Tesis sobre el tema "Sewerage engineering"

The broad theme of this thesis is engineering decision-making. The various factors that shape technological development are investigated using the development of Sydney's sewerage system as a case study. The thesis focuses on various key decisions, past and present, including the choice of water-carriage technology for sewage collection, the selection of sewage treatment technologies, and on-going preference of engineers and bureaucrats for ocean disposal. Also covered are the legislative and regulatory mechanisms, the policies of the Sydney Water Board with regard to industrial waste disposal and the relationship between the Board and the public. A study was made of historical documents, engineering reports and papers, parliamentary debates, annual reports, minutes, newspaper reports and secondary sources and personal interviews were conducted. Various bodies of literature were referred to and used, including the books and articles on the history and sociology of engineers, the politics of expertise and public participation and the emerging discipline of science and technology studies. It is concluded that the development of Sydney's sewerage system has been shaped by social, political and economic factors and that engineers have played a pivotal role in the decisions made through their deliberate shaping of knowledge and the performance of predictions they have made for various options. The decisions made in this way have been defended against public opinion and public participation in the decision-making process has been kept to a minimum. This thesis supports the argument that technology is socially constructed, that the technical cannot be separated from the social, and that an interactive model of technological development is more appropriate than a linear, causal one. It shows that the role of power in the shaping of technology is crucial, and in particular the alliance of state and professional power that occurs in the shaping of public sector technology.

Today’s rapid growth in population on sub-urban areas has caused an increase in fecal coliforms to be discharged to down-streams and lakes. The unaffordability of conventional sewerage systems makes it inaccessible to big part of the population of rural communities to receive proper sanitation. Since population growth is only projected to increase during the next few years, action is necessary to change the course of the future of rural communities, more specifically described on this report, Louisiana’s communities. One option to offer affordable sewerage systems to the Louisiana region is that we utilize of the Simplified Sewerage technology. Simplified Sewerage has been tested on several municipalities around the globe, especially in Brazil. The results of its application have proven to be conclusive and beneficial to communities.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in protecting the environment from much of the waste produced by humans. This includes not only human waste, but everything that makes its way into a sewerage system including greywater, stormwater, and potentially hazardous chemicals from, inter alia, chemical spills. The effects of a chemical spill if it enters a WWTP can be disastrous, resulting in the ineffective treatment of incoming water for prolonged periods of time (Söhr, 2014). This can lead to one of the dilemmas of urban wastewater systems, notably, whether it is more damaging to allow a chemical spill to bypass a WWTP, or to attempt to treat all or some of the spill and risk damaging the microbes working in the biological treatment processes (Schütze, 2002). In order to better inform policy makers and process engineers at WWTPs of which measures to take in the event of a spill, solute transport characteristics of a specific sewerage network must be defined.  A series of tracer tests were performed along The Käppala Association’s northern sewerage network to determine these solute transport characteristics, notably the dispersion coefficient which strongly affects the level of dilution that occurs between the injection point and the inlet. A simple solute transport model, carried out in Excel, was created using the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE) and the Manning-Strickler equation to relate flow measurements to flow velocity. Results from the experiments show that a dispersion coefficient of 1.55m2/s appears to be applicable throughout the whole of the tunnel network. A depth dependent Manning-Strickler coefficient seems to describe the flow-velocity relationship, however, this method has not been validated. The ADE begins to lose accuracy in describing solute transport as the distance from the inlet and the number of pumping stations the plume goes through increases.
Avloppsreningsverk spelar en viktig roll för att skydda miljön från mycket av det avfall som produceras av människor. Detta inkluderar inte bara mänskligt avfall utan allt som tar sig in i ett avloppssystem, till exempel gråvatten, dagvatten och potentiellt farliga kemikalier från bland annat industriutsläpp. Effekterna av ett kemiskt utsläpp kan vara katastrofala om det kommer in i ett avloppsreningsverk, vilket resulterar i ineffektiv behandling av inkommande vatten under längre perioder (Söhr, 2014). Detta är ett dilemma i urbana avloppssystem – ska man låta ett kemiskt utsläpp ledas förbi ett avloppsreningsverk, eller försöka behandla hela eller en del av utsläppet och riskera att skada mikroberna i den biologiska reningsprocessen (Schütze, 2002). För att beslutsfattare och processingenjörer vid avloppsreningsverk ska kunna fatta rätt beslut om vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas vid utsläpp måste egenskaperna för det specifika avloppsnätet definieras.  