Bibliografías temáticas / Sheep diseases

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 30 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

1

Henderson, D. C. "Diseases of sheep". Veterinary Record 160, n.º 26 (30 de junio de 2007): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.26.913.

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Thompson, K. G. "Skeletal diseases of sheep". Small Ruminant Research 76, n.º 1-2 (abril de 2008): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.024.

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Prescott, J. "Diseases of winter housed sheep". Veterinary Record 123, n.º 21 (19 de noviembre de 1988): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.123.21.554.

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Hein, W. R. "Diseases of Sheep, 3rd Edn." Veterinary Journal 164, n.º 1 (julio de 2002): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0580.

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Taylor, M. A. "Emerging parasitic diseases of sheep". Veterinary Parasitology 189, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2012): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.027.

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Clarkson, M. J. "Diseases of sheep, 2nd edn". British Veterinary Journal 148, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(92)90072-9.

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Hossain, H., M. R. Islam, M. S. I. Sajib, M. M. Hossain, M. Begum y K. B. M. S. Islam. "Prevalence of zoonotic diseases of small ruminants at Savar upazila of Dhaka district". Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture 48, n.º 1 (23 de junio de 2023): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v48i1.66761.

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The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of zoonotic diseases of small ruminants (SR) at Savar upazila of Dhaka district. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in small and middle-scale goat and sheep farms at Savar Upazila with a total number of 1981 SR (1438 goats and 543 sheep). We found a total of 468 diseased SR (281 goats and 187 sheep), of which 206 cases were zoonotic (41.37%) (124 / 60% goats; 82/40% sheep). Prevalence of bacterial zoonoses (Salmonellosis, Tetanus Dermatophilosis, Brucellosis, Listeriosis and Campylobacteriosis ) was higher (23.78% in goat and 15.53% in sheep) followed by that of parasitic zoonoses (Hydatidosis, Fascioliasis, Amphistomiasis and Cryptosporidiosis) (17.48% in goat and 11.65% in sheep), viral zoonoses (Contagious Ecthyma, Foot and Mouth Disease and Rabies) (12.14% in goat and 7.77% in sheep), rickettsial zoonoses (Q Fever) (2.91% in goat and 1.94% in sheep). The age-wise, sex-wise and breed-wise prevalence of zoonotic diseases in goats and sheep were also determined. The study provided an epidemiological forecast showing the prevalence of zoonotic diseases of SR, which can be helpful for the clinician in the diagnosis of such infections. The present study revealed that the SR at Savar Upazila is susceptible and also infected with various zoonotic diseases. So, prevention and control of these zoonotic diseases are essential. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2023, 48(1): 81-91
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Allworth, B. "Diseases of sheep - by Aitken, ID". Australian Veterinary Journal 86, n.º 1-2 (enero de 2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00252.x.

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Mitchell, George B. B. "Non‐parasitic skin diseases of sheep". In Practice 10, n.º 2 (marzo de 1988): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.10.2.69.

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Karlsson, L. J. E. y J. C. Greeff. "Genetic aspects of sheep parasitic diseases". Veterinary Parasitology 189, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2012): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.039.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

1

Lasecka, Lidia. "Studies on the replication of Nairobi sheep disease virus in cultured cells". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618322.

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Windsor, Peter A. "The pathogenesis of genetic and infectious disorders acquired between conception and the immediate post-partum period in sheep and cattle". Phd thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4120.

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Taema, Maged M. "The in vitro characterisation of prion diseases of sheep". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12915/.

