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1
Firdaus, Nada y Yulistiyanti Yulistiyanti. "DISCRIMINATION OF GENDER AGAINST WOMEN IN THE NOVEL KIM JI-YOUNG, BORN 1982 BY CHO NAM-JOO". Dinamika Bahasa dan Budaya 17, n.º 2 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35315/bb.v17i2.9068.
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Sex-based discrimination includes gender discrimination. The fundamental cause of gender discrimination against women is that patriarchal ideology shapes society’s attitudes and behaviors. This study examines how women are treated differently because of their gender in the novel Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982. This study aims to find out the types and impacts of gender discrimination against women in the novel. This study is categorized as qualitative research and uses a feminism approach. The feminism theory presented in Simone de Beauvoir’s book The Second Sex (1949) is used by the researcher to analyze the novel. The researcher discovered two types of gender discrimination in Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982; gender discrimination in domestic spaces and gender discrimination in public spaces. The five different forms of gender discrimination in domestic spaces are; (1) the expectation that women should have male offspring, (2) the favoritism toward sons over daughters, (3) the idea that sons are the ones who ensure the success of the family, (4) woman as a reproducer, and (5) woman as a housewife. The novel also shows three forms of gender discrimination in public spaces; (1) discrimination toward women in school, (2) discrimination toward women in the workplace, and (3) sexual harassment of women. Furthermore, the main character, Kim Ji-Young, experiences gender discrimination against women, and the impacts of the gender discrimination on Kim Ji-Young are feeling inferior and experiencing mental changes.
Keywords: gender discrimination, feminism, patriarchy ideology, novel
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Liu, Zhuoran. "Causes and Analysis of Sex Discrimination in Price Discrimination". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (22 de enero de 2024): 2307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/3axsbj28.
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Price discrimination in marriage and gender discrimination in the labor market are common problems in Chinese society. By exploring the pressure and impact of these issues on men and women, this article analyzes the excessive financial pressure that men bear in marriage and the various unfair treatments that women encounter in the labor market. In response to price discrimination against women in the labor market, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations, including improving relevant laws and regulations to protect women's legitimate rights and interests, increasing penalties for gender discrimination by employers, and improving social concepts to promote gender equality. By releasing women's productivity and enabling women to earn income independently to support their families, it can reduce men's financial pressure in marriage and achieve the best of both worlds for social development goals. The innovation of this article is that it deeply explores gender issues in marriage and the labor market in Chinese society and puts forward feasible policy suggestions for these issues. Through the research of this article, People can deepen people's understanding of gender discrimination, promote the change of social concepts, create a more equal and just social environment, and achieve sustained social stability and sustainable development.
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Alessa, Amani Saleh. "Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Laws. Part 2". Arab Law Quarterly 24, n.º 3 (2010): 225–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x504962.
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AbstractThis article focuses on several different issues of discrimination against women. While some such discriminatory issues are based on law, others are in fact based on just a matter of practice. Interestingly enough, some of the sex discrimination issues actually dispute the Shari‘a. One example can be found in education. The Shari‘a encourages education for both sexes while, historically, women have been denied education. The importance of mentioning the Shari‘a here is that, while Kuwait claims that it is an Islamic country and devoted to the Shari‘a, especially when it comes to women, this article proves that it is culture, not the Shari‘a, that represses women.
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Davitadze, Tamila y Nana Mazmishvili. "Writer Fighting against Discrimination and Eastern Reality". Balkanistic Forum 32, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2023): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i2.18.
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Discrimination against women and girls – including gender-based violence, harmful traditional practices – is the most common form of inequality. Giving preference, privileges to sons and underestimating girls, which is the main cause of the harmful practice of sex selection based on gender, is still a widespread practice in some countries. Against this background, the role and contribution of those politicians, writers and people interested in this issue, who, at the risk of their lives, fight to improve the situation, is invaluable. Among the people with their priceless input in promotion of the above mentioned issue, we would distinguish Jean Sasson, the modern American writ-er and researcher who considered the request of an Arab woman and turned her notes about real stories into an artistic reality. In the novel “The Princess’ Diaries,” the victim of discrimination asks for help, as there is no other way for her to change any-thing; however, she hopes the situation in her country will change for the benefit of women and as it is believed, fighting always makes sense. The objective of the given paper is to bring to light the form of expressing the protest against unfair reality by the victim herself. Moreover, we aim to draw a parallel between two women and the ways they communicate the harsh reality to the rest of the world.
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Alessa, Amani Saleh. "Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Family Law. Part 1". Arab Law Quarterly 24, n.º 2 (2010): 119–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302510x497312.
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Family Law in Middle Eastern countries in general and in Kuwait in particular has always been an example of the subordination of women in areas such as marriage, divorce, alimony, and custody. Since Family Law is based on the Shari'a, some jurisprudents claim that it is fair to all women and that claiming otherwise is speaking against the Shari'a. However, this article is meant to get to the root of Family Law articles that show unjust treatment of women. Much of such injustice depends on the opinions of some jurisprudents with no evidence from either the Qur'ān or the Hadīth, while other articles that are rooted in the Qur'ān can be interpreted in different ways that provide a certain degree of justice to women.
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Baker, Lesley. "Sex Discrimination Against Part-Time Workers: The “Biggs” Issues for Women". Feminist Legal Studies 6, n.º 2 (mayo de 1998): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03359632.
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Dwi Agustina, Maftuchah. "The Struggle of Woman Emancipation in the Movie “On The Basis Of Sex”: A Feminist Criticism". ENLIT Journal 2, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33654/enlit.v2i1.1826.
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As stated in the theory of reception that literature including movie is a reflection of real world, this research tried to unveil social phenomenon within movie entitled “On the Basis of Sex”. In order to conduct the analysis, Marxist feminism is used as a theory. The method used in the study was descriptive qualitative method in which the movie script is the main source of the data. The result of the study showed that women did the struggle against discrimination and domination of patriarchy in some aspects, such as job and occupation, law, social environment, and cultural structure. This is a very interesting movie that brings the issue of discrimination, oppression, localization, commoditization and also the struggle to get rid of them and to establish women emancipation. The movie succeeded in portraying those social problems. The viewers of the movie could be aware of those issues. Men should be aware that they have to look at women equally. Furthermore, women also have to struggle for their right. Women should be independent. Ruth is the best example of how women should do. We have to fight against anything to establish women emancipation, even we have to fight the laws that are discriminative.
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Hong, Yanqiu, Jun Wei, Qiuyu Wu, Zhining Zhang y Jiaoyang Xu. "A Study on Bias Against Women in Advertisements". Communications in Humanities Research 31, n.º 1 (17 de mayo de 2024): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/31/20232067.
