Tesis sobre el tema "Shock fatigue"

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses up to several mm underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of crack growth behavior rate in it. The aim of this thesis is to predict the crack growth behavior of thin Aluminum specimens with one or more LSP stripes defining a compressive residual stress area. The LSP treatment has been applied as crack retardation stripes perpendicular to the crack growing direction, with the objective of slowing down the crack when approaching the LSP patterns. Different finite element approaches have been implemented to predict the residual stress field left by the laser treatment, mostly by means of the commercial software Abaqus/Explicit. The Afgrow software has been used to predict the crack growth behavior of the component following the laser peening treatment and to detect the improvement in fatigue life comparing to the specimen baseline. Furthermore, an analytical model has been implemented on the Matlab software to make more accurate predictions on fatigue life of the treated components. An educational internship at the Research and Technologies Germany- Hamburg department of Airbus helped to achieve knowledge and experience to write this thesis. The main tasks of the thesis are the following: -To up to date Literature Survey related to laser shock peening in metallic structures -To validate the FE models developed against experimental measurements at coupon level -To develop design of crack growth slow down in centered and edge cracked tension specimens based on residual stress engineering approach using laser peened patterns transversal to the crack path -To predict crack growth behavior of thin aluminum panels -To validate numerical and analytical results by means of experimental tests.

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses up to several mm underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of crack growth behavior rate in it. The aim of this thesis is to predict the crack growth behavior of thin Aluminum specimens with one or more LSP stripes defining a compressive residual stress area. The LSP treatment has been applied as crack retardation stripes perpendicular to the crack growing direction, with the objective of slowing down the crack when approaching the LSP patterns. Different finite element approaches have been implemented to predict the residual stress field left by the laser treatment, mostly by means of the commercial software Abaqus/Explicit. The Afgrow software has been used to predict the crack growth behavior of the component following the laser peening treatment and to detect the improvement in fatigue life comparing to the specimen baseline. Furthermore, an analytical model has been implemented on the Matlab software to make more accurate predictions on fatigue life of the treated components. An educational internship at the Research and Technologies Germany- Hamburg department of Airbus helped to achieve knowledge and experience to write this thesis. The main tasks of the thesis are the following: -To up to date Literature Survey related to laser shock peening in metallic structures -To validate the FE models developed against experimental measurements at coupon level -To develop design of crack growth slow down in centered and edge cracked tension specimens based on residual stress engineering approach using laser peened patterns transversal to the crack path -To predict crack growth behavior of thin aluminum panels -To validate numerical and analytical results by means of experimental tests.

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is one of the main life limiting factors for aeroengine fan blades. The FOD impacts during takeoff and landing cause severe damage to aerofoils, resulting in reduced air safety and life time with an estimated annual cost of $4 billion for the aeroengine industry. Advanced surface treatments, such as Laser Shock Peening (LSP) have significantly improved the fatigue strength and crack growth resistance of critical components under FOD. However, it is not yet possible to predict the protective residual stresses and utilise their full potential for enhancing fatigue resistance and damage tolerance capacity in service. This research programme aims to utilise some of the established methods for fatigue tolerance assessment of critical components, based on fracture mechanics principles, to address the effects of complex residual stresses due to LSP and FOD on fatigue crack growth in aerofoils under simulated service loading conditions. The experimental study involved fatigue testing of LSPed and FODed specimens with a geometry representative of fan blades made from Ti-6Al-4V alloy. A four point bend fatigue test setup was designed and calibrated. A real-time computer-controlled crack growth monitoring system and optical crack monitoring techniques were developed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Back-Scatter Electron (BSE) were used to conduct metallographic and fractographic studies, including crack initiation, early fatigue crack growth and FOD damage characterisation. The fracture mechanics analyses used the weight function method and the finite element method to obtain a modified stress intensity factor considering residual stresses due to LSP and FOD. Fatigue crack growth data under low cycle fatigue(LCF), high cycle fatigue (HCF) and combined LCF and HCF loading conditions were correlated using a standard and the modified stress intensity factors. The influence of impact angles and loading conditions on fatigue crack growth behaviour was assessed, and the results were compared with those from untreated FODed specimens.

Bien que constitué anatomiquement et physiologiquement pour la course d’endurance, l’Homme est considérablement exposés à diverses blessures musculo-squelettiques liées à la répétition de contraintes mécaniques. Le coureur de trail running par exemple est soumis à de nombreux impacts ainsi qu’à une fatigue et des dommages musculaires sévères. Ces chocs répétitifs et dommages musculaires réduiraient la tolérance du coureur face aux contraintes mécaniques le poussant ainsi à altérer sa cinématique de course. Par conséquent, minimiser les dommages musculo-squelettiques serait déterminant pour la performance en trail running. Des évidences montrent que la pose de pied altère la localisation et l’intensité des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier l’influence du pattern de pose de pied sur l’impact et la fatigue neuromusculaire en trail running. Les phases de descente ont été tout particulièrement étudiées du fait qu’elles sont les plus traumatisantes. En effet, ce travail de thèse a mis en évidence qu’en situation de trail running, l’intensité de l’impact augmente lorsque la pente diminue, et que la fatigue neuromusculaire périphérique est aussi sévère à la suite d’une descente isolée qu’après un ultra-trail de plusieurs heures. En étudiant l’influence de la pose de pied adoptée au cours d’une descente en situation de trail running, il a été observé qu’attaquer le sol par l’avant du pied augmentait la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou. Cependant, une importante variabilité dans les patterns de pose de pied adoptés au cours de la descente a été associée à une baisse de la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou et fléchisseurs plantaires. L’influence de la pose de pied sur l’intensité du choc et le contenu vibratoire le long des axes axial et transversal a également été démontrée : adopter une attaque talon diminue la sévérité du choc axial mais réduit l’intensité du choc transversal. La principale conclusion est qu’aucun pattern de course ne saurait être universellement recommandé du fait que « changer de pose de pied » est synonyme de « changer la localisation et la magnitude des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique ». En ce sens, alterner entre différents patterns de course serait une stratégie efficiente en trail running
Although Humans are “born” anatomically and physiologically adapted to long distances run, they are substantially exposed to various musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Trail runners sustain a high number of foot-to-ground contacts and develop severe muscle fatigue and damages. Repetitive shocks and muscle damages would reduce the runners’ tolerance to mechanical strains leading to changes in running kinematics. Minimizing musculoskeletal damages is therefore considered paramount for performance in trail running. Numerous studies highlighted that the foot strike pattern alters the localization and magnitude of the mechanical strains applied on the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of the foot strike pattern on impact and neuromuscular fatigue in trail running. Downhill sections were mainly investigated since they are the most mechanically stressful. Indeed, it was observed from this thesis’ work that, in real trail running practice, the impact intensity increases as the slope decreases, and that the neuromuscular fatigue induced by a single downhill run is as severe as the one induced by an ultratrail race that lasts several hours. Investigating the effect of the foot strike pattern adopted during a downhill trail run on fatigue, it was observed that forefoot striking increases the neuromuscular fatigue at knee extensors. However, a high variability in foot strike patterns adopted was associated to a lower neuromuscular fatigue at both knee extensors and plantar flexors. The effect of the foot strike pattern on axial and transversal shock and vibration content was also demonstrated: heel striking was correlated to a lower impact severity along the axial axis of the skeleton but a greater one along its transversal axis. The main conclusion of this thesis is that no single foot strike pattern should be universally advised due to “changing of foot strike” means “changing the localization and magnitude of the mechanical stress applied on the musculoskeletal system”. Switching between different running patterns might be an efficient strategy in trail running

