interacted with local and national political opportunity structures in ways that rendered some strategies and forms of collective action more efficacious than others. The programs and strategies proposed by revolutionary syndicalism matched the conditions of metalworkers and attracted their support, while reformist socialism struck a similar chord with silk workers resulting in similar results.

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Matringe, Nadia. "The meandering trajectories of financial innovations: commercial paper and its uses in sixteenth-century Lyon's trading networks". Financial History Review 30, n.º 2 (agosto de 2023): 198–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565023000069.

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This article explores the complex dynamics of financial innovation in early modern times, challenging linear models of temporal and spatial divisions that tend to shape our understanding of the evolution of financial systems. It supports the idea that innovation should be viewed as a non-linear and contextual process, involving diverse stakeholders and characterised by interactions and unexpected occurrences. The study focuses on the dissemination and trajectories of financial innovations, specifically the bill of exchange and its variation, the ricorsa, as well as the transferability and negotiability of commercial paper. It does so by investigating the interactions and exchanges between merchants and bankers from diverse backgrounds during the sixteenth-century Lyon fairs, using the archival records of one of the first Italian banks in Lyon (Salviati). The study reveals the mutual influence and acculturation among these agents and challenges the compartmentalisation of financial expertise. Through an analysis of transactions recorded in the Salviati bank's ledgers, the article highlights previously unknown uses of commercial paper by Southern merchant communities and discusses the factors that may have hindered the full-scale development of endorsement and discount in the Lyon trading networks, despite their potential benefits. The results provide insights into the intricate nature of financial innovation and the influence of structural and cultural factors on its development.

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Chaudhry, Sushil. "Indo-Iranian trade and Indian merchants in Iran in the seventeenth century". Studies in People's History 5, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918795772.

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Commercial relations between India and Iran have existed since antiquity, but they particularly flourished from the latter part of the sixteenth century to the earlier part of the eighteenth century. Partly, this could be due to greater degree of security on the land routes established under the two contiguous empires, the Mughal and the Safavid. Partly also, it owed much to the changing pattern of Eurasian commerce: Iran obtained increasing amount of silver from Europe in return for its silk, and with this augmented supply of silver, Iran could buy more Indian goods, especially textiles. Much too was owed to the enterprise of merchants, the Armenians of New Julfa and the large members of Indian merchants (Multanis and Gujaratis) who, practically settled in Iran, engaged in both commerce and usury.1

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Ciriacono, Salvatore. "European and Italian trades on the Silk Road: a reassessment". Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 27, n.º 3 (29 de junio de 2018): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.3.16.

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The principal aim of my essay is looking at the presence and the role of the European and particularly Italian merchants on the so called “Silk Road” during the 17th and 18th century. We have to remember that this expression was introduced by the German geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen, a topic that is receiving a growing attention from the contemporary historians. Indeed this focus is connected to the attention that is given by contemporary economic/political actors to the fortune of the Chinese economy. It is not an accident that Chinese advance is seen by many as the cause of the declining role of Western economies inside the world market.

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Beaumont, Thomas. "Forging Political Identity: Silk and Metal Workers in Lyon, France 1900-1939". Modern & Contemporary France 19, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2011): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2011.622529.

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Rizakhojayeva, G. A. y A. Yu Baltabayeva. "CULTURAL TOURISM – AS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS FOR THE REVIVAL OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD". BULLETIN 2, n.º 390 (15 de abril de 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.48.