Syftet med detta projekt är att uppskatta transportparametrar och karakterisera utspädning i nätverket genom att utföra en serie spårningsförsök i Käppalaverkets upptagningsområde. För att nå syftet fanns det flera mål som genomförts: Genomföra en litteraturstudie  Skapa en förutsägbar modell i Excel baserad på flödesdata längs Käppalaförbundets tunnelsystem Genomföra en serie spårningsförsök vid flera punkter längs tunnelsystemet  Strukturerad datalagring av resultaten så att data är lätt att hitta för framtida projekt  Metoderna kan delas i två: modellering och försök. För att skapa en modell och simulera transport av ett ämne i nätet får man definiera relevanta ekvationer. För den hydrauliska delen av modellen användes Manning-Strickler-ekvationen. Resultaten från detta användes sedan i den förenklade formen av advektion-spridningsekvationen (ADE). Tunnelsystemet uppdelades i flera sektioner med samma egenskaper såsom form och geometri, och en anpassad form av ADE användes emellan sektionerna. För att nå framgång i försöken krävdes att rätt spårämne valdes. Uranin användes i försöken på grund av sina ogiftiga och stabila egenskaper och den låga detektionsgränsen. Injiceringspunkterna låg gradvis längre bort från inloppet; Försök 1 var 9km från verket till nästan 46km vid Arlanda flygplats för Försök 3.  Resultaten från simuleringarna användes för att planera injiceringstid, start- och stopptid för provtagningen och provtagningsfrekvens. Resultatet från första försöket användes för att kalibrera modellen inför de andra försöken. Resultaten från alla försök visade att en dispersionskoefficient på 1.55m2/s, som är ett mått på utspädning i nätet, verkar tillämpligt till hela tunnelsystemet. Koefficienten kan dock vara högre i de kommunala näten. En djupberoende metod för att härleda Mannings tal formulerades, men det kräver ytterligare validering.  Från alla tre försöken kan vi härleda ett förhållande mellan avstånd från inlopp och toppkoncentration samt avstånd från inlopp och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan. Toppkoncentration visar ett linjärt eller kanske logaritmiskt förhållande med distans, och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan visar ett starkt linjärt förhållande. Kunskaper om detta är viktigt när man vill genomföra en riskbedömning av ett kemiskt utsläpp i upptagningsområdet eftersom det ger en insikt om hur det kan påverka den biologiska reningen i ett avloppsreningsverk.  Sammanfattningsvis fungerar den enkla formen av ADE bra, men viss avvikelse ses i experiment 3. Detta beror kanske på möjliga övergående lagringsprocesser vid pumpstationerna längs tunnelsystemet. En enda dispersionskoefficient, som är ett mått på utspädning, är tillämplig i hela huvudtunnelsystemet, men spridningen i kommunala nätverk är sannolikt högre. Ytterligare arbete behövs inom dessa kommunala nätverk för att kvantifiera deras effekter.  På grundval av resultaten från detta projekt rekommenderas ytterligare forskningsundersökningar om vad som händer med föroreningar i avloppsreningsverket. Eftersom slammet vid Käppalaverket används för biogasproduktion och är Revaq-certifierat för användning på jordbruksmark är föroreningsnivån i slammet mycket viktigt både ur produktivitets- och hälso- och säkerhetsperspektiv.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research project focuses on sanitary sewer systems. When performing an analysis of a sewer drainage system with known constraints, an appropriate model needs to be chosen depending on the objectives of the analysis. Uncertainties are also present in the analysis of sewer drainage systems. The uncertainties and the errors in hydraulic models need to be understood and considered. The required level of accuracy and the type of hydraulic problem that needs to be solved may alter the complexity of the hydraulic model used to solve a drainage system. The wide variety of available simulation models further complicates model selection. With various models available, selecting the most appropriate model for a particular drainage system simulation is important. The various models for sewer drainage system analysis can be categorised in different ways. For example, it is possible to categorise models according to their purpose, which could be evaluation, design or planning. Evaluation models are mainly used to test whether existing systems or planned systems are adequate and require the highest hydraulic detail. Design models are used to determine the size of conduits within a drainage system and require moderate levels of hydraulic detail. Planning models are primarily used for strategic planning and decision making for urban or regional drainage systems and require the least amount of hydraulic detail. An understanding of the available models is required in order to choose the most suitable simulation model for the desired purpose. Some models are derived from the Saint-Venant equations of flow. The most detailed models are typically referred to as fully dynamic wave models and utilise all the components of the Saint-Venant flow equations. By removing terms from the Saint-Venant equations a kinematic wave model can be created. Some less complex models ignore basic principles of hydraulics in order to make assumptions that simplify the process of simulating flows. In this thesis three different models were compared: a detailed model using fully dynamic flow equations, a simplified model using kinematic wave equations and a basic model using contributor hydrograph routing equations. For the drainage system analysis SWMM-EXTRAN was used as the fully dynamic wave model, SWMM-TRANSPORT was used as the kinematic wave model and SEWSAN was used as the contributor hydrograph model. Two drainage systems situated in South Africa were used as case studies and are referred to as Drainage System A and Drainage System B in this thesis. The actual flow rate was recorded at two points with flow loggers, one in each of the two systems. The flow rate was continually recorded at 1 hour intervals for the period 1 July 2010 to 9 July 2010 in Drainage System A as well as in Drainage System B. The same input parameters were used for each model allowing the modelled flow rates to be compared to the measured flow rates. The models provided peak flow results that were within 2% of the measured peak flow rates and the modelled mean flows