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One of the critical challenges in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) field is to understand the molecular basis of prion propagation and decipher the enigma of prion strains and their role in TSEs. The research approach adopted in this dissertation tackled different subjects of keen interest for prion characterisation and diagnostics. A high throughput enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of disease-related prion protein (PrPSc) using the protease thermolysin. Thermolysin allowed isolation of protease resistant PrPSc in its full-length form, while cellular prion protein (PrPC) was digested. With further extraction and precipitation of PrPSc with sodium phosphotungstic acid (NaPTA) and in conjunction with using monoclonal antibodies that recognise distinct epitopes, PrPSc was detected and quantified successfully. Molecular strain typing of ruminant TSEs was investigated using Western blotting and depending on the resistance of PrPSc to digestion with proteinase-K (PK) and thermolysin. The methods discriminated clearly between classical ovine scrapie and experimental ovine BSE. In contrast, experimental CH1641-like isolates showed heterogenous molecular profiles. In addition, the findings from this study demonstrated the existence of thermolysin-sensitive PrP isoforms which are resistant to PK and their presence varied between individual sheep and brain regions. When studying prion propagation using the serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) technique, different strains/isolates of ruminant prions were successfully amplified in vitro from as little as 0.01 ng of brain seed. Furthermore, ovine BSE was readily amplified in vitro in brain substrates from sheep with homozygous VRQ or AHQ Prnp genotype. In contrast, the CH1641 strain was refractory to such amplification. This method allowed for differentiation of experimental BSE from CH1641 prion strains within an ovine host, providing hope for the potential of sPMCA as a strain typing assay. The use of bacterially expressed recombinant PrPsen (rPrPsen) as substrate in PMCA reactions (rPrP-PMCA) was assessed. The use of the substrate improved the sensitivity, specificity, practicality and speed of sPMCA assays for detecting a range of ovine prion isolates. Expression and purification of recombinant Syrian hamster prion protein (Sha rPrP) and VRQ ovine PrP (VRQ rPrP) provided substrate for detecting PrPSc in scrapie affected brain samples. Although both substrates had the same level of sensitivity, rSha PrPsen had better specificity than VRQ rPrP. There were variations in amplification efficiency between different batches of the same rPrP. This study recommends further investigations looking at the use of a range of experimental CH1641 and BSE samples, as well as using panels of CH1641-like field isolates for sPMCA reaction to establish (such) strain typing methodology. Furthermore, applying the rPrP-PMCA assay to detect PrPSc in secreta and excreta of infected sheep in the pre-clinical phase of the disease may provide a non invasive ante-mortem test for scrapie.
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Waters, Ryan Andrew. "Investigating novel aspects of FMDV pathogenesis in pregnant ovines, foetuses and neonatal lambs". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572483.

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Rutherford, Sarah-Jayne. "Streptococcus dysgalactiae polyarthritis in lambs in England and Wales". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572433.

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Davies, Janet Mary. "Searching for molecular mimicry in Lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats". Thesis, Davies, Janet Mary (1993) Searching for molecular mimicry in Lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1993. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53036/.