It has been well established that most fatigue cracks initiate from stress concentration sites found on the surfaces of components subject to cyclic fatigue loading. The introduction of residual compressive stresses into the surface layers of components, through various means including shot peening and laser shock peening, can result in local residual compressive stresses which provide a resistance to both crack initiation and propagation, thus leading to an increase in the fatigue life of the components. The effects of both laser shock peening (LSP) and conventional shot peening (SP) on the fatigue properties of both 7075-T6 and 7075-T0 aluminium round bar test specimens were investigated and compared by means of cyclic 3-point bend fatigue testing. This investigation focused on the role that the peening induced microstructure, surface morphology and hardness had on the fatigue life of the test specimens. It was found that both the laser shock peening and shot peening processes substantially increased the fatigue lives compared to unpeened AA7075-T6. The laser shock peening process more than doubled the fatigue life of the specimens and the shot peening process increased the fatigue life by approximately 1.6×. No discernible hardening effects could be determined in the laser shock peened specimens. However, the shot peening process resulted in a distinct hardened region within the surface layers of the AA7075-T6 specimens which was attributed to the longer pressure duration of the shot peening process which results in greater plastic deformation. It was also shown that polishing the shot peened and laser shock peened specimens after their respective peening procedures resulted in a significant increase in fatigue life. Polishing after peening resulted in a 3.4× fatigue life increase in the shot peened test specimens (T6 condition) and a 5.4× fatigue life increase in the laser shock peened test specimens (T6 condition). This result highlights the role that surface roughness plays in component fatigue life. Furthermore, the increase in the average fatigue life of the polished test specimens shows that the depth of the residual compressive stresses induced by the peening processes were deep enough to allow for surfaces layers to be removed from the test specimens without any detrimental effect to the overall average fatigue life of the components. The result also suggests that the magnitudes of the residual stresses induced by the laser shock peening process being greater than those of the shot peening process. The main difference between the peening treatments was demonstrated as originating from the surface roughening effects of the two peening procedures. The laser shock peening process only slightly increased the surface roughness of a polished AA7075-T6 test specimens. The shot peening process severely affected the surface roughness of the test specimens, creating many potential crack initiation sites. The AA7075-O test specimens (annealed) showed no overall improvement in their fatigue life, regardless of the mechanical treatment received. The increased ductility of the specimens during the 3-point bending fatigue process led to stress relieving of the peening induced compressive stresses. The specimens were however still fatigued to failure. This enabled the analysis of the effect of the peening induced surface roughness to be analysed. It was found that the shot peened and laser shock peened surface roughness values were significantly higher than the roughness values of the T6 specimens owing to the increased ductility and thus workability of the test specimens. These increased surface roughnesses resulted in the shot peened test specimens failing before the laser shock peened specimens. Both sets of peened specimens failed before the "as machined" and polished test specimens highlighting the role that their induced surface roughnesses had on their fatigue lives. The cross-sectional microstructures of the peened samples in each material condition showed varied changes in the microstructure of the treated aluminium alloy. There was evidence of a large degree of plastic deformation near the surface of shot peened specimens in both material conditions. However, there was limited evidence of changes to the grains structure of the laser shock peened specimens, in both material conditions. In addition, the ability of the laser shock peening process to recover fatigue life in damaged components was also investigated. This brought into question whether the laser shock peening process can be used on a partially fatigued component at the point of crack initiation, in an attempt to further improve the fatigue life of the component. It was found that the laser shock peening of the cracks initiated in fatigue life recovery process did little to effectively recover fatigue life in the damaged components. A degree of life extension was present as cracks re-initiated after a few thousand cycles and was attributed to crack tip closure. This closure led to a general reduction in the fatigue crack growth rate when compared to laser shock peened/polished test specimens fatigued at the same stress.

During manufacture and maintenance the fuselage skin of aircraft are susceptible to damage in the form of scratches. Normally not considered to be of major concern to aircraft structural integrity some airlines discovered fatigue cracks had initiated at the root of scratches. Crack propagation was in the through thickness direction and if left untreated could cause rapid decompression of the passenger cabin. Standard repair methodology requires patches be riveted around scratch damage and in extreme cases could require entire replacement of affected skin panels. Laser shock peening (LSP) is an emerging surface treatment that has been shown to improve fatigue performance of safety critical components by inducing a surface layer of compressive residual stress. In this work LSP was applied along the scratch damage in an effort to restore pristine fatigue performance. The aim of the project was to model the effect on fatigue crack growth rate of residual stress fields induced via LSP and to validate predictions by comparison to experimental test results. The scratches were recreated under controlled laboratory conditions using a diamond tipped tool. This process allowed creation of reproducible V shaped scribes to controlled depth, wall angle and root radius. Scribes of depth 50 and 150 μm with root radius 5 μm were created in dogbone shaped samples of 2 mm thick 2024‐T351 clad aluminium. Samples were tested in fatigue at an R = 0.1 and maximum stress of 200 MPa. The scribe damage reduced fatigue life compared to the pristine material by a factor of 22. Scribed samples were processed using LSP treatment from different providers that created known residual stress fields in the material. The fatigue life of scribed samples after peening varied from a further decrease to a 13 times increase dependent on the residual stress field induced. An elastic‐plastic crack closure based finite element model was created to determine the effect on stress intensity factor and stress ratio of residual stress. Fatigue lives calculated were within a factor of 2 of experimental lives. It was predicted that crack closure was present during up to 80% of the applied load cycle due to the compressive residual stress field. However plasticity induced crack closure actually reduced after peening because the compressive residual stress field induced a smaller plastic zone at the crack tip and hence reduced the plastic wake. A residual stress based fatigue life sensitivity study was performed to optimise the profile of the residual stress field for improved fatigue performance. The required profile was created in test samples using LSP. The fatigue life of peened samples increased by a factor of up to 15 however pristine life was not fully recovered. A restriction imposed by the industrial application was peening applied to one face only. This created an unbalanced stress field that resulted in sample distortion to maintain equilibrium. The distortion induced out of plane bending stresses during testing and caused premature crack initiation on the unpeened face. However using interrupted fatigue tests it was found that although crack initiation also occurred at the root of the scribes the cracks were arrested after 24 μm of propagation. This was consistent with the findings of the crack growth prediction model.

