Artículos de revistas: "Silica fibers laser"

1

Cozic, Solenn, Simon Boivinet, Christophe Pierre, Johan Boulet, Samuel Poulain y Marcel Poulain. "Splicing fluoride glass and silica optical fibers". EPJ Web of Conferences 215 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921504003.

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Splicing fluoride glass fibers and silica fibers is a critical point for manufacturing all fibered laser modules. As these materials are extremely different, various problems must be considered: thermal, expansion, mechanical, chemical. Reliability and power handling make priority concerns. We report splices made on a 200/220 multimode silica fiber and a double clad 15/250/290 ZBLAN fiber. Splices are proof tested at 300 g tensile strength. No damage is observed after thermal cycling from -30 °C to 85 °C, at 40 % RH during 24 hours. Typical optical splice loss is about 0.2 dB. They withstand 220 W input power at 976 nm without any damage and drastic temperature increasing.

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2

Khotiaintsev, S. y A. N. Castro-Martinez. "Thermal treatment of silica optical fibers with CO2-laser radiation". Electronics and Communications 16, n.º 4 (31 de marzo de 2011): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2011.16.4.246655.

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We investigate theoretically and experimentally the effect of high-power CO2–laser radiation on silica optical fibers. We show that it takes several tens of milliseconds to heat the standard single–mode silica optical fiber to the fusing temperature of silica with the focused radiation of the CO2 laser of an output power of about 5 W. A point by point exposure of the optical fiber to the focused radiation of the CO2 laser under simultaneous axial tension results in a periodic necking of the optical fiber. Such an alteration of fiber parameters constitutes the Long Period Fiber Grating

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3

Храмов, И. О. y О. А. Рябушкин. "Исследование разогрева кварцевых волоконных световодов с металлической спиралью проходящим по сердцевине лазерным излучением". Письма в журнал технической физики 49, n.º 14 (2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2023.14.55823.19601.

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The thermo-optical properties of passive silica optical fibers with a metal spiral applied on their lateral polymer surface are investigated. It is shown that the heating of these optical fibers by transmitted laser radiation due to microbending losses causes a change in their temperature and electrical resistance of the metal spiral. Based on this, a simple method for measuring and real-time monitoring the output power of fiber lasers is proposed.

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4

Lim, Ki-Dong, Hun-Kook Choi, Ik-Bu Sohn, Byeong-Ha Lee y Jin-Tae Kim. "Fabrication of Lensed Optical Fibers for Biosensing Probes Using CO2 and Femtosecond Lasers". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 9 (21 de abril de 2021): 3738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093738.

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We propose a new method for precisely fabricating a lensed fiber with a desired focal length by first cleaving a coreless silica fiber using an ultrafast femtosecond laser without thermal effects and subsequently shaping the radius of curvature at the optical-fiber end using a CO2 laser. The precisely cleaved segment of the coreless silica fiber obtained with the femtosecond laser is attached to a long single-mode fiber. The beam-exposure time and laser power of the CO2 laser are adjusted to melt the coreless-fiber end to yield a uniform, consistent, and precise radius of curvature, thereby realizing a lensed optical fiber. The precision of the radius of curvature in this case is greater than those obtained with the conventional arc discharge method with thermal treatment requiring fairly complex processes and yielding relatively low fabrication accuracy. In our study, we observe a difference between the measured and calculated focal lengths of the fabricated lens, possibly because the exact value of the mode field diameter is uncertain. On the other hand, the beam size measured using the knife-edge method matches closely with the theoretical size. Our findings confirm the feasibility of fabricating lensed optical fibers for fiber-based biosensing using CO2 and femtosecond lasers.

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5

Lu, Jiafeng, Ye Dai, Qin Li, Yali Zhang, Chunhua Wang, Fufei Pang, Tingyun Wang y Xianglong Zeng. "Fiber nanogratings induced by femtosecond pulse laser direct writing for in-line polarizer". Nanoscale 11, n.º 3 (2019): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06078a.

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6

Wójcik, Grzegorz Michał. "Optimization of silica glass capillary and rods drawing process." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.891.

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Diameter fluctuations of silica glass rods and capillaries, during drawing process have been studied. We investigated an influence of drawing conditions on the quality of capillaries and rods. We fabricated two preforms made from different quality material. Fabricated preforms were used to draw microstructured fibers. Full Text: PDF ReferencesS. Habib et al., "Broadband dispersion compensation of conventional single mode fibers using microstructure optical fibers", Int. J. Lig. Opt. 124, 3851-3855 (2013) CrossRef A. Ziolowicz et al. "Overcoming the capacity crunch: ITU-T G.657.B3 compatible 7-core and 19-core hole-assisted fibers", Proc SPIE 10130, 101300C (2017) CrossRef T.M. Monro et al. "Sensing with microstructured optical fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 12, 854-858 (2001) CrossRef G. Statkiewicz-Barabach et al.,"Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature Measurements Using an In-Line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based on a Two-Mode Highly Birefringent Microstructured Fiber", Sensors 2017, 17, 1648 (2017) CrossRef T. Yoon, M. Bajcsy, "Laser-cooled cesium atoms confined with a magic-wavelength dipole trap inside a hollow-core photonic-bandgap fiber", Phys. Rev. A 99, 023415 (2019) CrossRef A.N. Ghosh et al., "Supercontinuum generation in heavy-metal oxide glass based suspended-core photonic crystal fibers", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35, 2311-2316 (2018) CrossRef G. Wójcik et al. "Microbending losses in optical fibers with different cross-sections", Proc. SPIE 10830, 108300H (2018) CrossRef F. Xu, Selected topics on optical fiber technology and applications (IntechOpen 2018) CrossRef

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7

Goates, Andrew J., Raymond W. Kung, Chad R. Tracy y Henry T. Hoffman. "Intraductal Laser Fiber Tip Fracture and Retrieval During Sialendoscopic Laser-Assisted Lithotripsy". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 126, n.º 11 (12 de septiembre de 2017): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489417728736.

