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Ashgriz, N., and J. Y. Poo. "Coalescence and separation in binary collisions of liquid drops." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 221 (December 1990): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112090003536.
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An extensive experimental investigation of the binary collision dynamics of water drops for size ratios of 1. 0.75, and 0.5, for the Weber-number range of 1 to 100, and for all impact parameters is reported. Two different types of separating collisions, namely reflexive and stretching separations, are identified. Reflexive separation is found to occur for near head-on collisions, while stretching separation occurs for large-impact-parameter collisions. The boundaries between both of the separating collisions and coalescence collision are found experimentally. Theoretical models for predictions of the reflexive and stretching separation are also given.
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Liu, Si Si, Chao Hui Zhang, and Han Bing Zhang. "Meniscus and Viscous Forces during the Nanoscale Separation of Sphere-on-Sphere Contact Surfaces." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.739.
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When two surfaces are brought into contact or at small separations, the liquid between them forms meniscus, which contributes to adhesion and friction. The increased adhesive force and friction are always the substantial cause leading to micro/nanodevices’s failure. In this study, a dynamic contact model of sphere-on-sphere surfaces during nanoscale separation is presented. A numerical analysis of meniscus and viscous forces based on the dynamic contact model has been carried out. During the separation process, the effects of separation distance, initial meniscus height, surface wettability and separating time on meniscus and viscous forces between the contact surfaces are investigated. The results of numerical solution revealed the adhesion mechanism of sphere-on-sphere surfaces during the separation with liquid mediated. The analyses provide a fundamental understanding of the separating process of two sphere surfaces. It is also useful for the design of the de-wetting and antisticking micro/nanoscale surfaces in various devices.
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Fisher, Talia. "Separation of Law and State." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 43.2 (2010): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.43.2.separation.
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In the framework of the jurisprudential literature, the law-state bond is assumed as a given. Points of dispute emerge only at more advanced stages of the discussion, with respect to such questions as the duty to obey state law or the appropriate extent of state intervention in social relations. This Article will be devoted to a reconsideration of the presupposition of the law-state link and to challenging the state's status vis-à-vis the law-both in its role as the producer of legal norms and its capacity as the arbiter of disputes. The Article opens with a comparative elucidation of the Hobbesian and Lockean justifications for the existence of the state and its intervention in the law. The first Part of this Article analyzes the "ills" of the State of Nature, reviewing the range of failures that accompany market supply of the legislative and judicial functions. These derive from the public good characteristics of legislative and judicial services, from the fact that law is a network industry, and from the cartelization tendency in the legislative and judicial markets. Based on these failures in organizing social behavior in the State of Nature, Hobbes's and Locke's theories of the social contract justify the concentration of the legislative and judicial functions in the hands of the state sovereign and grant it a monopoly over these functions. The second Part of this Article critiques Hobbes's and Locke's conclusions, first and foremost their disregard for the flaws of the public model, which they support. An implicit premise of both the Hobbesian and Lockean justifications for state law is that where the private market fails, the state will necessarily fare better. However, there is a cost to state intervention, and public supply of legislative and judicial services is not without flaws. Proponents of the public state law model must therefore further show that this model generates more efficient results than those produced by the private model. The second line of criticism will argue that the matter is not resolved even if we assume that the fully privatized model is a less attractive option for the supply of law than the fully public alternative. These two extreme alternatives do not exhaust the entire spectrum of possibilities for the law-state connection. Rather, between these two polar ends there may be intermediate forms of limited state intervention in the markets for legislation and adjudication. These configurations rest on the abandonment of the dichotomy that characterizes Hobbes's and Locke's doctrines, between a monolithic public legal order and sweeping nonintervention in the law on the part of the state. This Article closes by presenting a possible median point along the axis that illustrates the possibility of correcting the failures of the legislative and judicial markets in the framework of a polycentric legal regime based on more limited state intervention in these areas. The conclusion offered will be that while the ills of the State of Nature, as identified by Hobbes and Locke, are valid justifications of state intervention per se in the legislative and judicial markets, they do not justify intervention in the form of a state monopoly over the law. State intervention in legislation and adjudication is vital for creating the space in which legal regimes can grow-where rights can be set and adjudication conducted in light of those rights. There is absolutely no need, and therefore no justification, for the state to hold the sole power to set these rights itself and decide disputes in light thereof.