were within 8.5% of the measured mean flows in most situations. However, when rapidly varied flows occurred the kinematic wave and contributor hydrograph models returned conservative results as they were unable to account for hydraulic effects such as acceleration. The effect of acceleration became most pronounced up and downstream of drop structures and sections where the slope changed considerably. The kinematic wave and contributor hydrograph models were therefore unable to accurately simulate surcharge conditions. The results suggest that the fully dynamic wave model can be used in all scenarios. The kinematic wave model can be used for a design analysis if no hydraulic structures occur in the system. The contributor hydrograph model should not be used for an evaluation analysis, but can be used for a design analysis if a relatively high level of confidence in the parameter set exists and no areas of rapidly varying flow or hydraulic structures exist within the system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing projek is gefokus op riool dreineringsisteme. Wanneer ʼn analise van ʼn riool dreineringsisteem met bekende beperkinge onderneem word, moet ʼn geskikte model gekies word afhangende van die doelwitte van die analise. Onbekendes is ook teenwoordig in die analise van riool dreineringsisteme. Dit word belangrik dat die onsekerhede en die foute in hidroliese modelle moet verstaan en oorweeg word. Die verwagte vlak van akkuraatheid en die tipe hidroliese probleem wat opgelos moet word mag die ingewikkeldheid van die hidroliese probleem, wat gebruik word om ʼn rioolsisteem op te los, verander. Die wye verskeidenheid van beskikbare simulasie modelle bemoeilik verder die keuse van ʼn model. Met etlike modelle beskikbaar vir seleksie, is die mees geskikte model vir ʼn spesifieke dreineringsisteem simulasie belangrik. Die verskeie modelle vir riool dreineringsisteem analise kan op verskillende wyses gekategoriseer word. Byvoorbeeld, dit is moontlik om modelle te kategoriseer volgens hulle doel, wat evaluasie, ontwerp en beplanning kan wees. Evaluasiemodelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik om te toets of huidige of beplande sisteme voldoende is en of hulle die hoogs moontlike hidroliese besonderhede benodig. Ontwerpmodelle word gebruik om die grootte van ʼn leipyp binne ʼn rioolsisteem te bepaal en benodig matige vlakke van hidroliese besonderhede. Beplanningsmodelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir strategiese beplanning en besluitneming vir stedelike en landelike rioolsisteme en benodig die laagste vlak van hidroliese data. ʼn Begrip van die beskikbare modelle is nodig om ʼn keuse te maak rakende die mees geskikte simulasie model vir die verlangde doelwit. Sommige modelle is afkomstig van die Saint-Venant vergelykings van vloei. Die mees gedetailleerde modelle word tipies na verwys as die volledige dinamiese golf modelle en benut alle komponente van die Saint-Venant vloei vergelykings. Deur die verwydering van terme van die Saint-Venant vergelykings kan ʼn kinematiese golf model daargestel word. Sommige minder gekompliseerde modelle ignoreer die basiese beginsels van hidrologie om aannames te maak wat die proses van golf simulering vereenvoudig. In hierdie tesis is drie verskillende modelle vergelyk; ʼn gedetailleerde model wat volledige dinamiese vloeivergelykings gebruik; ʼn vereenvoudigde model wat kinematiese golfvergelykings gebruik en ʼn basiese model wat bydraende hidroliese versending vergelykings. Vir die dreineringsisteem analise was SWMM-EXTRAN gebruik as die volledige dinamiese golfmodel, SWMM-TRANSPORT was gebruik as die kinetiese golfmodel en SEWSAN was gebruik as die bydraende hidroliese model. Twee dreineringsisteme in Suid-Afrika was gebruik as gevallestudies en word na verwys as Dreineringsisteem A en Dreineringsisteem B. Die werklike vloeikoers was aangeteken by twee punte met vloeimeters, een in elk van die sisteme. Die vloeikoers was deurlopend opgeteken met 1 uur tussenposes vir die periode 1 Julie 2010 tot 9 Julie 2010 in Dreinering Sisteem A sowel as Dreinering Sisteem B. Dieselfde inset parameters was gebruik vir elke model wat dit moontlik gemaak het dat die gemoduleerde vloeikoerse met die gemete vloeikoerse vergelyk kon word. Die modelle het spits vloeiresultate voorsien wat binne 2% van die gemete spits vloeikoerse was en, in die meeste situasies, dat die gemoduleerde gemiddelde vloei binne 8.5% van die gemete gemiddelde vloei was. Wanneer vinnig varierende vloei voorgekom het, die kinetiese golf and bydraende hidrograaf modelle konserwatiewe resultate gelewer het, aangesien hulle nie in staat was om hidroliese effekte soos versnelling te verklaar nie. Die effek van versnelling was op sy duidelikste stroomopwaarts en stroomafwaarts onder valstrukture en by gedeeltes waar die helling aansienlik verander het. Die kinetiese golf en bydraer hidrograaf modelle was gevolglik nie in staat om oorladingsomstandighede akkuraat te simuleer nie. Die resultate wys dat die volledige dinamiese vloeimiddel gebruik kan word in alle omstandighede. Die kinematiese vloeimiddel kan gebruik word vir ʼn ontwerp analise indien geen hidroliese struktuur in die sisteem voorkom nie. Die bydraer hidrograaf model behoort nie gebruik te word vir ʼn evaluerings analise nie, maar kan gebruik word vir ʼn ontwerp analise indien ʼn relatiewe hoë vlak van vertroue in die parameter stel bestaan en geen area van vinnig veranderende vloei of hidroliese strukture binne die sisteem bestaan nie.

Šiose magistro tezėse yra aptariami pastaruoju metu (nuo 2000 metų) Lietuvoje įrengti ir rekonstruoti (arba įrengiami ir rekonstruojami dar ir šiuo metu) nuotakynai. Tezėse apžvelgtos pastaruoju metu dažniausiai naudojamos nuotakyno įrengimo ir rekonstrukcijos technologijos, išanalizuotos būdingiausios techninės charakteristikos, pateiktas kaštų įvertinimas. Analizei atlikti buvo taikytas stiprybių, silpnybių, galimybių ir grėsmių (SSGG) metodas. Aptarus šias svarbiausias charakteristikas pateiktos rekomendacijos nuotakyno įrengimo ir rekonstrukcijos optimizavimui.
