Tesis sobre el tema "Sexuele repressie"

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This dissertation seeks to analyze the socio-spatial dynamics of prostitution in the city of Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, in its earliest manifestations, in specific moments, and at present, at another time, and alterations in the forms, functions, structures and processes of this activity, here understood as an economic activity. Part of the overall scale of the sex industry in a globalized world, of international trafficking of people, and the forms of organization of this activity in the city of São Paulo, to give a more precise cut of this activity on the scale of Francisco Beltrão. It attempts to analyze the explosive mix of sex, money and prejudices just as a socioeconomic activity in the light of the categories of Economic Geography.
Este trabalho busca analisar a dinâmica sócio-espacial da prostituição no município de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, em suas primeiras manifestações, num momento, e na atualidade, em outro momento, e as modificações ocorridas nas formas, funções, estruturas e processos dessa atividade, aqui entendida como atividade econômica. Parte da escala geral da indústria do sexo no mundo globalizado, do tráfico internacional de pessoas, das formas de organização dessa atividade na cidade de São Paulo, para dar um recorte mais preciso dessa atividade na escala do Município. Tenta analisar a explosiva mistura de sexo, dinheiro e preconceitos apenas como uma atividade sócio-econômica, à luz das categorias da Geografia Econômica.

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The research aimed to study the novel Crônica da casa assassinada (1959), by Lúcio Cardoso. Its focus is Meneses’ family, a patriarchal family, once aristocratic, found in financial and moral decay at the moment of the narrative. The present work will explore time and space in the narrative, the patriarchal family, gender issues and the role of women in that historical context, modern and postmodern aspects of the novel. In the theoretical part we had the support of Pierre Bourdieu, Judith Butler, Zygmunt Bauman, Regina Dalcastagnè, among others that constitute fundamental parts of this research. Through analysis and theoretical support it was observed how the patriarchal family constituted itself and how the patriarch influenced the lives of all who surrounded him. In the theoretical-literary part we verify how the novel was shaped and some aspects of the author's writing.
A pesquisa objetivou estudar o romance Crônica da casa assassinada (1959), de Lúcio Cardoso. Seu foco é a família Meneses, uma família patriarcal, outrora aristocrática que se encontra em decadência financeira e moral no momento da narrativa. O presente trabalho explorará o tempo e o espaço na narrativa, a família patriarcal, questões de gêneros e o papel da mulher naquele contexto histórico, aspectos modernos e pós-modernos do romance. Na parte teórica tivemos o apoio de Pierre Bourdieu, Judith Butler, Zygmunt Bauman, Regina Dalcastagnè, dentre outros que constituem partes fundamentais desta pesquisa. Por meio da análise e do apoio teórico observou-se como a família patriarcal se constituía e como o patriarca influenciava na vida de todos que o cercavam. Na parte teórico-literária verificamos como o romance foi moldado e alguns aspectos da escrita do autor.

Cette etude est centree sur les modalites de repression des violences sexuelles au xixe siecle en france. Elle etudie l'evolution de la legislation a travers trois incriminations : viol, attentat a la pudeur avec violence (1810) et sans violence (1832). A partir de donnees statistiques (de la cour d'appel d'angers) et des discours contenus dans les dossiers mayennais d'assises et les ouvrages de medecine legale, elle montre la realite, la variete des actes denonces et les representations concernant les differentes violences sexuelles. Les criteres definissant le viol et le recours a l'expertise medico-legale font du viol des adultes, un crime rarement reprime. Le xixe siecle apparait comme celui de la protection de l'enfance (la notion de pedophilie est alors en construction). En revanche, les filles des l'age de 15 ans et les femmes sont considerees par ce systeme comme responsables de ce qui leur arrive : leur reputation et leur honneur en dependent. L'accuse nie le plus souvent et denonce une calomnie. La procedure judiciaire assigne des la plainte a chacun son role : victime et agresseur. Cependant, les enquetes font le tri. Les reputations et l'expertise medico-legale entrainent non lieu et acquittement. La repression se durcit a la fin du siecle par le pourcentage des accuses condamnes et l'allongement des peines prononcees, mais la repression frappe les violences contre les enfants : le viol sur adulte est peu reconnu.

