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1
Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler y G. Perrott. "Evaluation of sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains as supplements for pregnant ewes fed straw-based diets". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200597543.
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The feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy was developed at ADAS Rosemaund during the last decade (Davies and Chappie 1995). Results showed that ewe and lamb performance were satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration, but feeds based on high protein molassed sugar beet feed (Probeet Trident Feed) and maize distiller's dark grains could improve palatability and be easier to feed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains to pregnant ewes on a straw-based feeding system.
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler y G. Perrott. "Evaluation of sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains as supplements for pregnant ewes fed straw-based diets". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033158.
Texto completoResumen
The feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy was developed at ADAS Rosemaund during the last decade (Davies and Chappie 1995). Results showed that ewe and lamb performance were satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration, but feeds based on high protein molassed sugar beet feed (Probeet Trident Feed) and maize distiller's dark grains could improve palatability and be easier to feed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains to pregnant ewes on a straw-based feeding system.
3
McDonald, CL, JB Rowe y SP Gittins. "Feeds and feeding methods for assembly of sheep before export". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, n.º 5 (1994): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940589.
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Sheep are assembled in Australian feedlots before export and given time to adapt to the pelleted diet they will receive on board ship. In Western Australia, lupins are normally included in the diet at levels up to 30% as a source of digestible energy which is low in starch. It is also common to feed hay during assembly. We examine the use of pellets based on barley and containing either lupins or virginiamycin to overcome problems of acidosis, and the importance of hay during assembly. There were 9 dietary treatments each with 3 pens of 30 sheep. The study was conducted over 8 days simulating assembly feedlot conditions. Measurements were made of numbers of sheep visiting troughs (paint-marking technique) and accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen. 'Barley' pellets were formulated with 33% barley, 18% oats, 47% hay/straw and 2% minerals and vitamins. Replacing about half of the barley with lupins resulted in more sheep paint-marked on days 3-6 (P<0.05) and higher levels of feed intake on days 4-8 (P<0.001) than feeding pellets without lupins. The inclusion of lupins was also associated with a less pronounced drop in feed intake on day 4 than measured in sheep fed barley pellets alone. Adding virginiamycin at 40 g/t to the basal barley-based pellet also significantly increased the numbers of sheep paintmarked. Virginiamycin appeared to have a similar effect to the inclusion of lupins in terms of reducing the number of sheep which were not paint-marked. Sprinkling a small quantity of lucerne chaff onto the pellets had no effect on feeding behaviour. The use of hay in racks resulted in fewer sheep (3 v. 12%, P<0.05) not eating during the first 3 days but there was no significant effect thereafter. We concluded that the inclusion of either lupins or virginiamycin is effective in improving the adaptation to cereal-based pellets in export feedlots. The use of hay either in racks or sprinkled over the pellets appears to be of limited value.
4
Emmans, G. C., M. R. Cropper, W. S. Dingwall, H. Brown, J. D. Oldham y J. I. Harland. "Efficiencies of use of the metabolisable energy from feeds based on barley or sugar beet feed in immature sheep". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (marzo de 1989): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010539.
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The ARC (1980) energy system sees growth in the single dimension of energy retention (ER) which increases, with diminishing marginal efficiency, as ME intake increases. The quantitative relationship between ME intake and ER is predicted from q, the proportion of the gross energy which is metabolisable. An experiment on growing sheep on controlled feeding of different feeds was carried out to provide data suitable for testing ARC (1980) and other energy systems.Scottish Blackface wether sheep in single pens, entered the experiment at 25 kg liveweight (LW), when 11 were slaughtered. The remainder were allocated to 3 x 3 x 3 treatments with an intended 4 replicates per treatment. The factors were (i) feeds: feeds B, U and M shown in Table 1, (ii) levels of feeding. L, M and H where H was 936 g/d at 25 kg and was increased by 52 g/d each week, L was half H and M half-way between L and H, (iii) slaughter point, after 9 or 18 weeks, or at 40 kg liveweight.
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Ahmed, S., MRH Rakib y MA Hemayet. "Effect of Total Mixed Ration Based Complete Pellet Feed on the Performances of Stall Fed Native Sheep". SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, n.º 2 (4 de enero de 2021): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i2.51116.
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A complete pellet feed was developed using 40 % roughage (Rice straw) and 60 % concentrate (Rice polish 50 %, Maize crush 16 %, Soybean meal 20 %, Molasses 10 %, Salt 2 %, DCP 1 %, Vitaminmineral premix 0.5 %, Pellet binder 0.5 %) for commercial sheep production under stall feeding system. To know the effect of complete pellet feed on animal performances, both on-station and on-farm trials were conducted in growing sheep. The results of the experiment demonstrated that in the traditional system of rearing; only 22.42 g daily weight gain was observed. While, feeding of complete pellet feed achieved 84.98 g, and 100.67 g daily weight gain at on-farm and on-station condition respectively suggesting that pelleting enhanced the efficiency of utilization of feed. However, no differences were observed for the feed cost per kg weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) among the pellet feeding group and other group. But results suggest that complete pellet feed would be more economical for commercial sheep production under the stall-fed condition and farmers would be more benefited using complete pellet feed compared to conventional grass or urea molasses straw (UMS) and concentrate based feeding system. No disease or clinical symptoms were observed in the animals during the experimental period, suggesting that pellet feeds are well accepted by the sheep and results in better growth rate.
SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 157-166 (2020)
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, G. Perrott y M. Witt. "Comparison of sugar beet feeds and distillers grains as supplements for early lambing ewes fed straw-based and big-bale silage diets". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002817.
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Feeding lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy (Davies and Chapple 1995) has shown that ewe and lamb performance can be satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration. Experiments with March-lambing ewes (Chapple et al., 1997) has shown that feeds based on molassed sugar beet feed and maize distillers dark grains can replace a barley/soya supplement. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds with higher levels of distillers grains to January-lambing ewes on straw-based and big-bale silage systems during pregnancy and early lactation.
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Mahgoub, Osman, Isam T.Kadim, Hamza A. Babiker y Mohammed N. Al-Kindi. "The Influence of Diets Containing Phenols and Condensed Tannins on Protein Picture, Clinical Profile and Rumen Characteristics in Omani Sheep". Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 19, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol19iss2pp8-16.
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A study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding low quality non-conventional feeds (NCF) containing phenols and condensed tannins on health and performance characteristics in Omani sheep. Twelve Omani sheep were fed one of two base roughages, urea-treated palm frond (UTPF) or Rhodesgrass hay, (RGH) plus a commercial concentrate for 63 days. Haematological, serum biochemical and urine analyses were used to assess sheep health. Serum protein fractions were measured using electrophoresis. Urea-treated palm frond contained higher levels of polyphenols and condensed tannins and fiber than Rhodesgrass hay or concentrate feed. Animals fed UTPF had lower feed intake (P<0.05) and lower body gain (P<0.001) than those fed RGH. Rumen liquor of UTPF-fed animals had higher pH, ammonia-nitrogen and butyric fatty acid but lower acetic fatty acid (P<0.05). Animals fed UTPF had higher neutrophil (P<0.05) but lower lymphocyte (P<0.05) and monocyte (P<0.001) counts by the end of the trial than those fed RGH. There were no effects of diet on serum albumin or globulin fraction levels or albumin:globulin ratio. There were no major effects on urine analysis but there was a trend by control animals to have higher protein and specific gravity than treated ones. This study indicated that feeding low quality non-conventional feeds containing polyphenols or tannins would reduce body gain and may produce some effects on clinical parameters. Although tannins are known to influence protein digestion and absorption in ruminants, it did not significantly affect the serum protein picture in sheep.
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Philp, Joshua, Adam M. Komarek, Sarah J. Pain y William Bellotti. "Variation in feed utilisation by sheep undergoing compensatory growth following underfeeding with and without additional dietary nitrogen in western China". Animal Production Science 57, n.º 1 (2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15185.