These mater’s thesis dwells on the lately (since year 2000) installed and reconstructed (or still under installation and reconstruction) sewerage systems in Lithuania. Most popular technologies of sewerage installation and reconstruction were overviewed, some typical parameters analyzed, as well as the evaluation of expenses presented in these thesis. The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) method for analysis was applied. Folloving the description of the most important parameters, the guidelines for optimization of sewerage installation and reconstruction was presented.

Šiame darbe analizuojama Širvintų rajono vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė. Analizei panaudota UAB “Širvintų vandenys“ informacija, bei Širvintų kaimo gyventojų apklausos duomenys. Aktualiausia problema - vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė Širvintų rajone. Gyventojai, gyvenantys individualiuose namuose miestuose bei nedidelėse priemiestinėse gyvenvietėse dažnai neturi galimybių naudotis vandens tiekimo ir nuotekų šalinimo paslaugomis. Jie savo reikmėms vandenį ima iš individualiai įrengtų šachtinių šulinių bei gręžinių. Šie gyventojai nuotekas dažniausiai išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes. Išanalizavus esamą situaciją galima teigti, kad dauguma Širvintų rajono gyventojų vandenį gauna iš centralizuotų vandentiekio tinklų, o nuotekas išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes arba į individualius valymo įrenginius.
The aim of thesis is to analyse the condition of water-supply and sewerage systems of Sirvintai District. The survey data of Sirvintai district people was used to carry out the analysis. The most relevant problem is the condition of water-supply and drainage systems of Sirvintai District. People, who live in their own houses in towns and small suburban villages, often do not have access to water-supply and wastewater disposal services. They receive water from their individually built wells and bores for their own consumption. These people usually drain wastewater into the exhausting holes. Having analysed the current situation we can declare that most Sirvintai district people receive water from public water systems but drain wastewater into the exhausting holes or individual wastewater treatment facilities.

Under 2007 trädde lagen (2006:412) om allmänna vattentjänster (LAV) i kraft. 6 § i denna lag säger att en kommun är skyldig att säkerställa vattenförsörjning och avlopp i ett "större sammanhang" om det behövs med hänsyn till skyddet för människors hälsa eller miljön, men ibland väljer kommuner att inte ansluta vissa områden till det kommunala verksamhetsområdet trots att villkoret i 6 § i LAV är uppfyllt. Dessa områden brukar benämnas § 6-områden, det vill säga områden som uppfyller villkoret "större sammanhang" enligt 6 § LAV, men som ändå ligger utanför kommunens verksamhetsområde. Men vad innebär det då att kommunerna ska säkerställa vattenförsörjning och avlopp i ett "större sammanhang"? Begreppet "större sammanhang" finns inte definierat i lagtexten, men enligt förarbeten kan man möjligen säga att 20 till 30 fastigheter kan ses som en gräns, som dock kan minskas om det finns särskilda skäl för det. Men hur tolkar kommunerna begreppet "större sammanhang" i 6 § lagen om allmänna vattentjänster? Det är den första frågeställningen som besvaras i studien. Den andra frågeställningen som besvaras är varför vissa områden i kommunerna ligger utanför verksamhetsområden trots att villkoret om "större sammanhang" är uppfyllt. Kommunerna som studien berör är Lerum, Lysekil, Skövde, Svenljunga och Vänersborg. För att svara på frågeställningarna har en kombination av, juridisk, kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod använts. Kommunernas VA-planer, som är ett underlag till den kommunala VAplaneringen, har granskats och intervjuer har genomförts för att komplettera VA-planerna samt ge en djupare förståelse för kommunernas beslut. Studien visar att det varierar från kommun till kommun hur de har valt att tolka begreppet "större sammanhang" då antalet fastigheter varierar från åtta till 20 stycken. En del av kommunerna använder dessutom begreppen "samlad bebyggelse" och "sammanhållen bebyggelse" från PBL, vilket är problematiskt då det är begrepp som rör PBL och inte återfinns i LAV. Vad det gäller den andra frågeställningen fanns det ett samband mellan hur kommunerna har bedömt områden som inte ska anslutas. Anledningen är att dessa områden är lågt prioriterade utifrån en behovs- och möjlighetsbedömning.