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The study is devoted to the study of the form of the emergence of trade architecture of the cities of the Great Silk Road and their impact on the expansion of modern tourism in the region. Сaravanserais, trading cities (markets) of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are outlined as examples. The analysis of the types of planning structure and the situation that divulged the attributes of the trade architecture of the Great Silk Road. In the process of research, a measure of saturation with cultural and historical means of the Great Silk Road regions was deliberated. And also reviewed modern projects for the improvement of this trade and geographical interrelation of cultures of the East and West. The extent of the Great Silk Road was 12 thousand kilometers, so few traders proceeded all the way along the Silk Road. Essentially, they tried to travel in shifts and trade-off goods somewhere halfway. Throughout the Great Silk Road in the cities and villages through which caravans elapsed, there were caravanserais (inns). They had hujras (“lounges”) for merchants and caravan staff, rooms for camels, horses, mules and donkeys, and needed fodder and facilities. Caravanserais were a place where it was attainable to sell and buy in bulk goods interesting to a merchant, and most importantly, to get hold of the latest commercial news and, above all, prices for goods.

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Jacoby, David. "Merchants, princes and painters: silk fabrics in Italian and northern paintings, 1300-1550". Mediterranean Historical Review 28, n.º 1 (junio de 2013): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2013.773616.

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Monnas (book author), Lisa y Steven Stowell (review author). "Merchants, Princes and Painters: Silk Fabrics in Italian and Northern Paintings, 1300–1550". Renaissance and Reformation 35, n.º 1 (19 de noviembre de 2012): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v35i1.19094.

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Mukhamedov, Yakubdjan Kadirovich. "CHOCH TRADE SYSTEM WITH CHINESE DYNASTIES AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 03, n.º 05 (1 de mayo de 2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-03-05-02.

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The Choch oasis is one of the regions that have had trade, economic and cultural relations with the countries of the Central Asian region since ancient times. By the VI-VIII centuries, economic relations reached their peak. During this period, Choch's trade and economic relations with the Chinese dynasties and diplomatic relations took an important place. As early as the III-IV centuries AD, the Choch people had intensive trade relations with the Sughd merchants who had trade colonies in the regions of Eastern Turkestan. The common interests of the Western Turkic Khanate and the upper class of Sughd caused Sughd merchants to take a leading position in trade and economic relations in the eastern direction[21], which created the ground for Choch and Sughd people, who actively participated in these relations, to occupy the international markets of the great Silk Road trade. This article discusses choch trade system

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in ’t Veld, Cornelis M. "The Conservation in Lyon and the Long Tradition of Coutume and Usage". Studia Iuridica 80 (17 de septiembre de 2019): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4891.

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In this contribution I am tracing the legal history of the concepts coutume and usage back from today’s international mercantile law to the Tribunal de la Conservation in early modern Lyon. From the late 19th century some theorists were regarding usage as normative when it could be derived from the consensus between contracting parties. We find this conception of usage, for example, in the CISG. On the other hand, the more romantical strain of theorists on the law merchant was stressing that customary law was normative regardless of the possibility to derive it from the parties’ agreements. In early modern Lyon merchants were invoking usages (and to a lesser extent also coutumes) at the Conservation frequently. Because of the juridification of this tribunal in the late 17th century, we expected that the use of the words coutume and usage was in line with the doctrinal conceptions of their days (according to which coutume was a form of written normative customary law and usage was a non-written normative customary law). This, however, was not always the case: sometimes the judges of the Conservation were using the words in a rather loose sense.

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Raeva, P., K. Pavelka y K. Pavelka jr. "GATHERING GEODATA FOR HBIM AND ANALYSIS ON PRESERVING A CARAVANSERAI IN KOYSENJAQ". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-5/W1-2022 (3 de febrero de 2022): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-5-w1-2022-185-2022.

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Abstract. The goal of the following article is to outline the method of a gathering of geodata for a historical building and prepare outputs for the Historical Building Information Management. The study site where the geospatial data was captured in the caravanserai in Koysenjaq in Iraqi Kurdistan. Caravanserais are simply accommodation buildings for merchants which were positioned all over the Silk Roads and are spread from China to Turkey. According to UNESCO the historic importance of such buildings lays in the cultural and religious traces left from the merchants who used these sites to even socialize. The caravanserai in Koysenjaq is unfortunately ruined and gathering geospatial data about the state of the construction was captured using close-range photogrammetry and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping technology. The goal of the research was to not only capture data but also reconstruct an orthophoto map of the current state, compare it to the vector state of the floors and prepare data for BIM.