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses of up to several mm underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of the crack growth behavior rate in it. The aim of this thesis is to predict the crack growth behavior in metallic specimens with one or more stripes which define the compressive residual stress area induced by the Laser Shock Peening treatment. The process was applied as crack retardation stripes perpendicular to the crack propagation direction with the object of slowing down the crack when approaching the peened stripes. The finite element method has been applied to simulate the redistribution of stresses in a cracked model when it is subjected to a tension load and to a compressive residual stress field, and to evaluate the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) in this condition. Finally, the Afgrow software is used to predict the crack growth behavior of the component following the Laser Shock Peening treatment and to detect the improvement in the fatigue life comparing it to the baseline specimen. An educational internship at the “Research & Technologies Germany – Hamburg” department of AIRBUS helped to achieve knowledge and experience to write this thesis. The main tasks of the thesis are the following: •To up to date Literature Survey related to “Laser Shock Peening in Metallic Structures” •To validate the FE model developed against experimental measurements at coupon level •To develop design of crack growth slowdown in Centered Cracked Tension specimens based on residual stress engineering approach using laser peened strip transversal to the crack path •To evaluate the Stress Intensity Factor values for Centered Cracked Tension specimens after the Laser Shock Peening treatment via Finite Element Analysis •To predict the crack growth behavior in Centered Cracked Tension specimens using as input the SIF values evaluated with the FE simulations •To validate the results by means of experimental tests

Dans cette thèse, nous avons caractérisé expérimentalement les emballages en carton compact et ondulé à l’aide de tests spécifiques qui permettent de reproduire les conditions de transport. Après avoir effectué des essais de traction pour caractériser le comportement orthotrope des papiers et carton compact, nous avons déterminé par des essais de compression statique la résistance à la compression verticale (RCV) des boîtes en carton compact et des caisses en carton ondulé étudiées. Pour l’analyse dynamique, nous avons mené des expériences de vibrations aléatoires et de chocs sur ces emballages. Nous avons ensuite implémenté un modèle de comportement élastoplastique orthotrope (IPE) pour les papiers et le carton compact dans le logiciel Abaqus à l'aide du programme utilisateur VUMAT. Nous avons également proposé une homogénéisation du modèle IPE pour le carton ondulé, que nous avons implémenté dans lelogiciel Abaqus à l'aide du programme utilisateur UGENS. Nous avons montré que le modèle élastoplastique IPE permettait de décrire de manière très satisfaisante le comportement statique et dynamique des boîtes en carton compact. L’utilisation du modèle IPE homogénéisé permettait, d’une part la création facile de la géométrie, et d’autre part la réduction importante des temps de calcul. Les résultats obtenus avec le modèle homogénéisé se comparaient très bien avec ceux obtenus avec le modèle 3D complet et les résultats expérimentaux en statique et en dynamique. Enfin, pour la simulation des essais de fatigue, nous avons réalisé des simulations des essais de chocs successifs jusqu’à l’endommagement de la caisse, et nous avons utilisé un modèle de fatigue dans le logiciel Fe-Safe pour déterminer la durée de vie des caisses. Les résultats des simulations obtenus montrent que notre modèle permet de bien reproduire les résultats expérimentaux pour les trois zones d’endurance des courbes limites de dommage
In this thesis, we have experimentally characterized compact and corrugated cardboard packaging using specific tests that reproduce transport conditions. After carrying out tensile tests to characterize the orthotropic behavior of papers and cardboard, we determined by static compression tests the box compressive strength (BCT) of the cardboard and corrugated cardboard boxes. For the dynamic analysis, we conducted random vibration and shock experiments on these packages. We then implemented an orthotropic elastoplastic behavior model (IPE) for papers and cardboard in Abaqus software using the VUMAT user program. We also proposed a homogenization of the IPE model for corrugated cardboard, which we implemented in the Abaqus software using the UGENS user program. We have shown that the IPE elastoplastic model allows a very satisfactory description of the static and dynamic behavior of cardboard boxes.The use of the homogenized IPE model allowed, on the one hand, the easy design of the geometry, and on the other hand, the significant reduction in computation times. The results obtained with the homogenized model compared verywell with those obtained with the full 3D model and the experimental results in statics and dynamics. Finally, for the simulation of the fatigue tests, we carried out simulations of successive impact tests until the box was damaged, and we used a fatigue model in the Fe-Safe software to determine the fatigue life of the boxes. The results of the simulations obtained show that our model makes it possible to well reproduce the experimental results for the three endurance zones of the damage boundary curves