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Fragmentation of flexible laser fiber tips has been reported to occur during therapeutic bronchoscopy and urologic stone treatment. We report fragmentation of 200-µm single-use silica-based fibers during sialendoscopy-controlled Holmium:YAG laser treatment of a parotid and a submandibular stone. The technique employed to successfully retrieve the fiber tips is described in the context of identifying this potential complication from endoscopic management of sialolithiasis.

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8

Koptev, Maksim Yu, Olga N. Egorova, Oleg I. Medvedkov, Sergey L. Semjonov, Boris I. Galagan, Sergey E. Sverchkov, Boris I. Denker, Alexander E. Zapryalov y Arkady V. Kim. "Narrow-Linewidth Single-Frequency Ytterbium Laser Based on a New Composite Yb3+-Doped Fiber". Photonics 9, n.º 10 (12 de octubre de 2022): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100760.

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Fiber single-frequency lasers are currently being actively developed, primarily due to the growing number of applications that require compact and reliable narrow-band sources. However, the most developed single-frequency fiber lasers based on phosphate fibers have the disadvantages of low mechanical strength of both the phosphate fibers themselves and their splices. In this paper we demonstrate a single-frequency laser based on a new composite Yb3+-doped active fiber. The core of this fiber is made of phosphate glass with a high concentration of ytterbium ions and its cladding is made of standard silica glass. This structure ensures a higher splicing strength of the fiber compared to the phosphate fibers and provides high resistance to atmospheric moisture. Despite the multimode structure of this fiber, we achieved stable single-frequency lasing with an average power of 10 mW and a spectral contrast of more than 60 dB in the scheme with a short (1.1 cm) cavity formed by two fiber Bragg gratings. We believe that further optimization of this fiber will make it possible to create powerful and reliable single-frequency lasers in the one-micron wavelength range.

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9

Romano, Valerio, Soenke Pilz y Dereje Etissa. "Sol-gel-based doped granulated silica for the rapid production of optical fibers". International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, n.º 12 (7 de abril de 2014): 1442010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214420107.

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In the recent past we have studied the granulated silica method as a versatile and cost effective way of fiber preform production. We have used the sol-gel technology combined with a laser-assisted remelting step to produce high homogeneity rare earth or transition metal-activated microsized particles for the fiber core. For the fiber cladding pure or index-raised granulated silica has been employed. Silica glass tubes, appropriately filled with these granular materials, are then drawn to fibers, eventually after an optional quality enhancing vitrification step. The process offers a high degree of compositional flexibility with respect to dopants; it further facilitates to achieve high concentrations even in cases when several dopants are used and allows for the implementation of fiber microstructures. By this "rapid preform production" technique, that is also ideally suited for the preparation of microstructured optical fibers, several fibers have been produced and three of them will be presented here.

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10

Bourdine, Anton V., Alexey Yu Barashkin, Vladimir A. Burdin, Michael V. Dashkov, Vladimir V. Demidov, Konstantin V. Dukelskii, Alexander S. Evtushenko et al. "Twisted Silica Microstructured Optical Fiber with Equiangular Spiral Six-Ray Geometry". Fibers 9, n.º 5 (2 de mayo de 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9050027.

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This work presents fabricated silica microstructured optical fiber with special equiangular spiral six-ray geometry, an outer diameter of 125 µm (that corresponds to conventional commercially available telecommunication optical fibers of ratified ITU-T recommendations), and induced chirality with twisting of 200 revolutions per minute (or e.g., under a drawing speed of 3 m per minute, 66 revolutions per 1 m). We discuss the fabrication of twisted microstructured optical fibers. Some results of tests, performed with pilot samples of designed and manufactured stellar chiral silica microstructured optical fiber, including basic transmission parameters, as well as measurements of near-field laser beam profile and spectral and pulse responses, are represented.

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11

Rybaltovsky, Andrey, Mikhail Yashkov, Alexey Abramov, Andrey Umnikov, Mikhail Likhachev y Denis Lipatov. "Optimization of the Core Compound for Ytterbium Ultra-Short Cavity Fiber Lasers". Fibers 11, n.º 6 (13 de junio de 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11060052.

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Highly ytterbium-, aluminum- and phosphorus-co-doped silica fibers with low optical losses were fabricated by the MCVD method, utilizing an all-gas-phase deposition technique. Optical and laser properties of the active fibers with a phosphosilicate and aluminophosphosilicate glass cores doped with 1.85 mol% and 1.27 mol% Yb2O3 were thoroughly investigated. With the help of hydrogen loading, it was possible to induce highly reflective Bragg grating in both fiber samples using the standard phase-mask technique and 193 nm-UV laser irradiation. The ultra-short (less than 2 cm long) Fabry–Perot laser cavities were fabricated by inscribing two fiber Bragg gratings (highly and partially reflective FBGs) directly in the core of the fiber samples. The highest pump-to-signal conversion efficiency of 47% was demonstrated in such laser configuration using phosphosilicate fiber. The reasons for the low efficiency of aluminophosphosilicate fiber are discussed.

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12

Yang, Shuo, Hanna Heyl, Daniel Homa, Gary Pickrell y Anbo Wang. "Powder-in-Tube Reactive Molten-Core Fabrication of Glass-Clad BaO-TiO2-SiO2 Glass–Ceramic Fibers". Materials 13, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020395.

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In this paper we report the fabrication of glass-clad BaO-TiO2-SiO2 (BTS) glass–ceramic fibers by powder-in-tube reactive molten-core drawing and successive isothermal heat treatment. Upon drawing, the inserted raw powder materials in the fused silica tubing melt and react with the fused silica tubing (housing tubing) via dissolution and diffusion interactions. During the drawing process, the fused silica tubing not only serves as a reactive crucible, but also as a fiber cladding layer. The formation of the BTS glass–ceramic structure in the core was verified by micro-Raman spectroscopy after the successive isothermal heat treatment. Second-harmonic generation and blue-white photoluminescence were observed in the fiber using 1064 nm and 266 nm picosecond laser irradiation, respectively. Therefore, the BTS glass–ceramic fiber is a promising candidate for all fiber based second-order nonlinear and photoluminescence applications. Moreover, the powder-in-tube reactive molten core method offers a more efficient and intrinsic contamination-free approach to fabricate glass–ceramic fibers.