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Passmore, Kevin. "Business, corporatism and the crisis of the French Third Republic. The example of the silk industry in Lyon, 1928–1935". Historical Journal 38, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1995): 959–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00020525.

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ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this case study of an abortive entente in the Lyon silk industry in 1935 is to show that corporatism, often depicted by historians as a vague intellectual doctrine with little or no appeal to real business, was in reality a key category, linking business, politics and ideology. It is suggested that the problems of the silk industry must be seen in the context of a crisis of the Lyonnais liberal tradition and of the economic and ideological contradictions of French society as a whole. These tensions help in turn to explain the authoritarian potential of corporatism in the 1930s and the attraction of many business people to anti-parliamentary political movements. The example of the silk industry also reveals that corporatism cannot easily be categorised in terms of a traditional/modern dichotomy and that the impetus for the transformation of the French economy originated as much in the ideas of business people themselves as in the actions of the elite groups emphasised by some historians.

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31

Rich, Anna. "Coral, Silk and Bones. Jewish Artisans and Merchants in Barcelona between 1348 and 1391". Nottingham Medieval Studies 53 (enero de 2009): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.nms.3.460.

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Bonetto, Pierre, Bernd Hofmann y Gunnar Prause. "Rise and fall of the Lyon silk cluster: a case study about entrepreneurial sustainability". Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 2, n.º 1 (30 de septiembre de 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2014.2(1).

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Pelz, William A. "Keith Mann, Forging Political Identity: Silk and Metal Workers in Lyon, France 1900–1939". European History Quarterly 42, n.º 4 (octubre de 2012): 711–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412458504w.

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Miller, Lesley Ellis. "Dressing Down in Eighteenth-Century Lyon: The Clothing of Silk Designers from their Inventories". Costume 29, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cos.1995.29.1.25.

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Abduləli qızı Eminova, Mirvari. "The role of indian merchants in the foreign and transit trade of Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century". SCIENTIFIC WORK 82, n.º 9 (17 de septiembre de 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/82/43-50.

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Mənbələrdə hind tacirlərinin Azərbaycanda ticarət fəaliyyəti haqqında daha dolğun məlumatlara XV əsrdən başlayaraq rast gəlmək mümkündür. Sonrakı əsrlərdə onlar bu sahədəki fəaliyyətlərini daha da genişləndirmiş, XVII əsrin ortalarından etibarən isə Azərbaycanın tranzit ticarətinin xeyli hissəsini ələ keçirməyə müvəffəq olmuşdular. Bu vəziyyət XVIII əsrin I yarısında da qalmaqda davam edirdi. Əslində, XVIII əsrin 20-40-cı illərini hind tacirlərinin Azərbaycanda fəaliyyətlərinin çiçəklənmə dövrü hesab etmək olar. Bəhs edilən dövrdə onlar Azərbaycanın xarici və tranzit ticarətinin inkişafına ciddi təsir göstərmiş, əmtəə-pul münasibətlərinin inkişafında yaxından iştirak etmişlər. Məqalədə Azərbaycan tarixşünaslığı üçün kifayət qədər aktual olan bütün bu məsələlər, daha konkret desək, hind tacirlərinin Azərbaycan vasitəsilə Avropa-Rusiya-Şərq və Azərbaycan-Rusiya tranzit ticarətinin inkişafında oynadıqları vasitəçi rol tədqiqata yeni cəlb edilmiş materiallar əsasında tədqiq edilmişdir. Açar sözlər: tranzit ticarət, xam ipək, hind tacirləri, Bakı limanı, Dərbənd Mirvari Abdulali Eminova The role of indian merchants in the foreign and transit trade of Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century Abstract In the sources, it is possible to find more complete information about the trade activities of indian merchants in Azerbaijan starting from the 15th century. In the following centuries, they expanded their activities in this field, and from the middle of the 17th century, they managed to capture a significant part of Azerbaijan's transit trade. This situation continued in the first half of the 18th century. In fact, the 20s-40s of the 18th century can be considered the heyday of Indian merchants' activities in Azerbaijan. In the mentioned period, they had a serious impact on the development of foreign and transit trade of Azerbaijan and closely participated in the development of commodity-money relations. In the article, all these issues, which are quite relevant for Azerbaijani historiography, more specifically, the mediating role played by Indian merchants in the development of European-Russian-Eastern and Azerbaijan-Russian transit trade through Azerbaijan, were studied on the basis of newly included materials. Keywords: transit trade, raw silk, indian merchants, Baku port, Derbend

