Bibliografías temáticas / Sex differences – social aspects – great britain

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Sex differences – social aspects – great britain"

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Publicado: 26 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Sex differences – social aspects – great britain"

Spasovski, Milena y Danica Santic. "Development of population geography from antropogeography to spatial-analitical approach". Stanovnistvo 51, n.º 2 (2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1302001s.

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Population geography is a subdiscipline of Human geography and studies the distribution, concentration and density of population over the terestrial surface, as well as differences in population size, changes and characteristics, like structures, migrations, activity etc, among some places present compared to others. Population geography has had a perscientific stage as long as human history. First modern scientific treatis of population in geography was the F. Ratzels book Antropogeography in 1882. During the first half of the XX century, French geographer Vidal de la Blanche gave a capital importance of population studies in his work Principes de Geographie Humaine. In interwar years, various aspects of population were studied. After The Second World War started the renovating movement of geography and new tendencies appear in human geography and, consequently in population geography. Attempts were made to define population geography as a separate sub-discipline. The world wide trend of treating population geography as separate discipline was expressed by publishing monographs, bibliographies and textbooks. The most significant authors who worked on defining population geography were French geographers P. George (1951, 1959), Beaujen-Garnier (1965, 1966); North-american geographers: G. Trewarta (1953, 1969), W. Bunge (1962), J. Clance (1965, 1971), W. Zelinski (1966); in Great Britain: J.I. Clarke (1965); in USSR: Ju.G. Sauskin i D.N. Anucin (1950), V.V. Poksisevskij (1966), D.I. Valentej (1973); in Poland V. Ormotski (1931), L. Kosinski (1967) A. Jagelski (1980). Those authors and their works had the significant influence on the development of population science in the world and also in Serbia. Although the development of population geography was different in different countries and scientific research centers, we can clearly defined four stages. First stage lasted untill 1960s and was characterised by works of G.Trewarta, H. Doerres Ju.G. Sauskin, D.N. Anucin, J. Beaujeu-Gariner. G. Trewarta argued that the population is the point of reference from which all other elements are observed and from which all derive significance and meaning. This view was adopted and shared by authors dealing with population items, explicitly or implicitly. Second stage lasted from 1960s till 1970s and the most significant authors dealing with population problems were W. Zelinsky, W. Bunge; H.Bobek, W. Hartke, K.Ruppert, F.Schaffer; D.I. Valentej, K.Korcak. This phase was characterized by the application of quantitative methods and efforts for understanding the spatial structure of the population. Many scientists see this development phase as a particularly prosperous period, because it carried more intensive relations of geography and demography through the introduction of statistical, mathematical and demographic methods and techniques in studies of population geography. Third phase lasted from 1970s to 1980s, and was characterized by close relations between population geography and formal demography. Development and application of GIS and computer data, have made population studies more complex and applicable in practice, through population policy and population projections. The most significant authors in this period were L. Kosinski, A. Jagelski, H?gerstrand. And at last, fourth stage started in 1980s and in many countries lastes untill present days. In population geography appeared new tendencies associated with the critique of positivism, the establishment of humanistic approaches and modifications of general geographic concepts. In this period, spatial analysis and quantitative scientific methods were reaffirmed, and because of that some population studies were redefined in spatial demography, a time dimension advocated in historical demography. In this context, we emphasize the work of D. Plane and P. Rogerson. Population geography is viewed differently from one country to another. Its definition differs from too narrow to overly broad. But two research areas were of particular interest to geographers - population distribution and migration. Both items acquired an international dimension. Recently, eminent population geographers exchanged various view points in an attempt to provoke new thinking on subject and define the answers of new fields research in population geography. Population geography in the XXI Century is no longer a field comprised of spatial applications of fertility, mortality and migration only. Contemporary population geography is theoretically sophisticated, integrating spatial analysis, GIS and geo-referenced data. Future progress in the field of population geography will derive from more research at the intersections of population processes and societal issues and concerns. Major themes of future empirical researches in population geography should be: global population growth, studies of migration, transnationalism, human security issues, population-health-environment nexus, human-environment sustainability, economic development and poverty issues.

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Stewart-Williams, Steve y Lewis G. Halsey. "Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?" European Journal of Personality 35, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890207020962326.