SOUSA, Maria da Glória Ferreira de. Traços da culpa: estudo comparativo e gendrado da repressão feminina em Lucíola, de José de Alencar. 2016. 165f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2016.
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There are several means by which repression against female sex, so pungent in many moments of human trajectory, is demonstrated in literature, being the guilty conscience one of the oldest ways these representations take and perhaps the most tragical. Admitting the importance of this feeling as the main basis for delineation of Lúcia’s story, from José de Alencar’s novel, Lucíola, this work aims to answer how the social and cultural factors, specially gender inequalities and their consequent dual morality standard, are articulated so that it results in the protagonist’s repression by herself. It is divided in four chapters. The first intends to verify how some of the historical female domination processes took their forms, including there symbolic domination that sees guilty as one of its most effective instruments. Also, some psychosocial aspects of this feeling and how it transfigures in prostitute’s stigmatization promoted by themselves will be analysed. In the second chapter, Romanticism is focused. It examines the importance of this movement in the crystallization of patterns that limited even more female sex as well as the place José de Alencar holds in this context with his singular protagonists – these ones formed with dense psychological bagagge. In the third chapter, the analysis of Lúcia’s sense of guilt take shape with specific attention to Christianity’s blaming methods and their assimilation by Maria da Glória. The fourth chapter, finally, reveals the way Maria’s sense of guilt results in Lúcia’s conception and, from a psychoanalytic and gendered perspective, studies the mechanisms involved in the development of this feeling, just like its consequences, all this ruled by observations of nineteenth century woman’s idealization that contributed to sinuosities of relation female/guilt. To the accomplishment of these studies some authors were essencial, like Pierre Bourdieu (2014), Thomas Bonnicci (2007), Jonathan Culler (1999), François Furet (1999), Heinrich Heine (1991), Antônio Cândido (2006), but mainly, Freud (2011), Nietzsche (2009) and theorizations of Alencar himself, always having in mind a better contribution to the studies of different roles both sexes represent in literature and the processes of symbolic domination that have as their goal the achievement of these gaps – namely the process of guilt internalization.
São muitas as maneiras pelas quais a repressão sobre o sexo feminino, tão pungente em vários momentos da trajetória humana, se evidencia na literatura, sendo a consciência de culpa uma das formas mais antigas e, por que não dizer, mais trágicas que tomam essas representações. Admitindo como base a importância desse sentimento para o delineamento da história da personagem Lúcia, do romance alencarino Lucíola, este trabalho visa a responder de que maneira fatores sociais e culturais, em especial as desigualdades de gênero e o consequente duplo padrão de moralidade, se articulam, resultando na autorrepressão da referida protagonista. Está dividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, tenciona-se verificar como se deram alguns dos processos históricos de dominação do feminino, incluindo-se aí a dominação simbólica que vê na culpa um de seus mais efetivos instrumentos, além de aspectos psicossociais desse sentimento e como ele se transfigura na autoestigmatização da figura da prostituta. No segundo capítulo, o Romantismo ganha foco. Apura-se a importância desse movimento na cristalização de padrões que limitaram ainda mais o feminino, assim como o lugar que José de Alencar ocupa em tal contexto com suas protagonistas singulares e de densas cargas psicológicas. No terceiro capítulo, as análises do engendramento da culpa de Lúcia ganham corpo, com especial atenção a todo o processo de culpabilização veiculado pelo Cristianismo e a assimilação dessa culpa por Maria da Glória. O quarto capítulo, por fim, expõe de que modo a culpa de Maria resultará na própria concepção e Lúcia e, sob uma perspectiva psicanalítica e gendrada, analisa os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento desse sentimento, assim como suas implicações, tudo isso pautando-se sobre observações dos parâmetros de idealização da mulher oitocentista que contribuíram para a sinuosidade da relação feminino/culpa. Para a efetivação desses estudos, recorremos, dentre outros autores, a Pierre Bourdieu (2014), Thomas Bonnicci (2007), Jonathan Culler (1999), François Furet (1999), Heinrich Heine (1991), Antônio Cândido (2006), mas, sobretudo, a Freud (2011), a Nietzsche (2009) e às teorizações do próprio Alencar, sempre tendo em vista uma maior contribuição para os estudos dos lugares diferenciados que os sexos têm representado na literatura e dos processos de dominação simbólica que objetivam a concretização dessas diferenças – nomeadamente o processo de internalização da culpa.