L'utilisation des matériaux composites renforcés par des fibres végétales ne cesse de croitre dans divers secteurs tels que l'automobile et le packaging. Toutefois, le problème de leur sensibilité à l'humidité freine encore leur utilisation dans des applications exposées à des conditions environnementales extrêmes. Par conséquent, l'hybridation des fibres végétales avec des fibres synthétiques peut constituer une voie prometteuse pour améliorer certaines propriétés des composites à renfort végétal. C'est dans ce contexte que se situe le présent travail doctoral. Il présente une analyse expérimentale du comportement en fatigue par traction--traction et en fatigue par chocs à faible énergie de stratifiés non hybrides et hybrides lin-verre/époxyde. Une investigation de leur durabilité après un vieillissement hydrique jusqu'à la saturation est également présentée. À cette fin, plusieurs plaques des composites non hybrides et hybrides lin-verre/époxyde ont été élaborées par le procédé d'infusion sous vide. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé une caractérisation en traction monotone des composites de l'étude et étudié la cinétique de diffusion de l'humidité au sein de ces matériaux. Les résultats de ces essais montrent que le remplacement de couches de lin par des couches de verre améliore nettement les propriétés mécaniques stratifié lin/époxyde et diminue également sa masse d'eau absorbée à saturation. Ensuite, des essais de fatigue cyclique ont été réalisés sur des éprouvettes composites non vieillies et vieillies. Ces essais de fatigue ont été couplés à la technique de l'émission acoustique afin d'identifier les mécanismes d'endommagement et leur chronologie d'apparition. Pour évaluer l'effet de la charge de fatigue sur la perte de rigidité, les boucles d'hystérésis et le facteur d'amortissement des composites non hybrides et hybrides ont été étudiées. L'analyse des signaux acoustique permet d'identifier trois classes de signaux acoustiques dans tous les composites étudiés. Ces trois classes sont attribuées aux principaux mécanismes d'endommagement comme la fissuration matricielle, la décohésion fibre--matrice et la rupture des fibres. Cette attribution est consolidée par des observations microscopiques obtenues à l'aide d'un microscope électronique à balayage. Enfin, des essais de fatigue par chocs à faible énergie ont été réalisés sur des échantillons composites non vieillis et vieillis. Les résultats obtenus montrent clairement que le composite lin/époxyde absorbe une grande partie de l'énergie d'impact en déformation élastique. Cependant, le stratifié verre/époxyde consomme cette énergie en endommagement et rupture. De plus, le vieillissement hydrique fragilise tous les composites étudiés et diminue leur résistance à la fatigue par chocs
The use of natural fibre-reinforced composite materials is growing in various sectors such as automotive and packaging. However, the problem of their sensitivity to humidity still hinders their use in applications exposed to extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, the hybridization of natural fibres with synthetic fibres can constitute a promising way to improve some properties of natural fibre-reinforced composites. It is in this context that the present doctoral work is situated. It presents an experimental analysis of the tensile-tensile fatigue and low-energy impact fatigue behaviour of non-hybrid and hybrid flax-glass/epoxy laminates. An investigation of their durability after water aging until saturation is also presented. To this end, several plates of non-hybrid and hybrid flax-glass/epoxy composites have been fabricated by the vacuum infusion process. First, we carried out a monotonic tensile characterization of the studied composites and evaluated the kinetics of moisture diffusion within these materials. The results of these tests show that the addition of glass layers to the flax/epoxy laminate improves its mechanical properties and also reduces its mass of water absorbed at saturation. Then, cyclic fatigue tests were performed on unaged and aged composite specimens. These fatigue tests were coupled with the acoustic emission technique in order to identify the damage mechanisms and their chronology of appearance. To evaluate the effect of fatigue loading on the loss of stiffness, hysteresis loops and the damping factor of non-hybrid and hybrid composites were investigated. The analysis of the acoustic signals makes it possible to identify three classes of acoustic signals in all the studied composites. These three classes are attributed to the main damage mechanisms such as matrix cracking, fibre/matrix decohesion and fibre breakage. This attribution is supported by microscopic observations obtained using a scanning electron microscope. Finally, low-energy impact fatigue tests were performed on unaged and aged composite samples. The obtained results clearly show that the flax/epoxy composite absorbs a large part of the impact energy and transforms it into elastic energy. However, the glass/epoxy laminate consumes this energy in damage and breakage. In addition, water aging weakens all the studied composites and reduces their resistance to impact fatigue

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d'analyser les stratégies de réduction de la fatigue musculaire en course de trail et potentiellement d'identifier certains paramètres d'influence de cette fatigue. La course de trail est un nouveau sport en essor qui induit une combinaison spécifique de fatigue et dommages musculaires des principaux muscles locomoteurs. Afin de pouvoir conduire des études interventionnelles, une étude descriptive préliminaire a été conduite pour caractériser la fatigue spécifique et les dommages musculaires induits par ce type d'épreuve de trail. Ensuite, la reproductibilité du trail comme modèle de fatigue a été vérifiée afin de pouvoir l'utiliser dans un contexte d'intervention. Enfin, deux études visant à réduire la fatigue induite par le trail ont été conduites. D'une part l'utilisation des vêtements de compression - très à la mode en trail a été analysée comme stratégie d'optimisation de la performance. D'autre part, a aussi été étudié l'effet d'un réchauffement préalable du muscle sur les dommages musculaires : Dans cette optique, une étude contrôlée en laboratoire a été menée, examinant les effets d'un réchauffement passif sur les conséquences fonctionnelles de course en descente chez une population non-entraînée. En résumé, les travaux conduits au sein de cette thèse fournissent une description de la fatigue en trail, et valident l'utilisation du trail comme modèle reproductible de terrain pour investiguer les stratégies de réduction de la fatigue. De plus, ils relativisent l'effet positif des vêtements de compression sur la performance et montrent le lien fonctionnel entre le réchauffement musculaire et la réduction des dommages musculaires induits par un travail excentrique.