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It is a well-known and widely lamented fact that men outnumber women in a number of fields in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths). The most commonly discussed explanations for the gender gaps are discrimination and socialization, and the most common policy prescriptions target those ostensible causes. However, a great deal of evidence in the behavioural sciences suggests that discrimination and socialization are only part of the story. The purpose of this paper is to highlight other aspects of the story: aspects that are commonly overlooked or downplayed. More precisely, the paper has two main aims. The first is to examine the evidence that factors other than workplace discrimination contribute to the gender gaps in STEM. These include relatively large average sex differences in career and lifestyle preferences, and relatively small average differences in cognitive aptitudes – some favouring males, others favouring females – which are associated with progressively larger differences the further above the average one looks. The second aim is to examine the evidence suggesting that these sex differences are not purely a product of social factors but also have a substantial biological (i.e. inherited) component. A more complete picture of the causes of the unequal sex ratios in STEM may productively inform policy discussions.

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Espinoza, Francisco, Alys Young y Claire Dodds. "Political participation among deaf youth in Great Britain". PLOS ONE 19, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2024): e0301053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301053.

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Variations in political participation are linked to demographic factors, socioeconomic disparities, and cultural-ethnic diversity. Existing research has primarily explored reduced political involvement among individuals with disabilities, particularly in electoral politics. However, little research has attended the involvement of deaf people specifically. This is of interest because deaf youth are at an intersection of disability, language and cultural identity with their language affiliations and rejection or acceptance of disability evolving through childhood. This study draws from original data collected via an online survey, comprising 163 deaf young respondents aged 16-19 in Great Britain. We compare their levels of political participation with those of general population peers to explore how sociodemographic factors, alongside variations in self-identification as deaf, and meaningful interactions with other deaf people contribute to explain their political engagement. The results challenge conventional wisdom by demonstrating that deaf youth participate more actively in politics than their hearing peers in various forms of political involvement, including collective, contact, and institutional activism. We also recognize differences among deaf youth and propose that social aspects of identity formation, particularly embracing a deaf identity and having deaf friends, can boost certain forms of political engagement. In summary, this study underscores the importance of acknowledging the diversity of deaf youth in terms of affiliation with various forms of deaf identity, rendering their experience different from both disabled and hearing youth. By identifying the factors driving heightened political participation, policymakers and advocates can develop strategies to enhance political engagement among all young people, regardless of their hearing status.

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BROESE van GROENOU, MARJOLEIN, KAREN GLASER, CECILIA TOMASSINI y THÉRÈSE JACOBS. "Socio-economic status differences in older people's use of informal and formal help: a comparison of four European countries". Ageing and Society 26, n.º 5 (1 de agosto de 2006): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005241.

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This study investigates the variations by older people's socio-economic status (SES) (i.e. educational level and social class) in the use of informal and formal help from outside the household in Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and The Netherlands. In all these countries, it was older people in low SES groups who mostly used such help. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that, in each country and for both types of help, there were SES gradients in the utilisation of both formal and informal care, and that differences in age, health and marital status largely accounted for the former but not the latter. Cross-national differences in the use of both informal and formal help remained when variations in sex, age, SES, health, marital status, home ownership and the use of privately-paid help were taken into account. Significant interaction effects were found, which indicated that older people in low SES groups in Great Britain and The Netherlands had higher odds of using informal help from outside the household than their counterparts in Italy, and similarly that those in The Netherlands were more likely to use formal help than their Italian peers. The results are discussed in relation to the cultural differences and variations in the availability of formal services among the countries.

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Marques, Iuri, Sarah Caroline Willis, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle y Karen Hassell. "Development of an instrument to measure organisational culture in community pharmacies in Great Britain". Journal of Health Organization and Management 32, n.º 2 (9 de abril de 2018): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2017-0131.

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Purpose Organisational culture (OC) shapes individuals’ perceptions and experiences of work. However, no instrument capable of measuring specific aspects of OC in community pharmacy exists. The purpose of this paper is to report the development and validation of an instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy in Great Britain (GB), and conduct a preliminary analysis of data collected using it. Design/methodology/approach Instrument development comprised three stages: Stage I: 12 qualitative interviews and relevant literature informed instrument design; Stage II: 30 cognitive interviews assessed content validity; and Stage III: a cross-sectional survey mailed to 1,000 community pharmacists in GB, with factor analysis for instrument validation. Statistical analysis investigated how community pharmacists perceived OC in their place of work. Findings Factor analysis produced an instrument containing 60 items across five OC dimensions – business and work configuration, social relationships, personal and professional development, skills utilisation, and environment and structures. Internal reliability for the dimensions was high (0.84 to 0.95); item-total correlations were adequate (r=0.46 to r=0.76). Based on 209 responses, analysis suggests different OCs in community pharmacy, with some community pharmacists viewing the environment in which they worked as having a higher frequency of aspects related to patient contact and safety than others. Since these aspects are important for providing high healthcare standards, it is likely that differences in OC may be linked to different healthcare outcomes. Originality/value This newly developed and validated instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy can be used to benchmark existing OC across different pharmacies and design interventions for triggering change to improve outcomes for community pharmacists and patients.

