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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Silica fouling"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

Koo, Chai Hoon, Abdul Wahab Mohammad, Fatihah Suja' y Meor Zainal Meor Talib. "Comparative Assessment of Membrane Fouling Propensity Using Colloidal Silica as Foulant". Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (octubre de 2012): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1995.

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Other than silt density index (SDI), modified fouling index (MFI) is claimed as one of most useful fouling predictive tools in the practice of reverse osmosis. In this study, the effect of colloidal silica particles on the MFI value with the presence of crossflow sampler (CFS) cell at the upstream of MFI setup was systematically investigated. Colloidal silica with the particle size ranging from 70-100 nm was used as the model foulant in this experiment. The feed silica suspension was 0, 50, and 200 mg/L. The effect of membrane pore size as the test membrane in the dead-end cell on the fouling indices was also studied. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with molecular weight cut-offs of 150 and 100 kDa were employed. As predicted, the experiment results demonstrated that the fouling indices increased significantly as the feed silica concentration increased. The CFS-MFI values were always lower than the MFI in all the fouling index tests due to the shear force effect generated under the crossflow filtration mode. The fouling index generated from PVDF100 was higher than that of PVDF150 due to the retention of smaller particles. For this reason, PVDF100 membrane was preferred to be used as the test membrane for fouling index tests using colloidal silica over the PVDF150.

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2

Freeman, Scott D. N. y Randall J. Majerle. "Silica fouling revisited". Desalination 103, n.º 1-2 (noviembre de 1995): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00092-5.

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3

Chan, S. H., Z. J. Chen y P. He. "Effect of Ferric Chloride on Silica Fouling". Journal of Heat Transfer 117, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1995): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822524.

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This study presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effects of Fe3+ ion in aqueous solution on silica fouling of heat exchanger and assesses the relative effect of Fe3+, Na+, and K+ ions on silica fouling. Experiments were conducted at 165–125°C, 1.58 MPa, and under turbulent flow conditions. It was shown that adding a few ppm of Fe3+ into silica solution was sufficient to formulate chemical coagulation and deposition of silica colloidal particles, which in turn caused a significant increase in the fouling rate. It was also observed that when Fe3+ was added to the silica solutions containing either Na+ or K+ ions, the fouling behaviors were found to be similar. Thus Fe3+ was found to be dominant over Na+ and K+ ions in its effects on silica fouling.

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4

Chan, S. H., Z. J. Chen y P. He. "Effects of Sodium and Potassium Chlorides on Silica Fouling". Journal of Heat Transfer 115, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1993): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910674.

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The effects of NaCl and KCl salts in aqueous solutions on silica fouling of heat exchangers under turbulent flow conditions were examined experimentally over a range of pH, velocity, and salt concentration levels. The fundamental attachment process of silica fouling from those aqueous solutions was described. The silica fouling rate in NaCl solutions was found to be greater than that in KCl solutions. In all cases, the fouling rate increased with the salt concentration. When both salts were present simultaneously, the fouling rate found to be closer to that of the KCl system than that of the NaCl system. Effects of salinity on equilibrium solubility of silica at 165° C were also reported. Finally, the plausible theory of polymerization and the fundamental ion-cloud theory were used to describe the silica scale attachment process and the possible causes of salt effects on silica fouling of heat transfer surfaces.

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5

Nghiem, Long Duc, Christiane Espendiller y Gerd Braun. "Influence of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of sulphamethoxazole by nanofiltration membranes". Water Science and Technology 58, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2008): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.647.

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This study investigated the effects of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of a representative micropollutant sulphamethoxazole by two commercially available NF membranes. Alginate, bovine serum albumin and colloidal silica were selected as model foulants to simulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic fractions, and colloidal matter that are often found in treated effluent and surface water. Membrane fouling was related to the membrane and foulant characteristics and subsequently the separation behaviour of the micropollutant sulphamethoxazole under different solution pH. On the basis of these results, it was confirmed that membrane fouling is strongly dependent on both the foulant and membrane characteristics. The complex relationship among retention mechanisms, fouling mechanisms and the effects of fouling on retention was systematically delineated. Of the three model foulants selected for this study, colloidal fouling resulted in the most significant reduction in retention of sulphamethoxazole as well as inorganic salts, while flux decline as a result of colloidal fouling was quite moderate. Reduction in retention caused by fouling was attributed to a phenomenon known as cake-enhance concentration polarisation, which was a predominant mechanism of colloidal fouling. In addition, the reported results suggested that the effect of fouling on retention is also membrane pore size dependent.