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13

Wu, Jiadong, Chunxiang Zhang, Jun Liu, Ting Zhao, Weichao Yao, Pinghua Tang, Le Zhang y Hao Chen. "Over 19 W Single-Mode 1545 nm Er,Yb Codoped All-Fiber Laser". Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7408565.

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We report a high-power cladding-pumped Er,Yb codoped all-fiber laser with truly single transverse mode output. The fiber laser is designed to operate at 1545 nm by the use of a pair of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to lock and narrow the output spectrum, which can be very useful in generating the eye-safe ~1650 nm laser emission through the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in silica fibers that is of interest in many applications. Two pieces of standard single-mode fibers are inserted into the laser cavity and output port to guarantee the truly single-mode output as well as good compatibility with other standard fiber components. We have obtained a maximum output power of 19.2 W at 1544.68 nm with a FWHM spectral width of 0.08 nm, corresponding to an average overall slope efficiency of 31.9% with respect to the launched pump power. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power reported from simple all-fiber single-mode Er,Yb codoped laser oscillator architecture.

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14

Becker, Martin, Marcel Werner, Oliver Fitzau, Dominik Esser, Jens Kobelke, Adrian Lorenz, Anka Schwuchow et al. "Laser-drilled free-form silica fiber preforms for microstructured optical fibers". Optical Fiber Technology 19, n.º 5 (octubre de 2013): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2013.06.001.

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15

Cui, Yulong, Wei Huang, Zefeng Wang, Mengling Wang, Zhiyue Zhou, Zhixian Li, Shoufei Gao, Yingying Wang y Pu Wang. "43 μm fiber laser in CO2-filled hollow-core silica fibers". Optica 6, n.º 8 (25 de julio de 2019): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.6.000951.

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16

Franczyk, Marcin, Dariusz Pysz, Filip Włodarczyk, Ireneusz Kujawa y Ryszard Buczyński. "Yb3+ doped single-mode silica fibre laser system for high peak power applications". Photonics Letters of Poland 12, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i4.1075.

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We present ytterbium doped silica single-mode fibre components for high power and high energy laser applications. We developed in-house the fibre laser with high efficiency of 65% according to the launched power, the threshold of 1.16W and the fibre length of 20 m. We also elaborated the fibre with 20 µm in diameter core suitable for amplifying the beam generated in oscillator. We implemented made in-house endcaps to prove the utility of the fibre towards high peak power applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesStrategies Unlimited, The Worldwide Market for Lasers: Market Review and Forecast, 2020 DirectLink J. Zhu, P. Zhou, Y. Ma, X. Xu, and Z. Liu, "Power scaling analysis of tandem-pumped Yb-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers", Opt. Express 19, 18645 (2011) CrossRef IPG Photonics, Product information, accessed: October, 2020. DirectLink J.W. Dawson, M. J. Messerly, R. J. Beach, M. Y. Shverdin, E. A. Stappaerts, A. K. Sridharan, P. H. Pax, J. E. Heebner, C. W. Siders, and C. P. J. Barty, "Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power", Opt. Express 16, 13240 (2008) CrossRef W. Koechner, "Solid-State Laser Engineering", Springer Series in Optical Science, Berlin 1999 CrossRef A. V. Smith, and B. T. Do, "Bulk and surface laser damage of silica by picosecond and nanosecond pulses at 1064 nm", Appl. Opt. 47, 4812 (2008), CrossRef M. N. Zervas, C. Codemard, "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 1, 2014 CrossRef D.J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W.A. Clarkson, "High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited]", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 27, 63, 2010, CrossRef M. Li, X. Chen, A. Liu, S. Gray, J. Wang, D. T. Walton; L. A. Zenteno, "Limit of Effective Area for Single-Mode Operation in Step-Index Large Mode Area Laser Fibers", J. Lightw. Technol., 27, 3010, 2009, CrossRef J. Limpert, S. Hofer, A. Liem, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann., S. Knoke, and H. Voelckel, "100-W average-power, high-energy nanosecond fiber amplifier", App.Phys.B 75, 477, 2002, CrossRef

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17

Harry, Gregory, Thomas Corbitt, Marat Freytsis, David Ottaway, Nergis Mavalvala y Steve Penn. "Mechanical loss of laser-welded fused silica fibers". Review of Scientific Instruments 77, n.º 2 (febrero de 2006): 023906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2170075.

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18

Knall, Jennifer, Magnus Engholm, John Ballato, Peter D. Dragic, Nanjie Yu y Michel J. F. Digonnet. "Experimental comparison of silica fibers for laser cooling". Optics Letters 45, n.º 14 (14 de julio de 2020): 4020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.395513.

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19

Marlow, Frank, Michael D. McGehee, Dongyuan Zhao, Bradley F. Chmelka y Galen D. Stucky. "Doped Mesoporous Silica Fibers: A New Laser Material". Advanced Materials 11, n.º 8 (junio de 1999): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199906)11:8<632::aid-adma632>3.0.co;2-q.

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20

Loerke, J. y F. Marlow. "Laser Emission from Dye-Doped Mesoporous Silica Fibers". Advanced Materials 14, n.º 23 (3 de diciembre de 2002): 1745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20021203)14:23<1745::aid-adma1745>3.0.co;2-m.

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21

SHARMA, SUNITA, S. K. GHOSHAL y DEVENDRA MOHAN. "PUMP POWER DEPENDENCE OF PHASE-SHIFT, KERR AND ELECTROSTRICTIVE NONLINEARITIES IN SILICA CORE FIBER". Modern Physics Letters B 22, n.º 10 (20 de abril de 2008): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015231.

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Analytical, numerical and experimental studies have been made to estimate the pump power dependence on power loss in multimode fibers. The frequency response of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility is studied using the anharmonic oscillator model. The underlying mechanism responsible for loss in power propagating through the optical fiber has been understood in terms of two-photon absorption and phase shift. The present study has been done by transmitting the signal of Copper Vapor Laser (CVL) having λ=510.6 nm, with repetition rate ~5.6 kHz, pulse duration 60 ns, through 5 m long silica core multimode fiber. The contribution of the effect of Kerr and electrostrictive nonlinearities to power loss has also been calculated, separately. Results show that the power loss in optical fibers is greatly influenced by the presence of impurities and also the power level of the laser source.