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Small mixed farming systems in developing economies often rely on compensatory growth to recover livestock weight lost during seasonal feed shortages; however, deficit feed management may continue to affect the capacity of livestock to efficiently use feeds even after adequate feeding has resumed. Accordingly, we compared the difference in liveweight gain and feed utilisation over time in Tan weaner sheep in western China, during a period of ad libitum compensatory feeding after alternative feed deficit scenarios. During the feed deficit period, sheep were offered, at 80% maintenance requirements, corn straw, corn grain and lucerne hay in a respective ratio of either 80 : 20 : 0 (S1 ration: metabolisable energy = 7 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 40 g/kg DM) or 55 : 20 : 25 (S2 ration: metabolisable energy = 8 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 65 g/kg DM) for 20 days. All sheep were then offered an ad libitum supply of the S2 ration for a further 20 days, during which DM digestibility (DMD), energy intake and liveweight was measured and compared at 5-day intervals. Results indicated that sheep previously fed the S1 ration were not able to digest as much of the ad libitum S2 ration as those previously fed the S2 ration, experiencing significantly lower DMD, energy intake and average daily weight gain. The difference in the effect of the two restrictive feeding treatments on the digestibility of the ad libitum S2 ration gradually decreased over time, indicative of a recovery adaptation during ad libitum feeding period. The rate of DMD recovery post-realimentation was greater in the S1 sheep, likely due to their significantly lower DMD values immediately following underfeeding. We concluded that the comparatively higher nutritive value of the S2 ration sustained rumen digestive function throughout the restrictive feeding period, permitting sheep to commence re-feeding under conditions that are more favourable. Additionally, it is evident that reliance on livestock winter rations typical in western China, as expressed by the S1 ration, degraded ruminant digestive conditions to such an extent that feed was used with reduced efficiency even after being supplied in adequate quantities.
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, G. Perrott y M. Witt. "Simple mixes of molassed sugar beet feed and distillers grains for lactating ewes". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000079x.
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Feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy and in early lactation has shown that ewe and lamb performance can be satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation is fed (Davies and Chapple, 1995). Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration. However, soya bean meal is imported and not fully traceable. Experiments with January- and March-lambing ewes have shown that traceable, homeproduced feeds based on equal quantities of molassed sugar beet feed and either maize or barley distillers grains can replace a barley/soya supplement when fed with straw or silage-based diets in late pregnancy (Chappleet al., 1998 and 1999). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds with distillers grains to March-lambing ewes rearing twin lambs at pasture.
10
Kyriazakis, I. y J. D. Oldham. "Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements". British Journal of Nutrition 69, n.º 3 (mayo de 1993): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930064.
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To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, G. Perrott y M. Witt. "Simple mixes of molassed sugar beet feed, field beans and distillers grains for pregnant March-lambing ewes". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005007.
Texto completoResumen
Feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy and in early lactation has shown that ewe and lamb performance can be satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation is fed (Davies and Chapple, 1995). Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration. However, soya bean meal is imported and may not be fully traceable. Maize or barley distillers fed with beans could provide traceable protein to replace soya bean meal in sheep diets. Experiments with housed early-lambing ewes and ewes suckling twin lambs at grass have shown that traceable feeds, based on molassed sugar beet and either maize or barley distillers grains, can replace a barley/soya supplement when fed with straw based diets in late pregnancy or at grass (Chappleet al., 1999 and 2000). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds with distillers grains and beans to March-lambing ewes on a straw-based system.
12
Savage, D. B., D. M. Ferguson, A. D. Fisher, G. N. Hinch, D. G. Mayer, E. Duflou, J. M. Lea, N. D. Baillie y M. Raue. "Preweaning feed exposure and different feed delivery systems to enhance feed acceptance of sheep". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, n.º 7 (2008): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08055.
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Prior exposure of sheep to a novel feed has been shown to expedite the acceptance of that feed later in life. This study was designed to investigate the benefits of early social transmission of feed recognition for productivity and feeding behaviour of sheep in a feedlot. On a research farm near Armidale, Australia, 175 12-week-old Merino × Dorset lambs, together with their dams, were exposed to one of three preweaning treatments: (i) no exposure to feedlot pellets, (ii) offered feedlot pellets on the pasture, or (iii) offered feedlot pellets in feed troughs. The feedlot pellets were offered on two occasions at a rate of 200 g/dam, 1 month before weaning. After weaning, from 18 weeks of age, the lambs were observed for feeding behaviour and their growth during a 50-day feedlot finishing phase. Preweaning exposure to the pellets and the feed delivery system increased the rate of feed acceptance; however, there was no difference in the growth of lambs between the preweaning treatments at the end of the feedlot phase. The difference in percentage of lambs not eating between treatment groups was most pronounced during the first 2 days of the feeding period, with the differences gradually diminishing over the initial week of the feedlot phase. It is considered that differences in feedlot performance due to rate of acceptance of novel feeds are more likely under commercial conditions where pen densities are higher and feed ration transitions may be more rapid.
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Mccoard, S. A., D. Ginter y P. R. Kenyon. "Innovations and the future: where do new feeding developments fit within future hill country practices for sheep production?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (1 de enero de 2016): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3243.
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New developments in the understanding of early life nutrition and whole of life performance offer opportunities for changing livestock performance in the future. How should hill country farmers use supplements and tactical nutritional additions to turn these insights into future benefits for sheep production? Opportunities may exist in adopting new forage species, and mixes of forage species, supplementary feeds and/ or functional supplements to enhance the performance of both the ewe and the lamb in late gestation and early lactation. The potential and problems of adding these as options into our pasture feeding system to more targeted feeding approaches are explored. Keywords: sheep, nutrition, forage
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Nsahlai, I. V., N. N. Umunna y P. O. Osuji. "Influence of feeding sheep on oilseed cake following the consumption of tanniferous feeds". Livestock Production Science 60, n.º 1 (julio de 1999): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00036-6.
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, M. W. Witt y W. E. Blackburn. "Evaluation of an ensiled mix of moist sugar beet feed (pressed pulp) plus maize distillers dark grains as a supplement for twin-bearing March-lambing ewes fed straw-based diets". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012576.
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Feeding lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy is practised on many livestock/arable farms. Simple mixes of molassed sugar beet feed and distillers dark grains have been cost effective supplements for March-lambing ewes fed straw and produced satisfactory ewe and lamb performance (Chappleet al., 1998 and 2001). An ensiled mix of pressed sugar beet pulp and dried maize distillers grains (Praize, Trident Feeds) has been fed as the sole diet for finishing lambs (Pattinsonet al., 2001) but there is little information on feeding Praize to pregnant ewes. The objective of this study was to compare ewe and lamb performance when March-lambing ewes were fed on a straw-based system and supplemented with either a cereal/protein home-mix, Praize or one of two dried sugar beet pulp/protein mixes.
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Hills, J., I. Kyriazakis, J. V. Nolan, G. N. Hinch y E. Thomson. "Conditioned feeding responses in sheep to flavoured foods associated with sulphur doses". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200596781.
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The development by ruminants of strong conditioned flavour aversions (CFAs) to foods associated with the administration of LiCl (an artificial toxin) has demonstrated their potential to avoid feeds that cause negative postingestive consequences (Provenza, 1995). Weaker CFAs are formed when they ingest foods with the detrimental secondary plant compound, oxalic acid (Kyriazakis et al. 1997). Moreover, animals may exhibit conditioned preferences (CFPs) for foods supplying appropriate amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen (Provenza, 1995). In this study we tested whether a continuum exists in the formation of CFAs and CFPs to foods that are associated with increasing availability of sulphur (S) in crossbred ewes.
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Hills, J., I. Kyriazakis, J. V. Nolan, G. N. Hinch y E. Thomson. "Conditioned feeding responses in sheep to flavoured foods associated with sulphur doses". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032396.
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The development by ruminants of strong conditioned flavour aversions (CFAs) to foods associated with the administration of LiCl (an artificial toxin) has demonstrated their potential to avoid feeds that cause negative postingestive consequences (Provenza, 1995). Weaker CFAs are formed when they ingest foods with the detrimental secondary plant compound, oxalic acid (Kyriazakis et al. 1997). Moreover, animals may exhibit conditioned preferences (CFPs) for foods supplying appropriate amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen (Provenza, 1995). In this study we tested whether a continuum exists in the formation of CFAs and CFPs to foods that are associated with increasing availability of sulphur (S) in crossbred ewes.
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Cropper, M. R., D. P. Poppi y A. M. Nicol. "Growth of lambs given different allowances of digestible crude protein and metabolisable energy". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (marzo de 1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022844.
