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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Sewage disposal Vietnam Management"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

Richter, Dominik, Nadine Goeppert, Björn Zindler y Nico Goldscheider. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended particles and E. coli in a complex surface-water and karst groundwater system as a basis for an adapted water protection scheme, northern Vietnam". Hydrogeology Journal 29, n.º 5 (28 de mayo de 2021): 1965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02356-6.

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AbstractKarst aquifers in subtropical regions are characterized by high variability of water availability and quality due to changes associated with rainy and dry seasons. An additional challenge for water management is the combination of surface-water and karst groundwater systems since high spatiotemporal dynamics cause high variability of water quality. In these cases, adapted protection strategies are required. In this study, a protection approach for the catchment of a river-water diversion point in a rural area in northern Vietnam is developed. The variability of water quality was evaluated by rainy and dry season synoptic surveys of suspended particles and microbial contamination at 49 sites and time series at three sets of paired sites under constant hydraulic conditions. The anthropogenic land-use activities in the catchment were mapped to identify potential contamination sources and to highlight the challenging combination of surface-water and karst groundwater management. The analyzed data indicate differences in water quality between the dry and rainy seasons and a higher influence on water quality from land use than from hydrologic conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest a high risk of contamination resulting from residential areas, agriculture, and livestock farming, and reveal the necessity of implementation of appropriate measures such as restricted farming and the hook-up of buildings to municipal sewage disposal. Finally, the data show that water quality can be improved by adjusting water withdrawals by the time of day. The applied methods can be transferred to other surface-water and karst groundwater systems in similar subtropical environments.

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2

Li, Chen Yang, Hong Guang Chen, Dan Dan Xie y Wei Wei Tian. "Urban Sewage Treatment Project Risk Management Model". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (junio de 2014): 2070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2070.

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Using the automatic driving process of urban sewage treatment project risk model, combining with the characteristics of sewage disposal engineering project financing, putting forward the model of urban sewage treatment project financing risk. Cognizing and distinguishing on urban sewage treatment project financing risk. Delphi analytic hierarchy process is used to quantitative analysis for getting urban sewage treatment project financing risk hierarchy, using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for its optimization research.

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3

Turlej, Tymoteusz y Marian Banaś. "Sustainable management of sewage sludge". E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900120.

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The structure of municipal sewage sludge management in Poland, along with the change in legal regulations, has changed radically. The management of sewage sludge is of key importance for environmental pollution and limiting the negative impact on human health. This article presents current legal policies in Poland, methods of commonly used sewage sludge management in European countries, discusses the selection of an appropriate method for the disposal of municipal sewage sludge and an analysis of the current state of sewage sludge management in Poland. In addition, the difficulties associated with the adaptation of sewage sludge management for the requirements of sustainable development are discussed. The article contains foundations, challenges and concerns related to the thermal transformation of municipal sediments. Also forecast and directions of activities in sewage sludge management in Poland are presented.

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4

Rizzardini, Claudia y Daniele Goi. "Sustainability of Domestic Sewage Sludge Disposal". Sustainability 6, n.º 5 (25 de abril de 2014): 2424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6052424.

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5

Falayi, Thabo. "Alkaline recovery of phosphorous from sewage sludge and stabilisation of sewage sludge residue". Waste Management 84 (febrero de 2019): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.041.

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6

ERMOLIN, Y. "Automated control of urban sewage disposal systems". Water Research 26, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1992): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(92)90186-8.

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7

Przydatek, Grzegorz y Aldona Katarzyna Wota. "Analysis of the comprehensive management of sewage sludge in Poland". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 22, n.º 1 (31 de octubre de 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00937-y.

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Abstract The methods of sewage sludge management in Poland have largely been determined by the legal requirements related to the Poland’s membership in the European Union. Since 1st January 2016, sewage sludge landfilling is prohibited. It must be emphasised that legal changes regarding wastewater management, along with the systematic increase in the volume of produced sludge, entail the necessity to change the existing method of sewage sludge management. This paper contains an analysis of solutions for management of sewage sludge produced in Poland over the period of 8 years. The goal of the work was an assessment of comprehensive management of sewage sludge produced in Poland from 2009 to 2016. Despite the decrease in the agricultural use of sewage sludge, their average share of 32% was the highest among other forms of sewage sludge management in Poland. Another form, related with the final stage of sewage sludge management, concerned its thermal processing. It was treated as a promising method, with a 19% increase over the analysed period. An optimal solution should be found to ensure safe management of sewage sludge.

