Artículos de revistas: "Sheep diseases"

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Hossain, H., M. R. Islam, M. S. I. Sajib, M. M. Hossain, M. Begum, and K. B. M. S. Islam. "Prevalence of zoonotic diseases of small ruminants at Savar upazila of Dhaka district." Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture 48, no. 1 (June 23, 2023): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v48i1.66761.

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The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of zoonotic diseases of small ruminants (SR) at Savar upazila of Dhaka district. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in small and middle-scale goat and sheep farms at Savar Upazila with a total number of 1981 SR (1438 goats and 543 sheep). We found a total of 468 diseased SR (281 goats and 187 sheep), of which 206 cases were zoonotic (41.37%) (124 / 60% goats; 82/40% sheep). Prevalence of bacterial zoonoses (Salmonellosis, Tetanus Dermatophilosis, Brucellosis, Listeriosis and Campylobacteriosis ) was higher (23.78% in goat and 15.53% in sheep) followed by that of parasitic zoonoses (Hydatidosis, Fascioliasis, Amphistomiasis and Cryptosporidiosis) (17.48% in goat and 11.65% in sheep), viral zoonoses (Contagious Ecthyma, Foot and Mouth Disease and Rabies) (12.14% in goat and 7.77% in sheep), rickettsial zoonoses (Q Fever) (2.91% in goat and 1.94% in sheep). The age-wise, sex-wise and breed-wise prevalence of zoonotic diseases in goats and sheep were also determined. The study provided an epidemiological forecast showing the prevalence of zoonotic diseases of SR, which can be helpful for the clinician in the diagnosis of such infections. The present study revealed that the SR at Savar Upazila is susceptible and also infected with various zoonotic diseases. So, prevention and control of these zoonotic diseases are essential. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2023, 48(1): 81-91

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8

Allworth, B. "Diseases of sheep - by Aitken, ID." Australian Veterinary Journal 86, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00252.x.

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9

Mitchell, George B. B. "Non‐parasitic skin diseases of sheep." In Practice 10, no. 2 (March 1988): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.10.2.69.

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10

Karlsson, L. J. E., and J. C. Greeff. "Genetic aspects of sheep parasitic diseases." Veterinary Parasitology 189, no. 1 (September 2012): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.039.

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11

Basrur, Parvathi K., and Bhola R. Yadav. "Genetic Diseases of Sheep and Goats." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 6, no. 3 (November 1990): 779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30846-x.

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12

Linklater, K. A. "Sheep husbandry and diseases, 6th edn." British Veterinary Journal 144, no. 6 (November 1988): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(88)90037-1.

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13

Terebova, Svetlana, Guli Koltun, Viktoriya Podvalova, Yuriy Nikulin, and Ol'ga Nikulina. "MONITORING INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP IN THE PRIMORSKY REGION." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 4 (July 4, 2024): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-4-119-127.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze monitoring studies and outbreaks of infectious diseases of sheep in the Primorsky Region for the period from 2012 to 2022. The object of research is local sheep breeds (based on Romanov) and their crosses, imported sheep breeds (Zabaikalskaya, Edilbaevskaya, Tuvinskaya). Sheep are kept in the Primorsky Region in pasture-stall conditions, fed with hay, oats and other concentrates. The research material included reports from the State Veterinary Inspectorate of the Primorsky Region, the results of monitoring studies, officially published documents on the imposition/removal of restrictive measures by the administration of the Primorsky Region, reports from Rosselkhoznadzor on the epizootic situation for the period from 2012 to 2022. The research method was epizootological analysis. The State Veterinary Service of the Primorsky Region annually conducts planned research, vaccination and treatment of sheep in the region, as well as regular monitoring studies for a number of diseases. Sheep breeding in the Primorsky Region is carried out by owners of personal subsi-diary plots and peasant farms. They often independently purchase and bring sheep from other regions of Russia without accompanying documents and without taking into account the epizootic situation. In this regard, outbreaks of sheep and goat pox and contagious pustular dermatitis of sheep were registered in the Primorsky Region. However, there are diseases whose pathogens have formed natural and anthropourgic foci. Keeping sheep together with other types of farm animals (cattle, horses, pigs, goats) creates the preconditions for the spread of diseases common to them. Therefore, explanatory work with sheep owners about the need to prevent infectious diseases is necessary.

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Konradt, Guilherme, Daniele M. Bassuino, Klaus S. Prates, Matheus V. Bianchi, Gustavo G. M. Snel, Luciana Sonne, David Driemeier, and Saulo P. Pavarini. "Suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system in domestic ruminants." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 8 (August 2017): 820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800007.

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ABSTRACT: This study describes suppurative infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) in domestic ruminants of southern Brazil. Reports from 3.274 cattle, 596 sheep and 391 goats were reviewed, of which 219 cattle, 21 sheep and 7 goats were diagnosed with central nervous system inflammatory diseases. Suppurative infectious diseases of the CNS corresponded to 54 cases (28 cattle, 19 sheep and 7 goats). The conditions observed consisted of listerial meningoencephalitis (8 sheep, 5 goats and 4 cattle), suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (14 cattle, 2 goats and 1 sheep), cerebral (6 cattle and 2 sheep), and spinal cord (7 sheep) abscesses, and basilar empyema (4 cattle and 1 sheep). Bacterial culture identified Listeria monocytogenes (9/54 cases), Escherichia coli (7/54 cases), Trueperella pyogenes (6/54 cases) and Proteus mirabilis (1/54 cases). All cases diagnosed as listeriosis through histopathology yielded positive immunostaining on immunohistochemistry, while 12/17 of the cases of suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis presented positive immunostaining for Escherichia coli. Meningoencephalitis by L. monocytogenes was the main neurological disease in sheep and goats, followed by spinal cord abscesses in sheep. In cattle, leptomeningitis and suppurative meningoencephalitis was the most frequent neurological disease for the species, and E. coli was the main cause of these lesions. Basilar empyema, mainly diagnosed in cattle, is related to traumatic injuries, mainly in the nasal cavity, and the main etiologic agent was T. pyogenes.