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6

Chan, S. H., H. Rau, C. DeBellis y K. F. Neusen. "Silica Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment—Experiments and Model". Journal of Heat Transfer 110, n.º 4a (1 de noviembre de 1988): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250583.

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Silica fouling of heat transfer equipment in geothermal energy systems is studied. The effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on silica solubility and silica polymerization are reviewed. Experimental fouling data are presented for geothermal brines with different pH values, chemical compositions, and thermal-hydraulic conditions. The effects of supersaturation, pH, Reynolds number, and the concentration of ions in the brine solution on the formation of silica scale in the heat exchanger tube are discussed. A silica deposition model is proposed that accounts for supersaturation, pH factor, salinity, and thermal-hydraulic effects. Results based on the analytical model are compared with silica fouling data obtained in the laboratory as well as from two geothermal fields.

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7

Lunevich, L., P. Sanciolo, L. F. Dumée y S. R. Gray. "Silica fouling in high salinity waters in reverse osmosis desalination (sodium–silica system)". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2, n.º 3 (2016): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00065g.

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8

Park, Yong-Min, Kyung-Min Yeon y Chul-hwi Park. "Silica treatment technologies in reverse osmosis for industrial desalination: A review". Environmental Engineering Research 25, n.º 6 (3 de enero de 2020): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.353.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) is the main process of current industrial desalination, and its performance is affected by the quality of water source. Natural water contains a certain level of silica, which is originated from metal silicate in the earth crust. Due to its complexity, silica fouling is difficult to control, which often causes less efficient design of RO system for safe operation. In the present work, we review the current state of silica treatment technology in RO desalination. Silica chemistry is investigated in standpoint of the scale formation mechanism among multiple forms of silica species and its synergistic interaction with other foulants such as organic matter. Then, pretreatment methods to remove silica in the RO feed water are outlined. They include softening/coagulation, seed precipitation/aggregation, tight ultrafiltration, ion exchange, adsorbents media, and electro coagulation. We finally highlight the mitigation of RO fouling under silica rich conditions, whose concept can be implemented in different ways of antiscalant dosing, high/low pH operation, and intermediate softening of the RO concentrate, respectively. This review will provide comprehensive information and insight about the optimal operation of industrial RO susceptible to silica fouling.

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9

Gilron, Jack, Yitzhak Ladizansky y Eli Korin. "Silica Fouling in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, n.º 31 (21 de junio de 2013): 10521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie400265b.

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10

Sugama, Toshifumi y Keith Gawlik. "Anti-silica fouling coatings in geothermal environments". Materials Letters 57, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2002): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(02)00851-0.

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11

Prihasto, N. y Seung-Hyun Kim. "The sensitivity of SDI and MFI to a change in particle concentration and properties under saline conditions". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 2, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2012): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.064.

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The sensitivity of existing fouling indices of SDI (silt density index) and MFI (modified fouling index) to a change in particle concentration and properties was evaluated in this study. The MFI formula predicts an increased fouling tendency when the particle concentration increases and the particle size and density decrease. Consequently, concentration, size and density were selected as parameters to examine. For this purpose, silica particles and Aldrich humic acid (HA) were selected as target foulants because of the substantial difference in their size and density. According to this study, both SDI and MFI were sensitive to a change in particle properties of size and density, while MFI was more sensitive to a change in particle concentration than SDI. It is also found that the fouling tendency could be represented better by separate evaluation of T0 and T15 than SDI, at which the ratio of T0 and T15 is evaluated. T15 is found to be as sensitive as the MFI for both silica suspension and HA solution. The saline condition increased the fouling index. MFI and T15 were sensitive to a change in ionic strength. When inorganic and organic foulants were mixed, their relative proportion determined the fouling index values.