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8

Gregor, H., W. Rupp, U. Janoske y M. Kuhn. "Dewatering behavior of sewage screenings". Waste Management 33, n.º 4 (abril de 2013): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.016.

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9

ASHTON, JAMES. "Disposal and Utilisation of Sewage Sludge (1904)". Water and Environment Journal 9, S1 (marzo de 1995): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb01178.x.

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10

Logan, Terry J. "Ocean Disposal Systems for Sewage Sludge and Effluent". Journal of Environmental Quality 15, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1986.00472425001500010021x.

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11

Smurzyńska, Anna, Kamil Kozłowski, Marta Cieślik, Michał Brzoski, Dawid Chełkowski, Jakub Mazurkiewicz y Ewa Woźniak. "Methane fermentation as a possibility of utilization and energy – efficient management of sewage sludge". BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181001016.

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Sewage sludge contains organic and biogenic substances that should be used. These materials may also contain toxic substances and heavy metals, and therefore require proper management in accordance with applicable law. Sewage sludge disposal is important for the protection of the environment, but also for the costs associated with the disposal of sludge. There are many technologies that are designed to use the properties of sewage sludge. It should be emphasized, however, that the proposed sewage sludge management technologies require investment outlays. In the present situation, research experiments have been carried out in the Environmental Technology Laboratory of the University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Poznan, indicating the possibility of efficient use of sewage sludge in the methane fermentation process. The use of sewage sludge in the fermentation mix allows the fertilizer to be obtained in the form of fermentation pulp, which also has the same properties as natural fertilizers. It should also be noted that the effect of physicochemical changes is the production of biogas, which is the source of electricity and/or heat. The economic sustainability of the use of sludge (taking into account the current costs of their disposal) is unequivocally positive when co-fermented in an appropriate proportion. The results show that sewage sludge can be successfully used in biogas plants as a co-substrate of fermentation mix. Therefore, the use of sewage sludge in biogas plants not only allows for the safe management and production of fertilizers, but also for the "green" energy.

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12

Rosiek, Ksymena. "Directions and Challenges in the Management of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Poland in the Context of the Circular Economy". Sustainability 12, n.º 9 (2 de mayo de 2020): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093686.

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Landfilling was the main method of sewage sludge disposal in Poland for decades. After Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU), many investments have been made into providing better access to tap water as well as to collect and treat municipal sewage. However, sewage sludge treatment has not been treated as an integral part of the implementation of wastewater management obligations. Stricter European Union regulations regarding the management of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) pose new challenges for Poland. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the direction of the final management of municipal sewage sludge in Poland based on the analysis of strategic documents, regulations, literature, and available statistical data. The aim of the analysis was to search for directions to modify how sewage sludge is managed, given the approach promoted by the circular economy concept. The results prove that investments in wastewater treatment plants according to the EU sewage directive are not applied to the development of infrastructure that would enable the disposal of sewage sludge, which, for many years, has been stored (landfilling) or used directly in agriculture and ground reclamation. The introduction of stricter regulations in the area of sewage sludge usage and better wastewater treatment have increased the level of difficulties concerning sewage sludge management. Poland faces the challenge of defining sewage sludge management directions. The circular economy concept offers an approach that can be the basis for the creation of a new sewage sludge management strategy for Poland. The concept allows the combined goals of sewage sludge disposal and of energy and nutrients recovery to be achieved.

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13

Conrad, Jon M. "Residuals Management: Disposal of Sewage Sludge in the New York Bight". Marine Resource Economics 1, n.º 4 (enero de 1985): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.1.4.42628866.

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14

von Seidlitz, A. E. y J. Londong. "Modern management instruments - control of a water resources management association by means of an agreement on targets (balanced scorecard)". Water Science and Technology 44, n.º 2-3 (1 de julio de 2001): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0761.