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In the era of digitalization and globalization, advertising wields an even greater impact on modern society than ever before. While feminism has challenged the male-dominated society for decades, one can still observe the persistence of gender stereotypes, especially sexist discrimination, influencing the representation of women in the media. This paper aims to critically examine several advertisements for daily necessities, analyzing their content and impact to investigate specific patterns of discrimination against women in the modern advertising industry. In terms of structure, this paper will address the following issues: First, it will provide a brief review of recent research on motherhood and the male gaze. Then, it will analyze specific examples of advertisements, discussing the contested female images they portray. In particular, this research will focus on pressures related to gender roles, sex discrimination, and the male gaze as three typical issues. Finally, we will offer suggestions for the advertising industry and content creators. The goal of this paper is to present a clear picture of the persistent gender issues within advertising today and propose ways to address them in the future. By analyzing the framework of advertisements and their cultural implications, this research will shed light on a more comprehensive examination of the misrepresentation of women in the media.
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Davies, Gareth. "The Netherlands". European Constitutional Law Review 2, n.º 1 (febrero de 2006): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019606001520.
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The court in this case decided that state subsidy to political parties that discriminate against women is prohibited by international treaties, notably the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.This raises a number of issues. Where the discrimination is for religious reasons, does sex equality need to be balanced against religious freedom? Both are usually seen as fundamental rights. What about discrimination against men, in favour of women; is that also against the law? Finally, is the obligation not to discriminate only binding on the state, or also on the party itself? Could such a party be banned from politics? Some of these issues were touched on by the court, although not convincingly, and some of them, such as religious freedom, were scandalously ignored.
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Briddick, Catherine. "When Does Migration Law Discriminate Against Women?" AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.50.
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It is possible to identify gendered disadvantage at almost every point in a migrant woman's journey, physical and legal, from country of origin to country of destination, from admission to naturalization. Rules which explicitly distribute migration opportunities differently on the grounds of sex/gender, such as prohibitions on certain women's emigration, may produce such disadvantage. Women may also, however, be disadvantaged by facially gender-neutral rules. Examples of indirectly disadvantageous provisions include those which classify certain forms of labor as either “low-” or “high-” skilled, using this categorization to distribute migration opportunities differentially. Such rules may disproportionately affect the mostly female workers whose labor in certain fields is considered “low-skilled” in comparison to that undertaken by their predominantly male, “high-skilled” counterparts. Scholars have identified the diverse ways in which states’ immigration and nationality laws continue to involve gendered and racialized exclusion, subordination, and violence. Migration control practices, including those concerned with deterrence, detention, and deportation, have also been impugned on these bases. This essay draws on this literature to examine whether rules that produce gendered disadvantage are open to challenge under the international legal regime charged with eradicating discrimination against women, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
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Sticker, Martin. "The Case against Different-Sex Marriage in Kant". Kantian Review 25, n.º 3 (12 de agosto de 2020): 441–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415420000254.
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AbstractRecently, a number of Kantians have argued that despite Kant’s own disparaging comments about same-sex intercourse and marriage, his ethical and legal philosophy lacks the resources to show that they are impermissible. I go further by arguing that his framework is in fact more open to same-sex than to different-sex marriage. Central is Kant’s claim that marriage requires equality between spouses. Kant himself thought that men and women are not equal, and some of his more insightful remarks on the issue reveal that he was also aware that, as a matter of fact, women were disenfranchised by society, and suffer legal and other forms of discrimination. Kant, according to his own account, cannot approve of heterosexual marriage. Same-sex couples, by contrast, can satisfy the crucial equality condition. I conclude with a suggestion for refocus with respect to the issues at hand, calling for attention to more complex and insidious forms of inequality than deprivation of rights and full civil participation.
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Alkuwari, Buthaina Mohammed. "Human Rights of Women: Intersectionality and the CEDAW". International Review of Law 11, n.º 2 (octubre de 2022): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/irl.2022.0229.
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This research aims to track the record of the “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)” since its entry into force in 1981, to review its texts and the cases brought to it, to know how it considered and dealt with intersectional discrimination against women. This paper evaluates if CEDAW has succeeded or failed to protect women from ‘intersectionality’. However, this discrimination describes compound discrimination against women based on sex, gender, identity, religion, belief, race, ethnicity, color, culture, socioeconomic status, age, class, and/ or origin... etc. The importance of this research is since despite a lot of cases of compound discrimination practiced against women around the world, the text of the Convention has not changed, and its committee, which is composed of experts in this field, did not adopt any ideas about the nature of discrimination. To determine the role of intersectionality, the research first focused on the theory of intersectionality in terms of concept and practice. Secondly, it showed how it affects women’s lives with examples from India, Brazil, Canada, Hungary, and others. Finally, it traced the concept of intersectionality, and how the Convention or its committee dealt with it through its general recommendations. The research found that CEDAW has overlooked the concept of intersectionality in its texts, while its committee addressed it in one of its recommendations in 2010 – noting that such recommendations are limited in scope and efficacy – which adversely impacted women’s rights globally. Therefore, the research recommends that the concept of intersectionality should be fully integrated into the text of the Convention, which will be reflected on the state parties by taking special measures that concretely give advantage to women who have been subjected to a history of discrimination.
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Davies, Gareth. "Should diagonal discrimination claims be allowed?" Legal Studies 25, n.º 2 (julio de 2005): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00612.x.
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Sometimes a rule is formally equal, but the people disadvantaged by it are in fact disproportionately of a particular sex, or colour, or religion. They may be able to bring a legal challenge to the rule, on the basis that it discriminates against them indirectly; because part-time workers are disproportionately female, rules disadvantaging part-time workers have been found to be indirect discrimination against women. However, what about the male part-time worker? Can he bring no challenge? It is the nature of indirect discrimination that there will always he such atypical victims. They are persons who suffer the harm of the rule, but cannot claim that it discriminates against persons their sex, or colour, or religion. They might he the straight man disadvantaged by a rule that overwhelmingly hinders gay people, or the Christian suffering from a rule that mostly prejudices Muslims. If these ‘minority discriminees’ cannot sue, while their colleagues of a different sort can, then a new context of discrimination arises. This raises a number of surprisingly complex practical and theoretical legal problems. In the light of new European Community directives dramatically increasing the categories of prohibited indirect discrimination those problems have become more immediate. This article therefore looks at Community law, and UK arid US cases, to answer the question above. It also extrapolates the problem to multiple discrimination situations: what about a rule tending to disadvantage Muslim women, but also harming their few non-Muslim male colleagues?
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Fields, Marjory Diana. "Women in American Labour Movement". International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, n.º 2 (julio de 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019070104.
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In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.
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Oxman, Bernard H. y Laurence R. Helfer. "Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd." American Journal of International Law 93, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997962.
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Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd. Case C-249/96. 1998 All England Law Reports (EC) 193.Court of Justice of the European Communities, February 17, 1998.Are employers within the European Community (EC or Community) forbidden from discriminating against their employees on the basis of sexual orientation? More generally, does the prohibition of “discrimination based on sex” contained in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome and the Community directive requiring equal pay for men and women (Equal Pay Directive) encompass discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation? In Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd., the European Court of Justice (ECJ) answered both questions in the negative, rejecting a strongly worded recommendation of the Court's Advocate General.