The classical theory of solid mechanics is rooted in the assumption of a continuous distribution of mass within a body. It employs partial differential equations (PDEs) with significant smoothness to obtain displacements and internal forces of the body. Although classical theory has been applied to wide range of engineering problems, PDEs of the classical theory cannot be applied directly on a discontinuity such as cracks. Peridynamics is considered to be an alternative and promising nonlocal theory of solid mechanics that, by replacing PDEs of classical theory with integral or integro-differential equations, attempts to unite the mathematical modelling of continuous media, cracks and particles within a single framework. Indeed, the equations of peridynamic are based on the direct interaction of material points over finite distances. Another concept, derived from the peridynamic approach to cope with engineering problems with discontinuities, is that of the peridynamic differential operator (PDDO). The PDDO uses the non-local interaction of the material points in a way similar to that of peridynamics. PDDO is capable to recast partial derivatives of a function through a nonlocal integral operator whose kernel is free of using any correction function. In this dissertation, application of peridaynamics and PDDO, to three different important engineering problems including fatigue fracture, thermo-mechanics and sloshing phenomena, is examined comprehensively. To cope with fatigue fracture problems, an algorithm has been developed in such a way that the increment of damage due to fatigue is added to that due to the static increment of the opening displacement. A one degree of freedom cylinder model has been used to carry out an efficient comparison of the computational performance of three fatigue degradation strategies. The three laws have been implemented in a code using bond based peridynamics (BBPD) to simulate fatigue crack propagation. Both the cylinder model and the bond base peridynamics code provide the same assessment of the three fatigue degradation strategies. To deal with thermo-mechanical problems, an effective way is proposed to use a variable grid size in a weakly coupled thermal shock peridynamic model. The proposed numerical method is equipped with stretch control criterion to transform the grid discretization adaptively in time. Hence, finer grid spacing is only applied in limited zones where it is required. This method is capable of predicting complex crack patterns in the model. By introducing fine grid discretization over the boundaries of the model the surface (softening) effect can be reduced. The accuracy and performance of the model are examined through problems such as thermo-elastic and thermal-shock induced fracture in ceramics. Finally to investigate sloshing phenomena, the PDDO has been applied to the solution of problems of liquid sloshing in 2D and 3D tanks with potential flow theory and Lagrangian description. Moreover, liquid sloshing in rectangular tanks containing horizontal and vertical baffles are investigated to examine the robustness and accuracy of PDDO. With respect to other approaches such as meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG), volume of fluid (VOF) and and local polynomial collocation methods the examples are solved with a coarser grid of nodes. Using this new approach, one is able to obtain results with a high accuracy and low computational cost.
La teoria classica della meccanica dei solidi, formulata tramite equazioni differenziali alle derivate parziali (PDEs), è basata sull'assunzione di una distribuzione continua di massa all'interno di un corpo. Sebbene la teoria classica sia stata applicata ad un'ampia gamma di problemi ingegneristici, le equazioni differenziali su cui è basata non possono essere risolte agevolmente in presenza di una discontinuità come, ad es., una cricca. La peridinamica è considerata un'alternativa ed una promettente teoria non-locale della meccanica dei solidi che, rimpiazzando le equazioni differenziali con equazioni integrali o integro-differenziali, unisce in un’unica formulazione la modellazione dei solidi continui e quella di discontinuità (ad es. cricche). Le equazioni della peridinamica sono basate sull'interazione diretta di punti materiali all’interno di una regione di influenza di dimensioni finite. Un altro concetto, derivato dall'approccio peridinamico è l'operatore differenziale peridinamico (PDDO). Questo operatore è in grado di valutare le derivate parziali di una generica funzione per mezzo di una opportuna funzione integrale non-locale. In questa tesi viene esaminata l'applicazione della peridinamica e del PDDO a tre problemi ingegneristici: la frattura per fatica, i fenomeni termo-meccanici ed i fenomeni di sloshing. Per simulare i problemi di frattura per fatica, è stato sviluppato un algoritmo che valuta sia l'incremento del danno per fatica, legato al numero dei cicli di carico, che l’incremento del danno statico, legato all’aumento dell’apertura della cricca. Sono state proposte tre leggi di danneggiamento per fatica le cui prestazioni computazionali sono state valutate per mezzo di un modello ad un grado di libertà. Inoltre le stesse tre leggi sono state implementate in un codice basato sulla formulazione peridinamica di tipo bond-based, per simulare la propagazione delle cricche per fatica. Sia il modello ad un grado di libertà che il codice scritto utilizzando la formulazione peridinamica individuano la stessa legge di danneggiamento per fatica (fra le 3 studiate) quale più efficiente ed accurata da un punto di vista numerico. Per affrontare problemi di natura termo-meccanica, viene proposto un approccio alternativo che utilizza una griglia di nodi di dimensione variabile all’interno di un modello peridinamico. Il modello numerico proposto modifica in maniera adattiva la dimensione di griglia per garantire una elevata accuratezza dei risultati ed un minore sforzo computazionale: la griglia più raffinata è usata soltanto nelle aree in cui le cricche si propagano. L’approccio proposto è stato utilizzato in un primo momento per lo studio di fenomeni termo-elastici quindi per l’analisi di fenomeni di propagazione di cricche a seguito di sollecitazioni termo-meccaniche. Infine, il PDDO è stato impiegato per investigare i fenomeni di sloshing di liquidi in serbatoi bi-dimensionali e tri-dimensionali studiati con la teoria del flusso a potenziale e la descrizione Lagrangiana. Rispetto ad altri approcci, come ad esempio il metodo locale meshless Petrov-Galarkin, il metodo dei volumi di fluido ed il metodo locale di collocazione polinomiale, l’approccio PDDO si rivela particolarmente efficace dato che fornisce risultati di accuratezza analoga (rispetto ai risultati ottenuti con gli altri approcci) impiegando un numero minore di nodi per descrivere il sistema.

This thesis examines influence of thermal shock on fatigue of pressure equipment components. The paper relates to project of IMI CCI Brno, which is a leading manufacturer of valves for the energy and process industries. Analysis concerns the impact of thermal shock concentrating on high pressure part of the steam valve. And proposal for a new valve geometry that reduces machining operations and reduce financial costs of production. First part of the thesis presents a basic review of fatigue damage components concerning mechanical loading and thermal – mechanical loading. Second part of the study creates FEM model of the valve. FEM model simulate temperature field and stress during thermal shock. Influence of thermal shock to fatigue damage was computed on basis of stress tensor obtained from FEM simulation under Chapter 18 of the standard EN 13445-3. Existing valve geometry was verified and the new geometry was proposed that simplified and reduce financial costs of production.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC’s) are used to provide both thermal insulation and oxidation protection to high temperature components within gas turbines. The development of turbines for power generation and aviation has led to designs where the operation conditions exceed the upper limits of most conventional engineering materials. As a result there has been a drive to improve thermal barrier coatings to allow the turbine to operate at higher temperatures for longer. The focus of this thesis has been to design thermal barrier coatings with lower conductivity and longer lifetime than those coatings used in industry today. The work has been divided between the development of new generation air plasma spray (APS) TBC coatings for industrial gas turbines and the development of suspension plasma spray (SPS) TBC systems. The route taken to achieve these goals with APS TBC’s has been twofold. Firstly an alternative stabiliser has been chosen for the zirconium oxide system in the form of dysprosia. Secondly, control of the powder morphology and spray parameters has been used to generate coating microstructures with favourable levels of porosity. In terms of development of SPS TBC systems, these coatings are relatively new with many of the critical coating parameters not yet known. The focus of the work has therefore been to characterise their lifetime and thermal properties when produced in a complete TBC system. Results demonstrate that dysprosia as an alternative stabiliser gives a reduction in thermal conductivity. While small at room temperature and in the as produced state; the influence becomes more pronounced at high temperatures and with longer thermal exposure time. The trade-off for this lowered thermal conductivity may be in the loss of high temperature stability. Overall, the greatest sustained influence on thermal conductivity has been from creating coatings with high levelsof porosity. In relation to lifetime, double the thermo-cyclic fatigue (TCF) life relative to the industrial standard was achieved using a coating with engineered porosity. Introducing a polymer to the spray powder helps to generate large globular pores within the coating together with a large number of delaminations. Such a structure was shown to be highly resistant to TCF testing. SPS TBC’s were shown to have much greater performance relative to their APS counterparts in thermal shock life, TCF life and thermal conductivity. Columnar SPS coatings are a prospective alternative for strain tolerant coatings in gas turbine engines.