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Žygaitienė, Birutė y Evelina Buivydaitė. "A Teacher of Technological Education in Lithuania, Great Britain and Finland. What is She Like?" Pedagogika 129, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2018): 268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2018.18.

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The aim of the article is to compare the curricular of technology education and requirements for a technology education teacher in the analysed countries. The following conclusions have been made: 1. The conceptions of technological education in Lithuania, Great Britain and Finland are closely related to the aspects of integrity with other study subjects and the aim to prepare learners for successful adaptation in society. During lessons of technologies in Lithuania the modules of nutrition, textile, constructive materials, electronics and design are learnt. The lessons of design and technologies in Great Britain include innovative project learning of digital and engineering technologies and school learners study textile, constructive materials, design and nutrition. During lessons of household economics in Finland, personal school learners’ qualities are developed while learning modules of nutrition and textile, whereas the subject-specific content of household economics is not emphasised. The aspect of technology modules is highlighted in the lessons of technologies and design and technologies, whereas that of social education is observed in household economics. 2. The requirements imposed on teachers of technological education in the analysed countries include excellent subject-specific, pedagogical and psychological preparation, ability to help school students to build up their value-based attitudes on the basis of the personal value system of an educator and ability to cooperate and work in teams. The research revealed the following differences: Finnish teachers are required to creatively implement curriculum, to be able to ensure tolerance-based education in the multicultural environment and to develop school students’ entrepreneurship skills; implementation of scientific research activities in the process of education and integration of information communication technologies are important to Finnish and Lithuanian teachers. The requirements to teachers in Great Britain are similar to those imposed on teachers in the other analysed countries.

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Jeder, Daniela. "Pedagogy of diversity in teacher training". Journal of Education, Society & Multiculturalism 3, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesm-2022-0029.

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Abstract The present work outlines a series of arguments that support the need for awareness and involvement of teacher trainers in the development of competences for diversity from the stage of initial training. The work also proposes an analysis of knowledge, skills, attitudes of a cognitive, social, emotional nature, self-knowledge capacities, ethical values, etc. as structured ensembles that can be dynamically trained for the purpose of training and developing the competences for diversity of teachers. A sequential presentation of the Professional Standards for teachers from Romania, Great Britain, Australia and France from the perspective of diversity and inclusion offers some benchmarks for an educational practice that promotes equal opportunities for education and development of all children, regardless of differences in the socio-economic status, language, culture/personality, race/ethnicity, religion, abilities or disabilities, learning styles, aspects of personality etc. that differentiate them.

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PROTASOV, ANDREI D., ELENA S. STARODUBTSEVA, GABRIEL A. MOSHLYAK y ALEXANDER V. ZHESTKOV. "CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND CHINA". Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine 16, n.º 5 (octubre de 2023): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2023.16(5).127-135.

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Introduction. Higher medical education is one of the most sought-after and elite degrees worldwide. Systems of higher medical education differ from country to country, although they have certain features in common. Core differences are as follows: Training duration at various stages, contents of educational programs, learning technologies, etc. Much attention is paid to physicians training, which is determined by the high social significance of medical education. Aim: To provide an overview of the contemporary global trends in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China. Materials and Methods. World literature was analyzed on trends in the development of higher medical education. Results and Discussion. Development of the healthcare system in the UK requires an integrated approach that considers various aspects in higher medical education, personnel policy, and workplace management. French healthcare system is experiencing various problems, such as the affordability of medical services and staffing shortages in remote regions. The Government of France shall continue to invest in healthcare and address the challenges to ensure universal access to quality medical services, including through its higher education system. US medical education keeps pace with the challenges healthcare systems are facing in the 21st century. To address today’s challenges, US medical education is taking a more interdisciplinary and inclusive approach, focusing on public health, interdisciplinary teamwork, and community-based training. Chinese medical universities pay more attention to practical skills and to integrating various disciplines in training, which allows graduates to be the best medical experts able to solve complex practical problems. Conclusions. Global trends identified herein in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China require reflection, while the best practices should be introduced into the Russian system of higher education. However, approaches to be implemented should be first adapted to the historical, cultural, social, geographical, political, and other realities of Russia.

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Pless, Ivan B., Christine Power y Catherine S. Peckham. "Long-term Psychosocial Sequelae of Chronic Physical Disorders in Childhood". Pediatrics 91, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1993): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.6.1131.