Depuis environ vingt-sept ans, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est en proie aux conflits armés qui se poursuivent actuellement dans l'Est de ce pays. On y compte plusieurs milliers de morts et de femmes et filles violées. Ces dernières ont subi des préjudices divers et exceptionnels causés par les actes de violences sexuelles, amplifiés par la stigmatisation et l'ostracisation sociale.Nonobstant l'existence d'un cadre juridique national et international progressiste, l'impunité persiste. Les victimes n'ont toujours pas accès au droit à réparation. Le système judiciaire national dysfonctionnel, conforté par les principes du droit pénal et du droit à réparation classiques en vigueur, se révèle la faiblesse de la réponse nationale aux crimes internationaux en cause.Dans le cadre de la relance de la justice transitionnelle, les réponses nationales de justice pénale et de réparation s'inscrivant dans l'approche classique apparaissent inadaptées au contexte national et international.Au travers d'une approche globale sui generis de prise en charge des crimes internationaux centrée sur l'affirmation de l'autonomie des violences sexuelles utilisées comme arme de guerre en RDC, émerge un mécanisme de justice transitionnelle à visée judiciaire et extrajudiciaire.Dans un contexte géopolitique contrasté par le désengagement des Nations Unies ou de l'effritement de la responsabilité internationale, la perspective d'un modèle de mécanisme judiciaire construit selon l'approche crescendo d'internationalisation ou de dénationalisation de la compétence concurrente entre les juridictions nationales (les Chambres Judiciaires Spécialisées) et le Tribunal Pénal Spécial pour la RDC, juridiction internationale, constitue l'innovation de la présente thèse
For approximately 27 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been plagued by armed conflicts, currently persisting in the eastern part of the country. Thousands have lost their lives, and women and girls have endured various and exceptional harms from sexual violence, compounded by stigma and social ostracization. Despite progressive national and international legal frameworks, impunity persists, denying victims access to the right to redress. The dysfunctional national judicial system, guided by conventional criminal and reparative principles, reveals the weakness of the domestic response to the implicated international crimes. In the context of transitional justice revival, traditional national approaches to criminal justice and reparations prove inadequate in the dual national and international setting. A unique comprehensive approach addressing international crimes, focusing on the autonomy of sexual violence as a weapon of war in the DRC, gives rise to a transitional justice mechanism encompassing both judicial and extrajudicial aspects. In a geopolitical landscape marked by UN disengagement and the erosion of international responsibility, the prospect of a judicial mechanism constructed with a crescendo approach to the internationalization or denationalization of concurrent jurisdiction between national courts (Judicial Special Chambers) and the Special Criminal Court for the DRC, an international tribunal, constitutes the innovation of this thesis

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, 2011.
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Este trabalho faz uma leitura analítica da representação da repressão sexual tendo como foco sua transmissão de mãe para filha na literatura nas obras Verão no Aquário, O Espartilho e As Meninas de Lygia Fagundes Telles. Considerando a literatura como uma prática social podemos assim analisar como a repressão sexual é praticada pela mãe e como se manifesta a reação por parte das filhas. Considerando essa relação uma relação deficiente quanto ao estabelecimento de fronteiras identitárias, pois mães e filhas estão intimamente ligadas devido aos papéis sociais que atrelam a identidade da mulher à maternidade. A situação entre mãe e filha é também, uma das razões pelas quais a transmissão da repressão sexual se dá de forma inconsciente e se reproduz até os dias de hoje. As teorias sociais, de gênero e psicanalíticas dão suporte para analisar como essas relações são estabelecidas no meio social e familiar, no nível individual e social, que aparecem testemunhadas através da criação literária feminina. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This dissertation attemps an analytical reading of sexual repression, focusing on the transmission from mother to daughter in the literature, more specifically in Verão no Aquário, O Espartilho and As Meninas, by Lygia Fagundes Telles. It is relevant to take into account how sexual repression is put into practice by the mother, and how the reactions of the daughter manifests itself. Taking into account that this is a troubled relationship, when it comes to the establishment of identitary frontiers, since mothers and daughters are intimately connected due to women social roles that bind their identiy to motherhood. This intimate relationshiop is why the transmission of sexual repression happens at an inconscious level, and is reproduced until these days. Social, psychoanalytical and gender theories give support to the study on how these relationships are established in the social and familial milieu, at the individual as well as at the social level, and are shown through women's writings.