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22

Quan, Changjun, Zeqiu Hu, Duanduan Wu, Rongping Wang, Shixun Dai y Qiuhua Nie. "Short-pulse gain-switched Raman fiber laser based on conventional silica fibers". Optics & Laser Technology 141 (septiembre de 2021): 107154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107154.

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23

Bourdine, Anton. "Modeling and Simulation of Piecewise Regular Multimode Fiber Links Operating in a Few-Mode Regime". Advances in Optical Technologies 2013 (12 de noviembre de 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469389.

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This work presents an alternative model of multimode fiber links with conventional silica weakly-guiding graded-index irregular multimode fibers under a few-mode optical signal propagation generated by laser source. The proposed model is based on the piecewise regular representation. It takes into account launch conditions, differential mode delay, both lower- and higher-order mode chromatic dispersion, differential mode attenuation, and mode mixing and power diffusion occurring due to real fiber irregularity and micro- and macrobends. We present some results of introduced model approbation with following pulse propagation simulations. A close matching with measured pulse responses at the output of test fibers is noticed.

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24

Wang, Yitao, Shuen Wei, Maxime Cavillon, Benjamin Sapaly, Bertrand Poumellec, Gang-Ding Peng, John Canning y Matthieu Lancry. "Thermal Stability of Type II Modifications Inscribed by Femtosecond Laser in a Fiber Drawn from a 3D Printed Preform". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2021): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020600.

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Fiber drawing from a 3D printed perform was recently discussed to go beyond the limitations of conventional optical fiber manufacturing in terms of structure and materials. In this work, the photosensitivity of silica optical fibers to femtosecond laser light, and fabricated by 3D printing a preform, is investigated. The writing kinetics and the thermal performance of Type II modifications are studied by varying the laser pulse energy and investigating the birefringence response of the femtosecond (fs)-laser written structures. Compared with a conventional telecom single mode fiber (SMF28), the fiber made by 3D printing is found to have similar writing kinetics and thermal performance. Additionally, the thermal stability of the imprinted fs-laser induced nanostructures is investigated based on the Rayleigh–Plesset equation, describing a model of nanopores dissolution underpinning Type II modifications with thermal annealing.

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25

Wang, Yitao, Shuen Wei, Maxime Cavillon, Benjamin Sapaly, Bertrand Poumellec, Gang-Ding Peng, John Canning y Matthieu Lancry. "Thermal Stability of Type II Modifications Inscribed by Femtosecond Laser in a Fiber Drawn from a 3D Printed Preform". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2021): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020600.

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Fiber drawing from a 3D printed perform was recently discussed to go beyond the limitations of conventional optical fiber manufacturing in terms of structure and materials. In this work, the photosensitivity of silica optical fibers to femtosecond laser light, and fabricated by 3D printing a preform, is investigated. The writing kinetics and the thermal performance of Type II modifications are studied by varying the laser pulse energy and investigating the birefringence response of the femtosecond (fs)-laser written structures. Compared with a conventional telecom single mode fiber (SMF28), the fiber made by 3D printing is found to have similar writing kinetics and thermal performance. Additionally, the thermal stability of the imprinted fs-laser induced nanostructures is investigated based on the Rayleigh–Plesset equation, describing a model of nanopores dissolution underpinning Type II modifications with thermal annealing.

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26

Humayun, M. A., M. N. Hasan, M. A. Rashid, A. Kuwana y H. Kobayashi. "Effect of optical fiber core diameter on Brillouin scattering loss". Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, n.º 04 (23 de noviembre de 2021): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.04.450.

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This paper reports the effect of core diameter of optical fiber cables on stimulated Brillouin scattering loss, which is one of the major loss characteristics of an optical fiber communication system. Analysis of this loss characteristic at three windows of the operating wavelength of a laser has been carried out through a numerical approach. Among different types of optical fiber cables, multi-mode step index silica fiber, multi-mode graded index silica fiber and plastic fibers have been considered for the numerical analysis. The numerical analysis has been performed using MATLAB in this research work. Through the comparative analysis, it has been ascertained that the Brillouin scattering loss is not only affected by the operating wavelength, but also by the core diameter of the different type of the cable. From the investigation of the comparative analysis, it is revealed that Brillouin scattering loss declines with the application of multi-mode graded index silica fiber. However, in the plastic fiber category, plastic step index fiber offers better performance.

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27

Cajzl, Jakub, Pavel Peterka, Maciej Kowalczyk, Jan Tarka, Grzegorz Sobon, Jaroslaw Sotor, Jan Aubrecht, Pavel Honzátko y Ivan Kašík. "Thulium-Doped Silica Fibers with Enhanced Fluorescence Lifetime and Their Application in Ultrafast Fiber Lasers". Fibers 6, n.º 3 (16 de septiembre de 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6030066.

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In this work we report on the thulium-doped silica-based optical fibers with increased fluorescence lifetime of the 3F4 level thanks to the modification of the local environment of thulium ions by high content of alumina. The determination of the cross-relaxation energy-transfer coefficients from the measurements of the fluorescence lifetimes of the 3F4 and 3H4 energy levels of Tm3+ ions in the experimentally prepared optical fiber is provided as well. Preforms of optical fibers were prepared either by conventional solution-doping of Tm3+ and Al3+ ions or by dispersion-doping of Tm3+ ions with alumina nanoparticles. Optical fibers were characterized by means of Tm, Al, and Ge concentrations, refractive index profiles, optical spectral absorption and luminescence, and by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Highly aluminium-codoped thulium silicate optical fibers exhibited fluorescence lifetimes of over ~500 μs with maximum value of 756 μs, which means a fluorescence lifetime enhancement when compared to the thulium-doped fibers reported elsewhere. We show an application of the thulium-doped fiber in a compact all-fiber ring laser that is passively mode-locked by using graphene-based saturable absorber. The output pulsewidth and repetition rate were 905 fs and 32.67 MHz, respectively.