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WERDAYANTI, Neny Ismaya Rahayu, Alo LILIWERI y Fahruddin FAIZ. "Feminist Standpoint in Giving Meaning to Symbolic Experiences in Trans-Women Discrimination". International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science 4, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2023): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v4i1.444.
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The construction of gender in the social environment is closely related to external sex. Transwomen and women as entities that are symbols in representing equality in society with a patriarchal cultural system. Social construction in a patriarchal society that forms gender based on external sex, so that women's gender is seen as different from transgender women so as to provide deeper discrimination against women. Feminist standpoint sees that through marginalized groups will get a more objective view of the dominating group. Transgender women are placed as a strong objectivity to obtain how the social environment views and the discrimination they experience. The feminist movement that struggles for equality has various considerations to be able to build a perspective on the existence of transgender women and women equally. Standpoint as a result of giving meaning to the symbolic reality that shapes the experience of each individual, including the symbolic transwomen in the social environment.
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Rácz, Anita. "Women in Leading Role". Practice and Theory in Systems of Education 11, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2016): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ptse-2016-0026.
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AbstractThe questions related to the role of women in the world of labour and to the rate of female and male employees are issues that have been discussed since long ago. Equality of women and the fight against the discrimination of women are hot topics not only for the “weaker sex” as there are abundant research and literature dealing with the question whether feminism, the lengthy pursuit for the equality of women can be regarded successful or there are still much to do for the elimination of negative discrimination of women at workplaces. In this context, I examine in my study whether the increasing of the share of female employees, the action plans on raising the share of executive positions filled by women, and the related conferences live up to the expectations, and can women really have the same place on the labour market as men have.
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Kamazima, Switbert Rwechungura. "Healthcare Seeking Behavior among Women Who Have Sex with Women in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania: A Public Health Lens". EAS Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 5, n.º 01 (17 de febrero de 2023): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjnm.2023.v05i01.004.
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Little is known about sexually minority women’s health and wellbeing in the developing countries like Tanzania. Hence, there is limited knowledge of these women’s health seeking behaviors and pathways they take to rectify their ill conditions. The study investigated on women who have sex with women’s health seeking behaviors and pathways they take to remedy ill conditions they face. Data presented in this paper are part of a cross-sectional descriptive and retrospective formative qualitative study among women who have sex with women conducted in Dar-es-Salaam region. Researchers used focus group discussion, in-depth interviewing, observation and collecting women’s life stories to generated data needed for this study. Women who have sex with women in Dar-es-Salaam come from all backgrounds and experience unique primary and specialized healthcare needs different from their counterparts. Social and legal strictures against homosexuality coupled with widespread heteronormativity put women who have sex with women at risk of overt or covert stigma and discrimination in the healthcare system. Illegal status of homosexuality in this country shapes differentiated health seeking behaviors and pathways among sexually minority women. Healthcare providers are reported discriminating and stigmatizing transgender men and tomboys forcing them to avoid vising public health facilities. I recommend the Ministry of health to initiate and support multidisciplinary, comprehensive and informative health research among women who have sex with women and use findings to facilitate improving women who have sex with women’s health and healthcare professionals’ ability to diagnose, treat, control, and prevent illnesses among this group.
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McGinley, Ann. "Erasing Boundaries: Masculinities, Sexual Minorities, and Employment Discrimination". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, n.º 43.3 (2010): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.43.3.erasing.
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This Article analyzes the application of employment discrimination law to sexual minorities-lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex individuals. It evaluates Title VII and state anti-discrimination laws' treatment of these individuals, and is the first article to use masculinities research, theoretical and empirical, to explain employment discrimination against sexual minorities. While the Article concludes that new legislation would further the interests of sexual minorities, it posits that it is neither necessary nor sufficient to solving the employment discrimination problems of sexual minorities. A major problem lies in the courts' binary view of sex and gender, a view that identifies men and women as polar opposites, and that sees gender as naturally flowing from biological sex. Without courts' understanding that our current binary concept of gender may be socially constructed and artificially rigid rather than a natural result of biology, even new legislation may fail to protect the workers it seeks to protect. The Article demonstrates that research on masculinities can help courts better understand sexual minorities and the motivations of those who discriminate against them in the workplace. It concludes that even in the absence of new legislation, a proper interpretation of Title VII's sex discrimination provision would protect sexual minorities from discrimination and would provide reasonable accommodation to allow sexual minorities to live and work with dignity and security. With an understanding of sexual minorities and the reasons why discrimination occurs, Title VII's prohibition of discrimination "because of sex" should be sufficient to grant sexual minorities workplace rights.
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Verma, Ramesh, Rohit Dhaka y Ginni Agrawal. "Beti bachao, beti padhao programme: a right initiative to save the girl child". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, n.º 6 (22 de mayo de 2018): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182139.
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In world, almost half of the total population made up of women but they still lag behind men in a lot of areas. The skewed child sex ratio is a prime indicator of women disempowerment, lack of value attached to her and disrespect. Over few years, a significant fraction of number of women has been at the receiving end of discrimination and exploitation. The skewed child sex ratio is because of both gender biased sex selection, and post birth discrimination against girls. The proliferation and abuse of advanced technologies coupled with social factors such as dowry, concerns with family name and looking up to the son as a breadwinner. Female feticide resulting in a decline of the child sex ratio has led to enforcement of Preconception and Prenatal diagnostic Techniques (PC & PNDT) act. On 22 January 2015 at Panipat in Haryana, Prime Minister of India launched the scheme Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Save daughters, Educate daughters) programme. The initiative aims to improve the present low child sex ratio and increase the value of girl child by focusing on three pronged strategy for empowerment of girl child.
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Martin, Sheilah L. "Some Constitutional Considerations on Sexual Violence against Women". Alberta Law Review 32 (1 de junio de 1994): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1172.
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In this article, the author examines the ways in which women's constitutional rights can, and should, inform our understanding of sexual violence and mandate its proper treatment by the courts. The author argues that a purposive analysis of the rights guaranteed by s. 7 imposes an obligation on the state to protect women's lives, liberty, and physical and mental security against sexual violence. At the same time, the equality provisions of ss. 15 and 28 require that the gender specificity of sexual violence, and its relation to the larger social context of women's inequality, be addressed, with the result that sexual assault is recognized as a form of sex discrimination. Through decisions such as R. v. McCraw, determinations of women's individual and group-based rights, in light of their social context, are shown to be essential to a full realization of the Charter's claims to equality and to life, liberty and security of the person.
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G., Mahendra, Chaitra R. P., Ravindra S. Pukale y Priyanka J. P. "Factors influencing gender preference and awareness against sex determination in antenatal women in rural tertiary hospital in South India". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 13, n.º 6 (29 de mayo de 2024): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20241436.