La sexualité est arrivée au statut d’objet scientifique à la suite des découvertes psychanalytiques. L’élargissement du sexuel avec Freud par la théorie de la libido a permis une investigation beaucoup plus large et complète de la sexualité, la faisant apparaître comme un phénomène de totalité. Les sciences sociales n’ont pourtant pas nécessairement intégré cet élargissement dans leurs théorisations sur la sexualité livrant une définition de celle-ci selon leurs paradigmes et cadres interprétatifs disciplinaires. De même, la politisation de la sexualité a dans un premier temps interpréter la question de la libido freudienne dans une utopie critique, celle de la libération sexuelle de Mai 68. Dans un second temps, elle a idéologisé et partialisé la question sexuelle en orientant les débats sur les questions des minorités sexuelles. La démarche critique adoptée dans cette thèse permet de montrer en quoi la sexualité en tant qu’objet est l’analyseur des sexualités concrètes. La sexualité est une force originaire au fondement de la subjectivité, de l’intersubjectivité et des formations sociales. Elle ne peut donc être conceptualisée de façon réductrice. Cette complexité est nécessairement polémique car elle comprend des enjeux épistémologiques, politiques, mais aussi éthiques, praxéologiques et métaphysiques
Sexuality become a scientific object following psychoanalysic discoveries. The extension of sexuality by Freud with the libido theory allow more complete and broader investigation of sexuality, showing it as a phenomenon of totality. Social sciences however did not insert this enlargement into their theorizings on the sexuality delivering a definition of this one according to their paradigms and disciplinary interpretative frames. Also, the politicization of sexuality has at first interpreted the question of freudian libido in a critical utopia, that of the sexual liberation of Mai 68. In second time, it has ideologised ans partialised the sexual question by orientating the debate on the sexual minorites questions. Critical step adopted in this thesis allows to show that sexuality as object is the analyser of concrete sexualities. Sexuality is a native force in the foundation of subjectivity, intersubjectivity and social trainings. Sexuality can’t be conceptualised in a reductionnist way. This complicacy is necessarily polemical because it consists in epistemological and political stakes, but also in ethical, praxeological and metaphysical stakes

L’examen de l’espace militant en Turquie à travers quatre mouvements contestataires sur la base du genre, de l’orientation sexuelle ou de l’appartenance ethnique, montre que les contextes conflictuels et repressifs peuvent créer les possibilités d’émergence de nouveaux mouvements contestataires et leur convergence. Ces mouvements, malgré leurs divergences, interdépendants dans la complexité de leurs dynamiques, se rejoignent dans le même cycle de contestation, germé dans les années 1980, maturé et émergé autour de 1990, qui devient l’acteur de la déconstruction d’un monopole idéologique, organisationnel et politique dans l’espace militant. L’interdépendance de ces mouvements, avec de multiples facteurs, favorise leurs convergences et leurs interactions qui dépendent aussi de leurs lignes de fractures et de dissociation, relatifs à la structuration interne des rapports sociaux, à leurs diverses modalités de hiérarchies organisationnelles. Ces conflits créent des freins aux innovations des organisations mais grâce au maintien de leurs alliances, ils provoquent des transformations par des luttes internes et renforcent les rapprochements des communautés autour de ces mouvements. Dans la complexité de ce processus entre interdépendances, tensions et influences réciproques, le nouveau cycle de contestation naît comme une pluralité de relations, à partir des années 2010, dans un espace intermédiaire où les concepts et les répertoires, les idées, les expériences voyagent
This study of Turkish activism, focussing on four protest mouvements based on gender, sexual orientation or ethnicity, shows that a repressive context can actually open up possibilities for the emergence of new protest mouvements as well as for their coalescences. Despite their differences, these movements are still interdependent in their dynamics and complexity, and belong to the same cycle of contention, which was born in the eighties and matured in the nineties when it became a powerful agent in the deconstruction of the ideological, organizational, and political monopoly of the militant space. The interdependenceof these mouvements, based on several factors, promotes their convergence and their interactions, which also depend on their cleavages, relative to the internal structure of social relations and to various forms of their organizational hierarchies. These conflicts are slowing down renewal and the innovation process within these organisations. Thanks to the sustained alliances, though, they cause internal disputes that bring transformation and reinforce the concord of communities around these mouvements. From the complexities of this process between interdependence, tensions and mutual influences, a new cycle of contention arises in 2010, in the form of a multiplicity of relations within an intermediate space where concepts, repertoires, ideas and experiences are in mouvement