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Miller, Owen. "Ties of Labour and Ties of Commerce: Corvée among Seoul Merchants in the Late 19th Century". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, n.º 1 (2007): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007780323896.

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AbstractThe wealthiest guilds of the Choson Dynasty (1392-1910) capital, Seoul, formed part of the government's provisioning system, providing mainly luxury goods for royal palaces, government offices and tribute gifts to China and Japan. The guild merchants were also expected to provide corvée labour to the government on a regular basis, although by the late nineteenth century much of this labour was commuted to cash payments. Using a collection of surviving documents from the guildhall of the Myonjujon (Guild of Domestic Silk Merchants), this paper looks in detail at the burden of corvée labour, particularly during the politically and economically tumultuous years between 1884 and 1894. It finds that the merchants' corvée reflected the close relationship between guilds and government and also the two-sided nature of this relationship for the merchants. Thus, while they received certain protections and privileges from the government, the guild merchants were also particularly vulnerable to official corruption, which found a damaging outlet in the corvée system. Les guildes les plus riches de la dynastie de Chosaon (1392-1910) Séoul ont fait partie du système de l'approvisionnement du gouvernement, fournissant principalement des marchandises de luxe pour les palais royaux, les bureaux du gouvernement et les cadeaux d'hommage pour la Chine et le Japon. Les guildes était aussi obligés à fournir au gouvernement la corvée régulière, bien que par la fin du dix-neuvième siècle beaucoup de ce travail ait été commuté aux paiements en espèces. En utilisant une collection de documents extant dansla maison de la guilde des marchands en soie domestiques (Myaonjujaon), cet article regarde en détail le fardeau de la corvée, en particulier pendant des années tumultueuses, politiquement et économiquement, entre 1884 et 1894. Il constate que la corvée des marchands reflétait la relation étroite entre les guildes et le gouvernement et également le caractère double de cette relation pour les marchands. Ainsi, alors qu'ils recevaient de certains protections et privilèges du gouvernement, les marchands de guilde étaient particulièrement vulnérables à la corruption officielle qui menait à l'abus du système de la corvée.

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Montenach, Anne. "Coping with economic uncertainty: women's work and the protoindustrial family in eighteenth-century Lyon". Continuity and Change 35, n.º 1 (mayo de 2020): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416020000041.

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AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyse how female working conditions and remunerations were affected by the structural and economic crises that impacted Lyon's silk industry in the second half of the eighteenth century. It concentrates, at a micro level, on different circumstances in which sources allow us to see women and their families coping with economic uncertainty: small-scale wage conflicts with their employers, clandestine work and illicit activities. This essay studies how women's work was a real issue in power conflicts and a tool for household adaptive strategies during periods of crisis.

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Biyarov, B. N. y A. M. Kartaeva. "The etymology of some ethnonyms found on the Great Silk Road". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 142, n.º 1 (2023): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-142-1-293-302.