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28

Yang, Yubing, Charles A. Chaney y Nathaniel M. Fried. "Erbium:YAG Laser Lithotripsy Using Hybrid Germanium/Silica Optical Fibers". Journal of Endourology 18, n.º 9 (noviembre de 2004): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2004.18.830.

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29

Fan, Siyu y Noel Healy. "CO2 laser-based side-polishing of silica optical fibers". Optics Letters 45, n.º 15 (17 de julio de 2020): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.397939.

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30

Heptonstall, A., M. A. Barton, A. S. Bell, A. Bohn, G. Cagnoli, A. Cumming, A. Grant et al. "Enhanced characteristics of fused silica fibers using laser polishing". Classical and Quantum Gravity 31, n.º 10 (29 de abril de 2014): 105006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/31/10/105006.

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31

Zhu, Yiming, Chongyun Shao, Fan Wang, Meng Wang, Lei Zhang, Ye Dai, Chunlei Yu y Lili Hu. "Improved Radiation Resistance of Er-Yb Co-Doped Silica Fiber by Pretreating Fibers". Photonics 10, n.º 4 (6 de abril de 2023): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040414.

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In this study, a pretreatment method for improving the radiation resistance of Er-Yb co-doped silica fiber (EYDF) is proposed. EYDF is the object in this method and is processed by two steps, including deuterium loading and pre-irradiation. The effects of pretreatment conditions on the laser performance and radiation resistance of EYDF were systematically studied. An online irradiation experiment setup was utilized to evaluate the radiation resistance of EYDF. The results demonstrate that the pretreatment can significantly improve the radiation resistance of EYDF, with minimal impact on the laser output power and slope efficiency. Specifically, the radiation-induced gain variations in the pristine fiber and the pretreated fiber with a cumulative dose of 240 krad were 3.13 dB and 1.81 dB, respectively. Additionally, the high-vacuum experiments show that the proposed pretreatment method can maintain a long-term stable radiation resistance improvement in the fiber. This study provides a method to improve the radiation resistance of EYDF for space applications.

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Koptev, Maksim Yu, Alexander E. Zaprialov, Alexey F. Kosolapov, Alexander N. Denisov, Maria S. Muravyeva, Sergey L. Semjonov, Sergey V. Muravyev y Arkady V. Kim. "Visible to Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation in Cascaded PCF-Germanate Fiber Using Femtosecond Yb-Fiber Pump". Fibers 11, n.º 9 (24 de agosto de 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11090072.

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Broadband supercontinuum (SC) fiber sources covering the mid-IR range have many significant applications, largely due to their compactness, reliability, and ease of use. However, most of the existing SC fiber sources cannot boast of either high reliability or a wide bandwidth. Thus, supercontinuum sources based on silica fibers are robust, but are not capable of generating SC in the mid-IR range. Sources based on soft glasses (tellurite, chalcogenide, etc.) generate broadband SC in the mid-IR range but are not used commercially, due to the poor mechanical and chemical characteristics of such fibers. In this work, we propose a new approach consisting of cascade generation of a supercontinuum sequentially in a silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a germanate fiber. Using a standard ytterbium chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) laser system for pumping, we have demonstrated a supercontinuum in the range of 450–2950 nm in PCF and germanate fiber firmly connected by a standard fusion splicing technique. Further optimization of the cascade pump will make it possible to create a compact and reliable all-fiber SC source from the visible to mid-IR range.

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33

Bourdine, Anton V., Vladimir A. Burdin, Vijay Janyani, Ashish Kumar Ghunawat, Ghanshyam Singh y Alexander E. Zhukov. "Design of Silica Multimode Optical Fibers with Extremely Enlarged Core Diameter for Laser-Based Multi-Gigabit Short-Range Optical Networks". Photonics 5, n.º 4 (16 de octubre de 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040037.

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This work presents an alternative fast and simple method for the design of a refractive index profile of silica multimode optical fibers (MMFs) with extremely enlarged core diameters of up to 100 µm for laser-based multi-gigabit short-range optical networks. We demonstrate some results of 100 µm core MMF graded index profile optimization performed by a proposed solution, which provides a selected mode staff differential mode delay (DMD) reduction over the “O”-band under particular launching conditions. Earlier on, a developed alternative model for a piecewise regular multimode fiber optic link operating in a few-mode regime for the computation of laser-excited optical pulse dynamics during its propagation over an irregular silica graded-index MMF with an extremely large core diameter, is utilized to estimate the potentiality of fiber optic links with the described MMFs. Here, we also present the comparison results of the simulation of 10GBase-LX optical signal transmission over 100 µm core MMFs with conventional and optimized graded-index refractive index profiles.

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34

Dai, Y. T., Gang Xu y Wei Lai Li. "Laser Micromachining of Wide Bandgap Materials". Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (mayo de 2009): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.118.

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Owing to the large photo energy, 157nm laser is considered as one of promising micro-fabrication tools. In this paper, a micromachining system based on the 157nm laser is introduced. 2D laser direct-writing and 3D micro-structuring experiments are carried out for silica glasses, fibers and diamond. For natural diamond, the ablation threshold by 157nm laser is about 2.0J/cm2. Material removal is dominantly due to photon-chemical effect for 157nm laser ablation. Effectiveness of using 157nm laser for 3D micromachining is clearly demonstrated.

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35

Маковецкий, А. А., А. А. Замятин y Д. В. Ряховский. "Исследование оптических свойств многомодового кварцевого оптического волокна с отражающей оболочкой из фторированного термопластичного полимера". Журнал технической физики 127, n.º 9 (2019): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.09.48206.107-19.

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Optical properties silica - polymeric optical fiber with a core with a diameter of 430 microns and the reflecting cover 70 microns thick from thermoplastic copolymer of a tetraftoretilen with ethylene (Tefzel brand) are experimentally investigated. The polymeric cover is applied on silica fiber with applicator from polimer melt directly on drowing tower. Optical losses of the fiber, a numerical aperture and its dependence on fiber length are measured. It is established that at propagation of light in fiber its noticeable scattering is observed. It is connected with crystallinity of polymeric cover. Distribution of intensity of scattered radiation along an axis of fiber and an indicatrix of dispersion of radiation by a coating are measured. Relative deposits of dispersion and absorption of light in a cover at the general optical losses of fiber are estimated. The possibility of use of optical fibers of this structure in laser medicine is considered.