In 2007, the Public Water Services Act came in to effect. According to the sixth paragraph in this law, all municipalities shall arrange water supplies and sewerage in a "wider context" if it is necessary with respect to human health or the environment. But sometimes, municipalities choose not to connect certain areas to the operational area even though they should do so according to the sixth paragraph in the Public Water Services Act. These areas are commonly referred to as § 6 areas which means that these areas fulfill the condition "wider context" in the Public Water Services Act, but are outside the operational area. What does it mean that the municipalities shall ensure water supply and sewerage in a "wider context"? The term "wider context" is not defined in the legal text, but preparatory work to the law states that 20 to 30 properties can be seen as a guideline. This amount can be reduced if there are special reasons for it. But how do the municipalities interpret the term? This is the first question that this study answers. The second question that has been answered is why the municipalities choose to not connect some certain areas to the operational area, despite the fact that the conditions for "wider context" in the sixth paragraph are fulfilled. The study concerns the following municipalities: Lerum, Lysekil, Svenljunga, Skövde and Vänersborg. In order to gain information and to find answers to the questions, a combination between legal methodology, a quantitative and a qualitative method has been used. The municipalities VA-plans, which are guiding for municipal VA planning, have been reviewed and interviews have been conducted to supplement the VA-plans and provide a deeper understanding of municipal decisions. The study shows that it varies from municipality to municipality how the term "wider context" is interpreted as the number varies from eight to twenty properties included. Some of the municipalities also use the terms "assembled dwellings" and "assembled built environment" from the Planning and Building Act (2010:900). As for the second issue, there is a connection between how the municipalities have assessed these areas. The reason why some areas not are connected to any operational area is because they have a low priority based on a need and possibility assessment.

På senare tid har kommuner runt om i stockholmsregionen uppdaterat sina pumpstationer med nya operationspaneler och med uppdaterade funktioner i stationerna. Men kommunerna har olika krav på sina pumpstationer och pumpstationerna har olika funktioner, till exempel har vissa omrörningsventiler andra inte eller att de har olikt antal pumpar i stationerna. Det har gjort att Huddinge Elteknik AB har skapat ett standardprogram som ska täcka de allra flesta funktioner som en VA anläggning behöver för att förenkla arbetet när man ska uppdatera en pumpstation. Målet med det här projektet var att man skulle föra över Huddinges standardprogram till en operationspanel av Mitsubishi fabrikat i en pumpstation i Värmdö kommun. Där man samtidigt skulle uppdatera användargränssnittet i panelen för att göra den mer användarvänlig. För att utföra detta projekt så använde man sig av program som GX Works3, GT Design3 och iX Developer för att programmera PLC-programmet samt i design av panelens användargränssnitt. Under arbetets gång tar man även hänsyn till teori kring användargränssnitt så som Hick Haymans lag, Fitts lag och gränssnittsmetaforer för att få ett så användarvänligt interface på panelen som möjligt. Man överförde standardprogrammet till operationspanelen med de funktioner som Värmdö krävde skulle vara med. Man behöll grundvyn på panelens design men med uppdaterad grafik där man tillämpade teorin för att få panelen mer användarvänlig.
Recently, districts around the Stockholm region have updated their pump stations with new operating panels and with updated functions in the stations. But the local authorities have different requirements for their pumping stations and the pumping stations have different functions, such as some have stirring valves others do not, or that they have different number of pumps in the stations. Because of this Huddinge Elteknik AB has created a standard program that will cover the vast majority of functions that a water and sewerage facility needs to simplify the work when updating a pump station. The aim of this project was to transfer Huddinge's standard program to an operation panel of Mitsubishi brand, in a pumping station in Värmdö municipality where at the same time it would update the user interface in the panel to make it more user-friendly. In order to carry out this project, programs such as GX Works3, GT Design3 and iX Developer were used to program the PLC-program and in the design of the panel's human machine interface. During the course of the work you also take into account the theory of user interfaces such as Hick Hayman's law, Fitts law and interface metaphors in order to get the most user-friendly interface. The standard program was transferred to the operating panel with the functions required by Värmdö, and the basic view of the panel's design was retained. But with updated graphics where the theory was applied to make the panel more user-friendly.

O tratamento de esgoto por meio de reatores anaeróbios, entre eles o tipo “Up-flow Anaerobic Slugde Blanket” – UASB é realizado há vários anos em alguns estados do Brasil. Para o dimensionamento e o controle destes reatores é considerada uma série de fatores como temperatura, pH do meio, carga hidráulica e, o objeto deste estudo, relação de nutrientes do afluente. As Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto recebem afluentes com variadas relações de nutrientes e não há na literatura consenso acerca de quais seriam os valores ótimos para funcionamento dos reatores. A fim de buscar maior entendimento sobre o assunto e assessorar o projeto, dimensionamento, e controle dos reatores anaeróbios, foi avaliada a influência da relação dos principais nutrientes (carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo) no desempenho de reatores tipo UASB tratando afluente sintético. Neste trabalho foram utilizados quatro reatores tipo UASB com as mesmas características, além disso, condições como TDH, carga orgânica e temperatura também eram constantes entre os reatores, sendo a única variável entre eles a relação C:N:P do afluente. O afluente sintético produzido tinha DQO esperada de 500 mg/L, valor próximo ao de esgotos domésticos. As análises se dividiram em duas partes, o monitoramento que durou 362 dias e os três perfis com 10 horas cada. No monitoramento foram realizadas análises de DQO, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis, produção de gás metano, além da medição de temperatura e ph. Nos perfis foram feitas análises de DQO, fosfatos e nitrogênio amoniacal. Para discussão dos resultados foram realizados testes estatísticos a fim de indicar a existência de correlação entre as relações C:N:P dos afluentes e alguns dos resultados encontrados como: remoção de DQO, produção e consumo de alcalinidade e ácidos voláteis e produção de metano. Foi encontrada correlação apenas entre a produção de metano e as relações C:N:P testadas, sendo que para as outras análises esta correlação não foi confirmada. Todos os reatores obtiveram altas taxas quanto à remoção de DQO, estando estas acima de 75%, isto provavelmente se deve a fonte de carbono do afluente sintético ser a glicose; com relação a alcalinidade e ácidos voláteis, os resultados entre os reatores foram próximos e indicaram o bom funcionamentos destes; e quanto a geração de metano, o reator que operou sob a relação prevista de 300:5:1 obteve um rendimento 40% maior que os demais, alcançando a média diária de 162,05 mLCH4/gDQO.