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12

Lunevich, L., P. Sanciolo, N. Milne y S. R. Gray. "Silica fouling in coal seam gas water reverse osmosis desalination". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 3, n.º 5 (2017): 911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00128b.

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Silica fouling was studied in RO desalination of high salinity (30–60 g L⁻¹ as NaCl) coal seam gas (CSG) water for a range of silica concentrations, pH conditions and dissolved aluminium concentrations.

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13

Hashimoto, Gunawan, Wattanachira, Wongrueng y Takizawa. "Raw Water Storage as a Simple Means for Controlling Membrane Fouling Caused by Inorganic Foulants in River Water in a Tropical Region". Water 11, n.º 8 (31 de julio de 2019): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081592.

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Natural waters in tropical countries are turbid and rich in inorganic substances such as iron and manganese. Hence, membrane fouling by these inorganic substances is the most serious problem in membrane filtration processes for potable water production. This study aimed to assess raw water storage as a simple but effective means for controlling membrane fouling in the filtration of river water in a tropical country. Raw water taken from the Ping River in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in different seasons, was either immediately filtered or stored in a tank for two days before filtration through a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane with a nominal pore size of 0.1 μm. The turbidity and particulate organic carbon (POC) in the raw water were reduced by storage, while dissolved manganese was oxidized during the storage period. Although the amounts of metallic substances retained on membranes were larger than those of silica and organic matter, their contribution to the fouling resistance was found to be less than silica and organic carbon. The fouling analysis using hydraulically irreversible fouling index (HIFI) was found to be not able to measure the effects of storage when the initial flux increased. Hence, the ratio of the hydraulically reversible fouling index (HRFI) to the total fouling index (TFI), i.e., HRFI/TFI, was proposed to elucidate the effects of raw water storage on membrane fouling, which was manifest during the early stage of membrane filtration operation.

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14

ElSherbiny, Ibrahim M. A., Ahmed S. G. Khalil y Mathias Ulbricht. "Influence of Surface Micro-Patterning and Hydrogel Coating on Colloidal Silica Fouling of Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Membranes". Membranes 9, n.º 6 (4 de junio de 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9060067.

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In this work, colloidal fouling by silica particles of different sizes on micro-patterned pristine and poly-(N-isopropylacylamide)-coated polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) membranes was studied. The competing impacts of surface micro-patterning vs. surface chemical modification on enhancing antifouling propensity in unstirred dead-end filtration conditions were systematically explored. Spatially selective deposition of silica microparticles (500 nm), driven by unequal flow distribution, was observed on micro-patterned membranes such that silica particles accumulated preferentially within the surface pattern’s valleys, while keeping apexes regions not fouled. This interesting phenomenon may explain the substantially enhanced antifouling propensity of micro-patterned PA TFC membranes. A detailed mechanism for spatially selective deposition of silica microparticles is proposed. Furthermore, micro-imprinted surface patterns were revealed to influence deposition behavior/packing of silica nanoparticles (50 nm) resulting in very limited flux decline that was, almost, recovered under influence of triggering stirring stimulus during a continued silica filtration experiment. The current findings provide more insights into the potency of surface micro-patterning consolidated with hydrogel coating toward new fouling-resistant PA TFC membranes.

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15

Huuhilo, Tiina y Marianne Nyström. "Fouling of a polypropylene filter fabric with silica". Filtration & Separation 38, n.º 3 (abril de 2001): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(01)80240-8.

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16

Koo, T., Y. J. Lee y R. Sheikholeslami. "Silica fouling and cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes". Desalination 139, n.º 1-3 (septiembre de 2001): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(01)00293-4.

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17

Quaglia, Giulia, Valeria Ambrogi, Donatella Pietrella, Morena Nocchetti y Loredana Latterini. "Solid State Photoreduction of Silver on Mesoporous Silica to Enhance Antifungal Activity". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 9 (9 de septiembre de 2021): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092340.