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36

Lo Piccolo, Giuseppe Mattia, Marco Cannas y Simonpietro Agnello. "Intrinsic Point Defects in Silica for Fiber Optics Applications". Materials 14, n.º 24 (13 de diciembre de 2021): 7682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247682.

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Due to its unique properties, amorphous silicon dioxide (a-SiO2) or silica is a key material in many technological fields, such as high-power laser systems, telecommunications, and fiber optics. In recent years, major efforts have been made in the development of highly transparent glasses, able to resist ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. However the widespread application of many silica-based technologies, particularly silica optical fibers, is still limited by the radiation-induced formation of point defects, which decrease their durability and transmission efficiency. Although this aspect has been widely investigated, the optical properties of certain defects and the correlation between their formation dynamics and the structure of the pristine glass remains an open issue. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to gain a deeper understanding of the structure–reactivity relationship in a-SiO2 for the prediction of the optical properties of a glass based on its manufacturing parameters, and the realization of more efficient devices. To this end, we here report on the state of the most important intrinsic point defects in pure silica, with a particular emphasis on their main spectroscopic features, their atomic structure, and the effects of their presence on the transmission properties of optical fibers.

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37

El Sayed, Ali, Soenke Pilz, Hossein Najafi, Duncan Alexander, Martin Hochstrasser y Valerio Romano. "Fabrication and Characteristics of Yb-Doped Silica Fibers Produced by the Sol-Gel Based Granulated Silica Method". Fibers 6, n.º 4 (23 de octubre de 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040082.

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Combining the sol-gel method for fiber material production with the granulated silica method for preform assembly results in a robust method that offers a high degree of freedom regarding both the composition and the geometry of the produced fiber. Using this method, two types of Yb-doped silica glass composition, that feature an excess in P concentration with respect to Al, have been prepared. The elemental distributions in a fiber core were analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The elemental mapping shows a similar localization of Al, P and Yb through the microstructure. In addition, the influence of the variation in the co-dopant concentration, with respect to Yb, on the fiber properties has been investigated. The results show an increase in the refractive index step and in the fiber’s transmission loss as the excess concentration of P increases. A significant contribution to the losses can be assigned to the existence of impurities such as iron, which was detected in our samples by mass spectrometer. Single exponential fluorescence decays with lifetimes of around 0.88 ms were measured for the two compositions. Finally, pumping at 976 nm a laser slope efficiency of 67% at 1031 nm was achieved for one of the fiber compositions.

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38

Efremov, V. P., V. E. Fortov y A. A. Frolov. "Damage of silica-based optical fibers in laser supported detonation". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 653 (11 de noviembre de 2015): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012013.

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39

Goutaland, F., A. Boukenter, Y. Ouerdane y G. Monnom. "Defects studies in silica based optical fibers by laser spectroscopy". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 216 (agosto de 1997): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(97)00210-x.

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40

Pashinin, V. P., N. Yu Konstantinov, V. G. Artjushenko, V. I. Konov, A. S. Silenok, G. Muller, B. Schaldach y R. Ulrich. "Mechanism of UV laser-induced absorption in fused silica fibers". Fiber and Integrated Optics 10, n.º 4 (octubre de 1991): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468039108201717.

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41

Hitzler, H., Ch Pfleiderer, N. Leclerc, J. Wolfrum, K. O. Greulich y H. Fabian. "KrF-laser irradiation induced defects in all silica optical fibers". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 149, n.º 1-2 (octubre de 1992): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(92)90059-s.

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42

Ottaway, Joshua M., Ashley Allen, Abigail Waldron, Phillip H. Paul, S. Michael Angel y J. Chance Carter. "Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS) for In Situ Chemical Sensing Using Sapphire and Silica Optical Fiber Raman Probes". Applied Spectroscopy 73, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): 1160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819868237.

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A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS), constructed using a modular optical cage and lens tube system, is described for use with a commercial silica and a custom single-crystal (SC) sapphire fiber Raman probe. The utility of these fiber-coupled SHRS chemical sensors is demonstrated using 532 nm laser excitation for acquiring Raman measurements of solid (sulfur) and liquid (cyclohexane) Raman standards as well as real-world, plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) comprising 1,3,5- triamino- 2,4,6- trinitrobenzene (TATB) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) energetic materials. The SHRS is a fixed grating-based dispersive interferometer equipped with an array detector. Each Raman spectrum was extracted from its corresponding fringe image (i.e., interferogram) using a Fourier transform method. Raman measurements were acquired with the SHRS Littrow wavelength set at the laser excitation wavelength over a spectral range of ∼1750 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of ∼8 cm−1 for sapphire and ∼10 cm−1 for silica fiber probes. The large aperture of the SHRS allows much larger fiber diameters to be used without degrading spectral resolution as demonstrated with the larger sapphire collection fiber diameter (330 μm) compared to the silica fiber (100 μm). Unlike the dual silica fiber Raman probe, the dual sapphire fiber Raman probe did not include filtering at the fiber probe tip nearest the sample. Even so, SC sapphire fiber probe measurements produced less background than silica fibers allowing Raman measurements as close as ∼85 cm−1 to the excitation laser. Despite the short lengths of sapphire fiber used to construct the sapphire probe, well-defined, sharp sapphire Raman bands at 420, 580, and 750 cm−1 were observed in the SHRS spectra of cyclohexane and the highly fluorescent HMX-based PBX. SHRS measurements of the latter produced low background interference in the extracted Raman spectrum because the broad band fluorescence (i.e., a direct current, or DC, component) does not contribute to the interferogram intensity (i.e., the alternating current, or AC, component). SHRS spectral resolution, throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio are also discussed along with the merits of using sapphire Raman bands as internal performance references and as internal wavelength calibration standards in Raman measurements.