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Molecular mimicry is the theory that an infectious agent such as a virus causes its pathology through mimicry of host cells at either the protein or nucleotide level. As lentiviral diseases have a protracted course of infection, differing breed susceptibilities and immune system involvement, it is possible that molecular mimicry contributes to their pathogenesis. The role of epitope mimicry, and mimicry of messenger RNA, in the development of the encephalitic condition in Visna infected sheep and the arthritic condition in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infected goats was investigated. Methods for searching for mimicry with computer programs (PASTA and BLAST) were investigated. Database searches revealed the problems with the current strategies such as the original application for which the software was designed and the comparison matrix by which sequences are examined. A new matrix from Tudos et al. (1990) was investigated using previously published data on the immunological effects of amino acid substitution in epitopes. This matrix was shown to be useful for inclusion in database searches aimed at finding epitope mimicry. Searching for messenger mimicry showed that nucleotide homology between unrelated sequences spanning 14, 15, 16 and 17 identical residues occur abundantly. One sequence of homology between the tether region of CAEV and human proteoglycan with 17 out of 18 identical nucleotides encoded peptides with 5 homologous amino acids. There was no antibody or T cell recognition of synthetic peptides encompassing this hit detectable in CAEV infected and arthritic goats. Cross-reaction between sera raised in sheep against similar synthetic peptides of the Visna virus and 21.5kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) was demonstrated. Investigation of the responses of Visna infected sheep showed that only the MBP peptide and MBP, in some sheep, were recognised. The peptides elicited T cell responses from Lewis rats during EAE induced with Guinea pig MBP, but they were not immunogenic or encephalitic per se, nor able to induce T cell lines that transferred EAE. No T cell declined. response to the peptides was demonstrated in Visna sheep. It was concluded that epitope mimicry was not evident in the pathogenesis of the encephalitic condition of Visna. Synovial antibody response to the envelope protein of CAEV has previously been shown to be important in the development of arthritis in CAEV infected goats. T ceil epitopes predicted from the surface protein of CAEV and their mimics identified by database searches did not evoke antibody or T cell responses from CAEV infected goats. It was found that the T cell responses of long term naturally infected goats to CAEV were slight and limited to 42% of goats. The antibody response of CAEV infected goats to the transmembrane (TM) protein was demonstrated to be strongest in arthritic goats. An antigenic portion of this protein was amplified, cloned, expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein (GST-TM) and used to show that arthritic goats recognised this region. Antibodies from several arthritic goats that were affinity purified against the GST-TM protein reacted with the native CAEV TM protein but they did not cross-react with goat or horse proteoglycan, or cultured and fresh synovial membrane cell lysates or synovial fluid. Database searches with the antigenic region of the TM revealed a similar sequence with a 70kDa heat shock protein from Trypanosomes but there was no antibody recognition of synthetic peptides corresponding to this region. It was concluded that the response to the TM though it may be important in the development of arthritis, was not cross-reactive hence epitope mimicry was not demonstrated clinically. From the computational based investigations it was clear that mimicry searching can reveal interesting sequence similarities but until the clinical immune response to these similar regions is determined, the pathogenic potential of the sequence similarity is not known. There are still short falls in computational approaches. The importance of finding the epitope and determining if there is a cross-reactive response clinically was considered crucial.
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Dungu-Kimbenga, B. "Study on the effects of a natural Maedi visna virus infection on sheep productivity". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25380.

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A cohort study was conducted in order to measure the effect of the chronic indurative lymphocytic mastitis caused by the South African strain ofMaedi visna virus (SA-OMVV) on the pre-weaning growth of lambs born of naturally infected and uninfected ewes kept under similar conditions. 50 naturally infected ewes and 40 controls from an MVV-free source were purchased and kept separately. All ewes were of the same breed - the Dorper¬and 3 to 4 years old. From the adaptation period, through mating, pregnancy and lactation periods they were monitored for MVV antibodies and managed under similar conditions. The lambs were weighed at birth and thereafter every two weeks until the age of 90 days, when they were weaned. The ewes were slaughtered, their udders examined histologically and the lesions were assessed by counting typical lymphocytic follicles. Although the observed values indicated a correlation between the number of follicles in the udder and the reduction in the growth rate of the lambs, this was not statistically significant. Similarly, despite higher counts of lymphoid follicles in the udder of sero-positive ewes as compared to sero-negatives and the observed lower ewe productivity indexes (EPI) in infected ewes, no statistically significant differences were found in the EPI of ewes in different follicle categories. The present study was a first attempt to evaluate the effect of the SA-OMVV infection on sheep productivity in South Africa.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2000.
Production Animal Studies
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Edwards, Jane C. "Investigation of disease associated prion protein in blood from sheep naturally infected with scrapie". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559024.

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Pfister, Riccardo E. (Riccardo Erennio) 1961. "Control of lung liquid throughout late gestation and labour". Monash University, Ritchie Centre for Baby Health Research, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9321.

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Stanton, James Brantly. "Identifying factors that enhance prion accumulation in cultured sheep microglial cells". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/j_stanton_082908.pdf.

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Libros sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

1

D, Aitken I., ed. Diseases of sheep. 4a ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

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Aitken, I. D., ed. Diseases of Sheep. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470753316.

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Fraser, Allan. Sheep husbandry and diseases. 6a ed. London: Collins Professional and Technical Books, 1987.

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Fraser, Allan. Sheep husbandry and diseases. 6a ed. Oxford: BSP, 1989.

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Hindson, J. C. Manual of sheep diseases. 2a ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, 2002.

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Fraser, Allan. Sheep husbandry and diseases. 6a ed. London: Collins Professional and Technical, 1987.