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A solid-state Ultraviolet-photoreduction process of silver cations to produce Ag0 nanostructures on a mesoporous silica is presented as an innovative method for the preparation of efficient environmental anti-fouling agents. Mesoporous silica powder, contacted with AgNO3, is irradiated at 366 nm, where silica surface defects absorb. The detailed characterization of the materials enables us to document the silica assisted photo-reduction. The appearance of a Visible (Vis) band centered at 470 nm in the extinction spectra, due to the surface plasmon resonance of Ag0 nanostructures, and the morphology changes observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, associated with the increase of Ag/O ratio in energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, indicate the photo-induced formation of Ag0. The data demonstrate that the photo-induced reduction of silver cation occurs in the solid state and takes place through the activation of silica defects. The activation of the materials after UV-processing is then tested, evaluating their antimicrobial activity using an environmental filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger. The treatment doubled inhibitory capacity in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm growth. The antimicrobial properties of silver–silica nanocomposites are investigated when dispersed in a commercial sealant; the nanocomposites show excellent dispersion in the silicon and improve its anti-fouling capacity.

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18

Qin, Wenli, Jianhua Zhang, Zongli Xie, Derick Ng, Ying Ye, Stephen R. Gray y Ming Xie. "Synergistic effect of combined colloidal and organic fouling in membrane distillation: Measurements and mechanisms". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 3, n.º 1 (2017): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00156d.

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19

Lapidot, Tomer y Jerry Y. Y. Heng. "Functionalized Mesoporous Silica for the Control of Crystallization Fouling". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, n.º 44 (31 de octubre de 2016): 11475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02914.

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20

Ning, Robert Y. "Discussion of silica speciation, fouling, control and maximum reduction". Desalination 151, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00973-6.

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21

Persson, Kenneth M., Gun Träg→dh y Petr Dejmek. "Fouling behaviour of silica on four different microfiltration membranes". Journal of Membrane Science 76, n.º 1 (enero de 1993): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(93)87004-u.

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22

Yu, Hong, Roya Sheikholeslami y William O. S. Doherty. "Modeling of calcium oxalate and amorphous silica composite fouling". AIChE Journal 51, n.º 4 (2005): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10397.

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23

Yue, Guan Hua, Li Min Shang, Li Ping Wang y Li Li Feng. "The Influences of Main Ingredients of the Reclaimed Water on Calcium Carbonate Scale in Recycling Cooling System". Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (noviembre de 2011): 1554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1554.

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The main risk of reclaimed water reused in industry is to control fouling. The main ingredients in reclaimed water form the chemical scale which is one of the main components of the fouling in the recycling cooling system. The main chemical scale of reclaimed water is carbonate scale (calcite). In this paper, by using the actual reclaimed water which reused as make-up water in Beijing Thermal Power Plant to simulate the 4 times concentrate ratio recycling water to study the influence of main ingredients of reclaimed water such as pH，soluble silica, the most content of anions and cations on carbonate scale. The experimental results show that pH, soluble silica, calcium ion and alkalinity have greater influence on scale inhibition, but magnesium ion, chloride ion and sulfate ion have smaller influence on scale inhibition.

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24

Pipich, Vitaliy, Thomas Starc, Johan Buitenhuis, Roni Kasher, Winfried Petry, Yoram Oren y Dietmar Schwahn. "Silica Fouling in Reverse Osmosis Systems–Operando Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies". Membranes 11, n.º 6 (30 de mayo de 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060413.

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We present operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments on silica fouling at two reverse osmose (RO) membranes under almost realistic conditions of practiced RO desalination technique. To its realization, two cells were designed for pressure fields and tangential feed cross-flows up to 50 bar and 36 L/h, one cell equipped with the membrane and the other one as an empty cell to measure the feed solution in parallel far from the membrane. We studied several aqueous silica dispersions combining the parameters of colloidal radius, volume fraction, and ionic strength. A relevant result is the observation of Bragg diffraction as part of the SANS scattering pattern, representing a crystalline cake layer of simple cubic lattice structure. Other relevant parameters are silica colloidal size and volume fraction far from and above the membrane, as well as the lattice parameter of the silica cake layer, its volume fraction, thickness, and porosity in comparison with the corresponding permeate flux. The experiments show that the formation of cake layer depends to a large extent on colloidal size, ionic strength and cross-flow. Cake layer formation proved to be a reversible process, which could be dissolved at larger cross-flow. Only in one case we observed an irreversible cake layer formation showing the characteristics of an unstable phase transition. We likewise observed enhanced silica concentration and/or cake formation above the membrane, giving indication of a first order liquid–solid phase transformation.