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Objective. This study was designed to examine the long-term psychosocial sequelae of chronic physical disorders that begin during childhood. Design. We analyzed data from a national birth cohort. 12 537 children were followed until age 23 years—76% of all born in Britain during one week in 1958. Of these, 1667 had a chronic disorder before age 16 and 1279 were included in the 23-year follow-up. Measures. Outcome measures included self-reported psychological disturbances between ages 16 and 23, scores on the Malaise Inventory, social class, educational qualifications, unemployment, and social activities. Results. The total cumulative incidence rate before 16 years was 109.5 per 1000. Demographic comparisons showed that the group with chronic physical disorders was similar to those free of chronic disorders in all respects except the sex ratio. Men with chronic physical disorders had significantly higher relative risks for abnormal scores on the Malaise Inventory (1.52, confidence interval [C]]1.13, 2.05); specialist psychological care (1.43, CI 1.00, 2.03); poor educational qualifications (1.26, CI 1.08, 1.47); periods of unemployment (1.20, CI 1.03, 1.41); and less social drinking (1.36, CI 1.15, 1.60). In contrast, women only had a significantly elevated risk for having seen a mental health specialist (1.32, CI 1.02, 1.71). Among the men some of the risks were further elevated for those in specific diagnostic groups. These findings are examined in the light of postulates about the impact of chronic physical disorders as a whole and in an attempt to explain the striking sex differences. For clinicians they provide further reason to justify concern about the psychosocial aspects of care for children with chronic disorders.

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Sage, Lucas, Marco Albertini y Stefani Scherer. "The spreading of SARS-CoV-2: Interage contacts and networks degree distribution". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 8 (25 de agosto de 2021): e0256036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256036.

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Notable cross-country differences exist in the diffusion of the Covid-19 and in its lethality. Contact patterns in populations, and in particular intergenerational contacts, have been argued to be responsible for the most vulnerable, the elderly, getting infected more often and thus driving up mortality in some context, like in the southern European one. This paper asks a simple question: is it between whom contacts occur that matters or is it simply how many contacts people have? Due to the high number of confounding factors, it is extremely difficult to empirically assess the impact of single network features separately. This is why we rely on a simulation exercise in which we counterfactually manipulate single aspects of countries’ age distribution and network structures. We disentangle the contributions of the kind and of the number of contacts while holding constant the age structure. More precisely, we isolate the respective effects of inter-age contact patterns, degree distribution and clustering on the virus propagation across age groups. We use survey data on face-to-face contacts for Great Britain, Italy, and Germany, to reconstruct networks that mirror empirical contact patterns in these three countries. It turns out that the number of social contacts (degree distribution) largely accounts for the higher infection rates of the elderly in the Italian context, while differences in inter-age contacts patterns are only responsible for minor differences. This suggests that policies specifically targeting inter-age contacts would be little effective.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Sex differences – social aspects – great britain"

Ben-Galim, Dalia. "Equality and diversity : the gender dimensions of work-life balance policies". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d078b9c7-ceab-454c-a1b6-09ebe88fb725.

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This thesis analyses the gender dimensions of work-life balance policies in the UK. It focuses on three related questions: firstly, to what extent are work-life balance policies framed by 'diversity'; secondly, how does this impact on the conceptualisation and implementation of work-life balance policies (in government and in organisations); and thirdly, what are the implications for gender equality? Through analysing published research, the UK Government's work-life balance agenda and data generated from three selected case study organisations, the prominent dimensions of diversity that shape the conceptualisation and implementation of work-life balance policies are presented. This thesis argues that the concept of diversity - as defined by the feminist literature - offers the potential to progress gender equality through overcoming the same-difference dichotomy, and by recognising multiple aspects of identity. However, this theoretical potential is not necessarily reflected in practice. With the emphasis on the individual worker and choice, diversity has been primarily defined as 'managing diversity', and has a significant affect on how work-life balance policies have been applied in both government policy and organisational practice. The UK Government states that work-life balance policies are meant to provide everyone with opportunities to balance work with other aspects of life. The current policy framework targets parents and in particular mothers, potentially limiting the choices that men and women have to 'work' and 'care'. Locating work-life balance policies within the context of 'managing diversity' supports and facilitates women's employment, but does not necessarily challenge fundamental gender disparities such as occupational segregation and gender pay gaps. Analysis of the UK Government's current agenda and organisational case studies show that despite progressive equality, diversity and worklife balance agendas, work-life balance policies are limited in challenging persistent structural gender inequalities.