Ce travail de recherche est une généalogie de la notion de " désir sexuel " telle qu'elle fut conçue dans le christianisme antique du IIIe au Ve siècle. À partir de la distinction entre deux anthropologies concurrentes, nous cherchons à reconstituer les modalités selon lesquelles ce désir a été pensé comme une pulsion irrésistible. Nous nous inscrivons donc dans la tradition des études de genre puisque nous posons la question de savoir s'il existe, au fondement des catégorisations sociales et des modes de légitimation du pouvoir, une forme de naturalité irréductible. Notre objectif est de mettre en évidence, d'une part, en quoi l'idée de désir naturel est une forme de problématisation contingente du désir sexuel et, d'autre, part, les conséquences de cette façon de penser. Entre le IIIe et le Ve siècle, les auteurs chrétiens s'opposent en ce qui concerne la question des capacités humaines. Pour les " perfectionnistes ", l'homme est capable d'accéder par ses propres forces à la perfection. Par conséquent, le " monde " est pensé par eux comme un ensemble de liens qui entravent l'itinéraire spirituel du sujet. La solitude du " désert " apparaît alors dans ce cadre problématique comme un moyen d'accéder à la liberté. Au contraire, pour les " défaillantistes ", l'homme est par nature infirme, si bien que la perfection est conçue non plus comme ce à quoi il peut lui-même accéder, mais comme un don de Dieu. En soulignant que l'homme n'est pas le maître dans sa propre maison puisqu'il ne peut maîtriser sa libido, Augustin montre que sa libération n'est envisageable qu'au prix de sa soumission à des institutions coercitives ayant pour fonction de compenser sa faiblesse. Proposant une forme originale de problématisation de la nature humaine en naturalisant la pulsion sexuelle, le défaillantisme chrétien permet donc de justifier la soumission des hommes. En faisant la généalogie du désir sexuel, ce travail s'emploie à montrer que la liberté ne requiert pas seulement une critique de l'idée de répression, mais une remise en cause plus fondamentale du modèle naturaliste de la pulsion.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Curriculum, Teaching, and Educational Policy, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 23, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-142). Also issued in print.

Dissociation is commonly associated with sexual crimes or other forms of trauma where a person experienced a threat to the existence or survival of the self. During dissociation the ego may split in such a way that ego-states (subselves or segments of the greater personality) form to encapsulate feelings of guilt, pain, fear, and anger. If dissociation is severe, sufferers will have no conscious recollection of the sexual trauma as it is deeply repressed in the subconscious. This may result in symptoms/pathology later in life. Research indicated that hypnosis (due to its dissociative nature) is favourable as treatment modality for pathology/symptomatology associated with trauma and dissociation. This research study investigates the development of ego-states during experiences of sexual trauma and hypnosis (especially Medical Hypno-analysis and Ego-State Therapy) as effective treatment modality within the field of psycho-education. It proposes a hypnotherapy model where the diagnostic tools as indicated by the Medical Hypno-analysis model, are being used to determine the existence of repressed memories related to sexual trauma. The therapeutic processes as indicated by the Ego-State Therapy model, are being used to resolve and work through the core repressed traumatic experiences through the mobilization of associated and related ego-states. This study presents four case studies and discusses their clinical diagnostic procedures and therapeutic processes. The case studies illustrate that certain symptomatology/pathology experienced later in life may be the result of repressed memories and the formation of maladapted ego-states earlier in life when sexual trauma was experienced. Highly charged emotional and negative beliefs were set in the ego-states and could only be disarmed from their destructive content through regressions and hypnotherapy. A detailed discussion of the proposed hypnotherapy model and its application and concerns regarding its application within the field of psycho-education are also presented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed hypnotherapy model (the combination of Medical Hypno-analysis and Ego-State Therapy) can be used effectively and successfully when working with survivors and symptomatology/pathology associated with sexual crimes.