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25

Nahrstedt, A. y J. Camargo-Schmale. "New insights into silt density index and modified fouling index measurements". Water Supply 8, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2008): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.087.

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In order to investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of the parameters SDI (silt density index) and MFI (modified fouling index), tests in diverse conditions were performed: with three different types of filter holder, two microfilter pore sizes, with and without permeate spacer and with two foulants (alginate as organic foulant and silica flour as the particulate). Additionally the effect of pressure on fouling indices was analysed. It was concluded, that there is a need to define more boundary conditions in the ASTM standard (exact type of filter holder, exact type of membrane, start conditions) for the SDI to achieve a parameter with reliable and comparable values. But in comparison to MFI, SDI seems to be a more robust parameter for a use in practice pertaining to the influence of a feed pressure level and the effective membrane area. The MFI gives more insights in acting mechanisms and offers advantages for research. It shows a correlation to a concentration of particulate or organic foulants. Like the SDI, it is necessary to define and standardize exact boundary conditions for the MFI tests (classified by the use of MF, UF or NF filter media).

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26

Sheikholeslami, R. y S. Tan. "Effects of water quality on silica fouling of desalination plants". Desalination 126, n.º 1-3 (noviembre de 1999): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00182-4.

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27

Trzaskus, Krzysztof W., Aneta Zdeb, Wiebe M. de Vos, Antoine Kemperman y Kitty Nijmeijer. "Fouling behavior during microfiltration of silica nanoparticles and polymeric stabilizers". Journal of Membrane Science 505 (mayo de 2016): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.032.

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28

Hou, Deyin, Lijuan Zhang, Changwei zhao, Hua Fan, Jun Wang y Hongjing Huang. "Ultrasonic irradiation control of silica fouling during membrane distillation process". Desalination 386 (mayo de 2016): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.032.

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29

De La Franier, Brian y Michael Thompson. "Surface Adsorption of the Cancer Biomarker Lysophosphatidic Acid in Serum Studied by Acoustic Wave Biosensor". Materials 14, n.º 15 (27 de julio de 2021): 4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154158.

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The thickness shear mode acoustic wave device is of interest for the sensing of biomarkers for diseases in various biological fluids, but suffers from the issue of non-specific adsorption of compounds other than those of interest to the electrode surface, thus affecting the device’s output. The aim of this present study was to determine the level of non-specific adsorption on gold electrodes from serum samples with added ovarian cancer biomarker lysophosphatidic acid in the presence of a surface anti-fouling layer. The latter was an oligoethylene molecule with thiol group for attachment to the electrode surface. It was found that the anti-fouling layer had a minimal effect on the level of both adsorption of components from serum and the marker. This result stands in sharp contrast to the analogous monolayer employed for anti-fouling reduction on silica.

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30

Jang, Yongsun, Hyeongrak Cho, Yonghyun Shin, Jihyeok Choi, Younghoon Ko, Yongjun Choi y Sangho Lee. "Analysis of silica fouling in membrane distillation using response surface methodology". DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 97 (2017): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21654.

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31

Yu, Hong, Roya Sheikholeslami y William O. S. Doherty. "Composite Fouling of Calcium Oxalate and Amorphous Silica in Sugar Solutions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, n.º 4 (febrero de 2003): 904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie020602m.

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32

Sahachaiyunta, P., T. Koo y R. Sheikholeslami. "Effect of several inorganic species on silica fouling in RO membranes". Desalination 144, n.º 1-3 (septiembre de 2002): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00346-6.

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33

Li, Xinru, Lin Zhou, Jialian Ding, Lei Sun y Bin Su. "Platinized Silica Nanoporous Membrane Electrodes for Low‐Fouling Hydrogen Peroxide Detection". ChemElectroChem 7, n.º 9 (4 de mayo de 2020): 2081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000321.

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34

Zhang, Guowei, Xu Genfu, Zhao Guirong, Liu Xiuzhen y Zhang Yong. "A study of mechanism of silica fouling of anion exchange resins". Reactive Polymers, Ion Exchangers, Sorbents 7, n.º 2-3 (enero de 1988): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6989(88)90151-1.