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The article examines the etymology of some ethnonyms found on the Great Silk Road. A partial etymological analysis is made of the names (ethnonyms) of the Ulus, the country located along the Great Silk Road. The analyzes made information about the tribes of that time. It is believed that some of the ethnonyms here have been preserved to this day, some have been called differently, and some have not reached our time. It is known from history that the Great Silk Road passed through many countries, tribes, and peoples. The countries located along the Silk Road conducted trade through the Silk Road, and one was responsible for the security of the caravan routes. The history and etymology of the ethnonyms Avar, Karluk, Kurykan, Kyrgyz, China, On ok, Sogdy, Tabgach, Tangut, Tatar, Tuput, Turgesh, Urum, Chigil are shown and described. It is known that any name, whether it is a toponym or an ethnonym, is based on a special sign. The peculiarity of each name was related to their profession. The Chinese ethnonym, like many other ethnonyms, is said to have been imposed on the country from outside. It is argued that it is an ethnonym formed on behalf of the Qidan tribe of Mongolian origin, which conquered Northern China and founded the Liao state in the X-XI centuries. It is said that the influence of merchants who traded with the state of Khytan/Kidan had a lot of influence on the widespread spread of this name to Europe and Russia. It is known from history that the Great Silk Road was created for the trade of silk fabrics produced in secret by the Chinese. Although the main road runs in the direction of China - Central Asia - Byzantium - Iran - Europe, it is now known that it has many branches that spread in all directions. The article was written within the target program project approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan BR10965370 «Study of the historical toponymy of the Great Silk Road at the junction of sciences».

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Long, Jane C. ":Merchants, Princes and Painters: Silk Fabrics in Italian and Northern Paintings, 1300–1550". Sixteenth Century Journal 41, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2010): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/scj27867923.

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Nasirillaev, Bakhtiyar, Narzulla Rajabov, Murodkhuja Abdukadirov y Khurshida Fozilova. "History and development prospects of silk farming in Uzbekistan". E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337602005.

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Mulberry silkworm seeds were smuggled to Central Asia by a Chinese princess married to Khotan Khan in the middle of the 4th century. By the 7th century, Khotan, Kusham and other Northern Silk Industry was the main labor activity of the population in the provinces of Turkestan. In the 7th century, as a result of the introduction of the technology of cocooning and gazlam weaving by Marv merchants for commercial purposes from Persia, it became more widespread in the territory of Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a country with a long history among the world's developed silk industry. Mulberry silkworm seeds entered Central Asia through the Khotan province in the middle of the 4th century, and have become one of the main occupations of the population until now. This article analyzes the history of sericulture in Uzbekistan, stages of development, and achievements in the field of research and production. It is planned to increase the total area of mulberry plantations in Uzbekistan from 48,720 hectares in 2019 to 77,422 hectares by 2021, and the number of individual mulberry rows to 79 million 515 thousand bushes. It is also planned to increase the number of boxes of silkworms from 350,000 boxes to 500,000 boxes, from 19,607 tons to 30,000 tons.

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Pojidaev, Victor M., Andrey V. Kamaev, Anastasia Yu Loboda, Elena Yu Tereschenko, Elzara A. Khairedinova y Ekaterina B. Yatsishina. "A Research of the Material of the Core of Metal Threads from the Fourteenth-Century Slabbed Graves at the Plateau of Eski-Kermen". Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, n.º XXVI (2021): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.246-254.

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In 2020, the excavations of the fourteenth-century burials in slabbed graves 5/2020 and 8/2020 located in front of the main basilica in the central area of the town atop of the plateau of Eski-Kermen discovered metal threads of thin strips of precious metal spirally wound round the core. The present research analyses the material of this core. It is known that most often the strips of precious metal were wound around the core with protein base (silk, wool, or hair) or with cellulose base (linen, cotton, or hemp). The samples of three metal threads were analysed, though no preserved organic core was found in one of the samples. Electron microscopy of the threads recorded their fibrous core, thus showing that the base of metal threads was not hair, skin, or tendons. Further, the core material was investigated by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The research detected trace amounts of two amino-acids, glycine and alanine, which appeared in silk fibroin only. The results of this study suggest that the core of metal threads was made of silk cloth. This indicates an imported, probably Mediterranean origin of the metal threads found in the burials at Eski-Kermen plateau. The artefacts made of such threads were possibly brought to the Crimea by Genoese merchants. It is known that in the fourteenth century various silk cloths were a priority commodity in the trade carried on by the Italians in Caffa and the towns of Genoese Gazaria.