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43

Iskhakova, Liudmila D., Filipp O. Milovich, Valery M. Mashinsky, Alexander S. Zlenko, Sergey E. Borisovsky y Evgeny M. Dianov. "Identification of Nanocrystalline Inclusions in Bismuth-Doped Silica Fibers and Preforms". Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, n.º 5 (26 de septiembre de 2016): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616011569.

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AbstractThe nature of nanocrystalline inclusions and dopant distribution in bismuth-doped silicate fibers and preforms are studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy and wavelength-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The core compositions are Bi:SiO2, Bi:Al2O3–SiO2, Bi:GeO2–SiO2, Bi:Al2O3–GeO2–SiO2, and Bi:P2O5–Al2O3–GeO2–SiO2. Nanocrystals of metallic Bi, Bi2O3, SiO2, GeO2, and Bi4(GeO4)3 are observed in these glasses. These inclusions can be the reason for the background optical loss in bismuth-doped optical fibers. The bismuth concentration of 0.0048±0.0006 at% is directly measured in aluminosilicate optical fibers with effective laser generation (slope efficiency of 27% at room temperature).

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44

Uddin, Rahim, Jianxiang Wen, Tao He, Fufei Pang, Zhenyi Chen y Tingyun Wang. "Ultraviolet Irradiation Effects on luminescent Centres in Bismuth-Doped and Bismuth-Erbium Co-Doped Optical Fibers via Atomic Layer Deposition". Electronics 7, n.º 10 (18 de octubre de 2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100259.

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The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on luminescent centres in bismuth-doped (BDF) and bismuth/erbium co-doped (BEDF) optical fibers were examined in this study. The fibers were fabricated by modified chemical vapor deposition combining with atomic layer deposition method. The fibers were exposed to irradiation from a 193 nm pulsed wave argon fluoride laser, and an 830 nm wavelength laser diode pump source was employed for excitation. The experimental results showed that, for the BDF, the transmission loss was slightly reduced and the luminescence intensity was increased at the bismuth-related active aluminum centre (BAC-Al). Then, for the BEDF, the transmission loss was increased a little and the luminescence intensity was also increased at the BAC-Al centre. However, the luminescence intensity was decreased at approximately 1420 nm of the bismuth-related active silica centre (BAC-Si) for all fiber samples. One possible formation mechanism for luminescence intensity changes was probably associated with the valence state transfer of bismuth ions. The other possible mechanism was that the ArF-driven two-photon process caused luminescence changes in BAC-Al and BAC-Si. It was very important to reveal nature of luminescence properties of Bi-doped and Bi/Er co-doped optical fiber.

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45

Zamyatin, A. A., A. A. Makovetskii, I. P. Shilov y D. V. Lapshin. "Study of the optical parameters of a silica-polymeric optical fiber with a reflective coating made of a thermoplastic fluoropolymer". Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, n.º 7 (18 de julio de 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-7-27-32.

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Silica optical fibers (OF) having a core diameter of 400 – 800 μm made of biocompatible materials are widely used in laser medicine. The results of studying the optical parameters of novel silica-polymeric optical fiber with a reflective thermoplastic copolymer coating (tetrafluoroethylene – ethylene) and the influence of coating conditions on these optical parameters are presented. Coatings from polymer melt were applied to the silica fiber surface by orifice drawing. The numerical aperture of the drawn OF was measured by distribution of the laser radiation emerging from OF in the far field. The optical losses were determined by the distribution of the radiation scattered by the reflective coating along the OF length. The scattering parameters of the laser radiation transmitted through OF were estimated by the intensity and indicatrix of scattering. We studied OF samples up to 50 m in length with a silica core of about 400 μm in diameter and reflective coating with a thickness of 70 – 90 μm, the reflective coating also performed a protective function. The quality of applied coating and optical parameters of the OF samples depended on the speed of fiber drawing (coating speed) Vd. A smooth coating was obtained at Vd ≤ 2 m/min. When Vd > 2 m/min the coating became rough, turning into the so-called «shark skin» at Vd = 6 m/min. Observed scattering of radiation passing through the studied OF samples was attributed to the polymer structure which contained both crystalline and amorphous phases with different values of the refractive index. The smallest scattering was observed in a smooth-coated OF. The total optical loss at a wavelength λ = 532 nm amounted to 300 – 720 dB/km (a nominal numerical aperture was 0.44). Short (1.5 – 3 m) OF samples were shown to provide a transmission of 80 – 93% of the input power.

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46

Bourdine, Anton V., Vladimir V. Demidov, Konstantin V. Dukelskii, Alexander V. Khokhlov, Egishe V. Ter-Nersesyants, Sergei V. Bureev, Alexandra S. Matrosova et al. "Six-Core GeO2-Doped Silica Microstructured Optical Fiber with Induced Chirality". Fibers 11, n.º 3 (7 de marzo de 2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11030028.

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This work presents a fabricated silica few-mode microstructured optical fiber (MOF) with a special six GeO2-doped core geometry, an outer diameter of 125 µm (that corresponds to conventional commercially available telecommunication optical fibers), and improved induced twisting up to 500 revolutions per 1 m (under a rotation speed of 1000 revolutions per meter with a drawing speed of ~2 m per minute). The article discusses some technological aspects and issues of manufacturing the above-described twisted MOFs with complicated structures and geometry as GeO2-doped silica supporting elements for them. We present results of some measurements performed for fabricated samples of chiral silica six-GeO2-doped-core few-mode MOFs with various orders of twisting and both step and graded refractive indexes of “cores”. These tests contain research on MOF geometrical parameters, attenuation, and measurements of the far-field laser beam profile.

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47

Grzegorczyk, Adrian y Marcin Mamajek. "A 70 W thulium-doped all-fiber laser operating at 1940 nm". Photonics Letters of Poland 11, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i3.928.