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35

Yu, Hong, Roya Sheikholeslami y William O. S. Doherty. "Effect of thermohydraulic conditions on fouling of calcium oxalate and silica". AIChE Journal 51, n.º 2 (2005): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10298.

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36

Gac, Jakub M. y Leon Gradoń. "Hollow Fibre Membrane Oscillations Against Fouling Process – a Numerical Study". Chemical and Process Engineering 35, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2014): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0011.

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Abstract The modelling of colloidal fouling and defouling of hollow fibre membranes in the presence of membrane oscillations is analysed by means of numerical simulations as an effect of complex coupling between hydrodynamic and surface forces. To describe the latter the Derjaguin-Landau- Vervey-Overbeek (DLVO) model has been employed. We have investigated the influence of various parameters of the process like flow rate, mean particle diameter, amplitude and frequency of the oscillations, and others, on the efficiency of the defouling process. The investigated parameters is close to that of a silica suspension in , a typical system modelling used to investigate membrane separation. On the basis of numerical simulation results e have defined an optimal set of parameters preventing membrane fouling.

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37

Kherfan, Sadeddin. "Investigation of Fouling of Membranes of a Reverse Osmosis Unit by Silica". OALib 01, n.º 03 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100485.

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38

Ritcey, G. M. "Silica Fouling in Ion Exchange, Carbon-in-Pulp and Solvent Extraction Circuits". Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 25, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1986.25.1.31.

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39

Malki, M. y V. Abbas. "Relationship between phosphate scales and silica fouling in wastewater RO membrane systems". IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse 5, n.º 1 (octubre de 2013): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2051645213y.0000000003.

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40

Díez, Berta, Nuria Roldán, Antonio Martín, Arcadio Sotto, José Antonio Perdigón-Melón, Jesús Arsuaga y Roberto Rosal. "Fouling and biofouling resistance of metal-doped mesostructured silica/polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes". Journal of Membrane Science 526 (marzo de 2017): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.12.051.

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41

Taheri, Amir Hooshang, Lee Nuang Sim, Chong Tzyy Haur, Ebrahim Akhondi y Anthony Gordon Fane. "The fouling potential of colloidal silica and humic acid and their mixtures". Journal of Membrane Science 433 (abril de 2013): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.034.

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42

Euvrard, M., L. Hadi y A. Foissy. "Influence of PPCA (phosphinopolycarboxylic acid) and DETPMP (diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid) on silica fouling". Desalination 205, n.º 1-3 (febrero de 2007): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.052.

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43

Rosen, Joshua E. y Frank X. Gu. "Surface Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles with Cysteine: A Low-Fouling Zwitterionic Surface". Langmuir 27, n.º 17 (6 de septiembre de 2011): 10507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la201940r.

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44

Wang, Hanqi, Fang Cheng, Wen Shen, Gang Cheng, Jing Zhao, Wei Peng y Jingping Qu. "Amino acid-based anti-fouling functionalization of silica nanoparticles using divinyl sulfone". Acta Biomaterialia 40 (agosto de 2016): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.035.

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45

Ayu Lestari, Riani, Muthia Elma, Erdina Lulu Atika Rampun, Anna Sumardi, Adhe Paramitha, Aptar Eka Lestari, Sadidan Rabiah, Zaini Lambri Assyaifi y Gesit Satriaji. "Functionalization of Si-C Using TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silica) as Precursor and Organic Catalyst". E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014807008.

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Silica network was tailored configuring siloxane (Si-O-Si) and silanol (Si-OH) groups which are essential to produce porous-structured materials. As silanols are hydrophilic, react with water to form fouling. This research address to actualize strategy for synthesizing highly functionalized silica carbon (Si-C) using hybrid organic-inorganic structures as the primary method for improving hydro-stability by employing precursor TEOS and organic catalyst through a sol-gel process. Catalysis employs citric acid or citric acid-ammonia whereas carbon templated into silica network. The synthesis scheme involves: a) sol-gel process at 0°C and b) calcination. Silica sol dried into xerogels were prepared and calcined at 200°C and 250°C. Characterization of xerogels showed the infrared band areas of the organic groups to evaluate the thermal stability. For xerogel employed single (pH 5.5) and dual (pH 7.65) catalyst, infrared spectra showed mostly look similar Si-C area at similar wavelength. Silica xerogel is more effectively prepared from TEOS with one-step single acid catalyst including calcination.