Wastewater treatment using Anaerobic reactors, such as Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket – known as UASB, has been utilized for several years in some regions of Brazil. For design criteria and process control, it is considered several parameters as temperature, substrate pH, hydraulic load and nutrient ratio. Wastewater treatment plants process effluents with a variety of nutrient ratios and there is no consensus about what would be the optimal ranges for operating those reactors. Aiming to understand and assist the design, dimensioning and control of these reactors, this work evaluated the influence of the ratios of major nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) in the performance of a UASB reactor treating synthetic effluent. This work has used four UASB reactors with same characteristics, besides that, conditions such as HRT, organic load and temperature were the same among reactors, the only condition varying was C:N:P affluent ratios. The synthetic affluent produced had a COD expected of 500 mg/L, value similar to domestic wastewater. The analyses were divided in two parts: monitoring lasting 362 days and three profiles of 10 hours each. During monitoring were realized analyses of COD, alkalinity, volatile fatty acids, methane production, besides temperature and pH. Profiles analysed COD, phosphate and ammoniacal nitrogen. For the results discussion were realized statistical tests in order to find a correlation between affluents C:N:P ratios and results of COD removal, production and consumption of alkalinity and volatile fatty acids, and methane production rates. It was only found correlation between methane production and C:N:P ratios tested; for the other analyses no correlation was confirmed. All reactors obtained high COD removal rates - above 75 percent, this probably happened because synthetic affluent source of carbon was glycose; production of alkalinity and consume of volatile fatty acids among the reactors were similar, indicating an effective functioning. Regarding methane production, the reactor that operated with expected ratio of 300:5:1 obtained a performance 40% higher than the others, reaching a daily average of 162,05 mLCH4/gDQO.

För att klara av den befolkningsökning som sker i städerna projekteras nybyggnadsområden. Innan byggnation av bostäder kan ske måste ett beslut tas om val av spillvattensystem. I nuläget saknas enkla hjälpmedel för att jämföra och göra val baserat på systemens totala kostnader under dess livslängd. Målet med detta arbete var att ta fram en beräkningsmall som kan göra en livscykelkostnadsanalys samt vara ett komplement vid projektering och val av spillvattensystem. Topografin och områdesspecifika kostnader bryts ner och förs in i beräkningsmallen för den sträcka där spillvattenledningen ska anläggas. Mallen kontrollerar därefter om områdets förutsättningar uppfyller de krav som finns för spillvattenledningar eller ej. Resultatet som erhålls av beräkningsmallen påvisar initiala-, årliga och ackumulerade kostnader för de båda systemen. Skillnader och eventuella brytpunkter mellan ackumulerad kostnad för de båda systemen redovisas och kan användas som underlag vid val av spillvattensystem. Arbetet visade att det finns ett stort b
In order to cope with the population increase that occurs in the cities, new construction areas are being planned. Before the construction of housing can take place, a decision must be made regarding the choice of sewerage system. At present there are no simple tools to compare and make choices based on the systems total lifetime cost. The aim of this thesis has been to develop a calculation template that can perform a life cycle cost analysis and to be a complement to the project planning and choice of sewerage systems. The topography and area-specific costs are broken down and entered into the calculation template for the distance where the wastewater pipeline is to be constructed. The template then checks whether the area's conditions meet the requirements for wastewater pipelines or not. The result obtained from the calculation template shows initial, annual, and accumulated costs for the two systems. Differences and possible breakpoints between the accumulated cost of the two systems are reported and can be used as a basis for decision. The work showed that there is a great need for supporting tools to facilitate the planning and decision making of water systems.