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Hindson, J. C. Manual of sheep diseases. 2a ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, 2002.

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Canada. Agriculture Canada. Sheep diseases in Canada. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada, 1986.

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Farquharson, Bruce. Sheep. Sydney South, NSW, [Australia]: University of Sydney, Post-Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, 1992.

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Kimberling, Cleon V. Raising healthy sheep. 2a ed. Seattle, WA: Christian Veterinary Mission, 2008.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

1

Keulen, L. J. M., B. E. C. Schreuder, M. E. W. Vromans, J. P. M. Langeveld y M. A. Smits. "Pathogenesis of natural scrapie in sheep". En Prion Diseases, 57–71. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6308-5_5.

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van Wieren, Sipke E. "18. Sheep mopping". En Ecology and Control of Vector-borne Diseases, 253–63. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-838-4_18.

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Fast, Christine y Martin H. Groschup. "Classical and Atypical Scrapie in Sheep and Goats". En Prions and Diseases, 15–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5338-3_2.

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Fast, Christine y Martin H. Groschup. "Classical and Atypical Scrapie in Sheep and Goats". En Prions and Diseases, 533–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20565-1_26.

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Gelaye, Esayas y Charles Euloge Lamien. "Sheep and Goat Pox". En Transboundary Animal Diseases in Sahelian Africa and Connected Regions, 289–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25385-1_14.

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Sharp, J. M. y K. W. Angus. "Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis: Studies on Its Aetiology". En Maedi-Visna and Related Diseases, 177–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1613-8_10.

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Whiting, Jericho C., Vernon C. Bleich, R. Terry Bowyer, Kezia Manlove y Kevin White. "Bighorn Sheep and Mountain Goats". En Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 759–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_22.

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AbstractBighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and to a lesser extent mountain goats (Oreamanos americanus), historically occupied much of the mountainous rangelands of western North America. Both ungulates inhabit rugged terrain and feed on grasses, forbs, and browse. Bighorn sheep and mountain goats are widely recognized for their consumptive and non-consumptive value. Indigenous peoples valued these species for cultural and subsistence purposes. Populations of these ungulates have declined since the latter part of the nineteenth century—for mountain goats, this decline has occurred particularly in the southern portion of their distribution. Historical declines have been attributed to unregulated harvest, habitat loss, competition with non-native ungulates, and disease contracted from domestic livestock. Regulated hunting has played an important role in the conservation of bighorn sheep, and recent reintroductions of these ungulates have bolstered current populations in rangelands of western North America. Although competition for habitat is minimal for bighorn sheep and mountain goats with domestic livestock (compared with other wild ruminants or feral equids), diseases of domestic sheep and domestic or exotic goats have long posed challenges to the conservation of bighorn sheep. In parts of their distributions, mountain goats and bighorn sheep are sympatric, and both species may encounter domestic livestock on grazing allotments on public or private rangelands. If management of bighorn sheep and mountain goats is the goal, spatial and temporal separation is recommended between these species and domestic sheep and goats; doing so will improve the conservation of populations of bighorn sheep and mountain goats and their habitat on rangelands of western North America.
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Hunter, N., W. Goldmann, E. Marshall y G. O’Neill. "Sheep and goats: natural and experimental TSEs and factors influencing incidence of disease". En Prion Diseases, 181–88. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6308-5_17.

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Sharp, J. M. y K. W. Angus. "Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis: Clinical, Pathological and Epidemiological Aspects". En Maedi-Visna and Related Diseases, 157–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1613-8_9.

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Broom, Donald M. "Welfare of sheep and goats." En Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 323–26. 6a ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0031.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

1

Zhulinska, O. S. "Mammary gland diseases study level in sheep of Ascanian selection". En Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �������� ������������ �������� ������ "������-����" - ������������ ����������-���������� ����� � ���������, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-70-72.

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Panova, D. S. y O. A. Panova. "EXPERIENCE OF SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK FARMS WITH PARASITOSIS". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.343-348.