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In a market where high levels of fat on lamb carcases are not favoured, the supposition that a lamb, given adequate feeding, will grow protein preferentially to gaining lipid, holds interest. However, this idea runs counter to the evidence that body composition is not manipulable in sheep. Therefore, an experiment was undertaken to implement extreme treatments of protein and energy supply to determine to what extent the contrasting views on body composition changes in growing lambs are justified.Seventy-two Coopworth ram lambs (mean liveweight, (LW) 30.4, s.d. 1.1 kg) were given one of the three feeds of different digestible crude protein (DCP) content at one of three allowances (ad libitum (AL), 1.2 (H) or 0.8 (L) kg/day). The feeds (H, M and L) were formulated as shown in Table 1. Feed M was a mixture of 0.55 Feed H and 0.45 Feed M. The proximate composition, measured DCP and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) content of the feeds is given in Table 1. ALH and ALM lambs were also choice-fed with ad libitum access to feed L. 8 lambs at the start of the experiment and 4 lambs per treatment at 6 and 12 weeks were slaughtered for analysis of body protein (PR), lipid (LP) and wool protein (WP).
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Pent, Gabe J. "192 Towards Year-Round Grazing in the Southeastern U.S". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.153.
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Abstract Winter feeds costs for small ruminants exceeds 50% of the total cost of most small ruminant production systems in the Southeastern U.S. Keeping these feed costs low is one of the most effective and time-tested ways to improve farm profitability. While maintaining an appropriate stocking rate will be critical for sustaining long-term farm productivity, a suite of other management practices is available to assist in this objective. Installing appropriate fence and watering system infrastructure for managing grazing will be critical for improving harvest efficiency and stockpiling forages for utilization when forage growth is limited. Filling gaps in forage production may also be achieved through the strategic use of a number of forage species, including warm-season or cool-season forages and annual or perennial forages. Managing stored forages appropriately during storing and feeding will help minimize feed losses, while producing quality hay will reduce the need for supplementary feeds. With the adoption of these proven practices, sheep and goat production may be optimized by allowing them to harvest their own feed almost year-round in the Southeastern U.S.
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Etheridge, MO, CR Stockdale y PD Cranwell. "Influence of method of conservation of lucerne on factors associated with voluntary intake in sheep". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, n.º 4 (1993): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930417.
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This experiment measured the voluntary intake and rate of eating of sheep fed lucerne (Medicago sativa) that had been conserved as sun-dried material or as silage at 3 different DM contents (29.2, 33.1, and 51.2%). Changes in rumen osmolality and palatability due to diet were measured. Palatability was assessed by introducing feed directly into the rumen and measuring the subsequent oral intake. Eight sheep with rumen fistulae were used in two 4 x 4 latin squares, which allowed for adjustment for carryover effects. There was no significant (P<0.05) difference between voluntary intakes of lucerne conserved as sundried material and as silages of various DM contents (mean intake 1189 g DM/day). The lack of difference in intake was attributed to the high quality of fermentation of the silages. Rate of eating was also generally similar for all diets. Evidence from measurements of palatability and rumen osmolality support these observations. Palatability appeared not to influence the voluntary intake of any of the diets, because the sheep reduced their daily oral intake by an amount similar to that introduced into the rumen. Under normal feeding conditions, rumen osmolality was also similar for all feeds and was relatively consistent for the 9 h immediately after the start of feeding. While rumen osmolality per se may affect voluntary intake, the lack of response reported here for changes in osmolality due to diet support the lack of response reported for feed consumption.
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Muir, S. K., R. Behrendt, M. Moniruzzaman, G. Kearney y M. I. Knight. "Automated feeding of sheep. 2. Feeding behaviour influences the methane emissions of sheep offered restricted diets". Animal Production Science 62, n.º 1 (2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20634.
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Context During the non-growing season of pastures and during droughts, the dry-matter intake (DMI) of sheep is often constrained due to low pasture availability and the need to feed for weight loss or maintenance. Below-maintenance feeding may have consequences for methane (CH4) production and yield in farm systems. Aims The effect of six restricted feeding levels on CH4 emissions measured using portable accumulation chambers (PACs) was examined in relation to DMI, oxygen consumption (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and observed changes in feeding behaviour in sheep fed with automated feeders. Methods An automated feeding system was used to apply daily feeding levels to Maternal Composite ewes (n=126). Sheep were adapted to the automated feeding system over 19days, with unlimited access to feed. Following adaptation, sheep were allocated to restricted daily feed levels at 40%, 80%, 100%, 140% and 180% of estimated maintenance requirements (MR) for 41days. Methane, CO2 and O2 emissions from ewes were measured using PACs on Days 30 and 31 of the restricted feeding period. Key results Methane production (g/day) increased (P<0.001) with the level of feeding. However, time since the last meal decreased with the level of feeding and was associated with CH4 production. Sheep on lower levels of feeding tended to consume meals earlier in the day and had longer times since their last meal at PAC measurement and lower CH4 production. These two factors explained 58.7% of the variance in CH4 production in an additive linear model. Methane yield (gCH4/kg DMI) decreased as the level of feeding was increased. Conclusions Methane emissions were affected not only by daily DMI, but also time since the last meal. An understanding of the effect of feeding behaviour and time since the last meal should be incorporated into feeding protocols prior to CH4 measurements when PACs are being used to measure CH4 emissions from sheep fed restricted diets. Implications Utilising automated feeders may improve the accuracy of PAC measurements of sheep CH4 emissions fed both ad libitum and restricted feed amounts, by increasing understanding of DMI and feeding behaviour.
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Ranilla, M. J., C. Valdés, F. J. Giráldez, M. D. Carro y S. López. "Comparative digestibility and digesta flow kinetics in two breeds of sheep". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (marzo de 1996): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593661.
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Recent studies carried out in cattle, sheep and goats have shown differences between both species and breeds of ruminants in digestive capacity, digesta flows and fermentation rates. Most of these differences are related to their feeding behaviour and digestive physiology and could affect digestive utilization of feeds. The aim of this work was to study the digestibility and digesta kinetics in the whole digestive tract in two breeds of sheep (Churra v. Merino).Ten non-productive mature sheep (five Churra (mean LW= 44.3kg±3.20) and five Merino (mean LW= 46.7kg±2.22)) fitted with rumen cannulae were used in this study. Animals were fed once a day 1 kg of alfalfa hay (877 g DM/kg; 169 g CP/kg DM; 489 g NDF/kg DM).
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Ranilla, M. J., C. Valdés, F. J. Giráldez, M. D. Carro y S. López. "Comparative digestibility and digesta flow kinetics in two breeds of sheep". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (marzo de 1996): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031378.
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Recent studies carried out in cattle, sheep and goats have shown differences between both species and breeds of ruminants in digestive capacity, digesta flows and fermentation rates. Most of these differences are related to their feeding behaviour and digestive physiology and could affect digestive utilization of feeds. The aim of this work was to study the digestibility and digesta kinetics in the whole digestive tract in two breeds of sheep (Churra v. Merino).Ten non-productive mature sheep (five Churra (mean LW= 44.3kg±3.20) and five Merino (mean LW= 46.7kg±2.22)) fitted with rumen cannulae were used in this study. Animals were fed once a day 1 kg of alfalfa hay (877 g DM/kg; 169 g CP/kg DM; 489 g NDF/kg DM).
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Sarker, NR, MA Habib, MR Amin, S. Yeasmin, F. Tabassum y D. Yeasmin. "Feeds and fodder dynamics in selected river basins of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 46, n.º 3 (7 de abril de 2018): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v46i3.36317.