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46

Sheng, Jack Chih-Chieh, Brian De La Franier y Michael Thompson. "Assembling Surface Linker Chemistry with Minimization of Non-Specific Adsorption on Biosensor Materials". Materials 14, n.º 2 (19 de enero de 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020472.

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The operation of biosensors requires surfaces that are both highly specific towards the target analyte and that are minimally subject to fouling by species present in a biological fluid. In this work, we further examined the thiosulfonate-based linker in order to construct robust and durable self-assembling monolayers (SAMs) onto hydroxylated surfaces such as silica. These SAMs are capable of the chemoselective immobilization of thiol-containing probes (for analytes) under aqueous conditions in a single, straightforward, reliable, and coupling-free manner. The efficacy of the method was assessed through implementation as a biosensing interface for an ultra-high frequency acoustic wave device dedicated to the detection of avidin via attached biotin. Fouling was assessed via introduction of interfering bovine serum albumin (BSA), IgG antibody, or goat serum. Improvements were investigated systematically through the incorporation of an oligoethylene glycol backbone employed together with a self-assembling diluent without a functional distal group. This work demonstrates that the incorporation of a diluent of relatively short length is crucial for the reduction of fouling. Included in this work is a comparison of the surface attachment of the linker to Si3N4 and AlN, both materials used in sensor technology.

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47

Wu, Huiqing, Jing Huang y Yuejun Liu. "Polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane incorporated with Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid for effective fouling control". Journal of Water and Health 15, n.º 3 (2 de febrero de 2017): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.234.

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An anti-fouling hybrid membrane was prepared by incorporating Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid into a polysulfone (PSf) matrix. The addition of Ag-SiO2 can significantly improve the hydrophilicity, separation property, anti-fouling ability, and especially anti-bacterial activity of hybrid membranes. The optimum performance of the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane is achieved when the concentration of Ag-SiO2 is as low as 0.45 wt%. Compared with PSf membrane and SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane, the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane displays the best overall properties. The excellent performance of the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane can be attributed to the well-tailored structure and unique property of Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid, where nanosized Ag (∼5 nm) can densely and uniformly disperse on the surface of silica spheres. The obtained membrane could be a promising material for water treatment.

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48

Ding, Jialian, Xinru Li, Lin Zhou, Rongjie Yang, Fei Yan y Bin Su. "Electrodeposition of nickel nanostructures using silica nanochannels as confinement for low-fouling enzyme-free glucose detection". Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, n.º 16 (2020): 3616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02472g.

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49

Mohammed Ali, Gomaa Abdelgawad, Ahmed Barhoum, Vinod Kumar Gupta, Amr Ahmed Nada, Heba Hassan El-Maghrabi, Ramesh Kanthasamy, Essam Ramadan Shaaban, Hamed Algarni y Kwok Feng Chong. "High Surface Area Mesoporous Silica for Hydrogen Sulfide Effective Removal". Current Nanoscience 16, n.º 2 (26 de marzo de 2020): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666181205122307.

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Background: Removal of sulfur-containing compounds from the aqueous environment is necessary as these compounds pose potential risks to human health, hygienic management and bring great economic losses due to fouling of resin bed and corrosion of process equipment. Objective: This work aims to study the H2S removal efficiency using high surface area mesoporous silica (MCM–41). Methods: In this study, mesoporous silica (MCM–41) with a high surface area of 1270 m2/g and high porosity of 69% was prepared by sol-gel technique. Results: The obtained MCM–41 has exhibited a superior performance in adsorbing H2S from wastewater with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.14 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the current adsorption process are best represented by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-secondorder models, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, MCM–41 is an excellent adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications.

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50

Wang, Shu, Xia Huang y Menachem Elimelech. "Complexation between dissolved silica and alginate molecules: Implications for reverse osmosis membrane fouling". Journal of Membrane Science 605 (junio de 2020): 118109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118109.

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