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Parasitic diseases cause significant damage to livestock affecting the productivity and clinical condition of sheep and goats. The purpose of our research was to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of endoparasites in ruminants kept on a private livestock farm in the Moscow Region, and to develop and propose a scheme of therapeutic and preventive measures. Fifty five fecal samples were studied: 19 samples from cows (4 from calves, 15 from adults), 24 from goats (10 from goatlings, 14 from adults), 12 from sheep (all age groups were kept together). Fecal samples were taken individually from the cows and goats, and by a group method from the sheep. The samples were examined on the sampling day by the flotation method. The therapy was carried out on a group of goatlings with intense Eimeria spp. infection using toltrazuril at a dose of 15 mg/kg once daily for 3 consecutive days. The adult sheep and goats were given a combined preparation with praziquantel 15 mg and ivermectin 3 mg per 10 kg of animal weight, as a single dose. Fourteen days after helminth therapy, toltrazuril was prescribed at a dose of 15 mg/kg once a day for 2 consecutive days. Toltrazuril was administered individually, and the anthelmintic was chosen in the form of a suspension - it was given to the goats individually, and to the sheep by a group method in food. Fecal samples from the goatlings were examined on day 7 after the anticoccidial drug, and fecal samples from the adult animals were examined on day 14 after the anthelmintic therapy and on day 7 after the anticoccidial drug.
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Vasilevich, F. I., E. A. Nikolaeva y I. I. Tsepilova. "ENDOPARASITE FAUNA OF SMALL CATTLE IN SOME AREAS OF THE MOSCOW REGION". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.128-132.

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Significant economic damage is annually caused to agriculture by parasitic diseases of livestock animals. It is necessary to regular monitor the spread of endoparasites in small cattle on the territory of various subjects of the Russian Federation in order to subsequently improve control measures and ongoing therapeutic and preventive measures, as well as to detect resistance in various helminth species and genera to active ingredients of modern anthelmintics used. Research was carried out to study the endoparasite fauna of small cattle on the peasant farm and private subsidiary plots of the Podolsk, Voskresensk and Ramensk city districts of the Moscow Region. Feces were taken individually from each animal: 50 sheep, and goats (24 lactating goats and 9 baby goats kept together). Based on the studies, it was found that the sheep were infected with pathogens of gastrointestinal nematode infections as follows: 76% of the suborder Strongylata; 26%, the genus Nematodirus; 4%, the genus Trichocephalus spp.; 62%, protozoa of the genus Eimeria, and the milking and young goats by 87.8% pathogens of the suborder Strongylata and protozoa from the genus Eimeria (EI = 15.2%), which indicates a high infection rate of these pathogens in small cattle.
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Kurćubić, Vladimir, Marko Dmitrić, Saša Živković y Miloš Petrović. "Severe adverse impact of bovine viral diarrhea on cattle production: A comprehensive approach to control". En Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24020k.

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is caused by a pestivirus known as BVDV and is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle, with a huge economic impact worldwide. The most important source of infection are persistently infected (PI) and diseased cattle. In addition to cattle infection, BVDV infection has been diagnosed in sheep, goats, pigs and wild ruminants (roe deer, deer, bison), as reservoirs of the virus and sources of infection in cattle herds. The consequences of BVDV infections are abortions in pregnant animals, poor female conception, mummification and congenital malformations of fetuses, respiratory problems, transplacental infections and fetal death, neonatal and postnatal mortality, mucosal diseases, slowed growth and poorer performance of surviving animals. Hemorrhagic syndrome (with thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage) is caused exclusively by non-cytopathogenic (NCP) BVDV genotype 2, i.e. virulent strains. The basis of the control program is the prevention of intrauterine infection by identifying and removing PI animals from the cattle herd. The high prevalence of BVDV in cattle worldwide and in Serbia is a danger and causes extremely high economic losses, preventing international trade in breeding and fattening cattle with EU countries, primarily due to uneven approaches or lack of control programs. There are suggestions that the control of the disease in Serbia could be based on a voluntary BVDV eradication program at the herd level, based on four phases, which includes frequent diagnostic tests, removal of PI animals from the herd and introduction of strict biosecurity measures. Certification and register of herds with BVDV free status could be done through the Veterinary Administration.
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Musaev, M. B. y M. S. Khalikov. "METHOD FOR APPLICATION OF TRICLABENDAZOLE COMPLEX "TRICLAFASCID" FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF FASCIOLIASIS IN FARM ANIMALS". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.331-336.