CAPES
O processo de digestão anaeróbia é muito importante no tratamento dos esgotos sanitários, por ser eficiente, simples e de baixo custo de implantação, operação e manutenção. Embora o Brasil tenha à disposição processos anaeróbios consolidados, o saneamento básico ainda é deficiente no país, e a otimização de reatores anaeróbios tem o intuito de melhorar a viabilidade, efetividade e ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o desempenho através do comportamento dinâmico e hidrodinâmico de reator anaeróbio híbrido (UAHB), com variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 a 12 h e da DQO (amostras brutas) de 250 a 1250 mgO2L-1. O reator, com volume útil de 22,1 L, foi operado com meio suporte de anéis corrugados de Policloreto de Polivinila (PVC) e mantido a temperatura ambiente, sendo o afluente de alimentação, sintético simulando o esgoto sanitário. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura do líquido e do ar, pH, alcalinidade total (AT), alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB), ácidos voláteis (AV), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO520), Turbidez, Sólidos Totais (ST), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), nitrogênio total kjeldahl (N-NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (Namon), nitrito(N-NO2-), nitrato (N-NO3-) e fósforo total (P). Foi avaliado o comportamento hidrodinâmico e verificada a existência de anomalias hidráulicas, pela técnica de estímulo-resposta tipo pulso com injeção do traçador eosina Y. Ao final dos experimentos, foi realizada a análise estatística para encontrar a condição operacional ótima, bem como os modelos estatísticos para validação dos experimentos. Em todas as condições operacionais foi possível observar que o reator UAHB entrou em equilíbrio dinâmico aparente (EEDA) com produção de alcalinidade para neutralizar os ácidos voláteis produzidos no processo de acidogênese e acetogênese da digestão anaeróbia. O aumento da carga orgânica volumétrica acarretou no aumento das eficiências de remoção em DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520 e Turbidez, mas reduziu as remoções de Sólidos Totais e Sólidos Suspensos Totais. A diminuição do TDH reduziu as eficiências de remoção dos parâmetros DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520, Sólidos Totais, Sólidos Suspensos Totais e Turbidez. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, em todas as condições operacionais foi observado o efeito de cauda longa, o regime de escoamento no interior do reator UAHB foi classificado como de tanques de mistura completa em série (NCSTR). Foi verificada a presença de zonas mortas no reator, a eficiência hidráulica foi em média 65% para as três condições e não foi possível observar a presença de curtos-circuitos para os três TDH testados. Pela análise estatística do delineamento composto central rotativo (DCCR), a condição ótima de operação para o reator foi para o TDH 12 h e DQO (amostras brutas) 553 mgO2.L-1.
The anaerobic digestion process is very important in the treatment of sewage, as it is an efficient, simple process and low cost of implementation, operation and maintenance. Although Brazil has provided consolidated anaerobic processes, sanitation is still poor in the country, and the optimization of anaerobic reactors aims to improve the viability, effectiveness and expansion of treatment systems for sewage. The aim of this research project is to evaluate the reactor's performance through dynamic and hydrodynamic behavior of hybrid anaerobic reactor (UAHB) with a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 to 12 hours and COD (gross samples) 250 - 1250 mgO2L -1. The reactor, with a volume of 22.1 L was operated with support means corrugated rings of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and kept at room temperature, the influent feed, simulating the synthetic wastewater. the physicochemical parameters were analyzed: temperature of the liquid and air, pH, total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), volatile acids (VA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), Turbidity, Total Solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen Total Kjeldahl (NTK-N), ammonia nitrogen (amon-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and Total phosphorus (P). It evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior and the determination of hydraulic anomalies, the stimulus-response pulse technique with injection of the tracer eosin Y. At the end of the experiments, statistical analysis was performed to find the optimal operating condition as well as the statistical models for validation experiments. In all operating conditions it was observed that the UAHB Reactor became apparent dynamic equilibrium (ADE) with alkalinity production to neutralize the volatile acids produced in acetogenesis process of anaerobic digestion. The increased of organic loading rate resulted in increased efficiencies in the removal of COD (gross and filtered samples), BOD and Turbidity, but reduced removals of Total Solids and Total Suspended Solids. The decrease in HRT reduced the removal efficiencies of COD parameters (grosss and filtered samples), BOD, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity. Regarding the hydrodynamic in all operating conditions was observed long tail effect, the flow regime inside the reactor UAHB was rated as complete mixing tanks in series (N-CSTR). The presence of dead zones in the reactor was checked, the hydraulic efficiency was averaged 65% for the three conditions and it was not possible to observe the presence of short circuits for the three HRT tested. For the statistical analysis of the central rotary compound design (CRCD), the optimum operating condition for the reactor was to HRT 12 h and COD (gross samples) 553 mgCOD.L-1.

碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
107
Since the first development sewer system in human history, it has become one of the major infrastructures for the modern city. According to the official record, the first sewer system in Taiwan was built around 1959, despite the connection rate is still very low (around 20%), aging plus frequent nature disaster has speed up the structure deterioration Conventional inspection method involving human inspector, which is dangerous and high cost. With advance in technologies, recent inspection started to use robot system to increase safety level, however, since Taiwan has no company specify in building such system, hence the cost is still high. To overcome these problems, this thesis focusing on using in house design system to develop underground pipeline inspection robot that can be integrate with varies of sensors. The overall developed unmanned robot connect to the ground control station with CAT5E ether net cable with tested length up to 1200 meters. Finally, a simple experiment were carried out to visually inspect section of the pipe inside campus of Chung Yuan Christian University.