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Chandran, Dev, Sureddi Satyam Naidu, Parthasarathy Sugumar, Gudavalli Sudha Rani, Shahana Pallichera Vijayan, Deepika Mathur, Lalit C. Garg, and Villuppanoor Alwar Srinivasan. "Development of a Recombinant Epsilon Toxoid Vaccine against Enterotoxemia and Its Use as a Combination Vaccine with Live Attenuated Sheep Pox Virus against Enterotoxemia and Sheep Pox." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 6 (April 28, 2010): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00013-10.

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ABSTRACT Sheep pox and enterotoxemia are important diseases of sheep, and these diseases cause severe economic losses to sheep farmers. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of formaldehyde-inactivated recombinant epsilon toxin as a vaccine candidate. The potency of the recombinant epsilon toxoid with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant in sheep was determined. Vaccinated sheep were protected against enterotoxemia, with potency values of >5 IU being protective. Further, the use of this construct in a combination vaccine against sheep pox resulted in the sheep being protected against both sheep pox and enterotoxemia.

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16

Lacasta, D. "Preface: Special issue on sheep respiratory diseases." Small Ruminant Research 181 (December 2019): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.10.011.

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17

Barlow, Richard. "Differential diagnosis of nervous diseases of sheep." In Practice 9, no. 3 (May 1987): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.9.3.76.

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Dagleish, M. P., J. Benavides, and F. Chianini. "Immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious diseases of sheep." Small Ruminant Research 92, no. 1-3 (August 2010): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.04.003.

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19

Lewis, Christopher J. "Control of Important Clostridial Diseases of Sheep." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 27, no. 1 (March 2011): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.009.

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20

Hartley, WJ, and JC Rofe. "Neurological diseases in sheep in New Zealand." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 50, sup3 (January 2002): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2002.36278.

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21

Engashev, Sergey Vladimirovich, Ekaterina Sergeevna Engasheva, Vladimir Ivanovich Kolesnikov, Bagama Manapovich Bagamaev, and Vitaly Ivanovich Chetvertnov. "Efficacy of Doramectin AVZ against parasitic diseases of sheep." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 6, 2025): 68–70. https://doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2025i4pp68-70.

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Determine the therapeutic efficacy of Doramectin AVZ against itch mites, ixodid ticks and parasitic insects in sheep. In August 2024, in the territory of the Izobilnensky district of the Stavropol Territory, 3 groups of sheep with a confirmed clinical diagnosis were formed in a peasant farm enterprise: psoroptosis, tick infestation and melophagosis. The first group of sheep was treated with Doramectin AVZ at a dose of 1 ml of the preparation per head. The second group was treated with Meradoc at a dose of 1 ml of the preparation per head. The third group was a control and was not treated. The first and second groups were treated by subcutaneous administration. All experimental groups of sheep were kept in isolation. The therapeutic efficacy of Doramectin AVZ and Meradoc was assessed by clinical examination and skin microscopy for the presence of itch mites (Psoroptesovis), ixodid ticks (Hyalomma and Dermacentor) and parasitic insects (Melophagus ovinus) before the experiment and after 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days in the experimental of sheep. It was found that Doramectin AVZ and Meradoc, after double treatment at a dose of 1 ml per head, showed therapeutic activity (protection) of sheep against the causative agents of psoroptosis, tick infestation and melophagosis for 28 days after double treatment with an interval of 10 days.

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22

MELNYCHUK, V., and A. Antipov. "Epizootic situation and peculiarity the course nematodes of the digestive canal of sheep of the in the conditions of economies Kyev region." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(149) (May 30, 2019): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2019-149-1-75-84.

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Nematodoses of the sheep’s digestive tract is distributed both in Ukraine and abroad. Pathogens of these diseases in the form of monoinvasions, as well as associative with other invasive diseases, cause sheep farms considerable economic losses. Systematic monitoring studies that are carried out to establish a helminthofauna specific to a particular region are a key to successful control of parasitic diseases. Information on the species composition of pathogens causing invasive diseases in animals in the territory of a certain region, allows us to conduct scientifically based selection of drugs and to conduct effective, cost-based treatment and prevention measures. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to establish the distribution of nematodoses of the digestive canal of sheep and their peculiarities in the conditions of sheep farms in the territory of the Kyiv region (Central region of Ukraine). The research was conducted in conditions of sheep farms in the Kyiv region (Baryshivka, Bila Tserkva, Zghurivka, Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Skvyra, Tarashcha, Fastiv and Yahotyn districts). Helminthoscopy of fecal samples was performed using the McMaster’s method. As a result of scatoscopy diagnostics of sheep, a considerable distribution of nematodoses of the digestive canal was established on the territory of the Kyiv region (the severity of the invasion was 48.79 %). According to the morphological features of eggs isolated from faeces of sick animals, parasitization of nematodes from three sequences was established: Strongylata (38.98 %), Trichocephalata (33.36 %), and Rhabditata (27.66 %). It was registered that the sheep farming of the Bila Tserkva, Yahotyn and Zghurivka districts (EI – 61.49, 59.73 and 54.17 % respectively) were the most unfavorable for nematodoses of the digestive tract. The disease was registered in the form of both mono- and mixinvasions. The associative course of diseases (75.03 % of the total number of diseased animals) was dominant with two-, three-, four-, and five-component associations of sheep parasite pathogens (47.63, 35.47, 11.50 and 5.40 % in accordance). It has been established that nematodoses of the digestive canal of sheep (strongylates of the digestive canal, strongyloides and trichiuruses) are in the composition of mixinvasions, the sympathizers of which are: eimeries, moniezies, and melofagoses in various combinations. Key words: nematodoses, strongylatoses of the digestive canal, trichiuruses, strongyloides, scatoscopy research.