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A baseline survey was conducted with the objectives to determine seasonal availability, utilization of feeds and fodder resources and livestock production systems in different river basin areas and to identify the constraints of fodder production in selected river basins of Bangladesh. Based on cattle population, 2 upazilas from each of 10 districts were selected for household survey (HHS). A randomly selected 50 farmers from each upazila were considered for collecting information. After screening a total of 963 HHs were considered for statistical analyses. Results show that about 51%HHs were landless. Having an average population size of 3.3, about 99% HHs in the surveyed areas was keeping cattle, whereas, buffalo was not found in all regions which were found only in1.7% HHs with an average population size of 2.31 per buffalo keeper HH. Sheep was found only in about 1% HHs with an overall number of 3.22 per sheep keeper HH. About 16% HHs were keeping goats with an average size of 2.9 per sheep keeper HH. Significant differences on performance potentials were found both in native and crossbred cows among different regions. It was observed that all types of farm categories HHs reared cattle and most of them reared by tethering (around 23%) and free grazing (around 22%) management systems but semi-grazing was followed by around 14% HHs. Rest of the farmers followed different combinations of methods. Rice straw and naturally grown green grasses were the main roughages for feeding their cattle. About 95% HHs fed rice straw and about 81% HHs fed cut and carry green grass to their cattle. There were no seasonal variations on feeding rice straw but variations occurred for supplying cut and carry green grasses. Concentrates provided to animals in the surveyed areas were mainly rice polish, wheat bran, broken rice, pulse bran and mustard oil cake, among which rice polish and wheat bran were supplied by more HHs (about 93% and 75%, respectively). The variations of supplying concentrates among seasons were very negligible. Although, there were about 1.14% HHs who cultivated some fodder crops, they harvest grains for human consumption and residues for their cattle. However, high yielding varieties of fodders are very rarely cultivated by the farmers for feeding cattle in the riverside regions. The reason not to cultivate fodder and main constraint behind it was not accurately mentioned by the farmers. In the survey among different riverside regions, about48 different native green fodders were obtained in different agro-ecological zones, among which most available native green fodders were Durba, Badla, Kawn, Shama, Khesari, Gamma, Ura, Gobra, Shama and Maskalai. Most of the native grasses are grown more in summer and some others like Kawn, Khesari and Maskalai are grown in winter. Finally, it may be concluded that extensive fodder cultivation program by motivating farmers through training and demonstrating high yielding fodder crops are essential in the riverside regions for increasing productivity of livestock in the respective areas.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (3): 206-214
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Thomas, Dean T., Allan J. Rintoul y David G. Masters. "Increasing dietary sodium chloride increases wool growth but decreases in vivo organic matter digestibility in sheep across a range of diets". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, n.º 11 (2007): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07032.
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For 8 weeks, 64 Merino wethers, 18 months of age, were individually penned and offered 1 of 16 treatment feeds (n = 4). The 16 feeds were formulated to contain levels of added sodium chloride (0, 7, 14, 21%) and levels of organic matter digestibility (55, 62, 69, 76%), in a 4 × 4 factorial design. The treatment feeds were offered ad libitum for 7 weeks and at maintenance for the final week. Clean wool growth, corrected for digestible organic matter intake, increased by 16, 18 and 27% as added sodium chloride was increased (7, 14, and 21%). The increase in wool growth was similar for diets at all levels of formulated organic matter digestibility. Feed digestibility in sheep decreased when added dietary sodium chloride was 14% or higher. The decrease in organic matter digestibility was ~5 percentage units at the highest level (21%) of dietary sodium chloride. Liveweight gain in sheep was reduced from 143 to 134, 65 and 1 g/day with 7, 14 and 21% added dietary sodium chloride, respectively. Therefore, improvement in wool growth efficiency appears to occur at the expense of liveweight gain, and was probably related to a shift in digestion of feed from the stomach to the small intestine. Higher corrected clean wool growth associated with lower levels of purine derivatives (an indicator of microbial protein synthesis) supported the conclusion that increased dietary salt resulted in an increase in dietary protein being digested in the small intestine. A shift in feed utilisation towards increased wool growth as dietary salt increases may be a management tool of particular interest to specialist wool producers. In areas of saline land where salt-accumulating shrubs are often the most productive vegetation, an increase in wool production efficiency, even if liveweight is only maintained, may improve the profitability of incorporating these shrubs into a feeding strategy.
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Abbeddou, Souheila, Barbara Rischkowsky, Muhi El-Dine Hilali, Hans Dieter Hess y Michael Kreuzer. "Influence of feeding Mediterranean food industry by-products and forages to Awassi sheep on physicochemical properties of milk, yoghurt and cheese". Journal of Dairy Research 78, n.º 4 (18 de octubre de 2011): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000665.
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Feeding agro-industrial by-products and unconventional forages, rich in potentially anti-nutritional factors, may influence the quality of the raw milk and the dairy products prepared therefrom. The aim of the present study was to determine side-effects on physicochemical properties of milk, yoghurt and cheese of feeding diets where one third were feeds either rich in lipids (tomato pomace and olive cake) or phenols (olive leaves and lentil straw) or electrolytes (Atriplex leaves). The diets, including a control diet, were designed to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. They were fed in amounts of 2 5 kg dry matter/day per head during 50 days to 6×10 multiparous fat-tailed Awassi ewes. Milk samples were analysed for various physicochemical traits and fatty acid composition on days 0, 24, 36 and 48. Three times, milk pooled by group was processed to yoghurt and non-aged farmer-type cheese, which were analysed for their gross and fatty acid composition and texture, and were subjected to sensory evaluation. Feeding olive cake and tomato pomace reduced milk casein, but increased proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids. There were some variations in minerals among test diets but, contrary to expectations, Atriplex did not increase milk sodium. The nutritional composition of yoghurt and cheese was not varied much by the test feeds, except for some changes in fatty acid profile similar to the milk. Yoghurt firmness declined with all test diets, but texture score tended to be lower only for olive cake and leaf diets relative to control. Cheese firmness was increased by feeding the Atriplex leaf and olive cake diets which was also reflected in the texture scores. No off-flavours were reported. Possible reasons for effects on the dairy products are discussed. In conclusion, the feeds investigated had certain effects on the physicochemical properties of dairy products, but these were neither very systematic nor large thus not prohibiting their use in Mediterranean sheep milk production systems.
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GIANNENAS (Η. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ), I., G. LEONIDIS (Γ. ΛΕΩΝΙΔΗΣ), A. CHRISTOFI (Α. ΧΡΙΣΤ0ΦΗ) y K. ROSSIOS (Κ. ΡΩΣΣΙΟΣ). "Overview of the situation of sheep production in the area of Eordea Kozani". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 59, n.º 3 (22 de noviembre de 2017): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14962.
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In this paper it was examined the current status of sheep production in the area of Eordea of the prefecture of Kozani, that is mainly based in the semi-intensive system. The aim of this research was the collection of information of the current status of the sheep production sector with emphasis on its current problems and future perspectives. For this purpose, a questionnaire based research was conducted, using an objective sample (17.8%) of the total sheep farms in the area of Eordea from 16 separate settlements. The collection of the data and their statistical analysis gave a plethora of conclusions: the farms operate in a traditional way and have not been systematically upgraded; there is lack of uptake of new technologies (automated milking, artificial rearing and buildings). The low milk yields achieved are mainly due to the low genetic status of the animals used and the deficiencies in their feeding (non satisfactory combination between grazing and supplementary feeding, non rational feeding in the farm). Also, farms have high production costs due to their relatively small size and fractionation i.e. ineffective management. Other constraining factors include the age of farmers (they are old enough) and the unsatisfactory trade of the sheep products mainly due to the total lack of farmer cooperatives to market sheep products (milk, meat) and buy animal feeds. Although the sector of sheep husbandry does not seem to face at present intense antagonisms among the European Union countries, there are a lot of problems and disorders. However, many of the above mentioned problems may be overcome in the next years, through collaboration of sheep farmers with the relevant expert scientists, but also with the concern of the responsible services of the state.
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Abreha, Hagos H., Getachew Animut, Aklilu Hailemichael, Dawit G. Tedla y Fsahatsion H. Baragabr. "Effect of Commercial and Non-conventional Feeds, Leaves of Indigenous and Improved Multipurpose Tree Supplementation on Feed Intake, Digestibility and Growth Performance of Sheep". Open Agriculture Journal 13, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010207.