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Since the matter of water supply and sewage disposal is safeguarded in Germany, public concern would no longer appear to be directed at questions of disposal reliability, but almost exclusively to economic efficiency. The requirements with respect to sewage disposal are dominated not only by growing environmental regulations and technical challenges, but also to a major extent by a discussion on the costs arising. In order to ensure a viable and at the same time economic water supply and sewage disposal despite this, it is necessary to have a holistic corporate control system. As a counterpart to the river basin management approach adopted at the Wupperverband there is, on the business management side, the agreement on targets (balanced scorecard) as a management and controlling approach. This incorporates purely financial variables as well as non-financial variables in the economic valuation of corporate success. The starting point is the formulation of strategic goals, while including customer-oriented, in-company and forward-looking perspectives, taking into account at the same time the interactions between them. A major perspective of such balanced scorecards is customer satisfaction. By means of an intensive dialogue with members, licensing and supervisory authorities of the Wupperverband within the framework of a holistic corporate control, it has been possible not only to improve corporate success, but also, and more importantly, to achieve an appreciable increase in confidence.

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15

Bruce, A. M. y R. D. Davis. "Sewage Sludge Disposal: Current and Future Options". Water Science and Technology 21, n.º 10-11 (1 de octubre de 1989): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0312.

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Sewage sludge is an inevitable product of all conventional sewage treatment processes. Disposal of sludge in an economic and environmentally-acceptable manner is becoming generally more difficult. Sludge quantities are rising and disposal options decreasing. Disposal will increasingly require positive and careful management. There are four basic destinations for sludge - agriculture, other types of land, the sea or minor outlets. Treatment methods are available for the production of nine basic types of end-product to suit particular disposal requirements. The new EC Directive will regulate sludge to agriculture and will require that all sludge to farmland is treated unless it is immediately buried under the soil. Sludge to agriculture (grassland or arable) is subject to soil metal limits and to the need to minimise the risk of disease transmission. Sludge to landfill is subject to increasing constraints, particularly on physical stability. Sludge to sea is still practised by the UK but is closely controlled by Government licence and a requirement for monitoring. Minor outlets such as oil production, protein extraction etc are only at the experimental level. A computer program (WISDOM) provides a means of evaluating the short/long-term viability of alternative treatment and disposal options to identify the most economic and environmentally-acceptable strategy on an objective basis.

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16

Malczewska, Beata, Bartosz Jawecki y Sławomir Woźniak. "Zalety i wady kompostowania osadów ściekowych w porównaniu z termicznym ich spalaniem – studium przypadku". Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26, n.º 1 (14 de abril de 2017): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2017.26.1.11.

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New challenges for the territorial government in the field of urban sewage sludge oblige to limit it storage. Sewage sludge management is one of the most difficult environmental and economic problems. Therefore, it is important to choose the right technology for the sewage sludge disposal. The purpose of this article is an evaluation of applied disposal methods on sewage treatment sludge plant and comparison of this method (sewage sludge composting) with thermal transformation of sewage sludge. Study confi rms that, in the present case, the composting of sewage sludge is the most advantageous solution.

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17

O’Kelly, Brendan C. "Mechanical properties of dewatered sewage sludge". Waste Management 25, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.08.003.

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18

Catallo, W. J. y J. L. Comeaux. "Reductive hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge". Waste Management 28, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2008): 2213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.10.005.

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19

Li, Xiao‐Ning, Ying Feng, Yung‐Ho Chiu, Tai‐Yu Lin y Shih‐Yung Chiu. "Recycling water and sludge disposal efficiency in China's sewage treatment industry". Managerial and Decision Economics 42, n.º 7 (3 de abril de 2021): 1703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.3338.

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20

Bachmaier, James T., Kevin Aiello, Robert K. Bastian, Jing Jy Cheng, Weihsueh A. Chiu, Jenny Goodman, Rosemary Hogan et al. "Management of sewage sludge and ash containing radioactive materials". International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 1, n.º 2/3 (2007): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2007.013639.

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21

Yermekov, M. T., O. V. Rozhkova, S. G. Sandibekova y Ye T. Tolysbayev. "CHALLENGES OF SNOW DISPOSAL AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF NUR-SULTAN". Water and Ecology 26, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2021.26.1.20-29.