Hardmetal industry is continuously seeking for high-performance products at reduced costs. In addition, it is strongly struggled by the high and volatile prices of raw materials. At this juncture, producers and end-users are deeply concerned in increasing the performance and enhancing service-life and reliability of engineering products, and replacing current constituents by alternative and less critical materials. Premature and unexpected fracture, together with wear, is the main damage phenomenon limiting the life in most cemented carbide applications. In the vast majority of cases such ruptures stem from the combination of high monotonic and cyclic stresses, together with different damage-related features associated with harsh service conditions, such as corrosion, and thermal shock. Therefore, relevant consideration of fracture toughness and fatigue resistance is required if reliability and lifetime of hardmetals applications is to be increased. Following the above ideas, the purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance and increase the reliability of cemented carbides in rupture-limited applications on the basis of enhanced damage tolerance and reduced fatigue sensitivity through an optimal microstructural design. Within this framework, this investigation is composed of three main subjects covering different aspects related to the performance of hardmetals under service-like conditions. The first two sections are devoted to conduct a comprehensive study on the influence of the microstructure on fracture and fatigue behaviour of hardmetals. The aim of the third section is to evaluate microstructural effects on the tolerance of cemented carbides to service-like damage, induced either by localised corrosion or thermal shock. Main contribution to toughness in cemented carbides derives from plastic stretching of crack-bridging ductile enclaves at the crack wake, referred to as the multiligament zone. Hence, the development of a multiligament zone implies the existence of a rising crack growth resistance (R-curve) behaviour in cemented carbides. This effectiveness of this toughening mechanism is intimately related to the microstructural characteristics. Within this context, the first section of this thesis is dedicated to carry out a detailed investigation of fracture mechanics and mechanisms in cemented carbides, and to propose a relation to capture microstructural effects on the R-curve characteristics of these materials. Strength reduction of hardmetals under the application of cyclic stresses is related to the inhibition of the crack-tip bridging mechanism. For WC¿Co cemented carbides, the degradation of bridging ligaments is mainly associated with an accumulation of the fcc to hcp phase transformation. However, this mechanism does not apply for Ni binders; therefore, it remains unclear if effective fatigue susceptibility of Co-base hardmetals is comparable to that of cemented carbides consisting of alternative binders. Moreover, hardmetals exhibit crack-deflection as an additional toughening mechanism, but contrary to the case of crack-bridging, it is immune to fatigue loads. The effective action of this toughening mechanism is speculated to increase with rising carbide mean grain size. Hence, the second part of this thesis is devoted to study and understand the fatigue sensitivity of cemented carbides consisting of binders with deformation mechanisms beyond phase transformation as well as medium/coarse microstructures. Finally, the third section of this thesis consists of a systematic study on the influence of the microstructure on damage-related features induced by either thermal shock or corrosion, in order to set out guidelines for optimal microstructural design. In doing so, the structural integrity of damaged cemented carbides is assessed on the basis of residual strength, and microstructural effects on damage tolerance are captured by means of considering induced damage level as a critical parameter.
Por un lado, la industria del metal duro está sumergida en una búsqueda constante de materiales de altas prestaciones a un coste reducido. Por el otro lado, las materias primas tienen precios altos y volátiles, que comprometen la estabilidad del mercado. En esta coyuntura, los productores y los usuarios finales están muy interesados, tanto en aumentar el rendimiento, incrementar la vida útil y mejorar la fiabilidad de estos productos, como en su sustitución por materiales alternativos y considerados menos críticos. En este contexto, el desgaste y la ruptura prematura son los dos principales mecanismos que limitan la vida útil de las aplicaciones de metal duro. En la gran mayoría de los casos las rupturas prematuras derivan de la combinación de altas tensiones, tanto monótonas como cíclicas, con el daño inducido durante la vida en servicio, como la corrosión, y el choque térmico. Por lo tanto, con el fin de aumentar fiabilidad en estas aplicaciones, es necesario entender los mecanismos de daño y fallo en estos materiales. Así, el propósito de esta tesis es mejorar el rendimiento y aumentar la fiabilidad de los carburos cementados a partir del desarrollo de materiales con una mayor tolerancia al daño y una menor sensibilidad a fatiga, a través de un óptimo diseño microestructural. La presente investigación se compone de tres partes que abarcan diferentes aspectos relacionados con el desempeño de los metales duros en condiciones de servicio. Las dos primeras secciones están dedicadas a realizar un estudio general sobre la influencia de la microestructura en el comportamiento a fractura y fatiga del metal duro. El objetivo de la tercera sección es evaluar los efectos microestructurales en la tolerancia al daño de los carburos cementados, ya sea inducido por corrosión o por choque térmico. El principal mecanismo de tenacidad en los carburos cementados reside en el estiramiento plástico de ligamentos metálicos de puenteo que se forman detrás de la punta de la grieta, llamada la zona de multiligamentos. El desarrollo del mecanismo de puenteo implica un incremento de la resistencia a fractura a medida que aumenta la longitud de la grieta. Este mecanismo es conocido como curva-R y su eficacia está íntimamente relacionada con las características microestructurales del material. Así, la primera parte de esta tesis doctoral está dedicada a llevar a cabo una investigación detallada de los mecanismos de fractura en los carburos cementados, y a proponer una relación que permita captar los efectos microestructurales en las características de curva-R de estos materiales. Por otro lado, la segunda parte de la tesis está dedicada a estudiar la influencia de la microestructura, incluyendo tanto el tamaño de grano de la fase carburo como el contenido de la fase ligante y su naturaleza química, en la sensibilidad a fatiga de los carburos cementados. Así, se ha prestado una atención particular en estudiar el comportamiento a fatiga de los carburos cementados con base níquel y en su comparación con los de base cobalto. Por otro lado, también se ha estudiado la influencia del tamaño de grano en la deflexión de grieta como un mecanismo adicional de aumento de tenacidad, inmune a las solicitaciones cíclicas. Por último, la tercera sección de esta tesis consiste en un estudio sistemático de la influencia de la microestructura de los carburos cementados en su tolerancia al daño, inducido tanto por corrosión como por choque térmico, con el fin de establecer las directrices para un diseño microestructural óptimo. De este modo, la integridad estructural de carburos cementados se evalúa sobre la base de su resistencia residual a flexión después de la inducción de daño