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23

Kardila, Cucu, Muhammad Rafi Muttaqin, and Mochzen Gito Resmi. "SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA DOMBA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY MAMDANI." INTI Nusa Mandiri 18, no. 1 (August 2, 2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/inti.v18i1.4314.

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Abstract—The decreasing sheep population has raised serious concerns regarding its impact on both the livestock industry and export opportunities. One of the main factors contributing to this decline is the prevalence of diseases among sheep. These illnesses present a significant problem as they can lead to reduced meat production, animal fatalities, and economic losses. The limited knowledge among farmers regarding these diseases and sheep care makes it challenging to diagnose and treat the conditions effectively. To address this issue and aid farmers in easily diagnosing diseases, a web-based expert system utilizing the fuzzy Mamdani method was developed. The selection of the fuzzy Mamdani method was based on its ability to handle uncertainty in disease diagnosis, providing reasonably accurate results by evaluating symptoms, determining disease severity, and recommending appropriate treatments. Through the fuzzy Mamdani method and the web-based platform, this system offers convenient access for farmers to diagnose diseases in their sheep online. According to the analysis results, reproductive health disorders are the primary cause of the decline in the sheep population. Consequently, the expert system for diagnosing sheep diseases serves as an alternative for early prevention and suitable treatment. System testing indicates an accuracy rate of 80%, signifying the system's capability to provide reasonably accurate diagnoses. The main goal of this research is to support the livestock and fisheries department in Purwakarta in diagnosing sheep diseases, preventing epidemic outbreaks, and implementing proper measures to mitigate the negative impacts on the livestock industry while promoting sustainable growth of the sheep population

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Mamedova, M. M., and U. M. Mekhralyeva. "Association of parasitic diseases in the Masalli district of Azerbaijan." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 1 (April 14, 2023): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.1.108.

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The article describes the associative infection of sheep with parasitic diseases. Determining the presence of helminthic and blood-parasitic diseases was carried out in sheep farms of the Masalli region of Azerbaijan. In scatological studies in animals, infection with nematodiasis caused by the nematode Nematodirus spathiger from the Trichostrongylidae family was detected, and a clinical examination of sick and recovered sheep was also carried out. Anaplasmosis and babesiosis have been registered in sheep, the carriers of which are ticks Rhipisephalus bursa. Microscopic examination of the causative agent of anaplasmosis and babesiosis is located in the center of erythrocytes, and up to 1-4 parasites can be traced in one erythrocyte. The parasites are round and pear-shaped, 1.2-5 µm in size with a pear-shaped form and 1-1.5 µm with a round one, and there are about 20-45% of babesias in 100 fields of view of a microscope. Thus, an association of parasitic diseases - nematodirosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis has been established in the sheep farms of the Masalli region of Azerbaijan.

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Frölich, K. "Viral diseases of northern ungulates." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1505.

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This paper describes viral diseases reported in northern ungulates and those that are a potential threat to these species. The following diseases are discussed: bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD), alphaherpesvirus infections, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), poxvirus infections, parainfluenza type 3 virus infection, Alvsborg disease, foot-and-mouth disease, epizootic haemorrhage disease of deer and bluetongue disease, rabies, respiratory syncytial virus infection, adenovirus infection, hog-cholera, Aujeszky's disease and equine herpesvirus infections. There are no significant differences in antibody prevalence to BVDV among deer in habitats with high, intermediate and low density of cattle. In addition, sequence analysis from the BVDV isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) showed that this strain was unique within BVDV group I. Distinct BVDV strains might circulate in free-ranging roe deer populations in Germany and virus transmission may be independent of domestic livestock. Similar results have been obtained in a serological survey of alpha-herpesviruses in deer in Germany. Malignant catarrhal fever was studied in fallow deer (Cervus dama) in Germany: the seroprevalence and positive PCR results detected in sheep originating from the same area as the antibody-positive deer might indicate that sheep are the main reservoir animals. Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a common disease in domestic sheep and goats caused by the orf virus. CE has been diagnosed in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), chamois (Rupkapra rupi-capra), muskox {Ovibos moschatus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Most parainfluenza type 3 virus infections are mild or clinically undetectable. Serological surveys in wildlife have been successfully conducted in many species. In 1985, a new disease was identified in Swedish moose (Alces alces), designated as Alvsborg disease. This wasting syndrome probably has a multi-factorial etiology. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can infect deer and many other wild artiodactyls. Moose, roe deer and the saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) are the main hosts of FMDV in the Russian Federation. In addition, serological evidence of a FMD infection without clinical disease was detected in red deer in France. Epizootic haemorrhage disease of deer (EHD) and bluetongue (BT) are acute non-contagious viral diseases of wild ruminants characterised by extensive haemorrhage. Culicoides insects are the main vectors. EHD and BT only play a minor role in Europe but both diseases are widespread in North America.

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Alekish, Myassar, and Zuhair Ismail. "Common diseases of sheep (Ovis aries linnaeus) and goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in Jordan: a retrospective study (2015-2021)." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 6 (2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i6.4.