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Background: Discrimination begins in the womb even before a baby is born. Sex ratio is an important social indicator that measures extent of prevailing equity between males and females in society and a balanced sex ratio is essential for a stable society. The main objective of this study is to find out the awareness of sex determination and to study the factors influencing gender preference among antenatal women. Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was done among antenatal women at Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences, B.G. Nagara, Mandya. Information regarding the type of family, number of family members, socioeconomic status, gender preference, factors influencing gender preference and obstetric details was collected after taking consent from the antenatal women attending the outpatient department in Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences as well as inpatient antenatal women. Details of about the awareness of sex determination and the perception of women regarding sex determination were also collected. Results: Total 114 pregnant women were included in this study. Among multigravidas 31.4% of them had male preference based on the sex of 1st baby being female, 44.7% (51) participants had son preference and 36% (41) had daughter preference and 19.3% (22) participants had no gender preference. Among study participants 95 (83.3%) of them were aware of punishment regarding sex determination and 19 (16.7%) of them were unaware of legal punishment. Conclusions: Awareness regarding sex determination facilities was found to be increased and pregnant women were also aware of the punishable act regarding sex determination. Factors influencing gender preference mainly included the gender of the first baby in multigravidas and the socioeconomic status.
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Gray, Mary W. "The Halls of Ivy and the Halls of Justice: Resisting Sex Discrimination against Faculty Women". Academe 71, n.º 5 (1985): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40249490.
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Tan, Xiaoyi. "The Causes and Solutions of Sexism in the English Language". Learning & Education 9, n.º 2 (10 de noviembre de 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v9i2.1406.
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As we all know, English has become the language used by the largest number of people in all languages and is the representative of western civilization. Language is not only a social phenomenon, but also reflects the degree of social development. Therefore, understanding language is a crucial step for us to explore culture and civilization. However, no matter how developed the language is, it has its drawbacks and is not so impeccable. Sex discrimination has always been a phenomenon in English language. According to Longman English Dictionary, the interpretation of gender discrimination is: discrimination based on sex, especially the prejudice of men against women. This article will first elaborate on the etymology, word formation and usage of gender discrimination in English language. Secondly, this article will explain this phenomenon from the historical, social and cultural perspectives. Finally, in view of the gender discrimination phenomenon discussed in this article, this article will explain the development of the future trend and the solutions.
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Nemtoi, Gabriela. "Tools for Regulating Women’s Rights". European Journal of Law and Public Administration 8, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/8.1/144.
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Acts that that guarantee the specific rights of women are various national regulations on conventions and instruments of international and European law. Several international legislative instruments - conventions involving obligations for acceding states, as well as political declarations of universal value - prohibit the gender-based exclusion from the exercise of all rights of any individual but especially of women. One such instrument is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as the United Nations International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other conventions of this organization, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. However, there are several Conventions of the International Labour Organization in this area, or Action Plans approved at the last major UN conferences, especially those dedicated especially to the situation of women that took place in Beijing in September 1995. The current situation has shown that women are a product that imposes protection against discrimination of any kind. The status of women through the new regulations now opens a new perspective. There are currently regional instruments, in particular those of the Council of Europe - the European Convention on Human Rights - that prohibit discrimination based on sex.
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Norvaišaitė, Justė y Vita Mikuličiūtė. "The Influence of Applicant's and Rater’s Sex on Decision Making in Hiring Simulation". Psichologija 63 (11 de mayo de 2021): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2021.27.
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Gender stereotypes have determined that the concepts of management and leadership are more associated with men than women. There are more men working in management positions than women in various countries, including Lithuania. The most widely discussed cause for that is discrimination against women in the labor market. The aim of the study was to examine evaluation differences between personnel specialists and comparison group, depending on their own and candidate‘s gender. Study was based on quasi-experimental strategy which included a hiring simulation. Participants had to evaluate potential candidates, a man and a woman, seeking for a job in management position. Data was collected from 128 people (age range - 19 to 56 years): 48 personnel specialists (M=29,38; SD=7,48), 49 women, who represented other specialties (M=26,29; SD=7,36) and 31 men, who represented other specialties (M=25,39; SD=5,05). Both personnel specialists and comparison group evaluated man and woman-candidate as similar. There were no significant differences between the two candidates on their hireability, reliability, competence, potential salary and promotability. However, results also indicate that personnel specialists and women, representing other specialties, suggested that man was more capable to work in teams than woman. The study gives an insight about the possibility of gender stereotype change.
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Adetunji, Emmanuel. "Women and Culture of Violence and Abuse in Yoruba Land in the Context of Luke 13:8-16". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL PRACTICE 8, n.º 2 (14 de octubre de 2023): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijrcp.v8.no2.2023.pg54.63.
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In most of the cultures in the world, women are considered to be inferior to men. African culture, Yoruba in particular, though diverse, is not an exception. Women are wives and mothers. They do the cooking, the mending, the sewing and the washing. They take care of the men and are subordinate to male authority. They are largely excluded from high status occupations and from positions of power. The most basic division of labour appears to be founded on sex or gender. Clearly women are biologically different from men; but gender roles in most societies are a product of culture rather than biology. The division of labour on the basis of sex supported and justified by a value system which gender roles as normal, natural, right and proper. In every society, a higher value is placed on culture than on nature. This paper is aimed at identifying gender violence and abuse, social cultural factors which continue to act against the principles of social justice and equality despite all the national and international initiatives on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. The paper adopted Black feminism as it affects the female in general. It then suggests that man and woman are created in the image of God and no one is inferior to the other. The work concludes by showing the world that violence, abuse and marginalizing women in the society is a crime against humanity and both male and female should rise up to fight it as a crime against gender or violence against women.
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Rufanova, Viktoriia Mykolaivna. "Formation of the modern paradigm of countering gender-based violence in the activities of international organizations". Herald of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine 2, n.º 16 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2311-9640.2021.16.244320.
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The author conducted a retrospective review of the activities of international organizations through the prism of their role in forming the legislative foundation for combating gender-based violence. It is noted that for the first time at the international level the norm of equality of all people was enshrined in Art. 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. An important step towards combating gender-based violence was the signing in 2011 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. The Istanbul Convention visualizes the issue of gender-based violence. It has been determined that women and girls are increasingly exposed to severe forms of violence, such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, forced marriage, crimes committed in the name of so-called "honor", and genital mutilation, which constitutes a significant violation of human rights. for women and girls and is a major obstacle to achieving equality between women and men.