Educational Studies
D. Ed.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
英語學系
106
Doris Lessing’s legendary life, observant personality, and the recipient of a host of international awards, all make her first work of The Grass Is Singing my source material. Throughout the novel, the story is seen through the eyes of this composed observer, unfolding twisted and complicated connections between apartheid and sexuality as well as between the color bar and the gender line. This thesis aims to explore four issues of sexual repression, illicit love affairs, patriarchal power, and female emancipation in Lessing’s novel. After Introduction in Chapter One, my thesis consists of three main chapters and Conclusion. The three main chapters of the thesis, taken together, are interdependent and complementary to one another. Chapter Two is dedicated to take a closer look at Freud’s theories. In Chapter Three, I attempt to use Freud’s three books and theories to probe Mary’s sexual repression and her illicit love affairs with Moses. Chapter Four, I explain Freud’s theories and patriarchal power to readers. And then, I focus on two aspects of women’s rights and female emancipation. Chapter Five draws some conclusions from our discussions mentioned above. Women today would not enjoy the benefits they get if it wasn’t for our foremothers in the good fight for equal rights. We should show great reverence for their contribution to us. I hope through my thesis, those who have often been excluded in society or often been seen as objects can air their grievances, so that they are no longer denied access to discourses related to power and status.

Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree in Community Psychology in the Department of Psychology, University of Zululand, 2003.
"To penetrate the mysteries, to bless with good conscience, to be great yet empty, to return to stillness and be forgiven, to do good deeds and help people reach the other shore — these are the great benefits of our path of cultivation. To calm people in stormy times, to help them understand the nature of things, to maintain purity, to nourish all things, to respect all life, and to answer the needs of those whose beliefs come from the heart — The sun rises, the darkness is banished; and we are witness to true wonder" (The Religion of Light, 1005). Research in the area of clerical paedophilia in the Catholic Church initially focused on managing the problem at the level of treatment intervention, with treatment centres run by religious orders in the UK and USA. Protocols have been developed worldwide to deal with reports or complaints against Catholic clergy who have allegedly interfered sexually with a child. Yet consideration and evaluation of this intervention clearly highlights the 'after the fact' nature of intervention. Leaders of the Catholic Church are certainly aware of the need for the prevention of mental ill-health, and the promotion of mental health in their ranks. However, it is the negative and vast publicity given to child molestation, and the immediate damage inflicted on the Catholic Church, that has resulted in a 'mop-up operation' rather than an exploration of causes and interventions aimed at prevention and the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. Recently, however, psychologists and philosophers, who have been called on to evaluate the problem in the USA, the UK, Southern Africa, and Australia, have been asking questions such as: Why does this happen in the Catholic Church? Or, more to the point, what needs to be done about it? My guiding hypothesis for the research was: Do Catholic priests constitute a high-risk category for mental ill-health? As regards the second question — what is to be done? — I propose the establishment of a Community Health Centre for Catholic clergy. My research addresses both questions. As regards the first question, the evidence — gathered through interviews and workshops over a period of eight years — points to the conclusion that paedophilia is not purely a problem of intra-psychic factors but also a symptom of the closed and isolated nature of the Catholic institution, whose structures both attract and give life to, otherwise possibly latent pathology. In addition, many priests — young and old — feel unheard and misunderstood, and perceive themselves to have been inadequately trained and poorly supported and managed. It is possible that, combining both intra-psychic repression and institutional suppression, the potential for a disaster such as the crisis the Catholic Church faces today, is created. The community of Catholic priests is perhaps not conceptualized, nor cared for, as a community of male human beings. It is precisely a working model of this community care for Catholic priests, that is being explored in this thesis. This thesis presents a working model - or a work in progress — where any assessment is related to healing and therapeutic intervention, in intentionality and orientation.