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Introduction. In this paper, we analyze various methods of snow removal in urban areas and consider the most cost-effective and efficient solutions for snow removal and disposal using heat from sewage drains by means of stationary snow-melting points (SMP) in Nur-Sultan. In cooperation with Astana su Arnasy specialists, responsible for the operation of the city sewer system, as well as cleaning and disinfection of urban sewage drains, we reviewed the main advantages and disadvantages. Methods. The paper looks into the possibility of utilizing heat from sewage drains with the help of heat pumps. This method has been successfully tested at a sewage treatment plant and is currently used to heat auxiliary premises. The same principle can be applied in SMPs with a separate discharge of meltwater to the storm sewer. Results. Having studied the experience of using various methods for snow removal in urban areas, we find that snow removal with the use of sewage drains through the creation of special snow-melting complexes integrated with the city sewer system is the most promising method for Nur-Sultan since it allows for reducing costs, intensifying the process of snow melting, and eliminating the hazardous impact of meltwater on the environment. Conclusion. To ensure successful implementation and use of this snow removal method in Nur-Sultan, it is required to conduct a number of additional studies on the impact of sewage treatment plants on the technological processes, as well as to test options for separating sewage drains with the help of heat pumps, and, based on the studies conducted, to determine the final configuration of snow-melting complexes.

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22

Lamy, I., S. Bourgeois y A. Bermond. "Soil Cadmium Mobility as a Consequence of Sewage Sludge Disposal". Journal of Environmental Quality 22, n.º 4 (octubre de 1993): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040014x.

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23

Nomeda, Sabiene, Paulauskas Valdas, Shen-Yi Chen y Jih-Gaw Lin. "Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting". Waste Management 28, n.º 9 (enero de 2008): 1637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.022.

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24

Shiba, Nothando Cynthia y Freeman Ntuli. "Extraction and precipitation of phosphorus from sewage sludge". Waste Management 60 (febrero de 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.031.

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25

Gerasimov, Gennady, Vladimir Khaskhachikh, Oleg Potapov, Grigory Dvoskin, Valentina Kornileva y Lyudmila Dudkina. "Pyrolysis of sewage sludge by solid heat carrier". Waste Management 87 (marzo de 2019): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.016.

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26

Wang, Zhipu, Like Xie, Kai Liu, Jian Wang, Henan Zhu, Qiang Song y Xinqian Shu. "Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and cotton stalks". Waste Management 89 (abril de 2019): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.033.

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27

Breda, Carlos Cesar, Matheus Bortolanza Soares, Renan Francisco Rimoldi Tavanti, Douglas Gomes Viana, Onã da Silva Freddi, Aline Regina Piedade, Denise Mahl, Rogério Carlos Traballi y Iraê Amaral Guerrini. "Successive sewage sludge fertilization: Recycling for sustainable agriculture". Waste Management 109 (mayo de 2020): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.045.

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28

ANDREADAKIS, A. D. y D. G. CHRISTOULAS. "Treatment and Disposal Scheme for the Sewage of Athens". Water and Environment Journal 6, n.º 2 (marzo de 1992): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00703.x.

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29

Hamilton, C. J. "Gasification As An Innovative Method of Sewage-Sludge Disposal". Water and Environment Journal 14, n.º 2 (abril de 2000): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2000.tb00232.x.

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30

Hiraoka, M. "Advanced sludge thermal processes in Japan". Water Science and Technology 30, n.º 8 (1 de octubre de 1994): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0398.

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As a result of the spread of sewerage systems, the management of growing quantities of sewage sludge is becoming an urgent need. As the method of sludge management, thermal processes have mostly been applied to the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in Japan, because of the difficulty of finding final disposal sites. This paper describes the progress of thermal processing technologies, especially focusing on drying-incineration process systems and melting-slag recycling process systems.

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31

Boshier, J. A. "Criteria for Assessing Appropriate Technology for Sewage Treatment and Disposal". Water Science and Technology 27, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1993): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0005.