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Abstract Background: Despite of major efforts that have been undertaken to improve livestock health and productivity in Jordan, diseases continue to cause dramatic economic losses. Aim: This retrospective study was conducted to report the prevalence and distribution of infectious and non-infectious diseases in sheep (Ovis aries linnaeus) and goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) according to age, sex and affected body system. Methods: Case medical records of sheep and goats presented for clinical evaluation to the Veterinary Health Center (VHC) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Jordan University of Science and Technology between January 2015 and December 2021 were used in this study. The data were categorized based on sex (female vs male), body system involved in the disease process, nature of the disease process (infectious vs non-infectious) and age (pre-weaning [less than 2 months of age], 2 months to 1 year, and older than 1 year). Descriptive analysis was performed to report the frequencies, averages, and range values using excel spreadsheets. Results: Medical records of 190 goats and 434 sheep were included in the analysis in this study. The majority of cases were females (87.89%, and 84.10%) for goats and sheep, respectively. The age of animals ranged between 1 day and 9 years in goats and 1 day and 7 years in sheep. In goats, the majority of cases were diagnosed with reproductive/obstetrical diseases (28.42%) followed by gastrointestinal diseases (20.52%), respiratory diseases (10.52%), udder/teat diseases (11.05%), and metabolic diseases (10.00%). In sheep, the majority of cases were diagnosed with reproductive/obstetrical diseases (29.49%), followed by gastrointestinal diseases (25.11%), multiple systems (8.98%), respiratory diseases (7.60%), metabolic diseases (6.22%), udder/teat diseases (5.99%), and nervous diseases (5.06%). Conclusion: Results of this study serve as a clinical guideline for field diagnosis of common diseases in small ruminants in Jordan.

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Dr., J. Shashank1* Dr. N. Rajanna2 Dr. J. Saikiran3. "An overview of common microbial diseases in sheep and goats." Science World a monthly e magazine 3, no. 9 (September 9, 2023): 2203–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8330184.

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Bluetongue (Catarrhal fever of sheep) Causes It is caused by Arthropod-borne orbi virus in the family of Reoviridae. Biting insect of the genus of the Culicoides transmits the virus during the rainy season while blood sucking. Mosquitoes and other ectoparasites like sheep ked or Melophagus ovinus (blood-feeding parasites of sheep) may transmit the disease mechanically. The disease is more prevalent in late summer and early autumn which makes conducive environment for the multiplication of the vectors. Transmission through the semen and placental routes is possible. The virus is resistant to decomposition, desiccation and antiseptic agents.   Bluetongue (Catarrhal fever of sheep) Causes It is caused by Arthropod-borne orbi virus in the family of Reoviridae. Biting insect of the genus of the Culicoides transmits the virus during the rainy season while blood sucking. Mosquitoes and other ectoparasites like sheep ked or Melophagus ovinus (blood-feeding parasites of sheep) may transmit the disease mechanically. The disease is more prevalent in late summer and early autumn which makes conducive environment for the multiplication of the vectors. Transmission through the semen and placental routes is possible. The virus is resistant to decomposition, desiccation and antiseptic agents.

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Nieuwhof, G. J., and S. C. Bishop. "Opportunities for breeding for disease resistance in British sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009601.

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Recently, the costs of eight sheep diseases were calculated by Bennett and IJpelaar (2003). The highest annual costs were estimated for enzootic abortions in ewes (EAE) £20 M and toxoplasmosis £12M. In a survey among its members, the Moredun Foundation (1997) identified internal parasites (GI parasites), sheep scab and footrot as the most important sheep diseases, but these three diseases were not analysed by Bennett and IJpelaar (2003). The aim of this study is to estimate the benefits of reductions in the incidence or severity of these diseases, using the methodology of Bennett et al. (1999), and the benefits of reductions in disease incidence or severity. From this, marginal economic values for resistance are calculated and applied in selection index scenarios that mimic current sheep breeding schemes.

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Tian, Zhen, Wenjie Li, Yixin Kou, Xin Dong, Huining Liu, Xiaoxia Yang, Quanmin Dong, and Tao Chen. "Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9 (September 20, 2023): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090949.

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In grassland ecosystems, the occurrence and transmission of foliar fungal diseases are largely dependent on grazing by large herbivores. However, whether herbivores that have different body sizes differentially impact foliar fungal diseases remains largely unexplored. Thus, we conducted an 8-year grazing experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China and tested how different types of livestock (sheep (Ovis aries), yak (Bos grunniens), or both)) affected foliar fungal diseases at the levels of both plant population and community. At the population level, grazing by a single species (yak or sheep) or mixed species (sheep and yak) significantly decreased the severity of eight leaf spot diseases. Similarly, at the community level, both single species (yak or sheep) and mixed grazing by both sheep and yak significantly decreased the community pathogen load. However, we did not find a significant difference in the community pathogen load among different types of livestock. These results suggest that grazing by large herbivores, independently of livestock type, consistently decreased the prevalence of foliar fungal diseases at both the plant population and community levels. We suggest that moderate grazing by sheep or yak is effective to control the occurrence of foliar fungal diseases in alpine grasslands. This study advances our knowledge of the interface between disease ecology, large herbivores, and grassland science.

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Islam, KBM Saiful, Md Ershaduzzaman, Md Nuruzzaman Munsi, Md Humayun Kabir, Sompa Das, and Md Hazzaz Bin Kabir. "Establishment of health management package for native sheep of Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 3, no. 1 (May 26, 2016): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v3i1.27870.