O presente trabalho tem como tema central o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual e foi construído com o objetivo de melhor conhecer o desenvolvimento da investigação criminal sobre esse fenômeno no Brasil e em Portugal. O crime de tráfico de pessoas é visto como um dos mais danosos e lucrativos hoje praticados. Não obstante, a sua repressão penal é considerada insuficiente de acordo com os dados divulgados pelo Escritório das Nações Unidas contra Drogas e Crimes (UNODC, 2018). Essa constatação repete-se em Portugal e no Brasil, segundo estatísticas fornecidas pelos órgãos de polícia criminal competentes dos dois países, bem como números de ações penais e condenações pela Justiça. Tendo-se em conta as estimativas de que o tráfico internacional de pessoas tem aumentado nas últimas décadas em virtude de fatores como globalização econômica, crescimento dos fluxos de migrações internacionais, presença de organizações criminosas em países menos desenvolvidos, dentre outros, questiona-se por que a repressão a esse fenômeno criminoso não se apresenta de maneira verdadeiramente significativa. Partindo do conhecimento sobre o tráfico de pessoas para exploração sexual, em sua concepção jurídica e sociológica, cuidamos de analisar sua relação com as migrações internacionais, sua evolução histórica e os principais elementos constitutivos do delito segundo parâmetros do Protocolo Adicional à Convenção das Nações Unidas contra a Criminalidade Organizada Transnacional Relativo à Prevenção, à Repressão e à Punição do Tráfico de Pessoas, em Especial Mulheres e Crianças. Passamos, então, a analisar a incorporação dessa figura típica na legislação brasileira e portuguesa, e, na sequência, adentramos no estudo da investigação criminal do tráfico de pessoas. No intento de conhecer e analisar como se desenvolve essa investigação em ambos os países citados, colhemos dados empíricos junto aos órgãos de polícia criminal competentes no Brasil e em Portugal para investigar criminalmente o tráfico de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual, assim como analisamos decisões proferidas por tribunais brasileiros e portugueses sobre casos concretos já investigados. O resultado é que, não obstante reconheçam-se esforços por parte dos dois países quanto ao enfrentamento ao crime de tráfico de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual, muito há que ser feito para se alcançar maior eficiência na repressão a esse fenômeno criminoso.
The present work has as its central theme the international trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation and was built in order to better understand the development of criminal investigation of this phenomenon in Brazil and Portugal. The crime of human trafficking is seen as one of the most damaging and lucrative crimes committed today. However, its criminal repression is considered insufficient according to data released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC, 2018). This finding is repeated in Portugal and Brazil, according to statistics provided by the competent criminal police bodies of both countries, as well as numbers of criminal actions and convictions by the courts. Given the estimates that international trafficking in persons has increased in recent decades, due to factors such as economic globalization, growing international migration flows, the presence of criminal organizations in less developed countries, among others, it is questioned why the repression of this criminal phenomenon is not truly significant. Based on the knowledge of trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation, in its legal and sociological conception, we take care to analyze its relationship with international migration, its historical evolution and the main constitutive elements of the crime according to the parameters of the Additional Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime to the Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. We then proceeded to analyze the incorporation of this crime into Brazilian and Portuguese legislation, and then we went into the study of the criminal investigation of human trafficking. In order to know and access how this investigation is carried out in both countries, we collected empirical data from the competent criminal police agencies in Brazil and Portugal to criminally investigate trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, as well as to analyze decisions made. by Brazilian and Portuguese courts on specific cases already investigated. The result is that while efforts are being made by both countries to address the crime of trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation, much more needs to be done to achieve greater efficiency in the suppression of this criminal phenomenon.

Text in English, with abstracts and keywords in English and Xhosa
The study delves into traumatic memories rooted in the unconscious mind and the modalities of expression of traumatic memories of childhood. Specific reference is made to the trauma studies of Cathy Caruth and Bessel van der Kolk. Using a framework of contemporary trauma theory, I argue that trauma manifests through childhood sexual abuse (CSA) manifests in trauma and that a number of artworks by myself, Penny Siopis and Nathani Lüneberg, reflect such trauma. The research is conducted as practice-led research and focuses on interpretations of selected artworks as well as a theoretical component. The body of large-scale digital paintings plays a significant role in the research process, which implies that theory leads practice and vice versa. The work encompasses the visual exploration of CSA and it is specifically analysed according to my interpretation of symbols such as the naked female body and intimate scenes which illustrate, vulnerabilty, curtains that metaphorically represent a view into my unconscious mind. The symbol of the uterus or the womb, where a foetus or unborn baby develops and grows, is a symbol of nurturing and protection. The artworks are primarily considered according to notions of CSA that cause betrayal and traumatic associations with sex, angst and psychological fragility in children. The exhibition portrays the psychobiological and psyhoanalytical aspects of childhood trauma resulting from CSA. The creative work consists of four digital paintings and seven photographic artworks. The artworks in The Silent Wound Series portray CSA, childhood trauma, and traumatic memories in the unconscious. Dealing with the understanding and representation of childhood trauma such as CSA, these themes are continuously embodied in my artworks. As the portrayal of the fragile girl child’s body as a signifier in the artworks relates to my personal situation, I choose an empathic view of childhood trauma within the study, portraying traumatic events and the memories thereof in the unconscious. The aim of the study is to recognise how digital painting and photography enable the representation and understanding of CSA and traumatic memories and how the silenced and abused child’s voice can be expressed through the affective and transactive quality of art. The main study objective is to investigate if traumatic memories occur in victims of CSA.