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Herrera, Juan José. "Separatio. Estudios recientes sobre la separación metafísica en Tomás de Aquino." Espíritu 72, no. 165 (June 30, 2023): 97–138. https://doi.org/10.63534/2938-3994.165.2023.97-138.herrera.
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Since its rediscovery in the first half of the 20th century, the ‘separatio’ as an intellectual operation typical of metaphysics in the thought of Thomas Aquinas has been the subject of very different interpretations. In fact, it is probably one of the most debated issues in the field of contemporary Thomism. Our work, which provides elements for an update of the status quaestionis, identifies three directions that the investigations on the Thomistic separatio have followed in recent years. We try to make known the main characteristics of these studies and leave some challenges for future analysis.
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Nasir Ahamed, Nuzhet Nihaar, Carlos A. Mendiola-Escobedo, Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez, and Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas. "Assessing the Discriminatory Capabilities of iEK Devices under DC and DC-Biased AC Stimulation Potentials." Micromachines 14, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14122239.
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There is a rising need for rapid and reliable analytical methods for separating microorganisms in clinical and biomedical applications. Microscale-insulator-based electrokinetic (iEK) systems have proven to be robust platforms for assessing a wide variety of microorganisms. Traditionally, iEK systems are usually stimulated with direct-current (DC) potentials. This work presents a comparison between using DC potentials and using DC-biased alternating-current (AC) potentials in iEK systems for the separation of microorganisms. The present study, which includes mathematical modeling and experimentation, compares the separation of bacterial and yeast cells in two distinct modes by using DC and DC-biased AC potentials. The quality of both separations, assessed in terms of separation resolution (Rs), showed a complete separation (Rs = 1.51) with the application of a DC-biased low-frequency AC signal but an incomplete separation (Rs = 0.55) with the application of an RMS-equivalent DC signal. Good reproducibility between experimental repetitions (<10%) was obtained, and good agreement (~18% deviation) was observed between modeling and experimental retention times. The present study demonstrates the potential of extending the limits of iEK systems by employing DC-biased AC potentials to perform discriminatory separations of microorganisms that are difficult to separate with the application of DC potentials.
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Rao, B. N., D. Jeyakumar, K. K. Biswas, S. Swaminathan, and E. Janardhana. "Rigid body separation dynamics for space launch vehicles." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1107 (May 2006): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013166.
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Abstract This paper presents a systematic formulation for the simulation of rigid body dynamics, including the short period dynamics, inherent to stage separation and jettisoning parts of a satellite launcher. This also gives a review of various types of separations involved in a launch vehicle. The problem is sufficiently large and complex; the methodology involves iterations at successively lower levels of abstraction. The best choice to tackle such problems is to use state-of-the-art programming technique known as object oriented programming. The necessary classes have been identified to represent various entities in the launch vehicle separation process (e.g., gravity, aerodynamics, propulsion and separation mechanisms etc.). Simple linkages are modelled with suitable objects. This approach helps the designer to simulate a launch vehicle separation dynamics and also to analyse separation system performance. To examine the influence of the design variables on the separating bodies, statistical analyses have been performed on the upper stage separation process and pull out of ongoing stage nozzle from the spent stage of a multistage rocket carrier using retro rockets.
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Rza Behbudov, Shahin Ismayilov, Rza Behbudov, Shahin Ismayilov. "DETERMINATION OF THE INSIDE DIAMETER AND CAPACITY OF A VERTICAL GRAVITY SEPARATOR." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 17, no. 06 (May 18, 2022): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei17062022-175.
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The article provides a brief analysis of the internal diameter and capacity of a vertical gravity separator. The process of separation should be understood as the process of separating the solid, liquid and vapor phases in a stream. Devices in which liquid and solid phases are separated from gas are called separators. Separators used in gas condensate mines are divided into classes according to their different qualities. Separators are divided into the following types (classes) according to their purpose: a) working separators; b) measuring separators. Separators are cylindrical and spherical according to their geometric shapes. Separators are vertical, horizontal and inclined depending on their position in space. Due to the phase separation, the separators are of mechanical, liquid and electric type. Mechanically operated separators that separate phase separations according to their strength are divided into gravitational, centrifugal and filter-sensitive (separating). Keywords: vertical, gravitational, separation, steam, measuring separators, horizontal
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Bhattacharjee, Jyoti, and Subhasis Roy. "Advanced Techniques Using Ionic Liquids for Efficient Separation of Sugar Alcohols." Innovation Discovery 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2025): 3. https://doi.org/10.53964/id.2025003.