The author singles out three conditional periods of formation of the modern paradigm of counteraction to gender - based violence in the activity of international organizations: 1) 1945 - 1974. The basic foundations of gender equality are laid at the level of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Combating gender-based violence was not considered through the prism of sex discrimination. The activities of the world community were aimed primarily at combating discrimination against women in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres of society. 2) 1975-2010.During this period, all 4 World Conferences on the Status of Women were held. In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Articles 30 of the Convention clearly define discrimination against women and propose an agenda for action at the national level to end such discrimination. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, adopted by the General Assembly in 1993, contains a definition of violence against women. 3) 2011 - to the present time. This period covers the process of realizing the scale of the spread of gender-based violence. A key event of this period was the adoption in 2011 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. Activation of the world community to intensify the fight against gender-based violence. Adoption of sustainable development goals, in which gender equality is recognized as the general idea (Goal 5) and condition of sustainable development.
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Ssenyonjo, Manisuli. "Culture and the Human Rights of Women in Africa: Between Light and Shadow". Journal of African Law 51, n.º 1 (abril de 2007): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855306000258.
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AbstractDespite the ratification by African states of several human rights instruments protecting the human rights of women in Africa, and the solemn commitment of the African states to eliminate all forms of discrimination and harmful practices against women, women in Africa still continue to experience human rights violations. Most African women are denied the equal enjoyment of their human rights, in particular by virtue of the lesser status ascribed to them by tradition and custom, or as a result of overt or covert discrimination. Many women in Africa experience distinct forms of discrimination due to the intersection of sex with such factors as race, language, religion, political and other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other factors, such as age, disability, marital, refugee or migrant status, resulting in compounded disadvantage. Therefore, much remains to be done to realize the human rights of women in Africa. This article examines the relationship between culture and women's human rights, and makes some recommendations for the effective realization of these rights.
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Wu, Ruogu. "Empirical Study of Gender Differences and Regional Economic Development". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 8, n.º 1 (13 de septiembre de 2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/8/20230268.
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With the widening of gender differences in modern society, the unequal treatment of women has also gradually deepened. On average, femalea are less educated than males in most of the provinces in China. This paper analyzes the relationship between educational levels of males and females in different regions and the regional economic development by using the gross regional product per capita during the last five years and annual data of male and female population with a college degree and above, which is sampled by province, and discusses whether gender differences will affect the local economic development. Through the analysis of existing data, it can be concluded that regions with a higher degree of gender discrimination have a lower GDP, and the gender discrimination rate is negatively correlated with GDP. Finally, this research summarized possible explanations for this phenomenon from the aspects of education level, labor participation rate and so on. So, because of gender the average education level of women might be negatively affected by discrimination, thus affecting the quantity and quality of work undertaken by women in society. Similarly, labor participation rates can also be affected by discrimination against a particular sex, where discrimination against men in a particular area or industry prevents male from entering the factory and contributing to the labor force. These phenomena will definitely bring about an undervalued development potential for the industry or area.
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Weitzman, Abigail. "The Sex of Firstborn Children and Intimate Partner Violence in India". Violence Against Women 26, n.º 6-7 (27 de marzo de 2019): 590–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219833823.
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This article investigates the effects of firstborn sex on intimate partner violence (IPV) in India, taking into account heterogeneity across state sex ratios and maternal education. In states with masculine sex ratios of first births, firstborn daughters are found to elevate the risk and severity of IPV. The effects of firstborn daughters on sexual IPV are particularly pronounced among uneducated women in these states. These findings suggest that amid son preference at low birth orders, the sex of firstborn children can contribute to violence against mothers, providing new insights into the household reproduction of gender discrimination and violence.
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Burfat, Fateh Muhammad, Naima Saeed y Ghulam Muhammad Burfat. "Discrimination Against Urban Women: A Case Study Of Karachi". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 7, n.º 1 (8 de junio de 2013): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v7i1.269.
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Gender inequality exists in Pakistan as a phenomenon that does not allow women equality of opportunity in the public and private sphere and also keeps women in very subjugated roles within the public and in private relationships. These factors can affect women’s access to education, employment, to career advancement and to their possibilities of holding positions of political power and roles of social and cultural esteem. Although gender equality may have progressed somewhat in the modern world but it is still an issue of great urgency in other parts of the world as well as in Pakistan, that is the focus of this study. This research investigates the types and consequences of gender discrimination that exist. The findings from the study suggest that the urban women in the sample of the present study still struggle for gender equality with men in Pakistan. The results show that in a number of areas, in both family and public life, they are still seen by many as second class citizens; and see their own autonomy and opportunities as limited. The social class of urban women in Pakistan is strongly related to their opportunities. Urban women from upper and middle class backgrounds enjoy more autonomy and equality in their lives as compare to women from poor backgrounds. These findings tend to support historical data in relation to women in Pakistan.
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Leng, Botuo. "The Research on the Influence of Chinese Women's Social Pressure and Lack of Sex Education — Taking the Movie "Send Me to the Cloud" as an Example". BCP Education & Psychology 8 (27 de febrero de 2023): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v8i.4344.
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Feminism has been a topic of interest in recent years. More and more women are able to stand up for their rights, but it is worth noting that although women have gained some rights, they still suffer from injustice in the workplace and at home. On the other hand, sex education in China is not yet widespread, and many people do not understand the most basic knowledge of sex and are even ashamed to talk about sex. Therefore, this phenomenon has led to very serious consequences, such as more and more women choosing abortion. This article will take "Send Me to the Cloud" as the research object and use the research method of secondary analysis to describe in detail where Chinese women suffer from inequality and explain why Chinese women still suffer from inequality. At the same time, the reasons and consequences of the lack of female sexual knowledge in China will be described in detail. In fact, the study results found that women suffered the most discrimination in the workplace and at home. On the other hand, the main reason for the phenomenon of "sex shame" in China is because China believes in Confucianism. Second, the findings found that the one-child policy is also a cause of discrimination against women because most families want a boy. Most importantly, this paper uses this film as an example to reveal the truth of life when people want to gain respect from others, they should first gain their own respect.
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Frager, Ruth A. y Carmela Patrias. "Human Rights Activists and the Question of Sex Discrimination in Postwar Ontario". Canadian Historical Review 102, s3 (1 de septiembre de 2021): s802—s824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-s3-012.
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This article examines the varied understandings of human rights in Ontario in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. The article compares the social origins and implementation of Ontario’s Fair Employment Practices Act – which combatted racist and religious discrimination – with Ontario’s Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act – which mandated equal pay for women who did the same work as men. Although a few feminists called for the Fair Employment Practices Act to prohibit sex discrimination as well, their pleas fell mainly on deaf ears in this period. Men and women who fought against racist injustice were frequently unaware of gender injustice, for they, like so many others, subscribed to the deeply embedded ideology of the family wage. Conversely, some of the most outspoken advocates of women’s rights were unconscious of – or chose to ignore – racism. At the same time, some of the most committed advocates of equal pay for equal work actually reinforced certain conventional assumptions about men’s gender privilege at work and at home. Moreover, while the enforcement of both acts was constrained by the conciliatory framework embedded within them, the government officials who were charged with applying both acts interpreted the equal pay act quite narrowly and were significantly more diligent in tackling racist and religious employment discrimination.