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The present study was designed to explore the disease status of sheep in Bangladesh with the aim of developing health management package for sheep for better and efficient sheep production in Bangladesh. Both retrospective and prospective investigations on the incidence and prevalence of different diseases of sheep have been conducted in the study areas. Information on the disease related factors like health status, sex and age, vaccination, deworming, etc. were collected. Samples (faeces, blood, etc.) were collected from the diseased/dead animals and preserved following the standard procedure. Faecal samples were examined to determine the parasitic loads and faecal as well as blood samples were examined to determine any protozoan infection present in the study animals. Samples from diarrhoeic animals were studied to isolate and identify causal organisms. Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity studies of the aetiological agents responsible for common infectious diseases in sheep were also conducted in order to suggest the most suitable antibiotic to treat the concerned diseases in the field. Since helminthic infections, diarrhea, pneumonia and foot rot were found to be the mostly occurring health hazards in sheep of all ages, especial attempts were made to develop herbal based novel approaches to treat and control major intestinal helminthic infestations of sheep. However, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were found most effective antibiotics and recommended to use in diarrhoeal cases in the field. On the other hand, methanol extract of mahogany seeds (100 mg), betel leaf (100 mg) and dodder (100 mg) were found significantly effective against 100% worms in 2 hours in vitro and thus recommended to be used in the field against helminthic infection in sheep. Therefore, a health management package for native sheep of Bangladesh can be designed using the present findings with some fluctuations for different sites after doing the in vivo evaluation of the medicinal plants used in this experiment.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 151-155, April 2016

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31

Acquatella-Tran Van Ba, Isabelle, Thibaut Imberdis, and Véronique Perrier. "From Prion Diseases to Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases." International Journal of Cell Biology 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/975832.

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Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative sporadic, inherited, or acquired disorders. In humans, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is the most studied prion disease. In animals, the most frequent prion diseases are scrapie in sheep and goat, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, and the emerging chronic wasting disease in wild and captive deer in North America. The hallmark of prion diseases is the deposition in the brain of PrPSc, an abnormalβ-sheet-rich form of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) (Prusiner 1982). According to the prion hypothesis, PrPSccan trigger the autocatalytic conversion of PrPCinto PrPSc, presumably in the presence of cofactors (lipids and small RNAs) that have been recently identified. In this review, we will come back to the original works that led to the discovery of prions and to the protein-only hypothesis proposed by Dr. Prusiner. We will then describe the recent reports on mammalian synthetic prions and recombinant prions that strongly support the protein-only hypothesis. The new concept of “deformed templating” regarding a new mechanism of PrPScformation and replication will be exposed. The review will end with a chapter on the prion-like propagation of other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and tauopathies.

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32

Reid, Hugh. "Controlling tick‐borne diseases of sheep in Britain." In Practice 9, no. 5 (September 1987): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.9.5.189.

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Leroux, C., and J. F. Mornex. "Retroviral infections in sheep and the associated diseases." Small Ruminant Research 76, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.010.

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Cutlip, R. C. "Book Review: Jensen and Swift's Diseases of Sheep." Veterinary Pathology 25, no. 4 (July 1988): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500420.

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Chernykh, Oleg Yu, Aleksey V. Mishchenko, Vladimir A. Mishchenko, Anton K. Karaulov, Olga N. Petrova, and Roman A. Krivonos. "Retrospective analysis of epizootic situation in sheep pox and goat pox." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-5-18-22.

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Sheep pox and goat pox are highly contagious transboundary diseases of sheep and goats caused by viruses belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus of the Poxviridae. These infections of goats are subject to mandatory notification to the OIE. Diseases cause great economic damage to sheep and goat breeding, due to the death and forced slaughter of sick animals, a decrease in productivity, the cost of conducting veterinary and sanitary, security and quarantine measures. It should also be noted social significance, since often diseased animals are the only means of subsistence for the owners. The authors carried out a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of sheep pox and goat pox in the Russian Federation and Mongolia. Epizootic characteristics were assessed using the OIE databases. Materials obtained by the authors during business trips, as well as information published in scientific articles were used in analyzing the data. Smallpox of sheep and goat in the Russian Federation appear as sporadic cases and mainly in the regions of the Far Eastern and Siberian federal districts, bordering with China and Mongolia. The data of the phylogenetic analysis of the causative agent that caused the outbreaks of the disease in Transbaikalia served as the basis for the conclusion that the virus was introduced from China. The results of surveys of foci of sheep pox in the Republic of Dagestan and the Republic of Kalmykia suggest the probable introduction of the pathogen from the regions of Kazakhstan that were previously unsuccessful for sheep pox. Mainly sheep pox was recorded in the Russian Federation during the analyzed period. Isolated cases of goat pox are 22 explained by the small population of these animals. Smallpox of sheep and goats are constantly reported in Central Asian countries. For the constituent entities of the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts, the border countries endemic for sheep pox pose a great threat.

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Yurdakul, Ibrahim, and Betul Apaydin Yildirim. "Assessment of Oxidative Status in Foot Diseases of Sheep." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.89402.