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Karam Skaff, Jonathan. "The Sogdian Trade Diaspora in East Turkestan During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46, n.º 4 (2003): 475–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852003772914866.

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AbstractEvidence from Chinese documents supports the hypothesis that Sogdians dominated Silk Road trade in East Turkestan during the seventh and eighth centuries. The merchants lived and/or traveled among a diaspora of Sogdians who settled in the oasis cities of the region and also practiced farming and handicraft making. Some traders traveled the entire distance between China and West Asia, but others operated along circumscribed routes that connected to the broader commercial network. Residents of the diaspora facilitated trade by acting as cultural intermediaries for unassimilated merchants. Le témoignage des documents chinois soutient l'hypothèse selon laquelle les Sogdiens dominèrent le commerce sur la route de la soie pendant les VIIe et VIIIe siècles. Les marchands habitèrent et/ou voyagèrent parmi une diaspora de Sogdiens qui s'établit autour des villesoasis de la région et exercèrent l'agriculture ainsi que l'artisanat. Certaines marchands voyagèrent sur toute la distance entre la Chine et l'Asie occidentale, tandis que d'autres travaillèrent sur des chemins courts les reliant à un réseau commercial plus large. Les habitants de la diaspora facilitèrent ce commerce en leur qualité d'intermédiaire culturels au service des marchands étrangers.

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43

Houssel, Arnaud y Jean-Pierre Houssel. "L'évolution de la fabrique lyonnaise de soieries / Change in silk manufacturing in the Lyon region". Revue de géographie de Lyon 67, n.º 3 (1992): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geoca.1992.5811.

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Andreosso-O'Callaghan, Bernadette y Lucía Morales. "China’s economic connectivity to the world economy". F1000Research 11 (16 de marzo de 2022): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109984.1.

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The ambition of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is to revive the silk road of Roman times which was used by merchants to carry trade across Eurasia. China’s proclaimed aspiration is to reconnect to the world through its ancient trade corridors, and to emphasize its role as a world trade power. Should the BRI or “new silk road” be understood as efforts from President Xi Jinping to project China’s power into both Eurasia and at the global level? Should it moreover be understood as China’s step forward to fill the leadership vacuum left by a perceived weakening USA in terms of international relations? The present economic climate is characterised by uncertainty and turbulence at the global level, with some economies shifting towards protectionist practices, and others, such as the United Kingdom, trying to regain some international recognition outside the EU. This turbulent climate appears to benefit Beijing who can position itself as a new leader in the global political economy, notably through its BRI. The article discusses the issues raised by China’s ambition to shape the current international economic order.

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45

Boutin, Lisa. "Merchants, Princes, and Painters: Silk Fabrics in Italian and Northern Paintings 1300–1550 by Lisa Monnas". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 41, n.º 1 (2010): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjm.2010.0045.

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46

Sun, Rongyue. "The Sogdians at Dunhuang in Han Dynasty". Asian Culture and History 14, n.º 2 (2 de octubre de 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v14n2p49.

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This research focuses on the relationship between people from the Sogdian Civilization and the city Dunhuang, including the Sogdians’ different identities when they arrived at Dunhuang, such as ambassadors, guests, Zhi Zi, and merchants. The Sogdians have played a significant role in the material and cultural exchanges on the Silk Road since the Western Han Dynasty, yet seldom do people know or learn about the Sogdian Civilization. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to inform people about the Sogdians’ nonnegligible contribution and mutual impact on Chinese history and culture. The paper mainly uses quotations from Chinese historical records and articles written by modern scholars, with some sources related to archaeological discoveries and methods.