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This Conference is concerned with appropriate technologies for waste management. How a judgement is made as to what is appropriate for each country, region and local community is of importance. A solution for one community will not necessarily be applicable to another. The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's Office in New Zealand has a role of evaluating the performance of public authorities in their environmental management responsibilities. The Commissioner has reviewed the performance of a range of public authorities in New Zealand in respect to sewage treatment and disposal. These include the regional council responsible for the majority of sewage infrastructure in the Auckland urban area, a local authority responsible for two adjacent coastal communities and a local authority responsible for an off-shore island. The choice of technology for each situation has been influenced by the concerns of the indigenous peoples, the aspirations of the communities and the choices available for disposal of the treated effluent

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Osborne, P. L. y R. G. Totome. "Long-Term Impacts of Sewage Effluent Disposal on a Tropical Wetland". Water Science and Technology 29, n.º 4 (1 de febrero de 1994): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0170.

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Waigani Lake, near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, is part of an extensive wetland dominated by the Laloki and Brown Rivers. The wetland has received sewage effluent from stabilisation ponds for over 25 years. Water quality of the sewage, Waigani Lake and its outflow assessed in 1985 indicated that the wetland was significantly reducing suspended solid loads and the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Aerial photographs of Waigani Lake taken between 1966 and 1991 document the complete loss of submerged and floating-leaved plants and the decline in the extent of the littoral, emergent vegetation. These changes are related to sewage effluent disposal and, possibly, alterations in the magnitude of annual water level fluctuations. This study of a tropical wetland to which very large quantities of sewage effluent have been added demonstrates that the capacity of wetlands for water purification is limited and that further study on tropical wetlands is imperative before management strategies developed for temperate wetlands are applied directly to them.

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33

Ciuła, Józef, Krzysztof Gaska, Dariusz Siedlarz y Viktor Koval. "Management of sewage sludge energy use with the application of bi-functional bioreactor as an element of pure production in industry". E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301016.

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The increase in sewage sludge makes it necessary to improve the direction of sewage sludge management policy and disposal, which requires a larger amount of incineration or land reclamation. It was shown that the result of methane fermentation, which is a more complex process of extracting energy contained in waste. High costs of implementation of sludge processing technology and low efficiency of sewage treatment plants in which sewage sludge is insufficient to recover energy from them, have a negative impact on the development of energy generation from sediments. The model waste system for energy is characterized, which includes two stages. The proposed solution can be applied to small wastewater treatment plants and it is justifiable to use the concept of bi-functional bioreactors in which anaerobic and aerobic processes can be carried out with much lower construction and maintenance costs. The use of bioreactors allows to exclude the energy demand needed to stabilize sewage sludge at a low cost compared to the expenditure that is currently incurred by disposal. The proposed solution works perfectly with industrial plants, due to the possibility of their creation in the time of the creation and application of a circular economy.

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Skarżyński, Szymon y Izabela Bartkowska. "Sewage Management Changes in the North-eastern Poland After Accession to the European Union". E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183002005.

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Poland's accession to the European Union contributed to the infrastructure development of the whole country. One of the elements of the modernized infrastructure is the sewage network and facilities on this network, as well as facilities for waste water treatment and disposal of sludge. A wide stream of funds flowing to the country, and consequently also to the north-eastern polish voivodeships (Podlaskie, Warmian-Masurian, Lublin), allowed modernization, organize, and sometimes to build a new sewage management of this part of the country. The main factors and parameters that allow us to evaluate the development of the sewage management in north-eastern Poland are included: percentage of population using sewage treatment plants, number of municipal sewage plants with the division of their type, number of industrial plants, number of septic tanks, amount of sewage purified in a year, amount of sludge produced in the year, design capacity of sewage treatment plant, size of plant in population equivalent (PE). From a number of investments in the field of wastewater management carried out in the discussed area in the period after Poland's accession to the European Union, 9 investments were considered the most important, 3 from each of the voivodeships.

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Yousef, Khulood, Saud Al-Mutairy y Fouzy Haitham. "Management, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater (Sewage) Plan at Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, n.º 8 (2015): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.664.

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Lei, Kai, Rui Zhang, Buqing Ye, Jin Cao y Dong Liu. "Combustion of single particles from sewage sludge/pine sawdust and sewage sludge/bituminous coal under oxy-fuel conditions with steam addition". Waste Management 101 (enero de 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.034.

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Wu, Jiahuan, Tao Lu, Guang Yang, Wei Meng, Haoran Yuan y Yong Chen. "Self-recycling of sewage sludge as a coagulant and mechanism in sewage sludge dewatering". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 22, n.º 6 (22 de septiembre de 2020): 1867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01083-6.