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Among the most common and dangerous parasitic diseases of animals and humans is fascioliasis. The most effective against Fasciola is triclabendazole ("Fasinex 5.0%" suspension), imported by Siba-Geigi, which is practically not used in Russia due to its high cost. Considering the huge economic damage caused by fascioliasis, we have developed a new complex preparation using innovative mechanochemical technology based on the substance of triclabendazole "Triclafascid", which is 5 times more active than the substance of triclabendazole against fascioliasis. The drug is an intermolecular complex in the form of an easily flowing solid dispersed powder with a size of 0.1–10 microns. The drug is administered orally once to cattle and sheep for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for acute and chronic fascioliasis, to sheep at a therapeutic dose of 2.0 mg/kg and to cattle 2.5 mg/kg for the AI, respectively, and 20 and 25 mg /kg for the drug, once individually in the form of an aqueous solution. In case of mass deworming of animals, it is convenient to give the anthelmintic by a group method to 10–20 animals, mixed with mixed feed at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg for the AI (for the preparation 30 mg/kg).
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Movsesyan, S. O., R. A. Petrosyan, M. A. Nikogosyan, R. E. Barsegyan, N. B. Terenina, M. V. Voronin y M. V. Vardanyan. "BIODIVERSITY OF THE PARASITE FAUNA IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF ARMENIA AND THE LAKE SEVAN BASIN". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.306-311.

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The variety of parasite species, infection of domesticated animals (including cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, poultry, dogs and pigs), natural infection of biohelminths' intermediate hosts (including terrestrial and freshwater mollusks, soil oribatid mites) with helminth larvae, and the species composition of tick vectors of blood protozoan diseases have been studied. The studies found the infection of the above animals with the following helminth species: 4 trematode species Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Dicrocoelium lanceatum, Paramphistomum sp., 13 nematode species Ascaris suum, A. galli, Syngamus trachea, Capillaria caudinflata, Trichuris ovis, Tr. suis, Metastrongylus elongatus, Chabertia sp., Haemonchus sp., Protostrongylus spp., Muellerius capillaris, Dictyocaulus filaria, Cystocaulus nigrescens, 2 cestode species Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni; 9 eimeria species Eimeria arloingi, E. intricata, E. stidae, E. magna, E. perforans, E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. exigua; 3 Haemosporidia species Babesia bigeminum, B. ovis, and B. canis; and 1 Leishmania species Leishmania tropica. There were also detected 17 species of ticks, vectors of blood protozoan diseases of animals, and intermediate hosts of moniezia were isolated. Two species of terrestrial and 3 species of freshwater mollusks being as intermediate hosts of helminths were recorded.
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Callanan, Anthony, Michael Walsh y Tim McGloughlin. "The Effects on the Strength of UBM Extracellular Matrix Under Stent Loading: An Experimental and Numerical Study". En ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206892.

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Arterial diseases are a common cause of death in the western world. The last two decades has seen vast improvements in scanning, screening, prognosis and symptom recognition, resulting in a greater number of treatments. A common treatment procedure used is bypass grafting which currently utilize synthetic graft materials, internal thoracic artery, and autologous vein. These treatments are invasive surgical procedures and can have low patency. An alternative treatment for these conditions is endovascular surgery. However these devices have problems such as restenois, migration and stent fracture. Improved design and drug elution have been utilized to enhance the performance, with limited success. The application of Tissue engineering scaffolds to enhance device performance has had limited studies. A Number of studies have looked at Small Intestine Submucosa in stenting applications [1, 2]. One study implanted an ECM (SIS) stent-graft into 8 sheep. The study concluded that the ECM stent graft successfully treated simple and ruptured AAA’s. Another study investigated a stent graft arrangement in the femoral arteries of sheep. The study found that SIS coated stent preformed better than that of PTFE covered stent grafts.
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8

Dodson, Reuben Blair, Paul J. Rozance, Esther Reina-Romo, Virginia L. Ferguson y Kendall S. Hunter. "Hyperelastic Model of Collagen Fiber Orientation in the Fetal Growth Restricted Carotid Artery". En ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80256.