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Libros sobre el tema "Sex differences – social aspects – great britain"

Harman, Harriet. The century gap: 20th century man, 21st century woman : how both sexes can bridge the century gap. London: Vermillion, 1993.

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David, Miriam E. Parents, gender, and education reform. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1993.

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Jennifer, Coates y Cameron Deborah 1958-, eds. Women in their speech communities: New perspectives on language and sex. London: Longman, 1988.

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Abraham, John. Divide and school: Gender and class dynamics in comprehensive education. London: Falmer Press, 1995.

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Kent, Susan Kingsley. Gender and Power in Britain 1640-1990. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2002.

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Ben, Cosin, Hales Margaret y Open University, eds. Families, education, and social differences. London: Routledge in association with the Open University, 1997.

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Prescott, Sarah. Women, authorship, and literary culture, 1690-1740. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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John, Costello. Love sex and war: Changing values 1939-45. London: Guild Publishing, 1985.

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John, Hill. Sex, class, and realism: British cinema, 1956-1963. London: BFI Pub., 1986.

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Orme, Joan. Gender and community care: Social work and social care perspectives. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Sex differences – social aspects – great britain"

"interpreted in different ways by individual scholars. Why, for example, is the preponderance of male depictions seen at Grot ta di Porto Badisco interpeted as meaning male domination of Neolithic society in Italy (Whitehouse, 1992b) whereas Hodder (1990: 68) declines to interpret the common occurrence of female figurines in the Neolithic of S.E. Europe as an indication of an equivalent female domination of society, but instead suggests "To put it over-simply, women may or may not have had any real power in the Neolithic of S.E. Europe, but certain aspects of being a woman were conceptually central."? One can cite a similar example from Skeates (1994: 207-8), where he accepts Whitehouse's identification of the human figures as males or females, but disagrees with her interpretation of male dominance and hostility between the sexes in Italian Neolithic society. Each of these two scholars also has their own interpretation of the important group 16 painted scene from the Grotta do Porto Badisco — needless to say, I also have mine. By turning to burial evidence, can one avoid the above dilemmas? Physical anthropological methods can be used to identify male and female human remains, and, knowing the sex of burials could then lead to a better understanding of the gender affiliations of accompanying grave goods. These artefacts can then be investigated in other contexts such as settlement sites. However, there is a surprising amount of uncertainty involved in sexing human remains. In this paper I wish to discuss the uncertainties in the physical anthropological methods of sexing human remains and their implications for gender studies by focussing on a recent analysis of an Iron Age necropolis at Pontecagnario, Campania, carried out by Vida Navarro (1992). PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL METHODS OF SEXING HUMAN REMAINS Since gender is culturally constructed, it is possible for individuals or groups to have a gender that is different from their biological sex, or is intermediate or anomalous in some way. For example, in Ancient Rome, a Vestal Virgin had an ambiguous status in Roman society as shown by the fact that she could give evidence in a law court like a man. Usually Roman women had to be represented by a male relation or their spouse and could not speak in court on their own behalf or give evidence (Beard 1980: 17). Nevertheless, a Vestal Virgin was still a woman, and was allowed to marry, if she so wished, after her term of office finished (Beard 1980:, 14, note 21). Although ambiguous groups of this kind have been recognised in many societies, it is nonetheless the case that one would expect a high level of correlation between biological sex and social gender. The accurate identification of the biological sex of human remains would therefore be a great step forward in understanding gender construction and gender roles in prehistory. Unfortunately, physical anthropological methods are reliable only to a certain extent, and it is important for all archaeologists to be aware of the limitations of these methods. Like other primates, humans show sexual dimorphism i.e., the males have a larger body and show other skeletal differences from females, especially in the shape of the pelvis. When an intact pelvis is present in a burial, the identification of those remains as male or female can be made with 95% confidence (Krogman & Iscan 1986: 259). This, of course, applies to recent skeletal material, as the morphological and morphometric methods for sex identification used by anthropologists are based on reference collections from modern human populations. As Gotherstrom et ¿z/. (1997) point out, the application of these standards to prehistoric remains may be inappropriate. Prehistoric females may have been more skeletally robust, so that in the absence of a diagnostic pelvis, they could appear to be males, according to standards derived from modern populations. The pelvis anchors muscles, and "Considering the plasticity of the skeleton in response to external forces and stimuli, there are reasons to proceed with caution in interpreting all morphological differences in the pelvic region as a result of differential reproductive function." (Gotherstrom et al. 1997)." En Gender & Italian Archaeology, 44–58. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315428178-13.

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