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Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology and/or progression of various diseases in the livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between foot diseases and oxidant and antioxidant levels, determining catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in sheep with foot disease such as interdigital dermatitis, footrot and interdigital pouch infection (biflex canal inflammation).Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 70 sheep aged between 1 and 3, 20 sheep with interdigital dermatitis, 20 with foot-rot, 10 with interdigital pouch inflammation and 20 clinically healthy Akkaraman sheep, were used. The blood samples collected from the V. Jugularis of the sheep were centrifuged and their serums were obtained. MDA and NO levels of the sheep with interdigital dermatitis, footrot and interdigital pouch infection were found to be significantly higher than those of animals in the control group (P < 0.001). CAT activity was determined to be significantly lower in all diseased animals than in the animals in the control group (P < 0.001). GSH-Px and GSH levels were significantly lower in the animals with interdigital dermatitis than in the control group (respectively P < 0.001, P < 0.05).Discussion: Oxidative stress regulates the metabolic activity of some organs and plays an important role in productivity in livestock. The oxidative stress is reported that caused by the increase in the production of excessive free radicals resulting from the exposure of animals to various stress factors and by the weakening of the antioxidant defense has an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as foot diseases. In the presence of various stress factors, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) increases. MDA is determine the degree of cellular damage in tissues. Nitric oxide is produced in large quantities by macrophages in case of bacterial infections and exhibits antibacterial properties against pathogenic microorganisms. For this reason, NO is very high levels in inflammatory diseases. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) is some of the important antioxidants and play an important role in the oxidative defense of tissues. In this study, the increase in serum MDA and NO levels was mostly found in interdigital dermatitis cases, then in footrot cases and finally in interdigital pouch infection cases. Serum CAT levels were found to be significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). In this study, the highest decrease in serum CAT levels was detected in interdigital dermatitis cases and followed by footrot cases and interdigital pouch infection cases, respectively. Serum GSH-Px and GSH levels were found to be significantly lower in interdigital dermatitis cases than those in the control group (respectively P < 0.001, P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference found between the serum GSH-Px and GSH levels of footrot and interdigital pouch infection cases, and the control group (P > 0.05). We found that serum MDA and NO levels were found to significantly increase in sheep with foot disease and serum CAT levels were found to be significantly lower. The results of this research indicate that MDA, NO and CAT activities may be more reliable parameters than GSH-Px and GSH activities in order to determine oxidative stress in sheep with foot diseases. In conclusion, this study reveals that there is a relationship between foot diseases and oxidant/antioxidant balance in sheep and it shows that the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation develop due to the increase of free radicals.

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Nusrat, Nabi Khan, Ahmad Ganai Nazir, Ahmad Tavsief, Majid Ruksana, Shanaz Syed, and Shiekh F.D. "Changthangi Sheep: The pride of Ladakh." Trends In Agriculture Science 2, no. 3 (May 10, 2022): 49–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6535189.

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Changthangi breed is generally described as Changthangi sheep as per the name of its breeding tract. Local farmers of the area called it by Changluk meaning sheep of northern plateau (Chang = Northern, Thang = Plateau / Plain, Luk =Sheep). The breed is reared for quadruple purpose: mutton, wool, manure and dung energy. This breed of sheep sustains the economy of Changpas’ to a greater extent but next only to pashmina goats. Changthang region has harsh climatic dryness with very low rainfall where temperature varies from -40oC to +40oC. Almost every household is having 50-100 sheep. The color of the sheep varies from complete black to white and brown. Most of the animals have a mixture of these three colors however the white is predominant. The average wool production is found to be 1.5 to 2 kg and is higher in male than female. Both horned and polled pattern animals are found in Changthangi breedand very few are polycerous also. The adult weight of Changthangi sheep ranges from 40-52 kgs in males and 35-42 kgs in females. These are seasonal breeders and breeding season is from July-November while main Lambing season is December to March. The occurrences of the diseases are very less but very few common diseases affecting the Changthangi sheep are Diarrhea, Clostridial diseases, Brucellosis, Foot and Mouth disease, Ecthyma and Sheep pox.

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Busin, Valentina. "Ectoparasites in sheep." Livestock 26, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2021.26.6.286.

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Ectoparasites in sheep have significant effects on both welfare and production and their importance varies in relation to the geographical location and the system of production. This article focuses on the main ectoparasites and their related diseases within the UK, covering clinical signs, diagnostic methods and the treatment and control measures available. To conclude, future development in the areas of vaccine, biotechnologies and genetic selection are addressed to improve the control and reduce the negative effects of ectoparasites.

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do Carmo, Priscila M. S., Francisco A. Uzal, and Franklin Riet-Correa. "Diseases caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep and goats: a review." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720968937.

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Pythiosis is characterized most commonly by ulcerative dermatitis, mainly in the limbs of sheep and occasionally of goats. In sheep, Pythium insidiosum is also responsible for necrotizing rhinitis characterized by marked enlargement and deformity of the nasal region, severe respiratory difficulty, and bloody nasal discharge. A third form of pythiosis in sheep affects the digestive tract, involving ulceration of the esophagus, forestomachs, and abomasum. Pythiosis in sheep and goats has been reported only in Brazil where it occurs mainly in the semiarid region of the country, when animals congregate and stay for longer periods of time within or around water reservoirs. However, it has been reported as well in areas of humid environments, such as the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and in the Brazilian Cerrado. The diagnosis of the different presentations of pythiosis is based on gross and microscopic findings, coupled with detection of the agent by immunohistochemical, molecular, and/or culture-based methods.

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Rao, T. V. S., and S. K. Bandyopadhyay. "A comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis." Animal Health Research Reviews 1, no. 2 (December 2000): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252300000116.

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AbstractSheep and goats occupy a premier place in the livestock industry and contribute significantly to the world economy. Their populations are threatened by a number of health hazards, among the most notable of which are goat pox and sheep pox. These diseases inflict substantial losses in terms of reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. They pose a major obstacle to the intensive rearing of sheep and goats and considerably hamper international trade. A comprehensive knowledge of goat pox and sheep pox would help in the diagnosis, prevention and control as well as the management of these diseases in a proper and effective manner. Although the two diseases are easily identified from the clinical signs and host species affected, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. A battery of simple but highly efficient diagnostic methods and reagents is available for goat pox and sheep pox. However, the best way to control these diseases is the prophylactic immunization of all susceptible animals with a potent and efficacious vaccine, especially in areas where these diseases are endemic.