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An all-fiber thulium-doped fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1940 nm is reported. A maximum output continuous-wave power of 70.7 W with a slope efficiency of 59%, determined with respect to the absorbed pump power, was demonstrated. The laser delivered almost a single-mode beam with a beam quality factor of < 1.3.Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. N. Zervas and C. A. Codemard, "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 0904123 (2014). CrossRef D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson. "High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited]", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, B63 (2010). CrossRef J. Swiderski, A. Zajac, and M. Skorczakowski, "Pulsed ytterbium-doped large mode area double-clad fiber amplifier in MOFPA configuration", Opto-Electron. Rev. 15, 98 (2007). CrossRef M. Eckerle et al. "High-average-power actively-modelocked Tm3+ fiber lasers", Proc. SPIE 8237, 823740 (2012). CrossRef J. Swiderski, D. Dorosz, M. Skorczakowski, and W. Pichola, "Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier with tunable repetition rate and pulse duration", Laser Phys. 20, 1738 (2010). CrossRef P. Grzes and J. Swiderski, "Gain-Switched 2-μm Fiber Laser System Providing Kilowatt Peak-Power Mode-Locked Resembling Pulses and Its Application to Supercontinuum Generation in Fluoride Fibers", IEEE Phot. J. 10, 1 (2018). CrossRef S. Liang et al. "Transmission of wireless signals using space division multiplexing in few mode fibers", Opt. Express 26, 6490 (2018). CrossRef J. Swiderski, M. Michalska, and P. Grzes, "Broadband and top-flat mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with 3.52 W time-averaged power in a ZBLAN fiber directly pumped by a 2-µm mode-locked fiber laser and amplifier", Appl. Phys. B 124, 152 (2018). CrossRef F. Zhao et al. "Electromagnetically induced polarization grating", Sci. Rep. 8, 16369 (2018). CrossRef J. Sotor et al. "Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus", Opt. Lett. 40, 3885 (2015). CrossRef M. Olivier et al. "Femtosecond fiber Mamyshev oscillator at 1550 nm", Opt. Lett. 44, 851 (2019). CrossRef J. Swiderski and M. Michalska, "Over three-octave spanning supercontinuum generated in a fluoride fiber pumped by Er & Er:Yb-doped and Tm-doped fiber amplifiers", Opt. Laser Technol. 52, 75 (2013). CrossRef C.Yao et al. "High-power mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source using fluorotellurite fiber", Optica 5, 1264 (2018). CrossRef J. Swiderski and M. Maciejewska, "Watt-level, all-fiber supercontinuum source based on telecom-grade fiber components", Appl. Phys. B 109, 177 (2012). CrossRef O. Traxer and E. X. Keller, "Thulium fiber laser: the new player for kidney stone treatment? A comparison with Holmium:YAG laser", World J. Urol., 1-12 (2019). CrossRef M. Michalska, et al. "Highly stable, efficient Tm-doped fiber laser—a potential scalpel for low invasive surgery", Laser Phys. Lett. 13, 115101 (2016). CrossRef R. L. Blackmon et al. "Thulium fiber laser ablation of kidney stones using a 50-μm-core silica optical fiber", Opt. Eng., 54, 011004 (2015). CrossRef A. Zajac et al. "Fibre lasers – conditioning constructional and technological", Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 58, 491 (2010). CrossRef C. Guo, D. Shen, J. Long, and F. Wang, "High-power and widely tunable Tm-doped fiber laser at 2 \mu m", Chin. Opt. Lett. 10, 091406 (2012). CrossRef F. Liu et al. "Tandem-pumped, tunable thulium-doped fiber laser in 2.1 μm wavelength region", Opt. Express 27, 8283 (2019). CrossRef H. Ahmad, M. Z. Samion, K. Thambiratnam, and M. Yasin, "Widely Tunable Dual-Wavelength Thulium-doped fiber laser Operating in 1.8-2.0 mm Region", Optik 179, 76 (2019). CrossRef N. M. Fried, "Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy: An in vitro analysis of stone fragmentation using a modulated 110‐watt Thulium fiber laser at 1.94 µm", Lasers Surg. Med. 37, 53 (2005). CrossRef N. M. Fried, "High‐power laser vaporization of the canine prostate using a 110 W Thulium fiber laser at 1.91 μm", Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 52 (2005). CrossRef E. Lippert et al. "Polymers Designed for Laser Applications-Fundamentals and Applications", Proc. SPIE 6397, P639704 (2006). CrossRef N. Dalloz et al. "High power Q-switched Tm3+, Ho3+-codoped 2μm fiber laser and application for direct OPO pumping", Proc. SPIE 10897, 108970J (2019). CrossRef N. J. Ramírez-Martinez, M. Nunez-Velazquez, A. A. Umnikov, and J. K. Sahu, "Highly efficient thulium-doped high-power laser fibers fabricated by MCVD", Opt. Express 27, 196 (2019). CrossRef T. Ehrenreich et al. "1-kW, All-Glass Tm:fiber Laser", Proc. SPIE 7580, 758016 (2010). DirectLink L. Shah et al. "Integrated Tm:fiber MOPA with polarized output and narrow linewidth with 100 W average power", Opt. Express 20, 20558 (2012). CrossRef H. Zhen-Yue, Y. Ping, X. Qi-Rong, L. Qiang, and G. Ma-Li, "227-W output all-fiberized Tm-doped fiber laser at 1908 nm", Chin. Phys. B 23, 104206 (2014). CrossRef

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48

Rao, Yun-Jiang, Ming Deng, De-Wen Duan, Xiao-Chen Yang, Tao Zhu y Guang-Hua Cheng. "Micro Fabry-Perot interferometers in silica fibers machined by femtosecond laser". Optics Express 15, n.º 21 (2007): 14123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.014123.

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49

Chenan Xia, M. Kumar, Ming-Yuan Cheng, O. P. Kulkarni, M. N. Islam, A. Galvanauskas, F. L. Terry, M. J. Freeman, D. A. Nolan y W. A. Wood. "Supercontinuum Generation in Silica Fibers by Amplified Nanosecond Laser Diode Pulses". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 13, n.º 3 (2007): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2007.897414.

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50

Deng, Zhongsheng y Kenneth J. Balkus. "Pulsed laser deposition of zeolite NaX thin films on silica fibers". Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 56, n.º 1 (octubre de 2002): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1811(02)00440-7.

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