碩士
逢甲大學
水利工程與資源保育學系
104
The primary function of sewage systems is to protect the living environment, advance urban development, and improve people health. Sewage systems are an indicator of the development of modern cities. Taiwan is currently advancing its public sewage construction in an effort to improve the domestic environment as well as national competitiveness. This paper reports the results of a practical training project for end-user plumbing in municipal sewage engineering in Taichung. The project was undertaken in Beitun District Ping-Hsin neighborhood. This study used business internship modes for learning and providing a comprehensive training on sewage system planning and design. The internship training process included on-site investigation of end-user investigate, construction assessment, investigate configuration, AutoCAD map data creation, SewerCAD hydrological software-based analysis, and construction budgeting using the Public Construction Cost Estimate System.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
89
Untreated household sewage has become a main source of environmental pollution in Taiwan. To tackle this problem, sewerage collection systems must be built as efficiently as possible. Among many urgent tasks, rationalizing a suitable engineering procurement approach remains to be contemplated. The enactment of Government Procurement Law provides high potential to solving this predicament. This work focuses on evaluating various procurement models is constructing the sewerage collection system, including pipes which run between households and sewer mains. It first develops the performance criteria of sewerage pipe construction, primarily based on expert knowledge. Then, it examines a total of nineteen sewerage branch procurement methods and evaluates the projected performance of each. The Analytic Hierarchy Process method is employed for compiling and verifying surveyed results. The main finding of this work is a confirmation that integration between design and construction is a key success factor in sewer system construction. There is a strong correlation between the degree of integration and project performance. It is also important to retrospect the existing contracting strategy, in which conventional separation between design and construction prevails and construction contracts tend to be grouped by piping characteristics rather than collection system logistics. In order to promote environmental protection and the advancement of modern life, timely delivery of sewer systems is of utmost importance in terms of economy and politics.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
93
Abstract Household pipe-connection constructions of public sewerage system are mostly constructed in the lateral and back alleys. Space factor has a great effect upon the productivity. This research takes the example of household pipe-connection constructions of No.2 Cannal in Kaohsiung. According to the theory that space affects productivity developed by Thomas and Thabet, this research analyzed the space-productivity relationships by collecting data from 15 streets. According to the on-site observation, this research classified the working space into five different construction width, twelve plane types and six kinds of elevated space barriers. The pipe-connection constructions consists of three subtasks, including (1)digging, (2)piping, and (3)formwork. Based on diaries of construction, the average productivity was calculated for different working space. Because of the limited sample of productivity data and working space scope, only the width- productivity effects was analyzed. Finally, by regression analysis, productivity forecast formulas were developed, which can be used to predict the productivity during investigating and planning stages. Results of this research can much improve the planning and scheduling quality in the future.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
105
The deployment of manhole covers is common in Taiwan. According to a survey conducted in 2007, there were approximately 2.5 million manhole covers built onto roads in this island, while the poll in 2016 indicated that as many as 320,000 manhole covers were present in Taipei City, out of which the rain manhole covers accounting for about 3%. Although the amount of manhole covers is small, issues including drop height, broken edges of manhole covers and noise prone to be present in busy traffic flow and improper construction and other factors. Furthermore, cases of damage or injury led by the manhole covers is usually reported in the news. Consequently, the maintenance, management and innovation of manhole covers is particularly significant. This study mainly discusses the process of the emergency repair to manholes for the rainwater sewer in Taipei City and the analysis on the case factors. The first part introduces the related facilities, institutions with reporting errors and reasons of emergency repair. The second part contains the types and evolution of the manhole cover along with the reason of adopting anti-air-lifting manhole covers by the hydraulic engineering office. The third part mentions the longitudinal connection between the information maintenance system and the equipment management system. The fourth part walks through the overall process of applying for road permits and on-site mobile phone APP reporting in the road excavation management system. The fifth part reviews the relevant researches on the anti-air-lifting manhole covers and noise, discusses on and proposes for the emergency repair process of the existing manhole covers based on the statistical analysis of the relevant data in a period of three years, dated from March 1, 2014 to March 31, 2017. Finally, the conclusion of this study shows that using anti-air-lifting manhole covers significantly reduces the maintenance case number in respective to the noise and cuts other hazardous factors of manhole covers. In addition, incorporating the instant messaging software, LINE on smart phone into the manhole emergency repair process allows problems to be resolved with less time and more efficient measures, which protect the safety of pedestrians and vehicles. It is expected that the relevant suggestions made by this study can be a reference for related units and engineering departments.

Like other engineering structures, buried stormwater drainage pipes deteriorate and fail over time in terms of pipe collapses due to structural deterioration or pipe blockages due to hydraulic deterioration. The deterioration of service infrastructure was a concern in Australian in recent times, where stormwater drainage pipes in Australia were rated as ‘poor condition’. The information on current and future condition of stormwater pipes is therefore important for making decisions on when and how to carry out maintenance and rehabilitation. As the major objective, this study attempted to develop separately structural and hydraulic deterioration models that can predict the condition changes of pipe population and condition changes of individual pipes as compared to the ‘like-new’ condition. The outcomes of the models can be used for planning annual budget and prioritizing repairs. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify the significant factors that affect the structural and hydraulic condition of stormwater pipes, which could support design and operation of stormwater pipes. To achieve these objectives, this study first considered an ideal deterioration model which recognized that pipes deteriorate differently due to their contributing factors such as pipe size and soil type. Based on the ideal deterioration model, five practical deterioration models were developed using statistical techniques and neural networks (NNs), and were calibrated using different optimization techniques in searching for the best suitable model. These deterioration models were selected considering the availability of snap-shot (or once only) inspection data and the ordinal grading system of pipe condition. The model inputs were contributing factors and the model output was pipe condition in ordinal numbers. Methods for assessing the predictive performance of these models and determining the significant input factors were considered. A case study with data collected from a City Council in Melbourne (Australia) was used to demonstrate the applicability of the models developed in this study. The results showed that the NN model and the Markov (statistical) model were the best models for predicting condition changes of individual pipes and pipe population respectively. Several factors such as pipe size and pipe location were found significant factors in these models. The significance of this study is the development of deterioration models that provide a basis for the construction of a comprehensive asset management system for stormwater pipes. The major innovation of this study is the exploitation of advanced modelling techniques for predicting the deterioration process of stormwater pipes.