L’utilisation du Polyamide 66 dans l’industrie automobile est en forte croissance car il offre à un bon compromis légèreté/propriétés mécaniques pour les applications de structure. A noter que pendant le service d’un véhicule, les pièces en polyamides sont souvent soumises à des sollicitations mécaniques très sévères aboutissant à une dégradation progressive du matériau. Récemment. E. Mourglia-Seignobos (thèse 2009), a montré que l’endommagement du polyamide 66 implique des mécanismes de cavitation et de microcraquelure dans la phase amorphe. Afin d'améliorer la durabilité de ce matériau, nous avons modifié la cohésion de sa phase amorphe via l'introduction de fonction phénolique à forte interactions intermoléculaires. Nous proposons une méthode de préparation de copolyamides bloc, à base du polyamide 66 et des noyaux phénoliques, par extrusion réactive. Nous montrons que, contrairement à la co-polycondensation classique, la structure cristalline de ces copolymères n’a pas été significativement modifiée, surtout à faible taux de PA6HIA. Les propriétés mécaniques et particulièrement la tenue en fatigue de ces copolymères dépassent largement celles du PA66. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l’impact de la cohésion de la phase amorphe sur les propriétés ultimes de polymères semi-cristallins d’une part, et ouvrent la voie vers une meilleure augmentation de la durabilité de ces matériaux via le perfectionnement de leur phase cristalline d’autre part
The use of polyamides in the automotive industry has grown significantly over the last years with the demand to reduce vehicle weight and also to increase fuel efficiency. Polyamide 66 having excellent chemical resistance, mechanical strength and toughness becomes the largest engineering thermoplastic used in automotive components. These latter are often submitted to repeated stress during service and their mechanical properties decline progressively until the failure. E. Mourglia-Seignobos (thesis 2009), pointed out that damage of polyamide 66 involves voids nucleation and growth in the amorphous phase. In order to improve the durability of this material, we tailored the cohesive energy of its amorphous phase by introducing phenolic moieties offering strong intermolecular H-bonds interactions. We proposed a preparation method of block copolyamides containing aliphatic polyamide 66 and phenolic groups (PA6HIA) by reactive extrusion. Microstructural characterizations pointed out that crystalline properties of resulting copolymers are not significantly altered at low PA6HIA content and that reactive extrusion is more appropriate than the in-situ copolymerization for the preparation of these materials. We showed that PA66/6HIA copolyamides having undisturbed crystalline features exhibit superior mechanical performance than the standard PA66, particularly longer lifetime under cyclic loading. The results of this work put in evidence the impact of the amorphous phase on the ultimate properties of semi-crystalline polymers in one hand, and open the way to a better increase of the durability of these materials by improving their crystalline features in another hand

Cette thèse traite de l’étude des contraintes induites par le transport de marchandises. Les systèmes d’emballage reposent sur une multitude de fonctionnalités : transporter, protéger, informer,etc… Leur dimensionnement est un paramètre important quant à la protection d’un produit. Lors des transports, les marchandises sont soumises à un important panel de contraintes physiques. Ces contraintes vont engendrer des dégâts et de l’usure. Cette usure peut être étudiée en décomposant les signaux accélérométriques en cycles de contraintes afin d’observer leur l'influence. Ce travail de thèse vise, dans un premier temps à estimer les dommages par fatigue provoqués par un transport particulier sur un système d’emballage donné. Dans ce cas, l'extraction de cycles de contraintes n'est pas appropriée (l'enregistrement continu des longs transports est matériellement difficile). Cette estimation est donc réalisée à partir des densités spectrales de puissance (PSD) et du calcul de leurs moments spectraux, des différentes phases de transport. Dans un second temps, ce travail consiste à réaliser en laboratoire des tests induisant un dommage par fatigue similaire aux transports réels, mais réalisés sur une durée beaucoup plus courte. La méthode de réduction de temps de test repose ici sur les expressions de calcul du dommage afin de déterminer un facteur multiplicateur de PSD réelle afin d’obtenir une PSD de test reproduisant le dommage du transport réel dans un temps plus court. Pour ce faire, ce facteur prend en compte le comportement mécanique de vieillissement des systèmes testés
This thesis is focused on studies of the goods transport induced stresses. Packaging systems are composed of a multitude of functionalities: to transport, to protect, to inform, etc. Their development is an important parameter referring to the goods protection. During transports, goods endure an important panel of mechanical stress. This stress induces damages par fatigue. This damage by fatigue can be studied in decomposing the acceleration signal into stress cycles. This decomposition permits to observe the influence of each stress cycle. This thesis work, in a first step, consists in estimating the damage by fatigue generated during a particular transportation on a given packaging. In this case, stress cycle extraction is not appropriated (continuous record of long transportation is difficult point of view devices). This estimation is realized from the power spectral densities (PSD) and the calculation of the spectral moments of transport phases. The second aim of this work is to develop a simulation protocol inducing the same damage rate on packaging as the actual transportation, in a shorter time. The test time compression method is here based on the damages estimation expression. The aim consists in determining a PSD multiplicative factor to generate a PSD of test witch induce the same damage as the actual transport in a shorter duration. This test time compression take into account the mechanical behavior of damage accumulation for a particular system