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Muriawan, Nie Gusti Madia. "Diskriminasi Perempuan Dalam Media Baru (Analisis Semiotika Roland Barthes pada Tayangan Eksperimen Sosial Channel Youtube Zavilda TV)". Da'watuna: Journal of Communication and Islamic Broadcasting 4, n.º 1 (21 de agosto de 2023): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/dawatuna.v4i1.4488.
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Zavilda TV is a YouTube channel created by a veiled Muslim woman from Surabaya named Vilda Rosandi, but commonly known as Zavilda. Zavilda's youtube has 211 thousand subscribers with a total of 179 contents that have been uploaded since April 2021. The content produced by Zavilda is social experiment content related to hijab. Researchers used primary data in the form of three videos on Zavilda TV's youtube channel. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with Roland Barthes semiotic analysis to reveal meanings (denotative, connotative, myth). The three women in the social experiment show on the Zavilda TV Youtube channel are the targets and objects of social experiments who experience acts of discrimination both directly and digitally by Zavilda, because these women receive psychological intimidation, digital objectification, and coercion / pressure to agree to wear the hijab. The targeted women are also not treated as humans who are in full control of their autonomy, as they are used as Zavilda TV's main commodity solely for profit. This can be seen from the selection of titles, thumbnails, and video content that focuses on women's bodies and uses sensual words. This is an act of discrimination against women because it violates their right to freedom of expression and religion and violates their right to privacy and autonomy. Therefore, the researcher has concluded that discrimination of women in new media is still a problem because it is not only done by the opposite sex, but discrimination can also be obtained from fellow women.
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J, Chandrika. "Dimensions of Love and Chastity". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (21 de julio de 2022): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s830.
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From the Sangam period till today, the expressions of Kalavu and karpin have been circulating in different dimensions focusing on women. Even if it is stated that the gender discrimination presented by internal grammars is caused by corruption, it cannot be denied that the natural opposite sex drive of male and female occurs due to sexual stimulation. So, when the thalaivan and thalaivi who have made this level of education point their lives towards harmony and draft, a life called chastity is built there. When the Tamil literature that presented these things today absorb the western culture and travel, Kalau and Karpu are constructed in a different way. In the literature, there are many different ways of living in society is registered such as having sex in the same house without marrying as lovers, a woman who does not marry because of true love and living with two men, a woman falling in love with her kidnapper and having a relationship with him, a woman living with two men due to poverty, a woman marrying a man who had sex with her against her will, etc. We should not criticize the literature or the media as a reflection of society. But the question arises as to how appropriate the cultural change will be in this society which has been steeped in a patriarchal society for ages and still sees women as objects. In the context of the prevalence of sexual violence against women, such western cultural records only encourage them and do not tend to respect women. Therefore, without imposing the word 'Chastity' on women, it is important for men and women to maintain self-control and live faithfully to each other. Emphasizing this concept, this research paper has been written
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Putri, Retno Daru Dewi G. S. "Penolakan Konsep Ketubuhan Patriarkis di dalam Proses Menjadi Perempuan Melalui Pemikiran Merleau-Ponty dan Simone De Beauvoir". Jurnal Filsafat 28, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jf.31812.
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Descartes’ dualism of mind and body implies relationship of mind and body in the articulation of human thinking. While seemingly reflects both men and women, this concept of dualism has in practice changed due to the existing social construction that differentiate human based on their sex. The ongoing social discrimination against women implies philosophy’s deficiency in addressing human universal issues. In addressing this issue, this research emplyos Merleau-Ponty’s notion of embodied perception and Beauvoir’s conception on ambiguity to argue on the importance of women’s body freedom in understanding the world’s phenomenons around them. The application of these concepts is proposed to provide an independent mode of becoming a woman and to offer a philosophical solution for women’s issues.
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Atrey, Shreya. "Comparison in intersectional discrimination". Legal Studies 38, n.º 3 (2 de julio de 2018): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2017.17.
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AbstractThis article considers the use of comparison in establishing multi-ground claims of intersectional discrimination. Leading examples of test cases from the US and the UK exemplify the challenges in using comparison to establish discrimination against Black women, based on the grounds of both race and sex. These challenges include: the insistence on using a single mirror comparator (viz white men) or the difficulties in choosing multiple comparators from a range of options (viz white women, Asian women, Black men, white men etc); the missing rationale for the selection; and the unwieldiness in actually appreciating the nature of intersectional discrimination based on this exercise. To overcome these, Canadian courts have relaxed the strict requirement of necessarily resorting to comparison for proving discrimination and switched to the flexible approach. However, in practice, flexible approach appears as fastidious as strict comparison in its selection and use of comparators. Thus, neither of the two approaches has been too helpful in supporting intersectional claims. The article argues that instead, a useful way of proving intersectional discrimination is to follow the South African approach of making comparisons contextually: (i) between all relevant comparators, identified in reference to one, some, and all of the grounds or personal characteristics; and (ii) sifting through comparative evidence with the purpose of establishing similar and different patterns of group disadvantage which characterise the nature of intersectional discrimination. This approach brings both principle and purpose to employing comparison and can be especially useful in appreciating intersectional discrimination as based on multiple grounds.
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Sulistiani, Ino. "REPRESENTASI DIRI PEREMPUAN, PEMBUNGKAMAN KAPASITAS DIRI PEREMPUAN, DAN LITERASI MEDIA SEBAGAI SEDIKIT FENOMENA MASALAH GENDER DAN SOLUSINYA". AN-NISA 17, n.º 1 (19 de junio de 2024): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30863/an.v17i1.6720.
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Gender issues are complex issues involving fundamental aspects of human life. When we discuss gender issues, we highlight the inequalities, discrimination and stereotypes that still exist in many societies. Women often face limitations that hinder their full potential in areas such as work, education and social life. In the context of spirituality, society often has religious norms and interpretations that can lead to discrimination against individuals based on sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity. A rigid understanding of spirituality can curb individuals' freedom to live their lives in accordance with personal values and human rights. Silencing women is a way of intimidating women's rights to develop both financially and economically. By eliminating intimidation against women, women can represent themselves according to their own image, either as empowered women or building feminism using social media. Online media can be used as a creative effort to carry out gender sensitive journalism and advocacy journalism as a means of media literacy that can educate women to become intelligent women who do not directly accept the information provided but must be able to properly analyze the values contained in the information they obtain. Keywords: Women, Gender, Women's Self-Representation, Silencing of Women's Self-Capacity, Media Literacy
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SSENYONJO, MANISULI. "TOWARDS NON-DISCRIMINATION AGAINSTWOMEN AND DE JURE EQUALITY IN UGANDA: THE ROLE OF UGANDA'S CONSTITUTIONAL COURT". African Journal of International and Comparative Law 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 2008): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0954889008000042.