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Background: Acute shortage of feed and very poor quality of the available feeds during the dry season are the prime limiting factors for increasing the production and productivity of small ruminants in most agroecological zones of Ethiopia. Thus, the study evaluated the effect of concentrate mixture of wheat bran and Sesame seed cake (T1), Atella (T2), Faidherbia albida (T3) and Sesbania sesban leaves (T4) on feed intake, digestibility, body weight change and economical profitability of local sheep. Methods: Twenty-four yearling intact local male sheep with mean Initial Body Weight (IBW) of 18 ±1.55 kg (mean ± SD) were used for the experiment. The study was conducted using randomized complete block design and sheep were blocked into six based on their IBW. Sheep within a block were randomly assigned to treatments. The experiment had 90 days feeding trial and 7 days digestibility trial after 15 and 3 days acclimatization period, respectively. The amount of supplements offered was 300 (T1), 330 (T2), 360 (T3) and 280 (T4) g/day on DM basis, each calculated to supply 73.6 g/day Crude Protein (CP). Results: Hay intake in T1, T2 and T4 (397˗400 ±1.44g/day) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than T3 (375±1.44 g/day). Total DM intake was in the order of T2 = T3>T1> T4 (p<0.001) (698, 730, 735 and 677 g/day for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Digestibility of CP was in the order of T1 > T2>T4 > T3 (p<0.001), while the value in T2 differed only with T3 (75.6, 73.4, 60.2 and 67.9 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). Average Daily Gain (ADG) was 50, 45, 38 and 42 g/day for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and differed only between T1 and T3. The partial budget analysis indicated that, sheep supplemented with Atella returned higher net income (5.46 US$) than T1 (1.93 US$), T3 (2.56 US$) and T4 (3.2 US$); similarly, MRR was also higher in T2 (93.7%) compared to T3 (56.1%) and T4 (50.4%). Conclusion: Sheep producers can use the supplement feeds in the order of T2, T4 and T3, respectively, based on their availability.
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Sun, Xuezhao, David Pacheco y Dongwen Luo. "Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?" Animal Production Science 56, n.º 3 (2016): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15516.
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A series of experiments was conducted in New Zealand to evaluate the potential of forage brassicas for mitigation of enteric methane emissions. Experiments involved sheep and cattle fed winter and summer varieties of brassica forage crops. In the sheep-feeding trials, it was demonstrated that several species of forage brassicas can result, to a varying degree, in a lower methane yield (g methane per kg of DM intake) than does ryegrass pasture. Pure forage rape fed as a winter crop resulted in 37% lower methane yields than did pasture. Increasing the proportion of forage rape in the diet of sheep fed pasture linearly decreased methane yield. Feeding forage rape to cattle also resulted in 44% lower methane yield than did feeding pasture. In conclusion, reductions in methane emission are achievable by feeding forage brassicas, especially winter forage rape, to sheep and cattle. Investigating other aspects of these crops is warranted to establish their value as a viable mitigation tool in pastoral farming.
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BUCKLEY, D. J., C. F. NICHOLLS, G. ST. AMOUR, D. M. VEIRA y M. IVAN. "AN AUTOMATED DEVICE FOR CONTROLLED FEEDING OF SHEEP IN CAGES OR PENS". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1985): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-034.
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A machine for feeding sheep at selected frequent intervals is described. The feeder is compact, mobile and can be used to feed one or two sheep in separate pens or metabolism cages under a wide range of time sequences. Key words: Automated feeder, controlled feeding, sheep
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Miner, J. L., M. A. Della-Fera, J. A. Paterson y C. A. Baile. "Lateral cerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding in sheep". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1989): R383—R387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.2.r383.
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We compared the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) and periphery (ip in rats; iv in sheep) on feed and water intake. In sated rats, a bolus injection of 1.18 or 2.35 nmol of NPY administered LV, but not ip, increased (P less than 0.05) feed intake on average of 809% within 30 min of injection. In sated sheep, an LV bolus injection of 2.35 nmol of NPY increased feed intake by 154% within 30 min. Similar doses of human pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY were less orexigenic than NPY in sheep. After 24 h, cumulative feed intakes were similar among control and peptide treatments. Intravenous injection of 2.35 nmol NPY did not increase feed intake in sheep. Water intake was stimulated (P less than 0.05) by NPY (LV injection) in both the presence and absence of feed. We propose that NPY is involved in the central regulation of consummatory behavior in sheep.
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McDonald, CL, RT Norris, EJ Speijers y H. Ridings. "Feeding behaviour of Merino wethers under conditions similar to lot-feeding before live export". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, n.º 3 (1990): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900343.
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Sheep from different farms (lines) in Western Australia were mixed in 3 experiments and lot-fed for 6-7 days as if for export. A marking method to identify sheep which eat from troughs was tested and used to examine the effects of feeding treatments on the proportion of sheep which eat during lot-feeding. Paint soaked sponges attached to troughs were used to monitor whether sheep ate. Positive linear relationships between liveweight change and paint marking score (R = 0.93, 0.93 and 0.94, in the 3 experiments) suggested that the technique was a reliable indicator of feed intake. Feeding treatments imposed were period of fasting before lot feeding (experiments 2 and 3); and diet type (hay pellets, hay/pellet mix) and trough location in the feedlot (experiment 3). There were large differences between lines in the percentage of sheep not marked. Values � s.e. ranged from 1 � 1 to 79 � 3% for the 8 lines used in 3 experiments. In experiment 2, fasting for 48 h before lot-feeding resulted in more sheep (P<0.05) not marked (18 � 7 3%) than did fasting for <12 h (9 � 3%) and <24 h (8 � 2%). In experiment 3, fasting for 96 h compared with 48 h resulted in fewer sheep marked daily when fed a hay-pellet mixture (75 � 2 v. 93 � 1%; P<0.001). When fed only pellets in experiment 3, the percentages of marked sheep increased with time (days). Feeding pellets only compared with a hay-pellet mixture resulted in fewer sheep marked daily (60 � 2 v. 79 � 2%; P<0.001) and more sheep not marked (11 � 3 v. 3 � 2%; P<0.05). If troughs were located in the centre of yards instead of on the fenceline, it took 2 rather than 7 days for the daily percentage of animals marked on the pellets only diet to exceed 80%. The central location also resulted in a mean of 78 � 2% of sheep marked daily compared with 67 � 2% for fenceline troughs (P<0.001) and a mean intake higher (P<0.01) by 0.13 � 0.04 kg/wether.day. It was concluded that line of sheep, fasting, diet and trough location all had significant effects on feeding behaviour during lot feeding. Of these treatments, the greatest variation in feeding behaviour was associated with the line of sheep.
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GANAI, ABDUL MAJEED, YASIR AFZAL BEIGH y MOHAMMAD IDREES WANI. "Intake, nutrient metabolism and balance studies in sheep fed Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) leaf meal incorporated total mixed ration". Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, n.º 2 (10 de marzo de 2022): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i2.122099.
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With the soaring cost and scarcity of concentrate feeds worldwide, use of un-conventional tree foliages in the animal diets can be effective in curtailing the feeding costs to economise livestock production. The present experiment was conducted with the aim to assess incorporation of Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) leaf meal (ELM) as partial replacement to conventional concentrate feed mixture (CFM) in total mixed ration (TMR) of sheep. In Experiment-I (in vitro study), the effect of graded increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) of ELM inclusion as replacement to CFM constituting 40% in the basal TMR on nutrient degradability was assessed. The results revealed the effective level for optimal nutrient degradability at 30% ELM inclusion. In Experiment-II (in vivo study), a feeding trial was conducted for 30 days on sheep (16) distributed equally into two groups, offered basal TMR as control (Cont) and TMR containing ELM replacing CFM at 30% level as treatment group (ELMG), the level selected based on results of optimum nutrient degradability in in vitro assay. Without affecting dry matter and organic matter intakes, ELM included diet enhanced crude protein and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Moreover, content and the intakes of digestible nutrients were similar between the two groups, with total digestible nutrients intake being 56.66% and 61.88% more than the recommendation in control and ELMG groups, respectively. Animals of both the groups were in positive balances of N, Ca and P, though N balances (g/d) and live weight gain (g/d) were comparable while Ca and P balances (g/d) were higher in ELMG. Cost of production lowered with 35.84% reduction in feed cost per kg live weight gain in ELMG group compared to control. It was concluded that 30% CFM in TMR for sheep could be replaced with ELM safely as a sustainable strategy to alleviate the conventional feed shortage for profitable sheep rearing.
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Ulrikh, Elena, Olga Babich y Stanislav Sukhikh. "Use of sweet yellow clover (Melilotus officinalis) extract in sheep feeding". E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129102007.