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication that is associated with hypertension in the developing fetal sheep [1]. Hypertension reduces arterial compliance, introducing health problems such as increased overall hydraulic impedance and cardiac workload [2, 3]. Both organ resistance and vascular compliance are critical factors in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [3–5] with IUGR infants showing high incidence of CVD as adults [6]. Changes in circulation and the associated intrinsic hemodynamic forces during critical gestation influence the formation of the vessels, creating stiffer, less compliant arteries. While IUGR vessels are significantly stiffer than controls, the structural remodeling in response to hypertension is not biochemically quantitative and is believed to be due to fiber alignment [7].
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9

Pimenov, I. A. "GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE FAUNA IN SMALL CATTLE IN THE EUROPEAN RUSSIA". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.322-327.

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Gastrointestinal nematodes of small cattle are common in all Russian regions and cause diseases that can have a pronounced negative effect on the animal body. In this regard, obtaining data on the species composition of nematodes dwelling in the digestive tract of small cattle in different regions of the European part of the Russian Federation is of great scientific and practical interest since it will allow for the right strategy to control them. The study material was collected in slaughterhouses in the Moscow Region where animals were delivered from the Oryol, Astrakhan and Moscow Regions, the Republic of Dagestan and the Stavropol Territory from January to October 2023. For helminthological dissections, we used kits of gastrointestinal tracts of the sheep and goats collected immediately after slaughter. Nematodes of the species Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta were found in all of the above Regions; nematodes of the species Haemonchus contortus were found in the Moscow and Astrakhan Regions as well as the Republic of Dagestan; and nematodes of the species Marshallagia marshalli were only found in the Astrakhan Region and the Republic of Dagestan. In addition to data on the species composition of gastrointestinal parasitic nematode fauna in small cattle, prevalence and infection intensity rates were determined in the above Regions of the European Russia.
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Gevorgyan, R. G. "EPIZOOTOLOGICAL SITUATION ON TOXOPLASMOSIS AMONG LIVESTOCK ANIMALS IN THE TAVUSH REGION OF ARMENIA". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.142-145.

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Toxoplasmosis occupies one of the first places in the world among all foodborne parasitic diseases, since it is recorded on all continents and can affect many species of mammals and birds. The causative agent of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, is the obligate zoonotic parasite that can be transmitted from animals to humans. The main sources of infection are soil contaminated with cat feces, poorly thermally processed meat, and transplacental route of transmission. There is scanty data available in Armenia to assess the role of livestock animals as a source of alimentary toxoplasmosis in humans. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to conduct a pilot study on the identification of seroprevalence in some livestock animals using the Tavush Region of Armenia as an example. An ELISA was used to screen 241 samples for the detection of total T. gondii antibodies in blood serum. As a result, 42 (17.4%) of all tested samples reacted positively including 23 (39%) samples from small cattle, 4 (28.6%) from pigs, and 15 (8.9%) from cattle. Thus, our data correlate with the data of a number of foreign authors with the prevailing proportion of seropositive sheep and pigs. To obtain a complete picture of toxoplasmosis among livestock animals, research in this direction should be continued.
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Informes sobre el tema "Sheep diseases"

1

Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler y Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, diciembre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.

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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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2

Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky y Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.
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Robbe-Austerman, Suelee y Daniel G. Morrical. Johne’s Disease Status of the McNay Sheep Flock. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2113.

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Schommer, Timothy J. y Melanie M. Woolever. A review of disease related conflicts between domestic sheep and goats and bighorn sheep. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-209.

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DeMartini, James C., Abraham Yaniv, Jonathan O. Carlson, Arnona Gazit, Leonard E. Pearson, Kalman Perk, J. K. Young, Noam Safran y A. Friedman. Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570553.bard.