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The principles of equality and non-discrimination represent the twin pillars or the cornerstone upon which the whole edifice of human rights law is established.1 At least every State in the world today is a party to a human rights treaty prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex and/or protecting equality between men and women.2 Despite this fact inequality and discrimination remain two major impediments to the enjoyment of human rights of women. Discrimination against women on the basis of sex denies or limits as it does their equality with men, and is ‘fundamentally unjust’ since it violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity.3 It is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their States, hampers the growth of the prosperity of society and the family and makes more difficult the full development of the potentialities of women.4 International human rights instruments such as Article 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)5 and Article 3 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)6 underline commitment to sexual equality in the enjoyment of all civil and political rights, as well as economic, social and cultural rights. Similarly, Article 2 and 3 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) prohibit discrimination and protect equality before the law.7 This demands de jure (or formal) equality and de facto (or substantive) equality for men and women.8 Formal equality assumes that equality is achieved if a law or policy treats men and women in a neutral manner.9 Substantive equality is concerned, in addition, with the effects of laws, policies and practices and with ensuring that they do not maintain, but rather alleviate, the inherent disadvantages that particular groups experience.10
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Kania, Dede. "Hak Asasi Perempuan dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia". Jurnal Konstitusi 12, n.º 4 (20 de mayo de 2016): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk1243.
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Up to now, the law is still considered discriminatory and gender inequality. Though the law should be equal or sensitive to gender inequality to guarantee women’s rights. By following the principle of equality in all areas of the good men and women have equal rights or opportunities to participate in every aspect of social life and state. so if there is discrimination against women, it is a violation of women’s rights. women’s rights violations occur due to many things, including the result of the legal system, where women are victims of the system. Reform Order is the most progressive period in the protection of human rights. Various laws and regulations come outin this period, including laws and regulations concerning women’s rights. Seen from the government’s efforts to eliminate discrimination based on sex are included in many legislations.
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Hoque, Ridwanul. "Gender and the Legal Profession in Bangladesh: Achievements and Challenges". NAVEIÑ REET: Nordic Journal of Law and Social Research, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nnjlsr.v0i3.111105.
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The history of women entering the legal profession in Bangladesh is quite recent. This is not surprising. Even in Western societies, with liberal cultural ideologies as regards gender-equality, women had to fight a lot to create a space for themselves in the legal profession. In the US case of Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1872), for example, the Supreme Court refused to allow a married woman into legal practice, arguing that 'the paramount destiny' of women is to fulfill the noble office of 'wife and mother'. Women in Bangladesh aspiring to enter the legal profession never faced such overt 'official' hurdles from the fellows of the same profession. Rather, a number of social, religious, professional, environmental and ideological factors have often stood, in various degrees, in their way. The Constitution of Bangladesh categorically prohibits discrimination based, among others, on sex. By contrast, it imposes a duty on the state to promote women's participation in every sphere of public life. Nevertheless, it is argued in this paper, Bangladeshi women in various walks of the legal profession continue to face implicit gender discrimination. There are factors that both dissuade women from choosing law as a profession and retard the career of those who are already in the profession. This paper brings into light and examines the factors that are arguably responsible for the hidden discrimination against women in the legal profession. For the purpose of this paper, the term 'legal profession' is used to mean legal practice in courts and elsewhere and the profession in the judiciary.
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Senanayake, Harsha. "Fear of Small Numbers and Political Behaviour of Ethnocentric Majority of Sri Lanka: Undeclared War against Upcountry Tamil Females". Open Political Science 4, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0012.
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Abstract The United Nations Human Development Report (UNHDR) mentions that the rights of women and female children are inalienable, integral and indivisible. It further highlights the full and equal participation of women in every segment of the social process without any discrimination or without considering sex - gender hierarchies.1 The legal frameworks of the international system and local political space is accepting of the normative values of gender equality and the eradication of gender-based discrimination. But most of the majoritarian societies challenge these legal frameworks to address their political, social and market-oriented interests. These actions are driven by political, social and structural frameworks which have been accepted by the majoritarian societies in the liberal democratic world. Tamil women in upcountry tea plantations in Sri Lanka were subjected to systemic and structural violence because of Sinhala majoritarian statecrafts in post-independence Sri Lanka. The ethnocentric violence directly problematises human security, survival and the personal rights of the upcountry Tamil female labour force. This paper discusses the survival of Tamil female plantation labour forces, focusing mainly on the security crisis of female reproductive rights under the ethnocentric Sinhala Majoritarian Society.
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James, Tiffeny, Naaheed Mukadam, Andrew Sommerlad, Hossein Rostami Pour, Melanie Knowles, Ignacia Azocar y Gill Livingston. "Protection against discrimination in national dementia guideline recommendations: A systematic review". PLOS Medicine 19, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2022): e1003860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003860.
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Background National dementia guidelines provide recommendations about the most effective approaches to diagnosis and interventions. Guidelines can improve care, but some groups such as people with minority characteristics may be disadvantaged if recommended approaches are the same for everyone. It is not known if dementia guidelines address specific needs related to patient characteristics. The objectives of this review are to identify which countries have national guidelines for dementia and synthesise recommendations relating to protected characteristics, as defined in the UK Equality Act 2010: age, disability, gender identity, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. Methods and findings We searched CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Medline databases and the Guideline International Network library from inception to March 4, 2020, for dementia guidelines in any language. We also searched, between April and September 2020, Google and the national health websites of all 196 countries in English and in each country’s official languages. To be included, guidelines had to provide recommendations about dementia, which were expected to be followed by healthcare workers and be approved at a national policy level. We rated quality according to the iCAHE guideline quality checklist. We provide a narrative synthesis of recommendations identified for each protected characteristic, prioritising those from higher-quality guidelines. Forty-six guidelines from 44 countries met our criteria, of which 18 were rated as higher quality. Most guidelines (39/46; 85%) made at least one reference to protected characteristics, and we identified recommendations relating to age, disability, race (or culture, ethnicity, or language), religion, sex, and sexual orientation. Age was the most frequently referenced characteristic (31/46; 67%) followed by race (or culture, ethnicity, or language; 25/46; 54%). Recommendations included specialist investigation and support for younger people affected by dementia and consideration of culture when assessing whether someone had dementia and providing person-centred care. Guidelines recommended considering religion when providing person-centred and end-of-life care. For disability, it was recommended that healthcare workers consider intellectual disability and sensory impairment when assessing for dementia. Most recommendations related to sex recommended not using sex hormones to treat cognitive impairment in men and women. One guideline made one recommendation related to sexual orientation. The main limitation of this study is that we only included national guidelines applicable to a whole country meaning guidelines from countries with differing healthcare systems within the country may have been excluded. Conclusions National guidelines for dementia vary in their consideration of protected characteristics. We found that around a fifth of the world’s countries have guidelines for dementia. We have identified areas of good practice that can be considered for future guidelines and suggest that all guidelines provide specific evidence-based recommendations for minority groups with examples of how to implement them. This will promote equity in the care of people affected by dementia and help to ensure that people with protected characteristics also have high-quality clinical services.