碩士
臺灣大學
醫學工程學研究所
95
Introduction: The intervertebral disc is a viscoelastic material, which provides flexibility and acts as a shock absorber for the spine. In previous studies, injury of the disc affects its shock attenuation. During recovery, fluid flows into the intervertebral disc, allowing full recovery of the mechanical properties. However, information on the alterations of the discs shock attenuation, after fatigue loading with recovery, is lacking in the literature. This study evaluated the effects of short(0.5hr) and long(3hr) term fatigue loading. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fatigue loading on the shock attenuation of the intervertebral disc by fatigue loading before and after rest. Material and method: Six month old porcine lumbar 2-unit motion segments were used in this study and divided into short and long term fatigue loading groups(n=9 for each). Impact loading was performed on the samples prior to fatigue loading. For the short term fatigue loading group, impact test was performed after each ten minutes of fatigue loading. For the long term fatigue loading group, impact test was performed after a half hour and each hour of fatigue loading. The change in the disc mechanical properties between first and second fatigue loading cycles, were compared. The intervertebral disc was modeled as a spring damping system. There are three parameters used to describe the performance of disc, including: stiffness, K (kN/mm), damping ratio, ξ, and damping coefficient, C(Ns/m). The input and output force were measured for the impact loading tests. Result: In the first cycle of long term fatigue loading, the values of K, C and ξ reached steady state after one hour. In the second loading cycle, the values of K, C and ξ reached steady state in a half hour. Comparing the first and second cycle of long term fatigue loading, there was significant differences within the first half hour. In the short term fatigue loading group, there was significant differences between 0min and 30min. There was no significant difference in the force attenuation, input and output force parameters, for any time point, when comparing the time points of the first and second loading cycles. Conclusion: The lack of significant difference in the force transmitted during the impact loading tests, for all time points, suggests that the amount of load absorbed by the intervertebral disc was small. This may be due to only having one intervertebral disc in the specimen, compared to 26 in the full human spine. The intervertebral disc will lose water during long term of fatigue loading and cause it lose its function as a shock absorber. In the long term fatigue loading group, the annulus fibrosus was damaged during the first testing cycle, preventing full recovery of the discs mechanical properties. Therefore, fluid flowed out of the disc more readily during the second cycle of fatigue loading. If the disc loses water, then its shock absorption properties will be altered. However, this phenomenon was not abserved in the short term fatigue loading group. Because the annulus fibrosus was not injured. In conclusion, the short term fatigue loading group was able to retain the recovered water, as seen by the recovery of the meachanical properties in the second set of fatigue loading ; however, the annulus fibrosus was damaged in the long term fatigue loading group.

碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
90
Abstract To examine the microstructural refining effect on thermal shock fatigue of high-Si aluminum alloys, billets of the AC9A alloys have been fabricated by two processes in this study, namely, spray forming and permanent casting (metal mold casting). Both the spray-formed and metal mold-cast billets were extruded into rod-shaped specimens and then designated as “SFE” and “MME” respectively. Microstructures of SFE specimens were extremely fine. Both the primary Si particles andα-Al grains were about 4 μm and with an equi-axed appearance. On the other hand, the MME specimens possessed a coarser structure. The massive primary Si particles with an irregular blade-like pattern and dendritic α-Al grains were about 70μm and 32μm respectively. In addition, eutectic Si particles were acicular in MME specimens but nodular in SFE specimens. For realizing the differences in mechanical properties between the MME and SFE materials, tensile tests were performed from room temperature to 500℃ before thermal shocking testing. Experimental results indicate that the tensile strength and ductility of the SFE samples were superior than those of the MME samples. The SFE samples also exhibited a higher strain hardening exponent and better workability. Also, the tensile fracture surface of SFE samples showed a dimple pattern, while large amounts of broken primary Si particles could be observed on the fracture surface of the MME specimens. Thermal shock fatigue was performed between the testing temperature (300℃, 350℃, and 400℃ were chosen in this study) and room temperature. After a fixed number of thermal shocking cycles, tensile properties of thermal-shocked specimens were examined. The results show that the tensile strength of the MME decreased with a higher cyclic numbers in all testing conditions. On the other hand, the thermal shock induced deterioration in tensile strength was not significant in the case of the SFE samples. Notably, the yield stress of the SFE specimens slightly increased after thermal shock cycling at lower testing temperature. According to the observation results of fracture surface and subsurface microstructure, the thermal shock induced deterioration in tensile strength of the MME specimens could be directly related to the rupture of primary Si particles and interface separation between the primary Si and the Al matrix close to specimen surface which mainly resulted from the differences in coefficient of thermal expansion during the thermal shock cycling. Similar phenomena were not observed in thermal-shocked SFE specimens. In brief, the fair thermal shock fatigue resistance of the SFE specimens can be attributed to the fine, equi-axed, uniformly distributed primary Si particles which caused less thermal stress concentration and thus prevented from particle breaking and interface separating.

Two studies were conducted to determine if Hsp70 is able to protect human skeletal muscle from muscle mechanical damage and alterations in SERCA activity associated with prolonged concentric exercise. In the first study, one-legged isometric knee extension exercise at 40% MVC and a duty cycle of 50% (5 sec contraction followed by 5 sec of relaxation) was used to induce a heat shock response in one leg only. Participants were followed over six recovery days to determine the time course of Hsp70 induction and decay. Results showed fiber type specific increases in Hsp70 that persisted in one leg only throughout six days of recovery. These increases in Hsp70 occurred with only transient changes in Ca2+ uptake and muscular force. With the exception of minor decreases in low frequency force, there were no apparent reductions in muscular force or SERCA activity by the third recovery day. Therefore an exercise protocol was established which was able to induce a heat shock response with only minor alterations in muscle mechanical function and SERCA activity. In the second study, the same isometric exercise was employed, however, on the day corresponding to recovery day 3 in the first study, participants were asked to complete a one hour cycling protocol at 70% VO2 max. The goal was to cause similar one-legged increases in Hsp70 as the first study and to then challenge SERCA activity and muscular force in the presence of elevated Hsp70 by using cycling exercise. Results showed cycling induced reductions in maximal Ca2+ ATPase activity, muscular force, rates of muscle relaxation, and rates of muscle force development were attenuated by the preconditioning (isometric) exercise. These studies confirm the idea that preconditioning exercise is able to attenuate subsequent exercise induced insults to SERCA activity and muscular force, likely through an Hsp70 mediated mechanism.

碩士
中華大學
機械與航太工程研究所
93
The fatigue life prediction for the solder joints of flip-chip plastic ball grid array packages under thermal shock tests was investigated in the present study. Finite element method was employed to simulate the deformation and stress/strain behavior of the packages. Furthermore, the stress/strain results from finite element analysis were used in the fatigue life prediction models to obtain the predicted fatigue life. Several analysis variables were considered in the study to illustrate the influences of these variables on the fatigue life prediction of solder joints. These variables include different thermal/structural analyses, different stress/strain relations of the solder under specific strain rates, different creep model for the solder joints, different underfill properties and different fatigue life prediction models. A standard analysis case was defined in the study to be reference target. In the standard analysis case, the computational fluid dynamic analysis was employed in the thermal/structural simulation. The stress-strain relations under high strain rate condition and double power law model was used to describe the elastic-plastic-creep property of solder joint and the underfill was considered to be viscoelastic. Besides, the prediction model proposed by Shi was utilized in the standard case. At last, the predicted fatigue life obtained in the cases considering different variables was compared and discussed with that obtained in the standard case.