Uphononongo lungena nzulu kwiinkumbulo ezoyikisayo ezendele kwingqondo eleleyo kunye neendlela zokubonisa iinkumbulo ezibuhlungu zobuntwana. Ngokukhethekileyo kujoliswe kuphando olwenziwe kwizifundo zomothuko zikaCathy Caruth noBessel van der Kolk. Ndisebenzisa isakhelo sethiyori yanamhlanje, ndivakalisa ukuba umothuko wokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ebuntwaneni (i-CSA) bubonakala kuloyiko kwaye eminye yemisebenzi yam yobugcisa, uPenny Siopis kunye noNathani Lüneberg, ibonisa uloyiko olunjalo. Uphando lwenziwa njengophando olukhokelwa kukuziqhelanisa kwaye lujolise kutoliko lwemisebenzi yobugcisa ekhethiweyo kunye nenxalenye yethiyori. Uvimba wemizobo emikhulu yedijithali idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophando, oko kuthetha ukuba ithiyori ikhokelela ekusebenzeni kwaye nangokuphendulelekileyo. Umsebenzi uquka uphando olubonakalayo kwe-CSA kwaye ucazululwa ngokukodwa ngokokutolika kwam iisimboli ezinje ngomzimba wabasetyhini ehamba ze kunye nemiboniso esondeleleneyo ebonisa, ukuba sesichengeni, iikhethini ngokukwekwayo ezimele imbono kwingqondo yam eleleyo. Uphawu lwesibeleko okanye isibeleko, apho umbungu okanye usana olungekazalwa lukhula khona kwaye lukhule, siluphawu lokondla nokukhusela. Imisebenzi yobugcisa iqwalaselwa ikakhulu ngokwemibono ye-CSA ebangela ukungcatshwa kunye nomanyano oludakumbisayo ngezesondo, ixhala kunye nobu-ethe-ethe ngokwengqondo ebantwaneni. Umboniso uzoba iimeko zengqondo ephilayo kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo elimeleyo yobuntwana ebangelwe yi-CSA. Umsebenzi wobugcisa unemizobo emine yedijithali kunye neefoto zobugcisa esixhenxe. Imisebenzi yobugcisa kwi-Silent Wound Series izoba i-CSA, umothuko wobuntwana, kunye neenkumbulo ezibuhlungu ezikwingqondo eleleyo. Ukusebenza nokuqonda nokutolika ukwenzakaliswa kobuntwana okufana ne-CSA, le mixholo ihlala iyinxalenye kwimisebenzi yam yobugcisa.Njengoko ukwenza uzobo lomzimba o-ethe-ethe womntwana oyintombazana njengomboniso kwimisebenzi yobugcisa kunxulumene nemeko yam yobuqu, ndikhetha umbono onovelwano wokwenzakala kobuntwana kolu phononongo, ndibonisa iziganeko ezihlasimlis 'umzimba kunye neenkumbulo zazo ezingqondweni ezileleyo. Injongo yophando kukufuna ukuqonda ukuba imizobo ngedijithali kunye nokufota kukwenza njani ukumelwa kunye nokuqondwa kwe-CSA neenkumbulo ezenzakalisayo nokuba ilizwi elithulisiweyo nempatho-mbi yomntwana linokuvakaliswa njani ngokomgangatho ochaphazelayo notshintshayo wobugcisa. Eyona njongo iphambili yophando kukuphanda ukuba iinkumbulo ezibuhlungu ziyenzeka kumaxhoba e-CSA.
Arts and Music
M.V.A.