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Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.
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Yogev, David, Ricardo Rosenbusch, Sharon Levisohn y Eitan Rapoport. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and its Application in Diagnosis and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, abril de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573073.bard.

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Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae are two phylogenetically related mycoplasmas which cause economically significant diseases in their respective bovine or small ruminant hosts. These organisms cause persistent asymptomatic infections that can result in severe outbreaks upon introduction of carrier animals into susceptible herds. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying mycoplasma-host interaction, variation in virulence, or of the factors enabling avoidance of the host immune system. In recent years it has become apparent that the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to rapidly alter surface antigenic structures and to fine tune their antigenicity, a phenomena called antigenic variation, is one of the most effective strategies used to escape immune destruction and to establish chronic infections. Our discovery of a novel genetic system, mediating antigenic variation in M. bovis (vsp) as well as in M. agalactiae (avg) served as a starting point for our proposal which included the following objectives: (i) Molecular and functional characterization of the variable surface lipoproteins (Vsp) system of M. bovis and comparison with the Vsp-counterpart in M. agalactiae (ii) Determination of the role of Vsp proteins in the survival of M. bovis when confronted by host defense factors, (iii) Assessment of Vsp-based genetic and antigenic typing of M. bovis and M. agalactiae for epidemiology of infection and (iv) Improvement of diagnostic tests for M. bovis and M. agalactiae based on the vsp-and vsp-analogous systems. We have carried out an extensive molecular characterization of the vsp system and unravelled the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of surface antigenic variation in M. bovis. Our data clearly demonstrated that the two pathogenic mycoplasma species possess large gene families encoding variable lipoprotein antigens that apparently play an important role in immune evasion and in pathogen-host interaction during infection. Phase variable production of these antigens was found to be mediated by a novel molecular mechanism utilizing double site-specific DNA inversions via an intermediate vsp configuration. Studies in model systems indicate that phase variation of VspA is relevant in interaction between M. bovis and macrophages or monocytes, a crucial stage in pathogenesis. Using an ELISA test with captured VspA as an antigen, phase variation was shown to occur in vivo and under field conditions. Genomic rearrangements in the avg gene family of M. agalactiae were shown to occur in vivo and may well have a role in evasion of host defences and establishment of chronic infection. An epidemiological study indicated that patterns of vsp-related antigenic variation diverge rapidly in an M. bovis infected herd. Marked divergence was also found with avg-based genomic typing of M. agalactiae in chronically infected sheep. However, avg-genomic fingerprints were found to be relatively homogeneous in different animals during acute stages of an outbreak of Contagious Agalactiae, and differ between unrelated outbreaks. These data support the concept of vsp-based genomic typing but indicate the necessity for further refinement of the methodology. The molecular knowledge on these surface antigens and their encoding genes provides the basis for generating specific recombinant tools and serological methods for serodiagnosis and epidemiological purposes. Utilization of these methods in the field may allow differentiating acutely infected herds from chronic herds and disease-free herds. In addition the highly immunogenic nature of these lipoproteins may facilitate the design of protective vaccine against mycoplasma infections.
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7

Fillipin, Federico, Pamela Seron y Ruvistay Gutierrez-Arias. Effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs to prevent cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. An overview of systematic reviews. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0057.

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Review question / Objective: To determine effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs to prevent different dementia subtypes such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Condition being studied: Dementia is a global health burden, with the number of affected individuals increasing. A recent meta-analysis reported that the prevalence of all-type dementia was 697 per 10,000 people and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease was 324 per 10,000 people. The SHEP and SYST-EUR were the two first randomized controlled trials to show that hypertension treatment reduces dementia risk.
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8

Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho y Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, noviembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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9

McDonald, Geral I., Philip D. Tanimoto, Thomas M. Rice, David E. Hall, Jane E. Stewart, Paul J. Zambino, Jonalea R. Tonn, Ned B. Klopfenstein y Mee-Sook Kim. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; environmental consequences fact sheet 13: Root Disease Analyzer-Armillaria Response Tool (ART). Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-23-v13.

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