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Neves, L., R. Oliveira y M. M. Alves. "Anaerobic co-digestion of coffee waste and sewage sludge". Waste Management 26, n.º 2 (enero de 2006): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.12.022.

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Park, Jung Min, Sang Bo Lee, Jin Pil Kim, Min Jung Kim, Oh Sang Kwon y Dong Il Jung. "Behavior of PAHs from sewage sludge incinerators in Korea". Waste Management 29, n.º 2 (febrero de 2009): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.015.

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40

Zhang, Jun, Ding Gao, Tong-Bin Chen, Guo-Di Zheng, Jun Chen, Chuang Ma, Song-Lin Guo y Wei Du. "Simulation of substrate degradation in composting of sewage sludge". Waste Management 30, n.º 10 (octubre de 2010): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.004.

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Kapanen, Anu, Minna Vikman, Johanna Rajasärkkä, Marko Virta y Merja Itävaara. "Biotests for environmental quality assessment of composted sewage sludge". Waste Management 33, n.º 6 (junio de 2013): 1451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.02.022.

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42

Nguyen, Duc-Quang, Eiji Yamasue, Hideyuki Okumura y Keiichi N. Ishihara. "Use and disposal of large home electronic appliances in Vietnam". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 11, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2009): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-009-0264-2.

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43

Grüter, H., M. Matter, K. H. Oehlmann y M. D. Hicks. "Drying of Sewage Sludge – An Important Step in Waste Disposal". Water Science and Technology 22, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1990): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0100.

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Industrial drying techniques are successfully used processes. They are usually used for the production of base materials for industries such as food, chemical and pharmaceutical. These processes can be transferred without any difficulty for the drying of sewage sludge. Thermal drying as a process for the purpose of water removal is an important link in waste management between sludge production and sludge disposal. Two systems, convection and contact drying, are here compared. Contact drying in the thin film evaporation process is explained. Explanation and proposed uses of the single and two-stage drying systems will be discussed. Finally a short review of incurred expenses will be given.

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44

Werle, Sebastian y Mariusz Dudziak. "Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process". Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, n.º 2 (8 de julio de 2014): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0020.

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Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.

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45

Ingunza, Maria P. D., Luis Yermán y David Williams. "Mineralogy and Microstructural Aspects of Raw and Calcined Sewage Sludge: Considerations for Its Use in Composite Materials". Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2020): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.384.

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Municipal sludge is being increasing considered as a source of raw material in the modern sustainable model policies. This kind of waste exhibits a complex composition mainly due to the sewage water source and the treatment processes. The aim of this work was to study the mineralogy and microstructural aspects of the raw sludge and its mineralogical transformations with calcination in order to obtain a better understanding of its behavior as a raw material in civil construction. Samples of raw sludge and sludge calcined at 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Previously, chemical, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis were performed. The results revealed that sewage sludge is a chemically complex material, resulting in a structurally complex mineralogical composition with a strongly contribution of phosphate group. During the calcination, changes appear in the sewage sludge mineralogical phases. Notably, aggregates of Ca-Na-silicon-phosphate can be observed at the highest calcination temperatures.

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46

Brandão, J., I. Albergaria, J. Albuquerque, S. José, J. Grossinho, F. C. Ferreira, A. Raposo et al. "Untreated sewage contamination of beach sand from a leaking underground sewage system". Science of The Total Environment 740 (octubre de 2020): 140237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140237.

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47

Nakao, Satoshi, Kohsuke Akita, Asako Ozaki, Keiko Masumoto y Tetsuji Okuda. "Circulation of fibrous microplastic (microfiber) in sewage and sewage sludge treatment processes". Science of The Total Environment 795 (noviembre de 2021): 148873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148873.

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48

Lowe, Paul. "Proceedings of IWEM Seminar on Options for Sewage Sludge Disposal". Water and Environment Journal 5, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1991): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00690.x.

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49

SMITH, P. G. "Thermal Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of Sewage Sludge in Japan". Water and Environment Journal 6, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1992): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00716.x.

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50

HUDSON, J. A. "Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge in the Mid-1990s". Water and Environment Journal 9, S1 (marzo de 1995): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb01179.x.

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