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Scott, Phil. "Antibiotic Treatment Response of Chronic Lung Diseases of Adult Sheep in the United Kingdom Based upon Ultrasonographic Findings." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/537501.

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Examination of the lungs of adult sheep with chronic respiratory diseases was readily achieved using both 5 MHz linear and sector scanners. Superficial lung abscesses in eight sheep appeared as anechoic areas containing multiple hyperechoic dots bordered distally by a broad hyperechoic capsule. Unilateral fibrinous pleurisy (2 sheep) appeared as an anechoic area containing a hyperechoic latticework. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) lesions appeared as sharply demarcated hypoechoic areas in the lung parenchyma initially in the cranioventral lung lobes (21 sheep) with lesions also present in the caudodorsal diaphragmatic lobe (11 sheep); abscesses and areas of calcification within the OPA tumour mass were also identified. Daily treatment with procaine penicillin for 30 consecutive days was successful in both sheep with unilateral fibrinous pleurisy and six sheep identified with superficial lung abscesses measuring 2–8 cm in diameter; only one of two sheep with more extensive lesions recovered. Auscultation of the chest failed to detect adventitious sounds in any of the ten sheep with lung abscesses; normal breath sounds were reduced over the area of fibrinous pleurisy; no pleuritic rubs were heard. Wheezes and crackles auscultated in some OPA cases and did not correlate well with lesions detected ultrasonographically.

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Duncan, Jennifer, and Joseph Angell. "Control of infectious lameness in sheep." Livestock 24, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.5.246.

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Lameness in sheep remains a significant welfare and economic issue for many UK sheep farms. The principle causes of lameness are the infectious foot diseases footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis. This article will review the recent research on the microbial aetiology, epidemiology, prevention and treatment of both diseases and the application of this knowledge into farm specific control plans utilising the Five Point Plan framework.

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Chatzimanou, Tryfon, and Anastasia Tsingotjidou. "A one-health approach to using sheep in research, with a focus on neuroscience studies." One Health & Implementation Research 3, no. 4 (October 30, 2023): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ohir.2023.13.

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Sheep have been an important animal for both academic and basic sciences education, with a positive impact on the public health sector and, subsequently, One Health. This review presents the impact of sheep on research with a specific focus on neuroscience studies. Disorders, as well as neuroendocrine and environmental factors affecting the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, are selected, and relevant research and sheep models mimicking human diseases are described. The review discusses various sheep models, encompassing prion, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s disease, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease), along with ischemic stroke. Sheep play a pivotal role in elucidating the pathogenesis and/or treatment for the aforementioned diseases. Furthermore, this research is underpinned by solid neuroanatomy knowledge. Consequently, we outline the main reasons why sheep are such robust research models. In conclusion, we demonstrate the important role that sheep models fulfill in advancing the mission of the One Health Initiative.

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Munsi, Md Nuruzzaman, Md Ershaduzzaman, Md Mamunur Rahman, and Mohammad Mojibur Rahman. "Incidence of clinical diseases and disorders in native sheep at the sheep research farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2012 to 2014." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v1i1.61528.

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Livestock species play an important role in the agro-based economy of Bangladesh. The present study was performed to determine the magnitude and trends of clinical diseases and disorders in native sheep in order to design a set of strategies to be applied for the prevention and control of these problems in this farm. A total of 1870 indigenous sheep at BLRI sheep research farm, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh were included under this study. The study was carried out during the period from January 2012 to December 2014. Diagnoses and records of clinical diseases and disorders were based on pertinent clinical history, clinical findings and laboratory tests. The major clinical diseases and disorders were determined diarrhoea (5.18%), malnutrition (2.85%), lameness (1.93%), pneumonia (1.02%), alopecia (0.88%), tapeworm infection (0.81%) and fever (0.51%). In case of seasons, the highest incidence was found during rainy season (2.26%) followed by winter (5.85%) and summer (4.25%); whereas in respect of age groups, the highest incidence was found in growing sheep (26.14%) followed by adults (12.15%) and lambs (10.93%). Although some diseases and disorders took place in the BLRI sheep research farm, the incidence were very low and most of the infectious diseases did not occur because of proper management of the farm particularly regular deworming, dipping and vaccination. Moreover, on the basis of these findings measures should be taken for further prevention of such diseases and manifestations. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (1), 37-46

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PAVLOVIC, IVAN, JOVAN BOJKOVSKI, VIOLETA CARO-PETROVIC, ALEKSANDRA TASIC, MARIJA PAVLOVIC, NEMANJA ZDRAVKOVIC, and NARCISA MEDERLE. "CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS OF FARM BREEDING SHEEP." Scientific Papers Journal VETERINARY SERIES 66, no. 1 (November 15, 2023): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.61900/spjvs.2023.01.15.

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"Infection with coccidia is one of the most common and damaging sheep diseases, particularly young lambs and economically important diseases of sheep. Coccidiosis is caused by parasitic protozoa in the genus Eimeria. Coccidial infection is virtually universal in sheep and large numbers of oocysts may be found in the faeces of clinically normal animals. Usually it is presented at animals at 4-10 weeks.Lamb and kids infection had moderate morbidity and low mortality rate. Environmental contamination and resulting clinical disease is generally influenced by local weather conditions and the grazing management practices of the flock. In our paper, we present measures to control coccidiosis in sheep kept in frame breeding conditions."