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Romaniello, Matthew P. "Commodities in Context". Canadian-American Slavic Studies 57, n.º 3-4 (14 de agosto de 2023): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102396-05703013.

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Abstract Earlier historians of medicine have often accepted medieval Russia’s isolation from Eurasian networks for exchanging knowledge, offering the absence of medical texts as proof of an absence of information. By contrast, this article argues that the Silk Roads’ connections to Russia consistently supplied pharmaceutical products and knowledge through merchants and their commodities, rather than through texts. This conclusion agrees with the idea of anthropologist Ken Adler, who advocated for considering commodities to be “thick things,” acquiring meanings and information necessary for their consumption and use. The study of material culture, therefore, offers an alternate approach for understanding Russia’s exchanges with East and West, rather than accepting that an absence of texts is proof of an absence of knowledge.

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Faroqhi, Suraiya. "Introduction". New Perspectives on Turkey 6 (1991): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000327.

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It is customary to say that the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century prosperity of the Ottoman Empire was derived from its control of international trade routes leading toward Europe. From this perspective, the closing years of the sixteenth century are regarded as a turning point. When English merchants entered the Mediterranean and the Dutch established a monopoly over the Moluccan spice trade, the Ottoman state lost its dominant role in world commerce, particularly since Ottoman merchants rarely left the Sultan's domain, and therefore did not control the sources of their trade goods. Loss of customs revenue contributed to fiscal crisis, which in turn led to political turmoil as overtaxed peasants fled their villages (Lewis, 1968, p. 27 ff.). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (or so it is claimed), world trade would have bypassed the Ottoman Empire entirely if it hadn't been for the transit trade in Iranian silk which continued into the 1730s, and a limited exportation of local grains and cottons, which did not become really significant until the high prices of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. From 1815 onward, the Ottoman Empire increasingly entered the orbit of industrializing Europe as a market for manufactured goods and a source of raw materials, and this state of affairs was made “official” by the signing of the Anglo-Ottoman convention of 1838.

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Capra, Rudi. "Blue mountains, empty waters: the evolution of Chinese landscape painting under the influence of Chan Buddhism". Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, n.º 2015 (1 de enero de 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2015.10.

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In this paper I will describe the evolution of Chinese landscape painting throughout the period which led from the awareness of a primordial aesthetics to the emergence of Chan Buddhism. In fact, since the Chan tradition had a pervasive and profound impact on the Far Eastern cultures, it should be analysed in a more rigorous manner than it was in the past. In particular, my thesis is that the Chan Buddhism consistently influenced the aesthetic canons and artistic themes of the epoch, expressing through the artworks original concepts and relevant philosophical ideas. Buddhism came very early to China, brought by merchants along the Silk Road and by the sea-routes. It started spreading during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), and the first historical proof of Buddhist influence dates back to the 1st century CE. In 148 CE the Pali Canon was translated in Chinese by the monk An ...

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De Caro, Antonio. "From the Altar to the Household. The Challenging Popularization of Christian Devotional Images, Objects, and Symbols in 16th and 17th Century China". Eikon / Imago 11 (1 de marzo de 2022): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.77135.

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After the expeditions of wealthy merchants and Franciscan missionaries during the 14th century, the Chinese empire under Ming rule did not engage profusely with the European world, and vice versa. This period of artistic and intellectual silence and detachment was broken in the late 16th century when the Jesuit missionaries reconnected two worlds –Europe and China– reactivating previous medieval commercial, artistic, and intellectual routes. Silk –the product par excellence commercialized along the routes connecting China and Europe– was then accompanied by other precious products, including Chinese ceramics reaching various European courts and European paintings that reached the Ming court in Beijing. This paper addresses the complex and challenging popularization of Roman Catholicism through objects and images during the early modern era. In particular, it focuses on the diffusion of devotional images and objects used by Roman Catholic missionaries and the religious practices related to them.

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