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Khanna, Vasudha y K. Madan Gopal. "Pre-conception and pre-natal diagnostic techniques act-draconian or a considerate de jure tamer". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 13, n.º 4 (28 de marzo de 2024): 1086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20240822.
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Principles of gender equity are an integral part of constitution. The constitution confers equal rights and opportunities on women; bars discrimination on the basis of sex and denounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women. In spite of this, discrimination against women and girls is almost universal. Forced abortions of female foetuses and prenatal sex determination results in millions of girls not being allowed to be born just because they are girls. Pre-conception and pre-natal diagnostic techniques (PC and PNDT) act were enacted in 1994, amended and effectively implemented in 2003 and strictly amended in 2011, to curb this heinous crime of female foeticide that was taking place due to prenatal diagnostic techniques for determination of the sex of the foetus and thus, to balance the disturbed sex ratio of the country. To achieve the said purposes, the act imposes penalties for the offences committed under this Act, including clerical errors. However, according to the radiologists, the PC and PNDT act has become draconian for all practicing sonologists and radiologists instead of serving the purpose of saving the girl child. This article, explaining the provisions of PC and PNDT act, addresses the concerns of sonologists and radiologists in the light of the judgements passed by Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. It further discusses the hindrances occurring in the usage of evolved medical technology due to the provisions of the Act thereby paving way towards a much-needed legitimate decision to settle the ongoing country-wide debate.
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Parker, Traci. ""Sears Discriminated against Me because of My Sex and Race": African American Women Workers, Title VII, and the Sears Sex Discrimination Case". Journal of Women's History 33, n.º 1 (2021): 12–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2021.0001.
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Khamzina, Zhanna, Yermek Buribayev, Yerkin Yermukanov y Aizhan Alshurazova. "Is it possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: Focus on employment and social protection". International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 2020): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927904.
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International ratings confirm that Kazakhstan is a leader in Central Asia in addressing the causes of gender inequality; however, there are still significant gender differences in key areas. In particular, gender discrimination in the labor market is complex: when hiring or dismissing, while restricting access to certain professions and positions, in matters of promotion and career growth, when remuneration is paid for performing the same work, not related to differences in labor efficiency. Discrimination is especially sensitive in relation to pregnant women and women with young children. Discrimination continues with access to social measures for avoiding poverty and in the pension system. Further progress requires more strategically significant and focused actions to identify and bridge the remaining factors of systemic discrimination and gender gaps. In the article, we show the insufficient attention of the legal science of Kazakhstan to the problems of regulation of equality. We present the author’s methodology for analyzing labor and social legislation from the perspective of regulating gender equality, consisting of several assessments: Kazakhstan’s fulfillment of international obligations; implementation of the principle of nondiscrimination in labor and social legislation; administrative and judicial mechanisms to protect against discrimination based on sex; and opportunities for implementing best foreign and international practices for the regulation of equality.
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Lady, Lady, Dahlia D. Moelier y Asyrafunnisa Asyrafunnisa. "The Racism of The Black Women in Audre Lorde Selected Poems Entitle Power, Who Said It Was Simple, and A Woman Speaks". Humaniora: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Education 1, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56326/jlle.v1i2.1377.
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This study aims to describe the racism reflected in the poems entitled Power, ‘Who Said It Was Simple and A Woman Speaks, and to reveal the power of black women against racism in Audre Lorde's poems entitled Power, Who Said It Was Simple and A Woman Speaks. The method used in the collection is the documentation method because the writer collected data from the poems. Data collection was carried out by reading the poem in a comprehensive manner to understand its entire content and find the meaning, especially the essence associated with the topic, identifying data which could be a sentence, then the data object can be separated from each stanza and found the value of racism on each line of poetry, after knowing the results of the analysis the writer will draw conclusions. While the data analysis steps the writer uses critical race theory by Delgado and Stefancic (2001), such as: racism, race and power. Second, identifying the power of black women by utilizing the concept of Black Feminist by Collins (2000), and the Black Power Movement edited by Joseph (2006), then the writer interprets the data, the final step is to draw conclusions. The author can draw some conclusions that the 3 types of poetry are classified into satire and are written based on the reality that occurs in the author’s experience. In the poem 'Power', there are several aspects of racism, namely skin colour, injustice, segregation and racial discrimination. From the poem 'Who Said It Was', there are aspects of racism, such as gender, skin colour, and homophobia. In poem 'A woman speak’ there are several aspects of racism contained in poetry, namely discrimination against race, sex, and skin colour. Apart from racist values, the three poems also contained ‘The Power of Black Women’ or what is called the power or means used by women to fight racism.
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Mwaba, Kelvin. "Attitudes and beliefs about homosexuality and same-sex marriage among a sample of South African students". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, n.º 6 (1 de julio de 2009): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.6.801.
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With the enactment of the Civil Unions Bill in 2006, South Africa became the fifth country in the world, and the first in Africa, to legalize same-sex marriage. While supporters of the bill hailed the decision as signaling the end of discrimination against homosexual couples, critics slammed it as undermining traditional marriage between a man and woman. The attitudes and beliefs of a sample of South African students regarding homosexuality and same-sex marriage were investigated. A survey was conducted among a sample of 150 undergraduate students at a predominantly black university in the Western Cape. Results showed that 71% viewed same-sex marriages as strange and supported religious groups opposed to such marriages. Close to 40% supported discrimination against homosexuals with 46% indicating that they should be denied the right to adopt children. It is concluded that, despite having legal protection, public acceptance of homosexuals and same-sex marriage may be quite limited in South Africa.
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Anisa, Darania. "PERUBAHAN BATAS USIA MINIMUM PERKAWINAN SEBAGAI UPAYA MENCEGAH DISKRIMINASI GENDER TERHADAP PEREMPUAN". Jurnal AL-MAQASID: Jurnal Ilmu Kesyariahan dan Keperdataan 9, n.º 1 (22 de junio de 2023): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/almaqasid.v9i1.7861.
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Gender discrimination can be seen from the number of underage marriages by girls which is influenced by society's stigma against women. Their rights as children are difficult to fulfill like boys. The psychological immaturity of children triggers the occurrence of domestic violence. Global data show that girls who marry before the age of 15 experience a 50% increase in the like chilhood of experiencing domestic violence (KDRT). Every child has the right and the right to protection at an early age and treat equally, without discrimination on the basis of sex. Previously, minimum marriage age for women was 16 (sixteen) years old while men's 19 (nineteen) years of age became 19 (nineteen) due to changes in the regulation on Minimum age of marriage in Law No. 16 of 2019 On marriage as an expression of gender equality as an objective of the Sustainable Development Goals agenda.