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During the study, it was found that an increase in the dose of sweet yellow clover extract from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/kg of live weight per day contributed to an increase in the number of: hemoglobin by 1.83 g/l (1.79%), leukocytes by 0.14 thousand 109/l (2.34%), total protein in blood serum of sheep by 0.43 g/l (0.7%), glucose in blood of sheep by 0.18 mmol/l (4.19%), calcium in blood of sheep by 0.14 mmol/l (5.32%), phosphorus in blood of sheep by only 0.08 mg/100 ml (1.6%), contributed to an increase in the live weight of sheep by 220 g (2.18%). In the control group, two sheep out of six got bronchitis. The percentage of sheep with bronchitis was 33.33%. After feed to the sheep different doses of sweet yellow clover extract, the sheep in groups I and II of the experimental groups had one sheep each (16.67%), while in groups III, IV and V there were no sheep with bronchitis. Thus, increasing the sweet yellow clover dosage in sheep’ diet reinforced their immunity. In the control group and in the first experimental group, one sheep out of six came down with dyspepsia. The percentage of sheep with dyspepsia was 16.67%. After feed to the sheep doses of sweet yellow clover extract, there were no dyspeptic diseases in sheep.
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Cropper, M., M. D. Lloyd y G. C. Emmans. "Nutritional manipulation of lamb growth and its effect on body composition and carcase quality". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzo de 1986): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015804.
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The growth rate and body composition of lambs depend on their rate of feed intake and the composition of the feed given. The purpose of the experiment described here was to test predictions of the growth and composition of lambs given feeds of two protein contents at three levels of feeding.73 Scottish Blackface wethers were abruptly weaned at 49 days of age and an average live weight (LW) of 18 (sd 2.2) kg. Six, chosen to cover the range in initial liveweight, were killed and those remaining were put into individual pens and fed in one of six ways. Two feeds with 140g CP/kg fresh weight (FW), called LP, and 220 g CP/kg FW, called HP, were used. They were formulated using barley, maize and soyabean meal, and hay at 150g/kg FW, and were calculated to yield 11.8 MJ ME/kg FW. Each feed was given ad libitum (AL) and at daily rates of 1.2 or 0.8 kg FW. The numbers of sheepstarted were: ALHP, n = 8; ALLP, n = 8; 1.2 HP, n = 12, 1.2 LP, n = 13, 0.8 HP, n = 14, 0.8 LP, n = 12. Sheep were killed from each treatment at 5 kg LW intervals from 25 to 50 kg. After slaughter the weights of gut-fill and organs were taken and the carcase physically dissected into lean, bone and fat. The chemical composition - dry matter and the ash, N, lipid and gross energy contents of the dry matter - of the whole empty body, excluding wool, was measured. Wool weights were determined. The intakes and weights of each sheep were measured twice weekly.
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Girard, C. L., J. R. Seoane y J. J. Matte. "Topographic studies of the effects of microinjections of muscimol on the hypothalamic control of feed intake in sheep". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1986): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-065.
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Ten sheep were used to define the anatomical basis for the feeding systems sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid, by using intrahypothalamic microinjections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist, muscimol. In satiated sheep, 1 μL of muscimol (0.5 nmol/μL) elicited feeding when injected into paraventricular, ventromedial, and anterior hypothalamic areas. Similar injections into 39 sites tested in 6-h fasted sheep failed to decrease feed intake. The data suggest that neurons sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid in medial hypothalamus may be involved in the initiation of feeding.
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Waterhouse, A. y S. P. Marsh. "Effect of supplementation method on grazing behaviour of hill ewes". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002866.
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Supplementary feeding of hill ewes during pregnancy is an important aspect of sheep management. Two broad groups of feed are given. Firstly, there is feed offered on a restricted basis, daily. Secondly, there are feeds offered on an ad libitum basis, of which feedblocks are the most important form for hill ewes. Some studies have shown interaction between feedblock intake and social behaviour but little is known about foraging behaviour.The study used three, 3 ha (50m x 600m) paddocks side by side, rising steeply from 280 to 490 metres above sea level on a semi-natural acid grassland hill pasture. Each plot was divided with markers on the fence line into 15 divisions of 40m wide, rising in altitude up the plot, each referred to as grids later. In Plot 1, 10 hill ewes were offered 150 g/head of pelleted molassed sugar beet feed at 10 am each day at grid 1 (i.e. at the bottom of the slope).
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Jackson, R. E., N. K. Waran y M. S. Cockram. "Methods for Measuring Feeding Motivation in Sheep". Animal Welfare 8, n.º 1 (febrero de 1999): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021205.
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AbstractThe effects of food restriction on the welfare of sheep are as yet unclear. An operant crate and a push-door were used to measure feeding motivation in sheep after Oh, 6h, 12h, 18h and 24h without food. In experiment 1, sheep had to push a panel with their noses to obtain a food reward. In experiment 2, sheep had to run a race and push through a weighted door to reach food; the time taken to reach various points was recorded and the work performed to push through the door was calculated.In experiment 1, 3 out of 12 sheep became trained to push the panel and there was a difference in the mean number of rewards/session obtained by each animal (P < 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on the number of panel presses performed. In experiment 2, 10 out of 14 sheep were successfully trained. More sheep went through the push-door when deprived of food (P < 0.05), and they were quicker to enter the race, reach the push-door, and reach the food than those which had not been deprived (P < 0.0001). They also spent less time pushing the door than non-deprived sheep (P < 0.0001).The push-door was a more appropriate method of measuring motivation to feed in sheep, as more sheep learned the task in less time than for the operant crate. As measured by the time taken to enter the race, reach the push-door, push through the door and reach the food there was an increase in feeding motivation after only 6h without food.
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Prankel, S. H., R. M. Nixon y C. J. C. Phillips. "Meta-analysis of experiments investigating cadmium accumulation in the liver and kidney of sheep". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007298.
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Cadmium (Cd) accumulates in the human food chain and poses a risk of kidney dysfunction (Fanconi Syndrome) and bone disorders in humans. The margin of safety between typical Cd intakes by humans and levels associated with toxicity is smaller than for other metals. Consumption of just one sheep kidney could cause an average adult person to exceed their Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake. However, the rate of accumulation in sheep’s liver and kidney, the primary target organs for Cd accumulation, is unclear. This makes prediction of the effects of varying Cd intake by sheep on the Cd concentration in these organs difficult. We undertook a meta-analysis of independent feeding trials, which sought to integrate previous findings in order to review existing legislation on permitted levels of Cd in animal feeds and organs. Resulting predictions on Cd accumulation in sheep liver and kidneys are applicable to the broad set of exposure situations investigated in the individual studies.
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Jarzynowska, Anna. "The effect of herbs added to the winter diet sheep on the lipid fraction profile of raw milk for cheese making and rennet cheese produced from it". Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 15, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6480.
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A study was conducted on samples of raw sheep milk and rennet cheese produced from it. The milk was obtained from ewes of the coloured variety of Polish Merino, from February to April. The sheep were housed indoors and fed preserved roughage and a mixture of concentrate feeds. Three feeding groups were established: group I ‒ control, fed without the addition of herbs to the concentrate feed, and groups II and III, in which a herb mixture was added to the concentrate feed in the amount of 10 and 20 g/sheep/day, respectively. Six experimental batches of bundz rennet cheese were made from the milk, and the effect of the addition of herbs to the diet on the lipid profile of the milk and cheese was analysed. The results indicated that the addition of herbs to the winter diet of sheep in the amount of 10 and 20 g/sheep/day significantly increased the content of the acid C4:0 in the raw milk used for cheese making, by 11.5% and 20.0%, respectively (P≤0.01), relative to the control group. C4:0 content in the raw milk was also increased in group III by 7.6% compared to group II (P≤0.05). The herbs had no statistically confirmed effect on other parameters of the health-promoting quality of the milk fat and the rennet cheese. In the cheese fat from group I produced from sheep milk obtained in the period from 69 to 137 days of lactation, there was an increase in the content of SFA and a decrease in UFA during the course of the experiment. The addition of herbs to the concentrate feed of the sheep improved the fatty acid profile of the fat of bundz cheese made from milk obtained from the 97th day of lactation. The experimental factor also reduced the cholesterol content in the raw milk in group II by 26.8% and in group III by 21.2% (P≤0.01) compared to group I. It did not affect the content of this lipid in rennet cheese.
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Hassen, Anwar Seid y Mohammed Yasin Ali. "Effect of different level of molasses inclusion on feed intake, body weight gain and carcass parameters of Afar sheep in Ethiopia". Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 5, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2019): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v5i1.41041.