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Hunter, Nora, James Foster, Angela Chong, Sandra McCutcheon, David Parnham, Samantha Eaton, Calum MacKenzie, and Fiona Houston. "Transmission of prion diseases by blood transfusion." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 2897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2897.

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Attempts to detect infectivity in the blood of humans and animals affected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs or prion diseases) have often been inconclusive because of the limitations of cross-species bioassays and the small volumes of blood that can be injected by the intracerebral route. A model has been developed for the experimental study of TSE transmission by blood transfusion using sheep experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or natural scrapie as donors and susceptible scrapie-free sheep as recipients. Donors and recipients of the same species greatly increase the sensitivity of the bioassay and in sheep large volumes of blood can be injected by the intravenous (i.v.) route. Transmission of BSE to a single animal using this approach was reported recently. This study confirms this result with a second transmission of BSE and four new cases of transmission of natural scrapie. Positive transmissions occurred with blood taken at pre-clinical and clinical stages of infection. Initial studies indicate that following such infection by the i.v. route, deposition of the abnormal prion protein isoform, PrPSc, in peripheral tissues may be much more limited than is seen following oral infection. These results confirm the risks of TSE infection via blood products and suggest that the measures taken to restrict the use of blood in the UK have been fully justified.

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Alexander, A. W., G. Burgess, P. R. English, D. C. Hacdonald, and O. MacPherson. "A survey of lowground sheep farhers’ concerbs and experience of sheep health and disease in scotland." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019383.

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The Highlands and Islands Development Board (HIDB) is developing a strategy for the production and marketing of high health breeding sheep. Farmers and crofters in the North of Scotland, with HIDB support, have formed the Highlands and Islands Sheep Health Association (HISHA) to produce and market high health sheep. HISHA has over 500 members with a total of 250,000 breeding ewes. Members’ flocks are monitored by the Scottish Veterinary Investigation Service for Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE) and for vaccination against Clostridial Diseases and Pasteurella. A requirement for information on the sheep health concerns and experiences of the potential purchasers of high health breeding sheep was identified. A survey was undertaken of lowground sheep farmers in Grampian and the Borders of Scotland to provide this information.The objectives were to determine, firstly, lowground sheep farmers’ concerns on sheep health; secondly, their experience of sheep disease problems; and thirdly, their awareness of sheep diseases that can be introduced by wintering sheep for another farmer or through purchased sheep. The survey was carried out by postal questionnaire and the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland (DAFS) prepared a mailing list from their census records. The DAFS also undertook the despatch and receipt of the questionnaires to preserve farmer confidentiality. The data was analysed using the Scientific Information Retrieval Data Base Management Systems analytical package.

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Dutta, Nishchal, Shafiqur Rahman, Shagufta Azmi, and Muneer Ahmad Dar. "Haematological alterations due to lung diseases in sheep and goats of Jammu region." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1423.

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The present study was conducted for evaluation of haematological parameters in sheep (330) and goat (230) having various lung affections that were slaughtered routinely as a source of food in Jammu region (Gujjar Nagar, Dogra Hall, Bishnah and Nagrota). About 25.75% (85) and 21.30% (49)of lungs examined in sheep and goats respectively were found to have parasitic infestation of Hydatidosis, Myiasis and Mulleriuscapillaris. Furthermore about 31.81% (105) and 29.13% (67) of selected lungs had pathological conditions of pneumonia, abscess and haemorrhage in sheep and goats respectively. Diseased sheep and goats reflected significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocytes (RBC) in parasitic infestation of Myiasis as compared to control while non significant alteration in these parameters was observed in conditions of Hydatidosis, M. capillaris, pneumonia, abscess and haemorrhage. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased significantly in Myiasis of sheep and haemorrhagic lungs of goats while no significant change was observed in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values. Significant increase in leucocytes (WBC), neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils were observed in both sheep and goats affected with various parasitic and pathological lung disesases with no significant change in basophilic count. Lymphocytic count decreased in all these adversed lung conditions as compared to healthy ones. Parasitic infection though not mixed one especially that of Myiasis comparatively has significant affected on blood parameters. The present study signifies the complementary importance of ante -mortem examination with that of post-mortem inspection in various parasitic and pathological affections of lungs.

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JAJA, L. K., O. M. MAHMOUD, and E. M. HAROUN. "SHEEP DISEASES CAUSED BY FEED MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS IMBALANCE IN INTENSIVE SHEEP PRODUCTION FARMS, CENTRAL SUDAN." Veterinary Medical Journal (Giza) 39, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/vmjg.1991.379231.

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ROBERTSON, L. J. "GiardiaandCryptosporidiuminfections in sheep and goats: a review of the potential for transmission to humans via environmental contamination." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (March 10, 2009): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002295.

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SUMMARYThe public health significance of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep is currently unclear. Some research suggests that they are probably not an important zoonotic reservoir, whilst other research indicates this potential exists, and some outbreaks have also been associated with infections in sheep. Actions to limit water supply contamination by sheep have sometimes been severe, occasionally creating problems between farming and public health communities. Here our knowledge on these parasites in both sheep and goats is reviewed; although direct evidence of transmission to humans via water supply contamination is limited, the data accrued indicate that this is a real possibility. As cryptosporidiosis in sheep is generally more prevalent than giardiasis, and species/genotypes ofCryptosporidiuminfections in sheep are likely to be infectious to humans, this parasite may be considered the greater threat. Nevertheless, geographical variation in prevalence and genotypic distribution is extensive and as measures to limit sheep grazing can have a highly negative impact, it is important that cases are judged individually. If water contamination from a particular population of sheep/goats is suspected, then suitable investigations should be instigated, investigating both prevalence and species/genotype, before precautionary measures are imposed.

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