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The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of molasses and concentrates mix with a basal diet of cultivated pasture hay on intake, body weight and carcass quality of Afar sheep. Twenty four yearling Afar sheep, grouped in to four groups of six animals each in a randomized complete block design. The experiment consisted of four months feeding trial each group will receive the experimental feeds. Treatments were mixed concentrate + 20% inclusion molasses (T1), mixed concentrate + 15% inclusion molasses (T2), mixed concentrate + 10% inclusion molasses (T3) and 0% inclusion (T4). In this experiment with mean initial weight of 15.9±0.39 kg (mean ± SD), 16.2 ±0.41 kg, 16.3±0.42k.g and 16.1kg±0.42 respectively, were used in each treatment group. The experiment was consisted of 90 days of feeding trial followed by carcass evaluation. The concentrate mix were 2:1 (wheat bran and cotton seed cake) The CP content of the panicum antidotale hay, concentrate mix and molasses were 95g/kg DM, 252g/kg DM, and 38.4g/kg, respectively. Hay DM intake was did not differ (P<0.05) among all treatments. Average daily weight gain (ADG) was higher (P<0.05) for T2 (69.59g/kg) compared to other treatments. Hot carcass weight also higher (P<0.05) for T2 (14.41kg). Weight gains 12.31kg, 13.83kg, 11.25kg and 10.26kg for Tx1, Tx2, Tx3 and Tx4, respectively). All Carcass parameters gave advantage (P<0.01) to Tx2. From the present study, it can be concluded that Tx2 sheep performed better than Tx1, Tx3, and Tx4 in terms of body weight gain, Feed intake, and carcass parameters.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 23-30
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Kabore, Michel, Hadja Oumou Sanon, André Kiema, Aimé Joseph Nianogo y Isidore B. Gnanda. "Evaluation des performances de l’embouche ovine paysanne dans la commune de Korsimoro au Burkina Faso". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, n.º 3 (27 de agosto de 2022): 1031–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.11.
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L’alimentation du bétail constitue de nos jours un défi majeur, en raison de l’insuffisance des fourrages et des mauvaises pratiques d’alimentation. Cette étude a été conduite dans la région du Centre-nord du pays en vue d’améliorer l’embouche ovine paysanne. Pour cela, 110 béliers de 48 emboucheurs ont été répartis en quatre lots et alimentés selon le type d’aliments dont disposait l’emboucheur. Les rations ont été formulées sur la base des résidus de cultures améliorées et/ou locales, et des aliments concentrés. Les résultats ont montré que les rations 2, 3 et 4 incorporant le fourrage amélioré et/ou des SPAI, avec des indices de consommation (IC) variant entre 13 et 14 étaient significativement plus performantes que la ration 1 composée uniquement de fourrage de culture de variété locale (IC = 35,87). Les GMQ des béliers des lots 2, 3 et 4 (97,67 g/j ; 110,33 g/j ; 120,50 g/j) ont été significativement (P < 0,05) supérieurs à ceux du lot 1 (45 g/j). Les facteurs ration, race et genre ont plus ou moins influencé les performances pondérales des ovins et les marges brutes des emboucheurs. L’adoption des cultures fourragères et des techniques d’alimentation pourront révolutionner cette activité dans la zone.
Livestock feeding is a major challenge today, due to insufficient fodder and poor feeding practices. This study was conducted in the North central region of the country to improve peasant sheep fattening practices. For this, 110 rams from 48 farmers were divided into four groups and fed according to the type of feeds available to the fattener. The rations were formulated on the basis of crops residues of improved and/or local varieties and concentrate feeds. The results showed that rations 2, 3 and 4 incorporating the improved forage and/or and concentrated feed, with feed conversion ratios (FCR) ranging from 13 to 14, performed significantly better than ration 1 composed of local forage only (FCR = 35.87). The Average Daily Earning (ADG) of rams in groups 2, 3 and 4 (97.67 g/d; 110.33 g/d; 120.50 g/d) were significantly higher than those of group 1 (45 g/d). Ration, breed and gender factors influenced more or less sheep weight performance and gross profits of the fatteners. The adoption of fodders crops and feeding techniques could revolutionize this activity in the area. Average daily earnings.
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Muir, S. K., N. Linden, M. Knight, R. Behrendt y G. Kearney. "Sheep residual feed intake and feeding behaviour: are ‘nibblers’ or ‘binge eaters’ more efficient?" Animal Production Science 58, n.º 8 (2018): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17770.
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Efficient liveweight gain is an important component of profitable livestock systems. In cattle, studies of residual feed intake (RFI) suggest that there are behavioural differences between efficient and inefficient animals; more efficient animals have less frequent, larger feed events. There is limited understanding of the association between feeding behaviour and feed conversion efficiency (measured as RFI) in sheep. We hypothesised that more efficient sheep would have lower daily number of meals but larger meal size than would less efficient sheep and that feeding behaviour would be repeatable between measurements conducted using the same sheep at different ages. Feeding behaviour was monitored at post-weaning (average 311 days) and hogget (average 533 days) age in a single cohort of maternal composite 2014-born ewes undergoing feed-efficiency testing. Feed intake (kg/day) and daily feeding behaviour (meal number, meal size and eating rate) were recorded by using automated feeders. Feed intake was recorded daily for a minimum of 40 days (mean 41 days), following a 14-day adaptation period. Animals were fed a pelleted hay-based diet, with liveweight measured three times per week. At both ages of measurement, a positive (P < 0.01) linear relationship was established between average daily number of meals and RFI. In these cohorts, as daily number of meals increased, RFI became more positive (less efficient). Meal size (kg DM) was also related to RFI (P < 0.05) when measured at the hogget age, with meal size decreasing with an increasing RFI (less efficient animals had smaller meals). These analyses suggest that sheep feeding behaviour, and in particular daily meal number, is associated with feed efficiency.
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Li, L., I. Godwin, S. M. Liu, V. H. Oddy y J. V. Nolan. "Skin characteristics and skin protein composition of Merinos differing in estimated breeding values for wool growth and fed at above and below maintenance". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, n.º 7 (2006): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05377.
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Twenty castrated male sheep were selected from a commercial flock, 10 with high estimated breeding values (EBVs) (F+) and 10 with low EBVs for wool production (F–). Five of each EBV treatment were offered feed at 0.8M [0.8 times their metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance] and the other 5 were offered feed at 1.8M for 6 weeks. On the midside area of skin, the F+ group had a greater rate of clean wool growth (g/100cm2.day) and daily growth in fibre length (mm/day) than the F– group at both feeding levels (P<0.05). Fibre diameter (FD) was finer for F+ than F– sheep at both feeding levels (P<0.001). As the feeding level increased, FD increased (P<0.001), but the ratio of fibre length growth to mean FD remained constant. The secondary follicle density in F+ sheep decreased with an increase in the feeding level (P<0.01), whereas the secondary follicle density of F– sheep remained unchanged (P>0.05). The ratio of secondary to primary follicles (S/P) was 21% higher (P<0.01) in skin from F+ sheep than in skin from F– sheep, but this difference was not related to the feeding level. Skin thickness at the midside was thinner (P<0.05) when sheep were underfed, but F+ sheep had a thicker (P<0.05) skin than F– sheep. The trephine (diameter: 1.5 cm; area: 1.766 cm2)-sampled skin weight was heavier for F+ than for F– (0.339 v. 0.294 g, P<0.05) but did not differ (P>0.05) with the level of intake. The weight of the dermis layer was greater in F+ than F– sheep (0.231 v. 0.190 g per trephine, P<0.05) and F+ sheep also tended to be more responsive to feeding level than F– sheep (interaction: P = 0.06). True protein content per 100 g wet skin did not differ between F+ and F– sheep or between feeding levels, whereas the protein content per 100 cm2 skin was significantly (P<0.05) higher in F+ sheep. The concentration of collagen in skin protein (g/100 g) was lower in F+ sheep than F– sheep at both feeding levels (P<0.05). Of the amino acids evaluated, significant differences occurred between F+ and F– sheep for the methionine (Met) concentration in plasma (P<0.05) and in the free amino acid pool in the skin (P = 0.06). The distribution ratio of skin Met concentration to plasma Met concentration was significantly lower in the F+ sheep than F– sheep (0.77 v.1.18 kg skin/ L plasma). Results presented here indicate that skin characteristics such as skin thickness, follicle density, S/P ratio, skin weight, dermis weight, true protein or collagen content were a consequence of genetics and nutritional variation in wool growth rate, fibre length and fibre diameter. Selection for high EBVs for wool growth has resulted in animals which grow more wool at the 2 levels of feed intake provided, supported by their higher S/P ratios, higher skin and protein masses, more responsive dermides and higher efficiency of Met usage in skin tissue.
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Etheridge, MO, CR Stockdale y PD Cranwell. "Effect of ensilation of lucerne on voluntary intake, digestibility, and eating and rumination behaviour in sheep". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, n.º 3 (1992): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920315.
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Twelve wether sheep were used in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in which voluntary intake, diet digestibility, and eating and ruminating behaviour were compared when sheep were offered lucerne (Medicago sativa) as either wilted silage or hay. Chemical characteristics suggested that the lucerne silage was well fermented, and chemical compositions of the silage and hay were similar. Voluntary intakes were not significantly (P<0.05) different and were 1201 and 1220 g/day for silage and hay, respectively. Digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were similar for both feeds, as were chewing behaviour and rumen physical function. Apparent crude protein digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher for silage than for hay (73.8 v. 70.3%). It was concluded that well-preserved lucerne silage has at least as high a feeding value as well-made lucerne hay.
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Evlagin, V. G., L. N. Skorykh y E. G. Evlagina. "Prospects of using silkworm biomass in sheep feeding". Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), n.º 8 (20 de mayo de 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2108-01.
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Due to the increase of consumption of food products by the population, especially of animal origin, the need of the livestock industry including sheep breeding for high-quality feed from an ecological point of view also increases. Recently, insects have received a lot of attention as a source of feed protein in the diet of farm animals. This is evidenced by numerous studies on the nutritional value and use of larvae of Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), Green-bottle fly (Lucilia Caesar), House fly (Musca domestica), meal worm (Tenebrio molitor), silkworms (Bombyx mori), and crickets (Gryllusbi maculatus) as food for farm animals. It is well known from foreign literature sources about the use of additive from silkworm pupae in the ration of sheep, as well as meal from crickets as the source of protein in the diet of lambs. The silkworm is a monophage eats in only at the caterpillar stage absorbing and accumulating the necessary nutrients and water from the mulberry leaves. The analysis of the works of foreign authors shows that the protein content in the silkworm caterpillars depending on the breed ranges from 63,02 to 67,99 %. However, the analysis of the content of the main nutrients in the section of silkworm breeds as well as the age of the caterpillars was not carried out in the works of domestic scientists. This research presents data on the nutrient content and metabolic energy in silkworm caterpillars by age depending on the breed for further development of the feed additive from silkworm biomass and its use in sheep breeding. In the course of the conducted research, the following results have been obtained. So, at the end of the 4th age on average the caterpillars have a body length of 4,5–5,0 cm, the weight of one caterpillar is 0,6–0,7 g. The largest size and weight are the caterpillars on 10 days of the 5th age; their body length on average for the studied breeds was 8,0–8,5 cm, the weight of one caterpillar was 4,5–5,5 g. The optimal stage of development of silkworm caterpillars for the production of feed additive is 10 days in the 5th age. During this period the caterpillars of the studied breeds Kavkaz-1, Kavkaz-2, Belokokonnaya-1, Belokokonnaya-2 contain protein from 62,71 to 66,55 %, fat from 14,81 to 16,95 %, fi ber from 2,36 to 2,81 %, ash 4,39–3,96 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances 9,31–15,81 % in absolutely dry matter. The highest content of nutrients and metabolic energy is allocated to the breeds Belokokonnaya-2 (protein – 66,55 %, fat – 16,95 %, metabolic energy – 20,86 MJ/kg) and Kavkaz-2 (protein – 64,10 %, fat – 15,59 %, metabolic energy – 20,24 MJ/kg).
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Stanford, K., G. L. Wallins, B. M. Lees y H. H. Mündel. "Feeding value of immature safflower forage for dry ewes". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2001): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-090.
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An in situ study compared mature, frost-damaged safflower to full-bloom safflower and mid-bloom alfalfa-grass hay, with the full-bloom safflower and alfalfa-grass hay also used in a ewe (n = 40) feeding study. Feed refusals were higher (P < 0.05) for ewes fed the safflower, but feed conversion efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) for the safflower-fed sheep. Ewes were bred shortly after the 9-wk feeding trial and the proportion of ewes lambing was higher (P < 0.05) in the safflower-fed ewes. Sheep were able to utilise the safflower forage as thorough chewing of spines likely prevented mouth ulceration and the ewes selectively consumed the most nutrient-dense parts of the forage. Key words: Safflower forage, sheep, fertility
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YACOUT, Mohamed Helmy, Alaa Yahia EL-BADAWI, Mohamed Samir KHALEL, Safaa Elsayed ATIA y Ayman Abdel Mohsen HASSAN. "Impact of effective microbes (em) bokashi supplementation on nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas volume production in diets of sheep". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 78, n.º 2 (14 de noviembre de 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2021.0009.
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The present study was conducted to determine the appropriate type of by-products {sugar beet pulp (SBP), grape seeds (GS), olive cake (OC), citrus pulp (CtP), and jojoba meal (JM)} fermented with activated effective microorganisms (EM-Bokashi) to be integrated into the diet of sheep to obtain the best nutrient digestibility and rumen characteristic of Barki sheep. An in vitro experiment was carried out on five fistulated females for rumen fermentation activity, while 15 males were used for digestibility trials. Treatment with EM caused less cell wall content. GS and CtP had higher feed intake (FI) and digestibility coefficients; the lower was found for JM as well less FI. SBP and JM had a higher pH and NH3 concentration, while they were less for GS and CtP. Those had higher total volatile fatty acids (TVFA's) concentration, percentage of acetate, and acetic to propionic (A/P) ratio. JM had less acetate, A/P and higher propionate and butyrate. Higher gas volume after 24h fermentation was noticed for GS and CtP, they were higher kinetic parameters as well, but they were less methane production and more ME (MJ/kg DM), OMD (%) and microbial protein syntheses. Therefore, in conclusion, feeding Bokashi of GS or CtP to sheep can improve productivity, while using Bokashi of JM should be combined with other feeds.
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Brzozowska, A. M., K. Słoniewski, J. Oprządek, P. Sobiech y Z. M. Kowalski. "Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal acidosis?" Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0116.
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Abstract One of the largest challenges for the dairy industry is to provide cows with a diet which is highly energetic but does not negatively affect their rumens’ functions. In highly productive dairy cows, feeding diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates provides energy precursors needed for maximum milk production, but simultaneously decreases ruminal pH, leading to a widespread prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis. Maximizing milk production without triggering rumen acidosis still challenges dairy farmers, who try to prevent prolonged bouts of low ruminal pH mainly by proper nutrition and management practices. The animals try to avoid overeating fermentable feeds, as it causes negative consequences by disturbing digestive processes. The results of several experiments show that ruminants, including sheep and beef cattle, are able to modify some aspects of feeding behaviour in order to adjust nutrient intake to their needs and simultaneously prevent physiological disturbances. Particularly, such changes (e.g., increased preference for fibrous feeds, reduced intake of concentrates) were observed in animals, which were trying to prevent the excessive drop of rumen fluid pH. Thanks to a specific mechanism called “the postingestive feedback”, animals should be able to work out such a balance in intake, so they do not suffer either from hunger or from negative effects of over-ingesting the fermentable carbohydrates. This way, an acidosis should not be a frequent problem in ruminants. However, prolonged periods of excessively decreased rumen pH are still a concern in dairy cows. It raises a question, why the regulation of feed intake by postingestive feedback does not help to maintain stable rumen environment in dairy cows?
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OGDEN, N. H., P. A. NUTTALL y S. E. RANDOLPH. "Natural Lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks". Parasitology 115, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1997): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097001868.
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We present observational and experimental evidence that cycles of the Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., can be maintained by sheep in the virtual absence of alternative hosts. A 2-year field study in upland moorland habitats of northwest UK established that sheep feed up to 80% of larval, >99% of nymphal and all of the adult female tick (Ixodes ricinus) population. Infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi in questing ticks reaches over 20%, but amplification of infection occurs principally as nymphs (20- to 30-fold), rather than larvae (4- to 7-fold), feed on sheep, and transmission from sheep to ticks occurred only during peak tick abundance in May and September. Experimental transmission studies confirmed that sheep, previously exposed to infected ticks on the moorland site, do not support systemic infections of B. burgdorferi, but they can transmit localized infections from infected to uninfected ticks co-feeding at the same site on the sheep's body.