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Recently, increasing interest has been reported in the application of ionic liquids (ILs) in separating alcohols and proteins, an important process for several industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Traditional separation processes are poorly effective, with low selectivity, high energy consumption, and environmental problems. This review presents special properties of ILs concerning tunability and remarkable solvation ability that hold great promise for separation processes. The IL stationary phases modified with certain functional groups can enhance the interaction between IL and target molecules, increasing separation efficiency. Notably, the amino group-modified ILs were able to separate proteins by charge and size, a greener bioseparation technique owing to the low volatility and easy recyclability of ILs. AI's role in designing highly selective ILs for particular targets is discussed. Design of ILs, selection of solvent, and process optimization will be developed by applying techniques such as machine learning, molecular modeling, and data mining. Further, the review discusses the economic and environmental benefits of IL-based separations, and an attempt is made to discuss its cost-saving and resource-efficiency aspects. Separation of sugar alcohols using ILs, along with a discussion on advanced techniques, has been presented given their tunable solubility and low volatility being regarded as main issues in enhancing the separation processes. It also discusses the design of task-specific ILs for separating methanol from ethanol, which shows high selectivity toward methanol. Finally, the history of IL development, with current challenges in the separation of alcohols and proteins, gives a view of future research related to sustainable separation using ILs.
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Marlow, Phillip, and Barbara J. Gillam. "Stereopsis Loses Dominance over Relative Size as Target Separation Increases." Perception 40, no. 12 (January 1, 2011): 1413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7033.
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Binocular disparity produces less stereoscopic depth if the targets are separated by several degrees. It is thus possible that separation decreases the influence of stereopsis as a relative depth cue. Here, four experiments tested the strength of disparity in determining the direction of relative depth in the face of strongly conflicting relative size for a range of target separations. Under conditions of natural fixation—permitting sequential stereopsis—disparity dominated completely at small separations (0.42°) but gradually gave way to relative size domination at large separations. However, when brief presentations prevented changes in fixation, disparity completely dominated at a separation of 0.5° while relative size mostly dominated by 0.75° – 1° of separation. By varying target separation at different retinal eccentricities, we showed that separation per se was the critical factor in the dominance switch. Stereoacuity as a function of target separation for the same observers did not predict the switch from disparity to relative size. Stereoscopic dominance was found for the same small separations that are immune to stereoscopic reversals (Gillam, 1993 Perception22 1025 – 1036). Our results suggest that relative disparity has a compulsory influence on perceived depth at small separations, suggesting a different mechanism from the one operating at larger separations.
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Nasir Ahamed, Nuzhet Nihaar, Carlos A. Mendiola-Escobedo, Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez, and Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas. "Development of a DC-Biased AC-Stimulated Microfluidic Device for the Electrokinetic Separation of Bacterial and Yeast Cells." Biosensors 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios14050237.
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Electrokinetic (EK) microsystems, which are capable of performing separations without the need for labeling analytes, are a rapidly growing area in microfluidics. The present work demonstrated three distinct binary microbial separations, computationally modeled and experimentally performed, in an insulator-based EK (iEK) system stimulated by DC-biased AC potentials. The separations had an increasing order of difficulty. First, a separation between cells of two distinct domains (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was demonstrated. The second separation was for cells from the same domain but different species (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus). The last separation included cells from two closely related microbial strains of the same domain and the same species (two distinct S. cerevisiae strains). For each separation, a novel computational model, employing a continuous spatial and temporal function for predicting the particle velocity, was used to predict the retention time (tR,p) of each cell type, which aided the experimentation. All three cases resulted in separation resolution values Rs>1.5, indicating complete separation between the two cell species, with good reproducibility between the experimental repetitions (deviations < 6%) and good agreement (deviations < 18%) between the predicted tR,p and experimental (tR,e) retention time values. This study demonstrated the potential of DC-biased AC iEK systems for performing challenging microbial separations.
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Jonoska, Nataša, Masahico Saito, Hwee Kim, and Brad Mostowski. "Symbol Separation in Double Occurrence Words." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 31, no. 07 (November 2020): 915–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054120500343.
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A double occurrence word (DOW) is a word in which every symbol appears exactly twice. We define the symbol separation of a DOW [Formula: see text] to be the number of letters between the two copies of a symbol, and the separation of [Formula: see text] to be the sum of separations over all symbols in [Formula: see text]. We then analyze relationship among size, reducibility and separation of DOWs. Specifically, we provide tight bounds of separations of DOWs with a given size and characterize the words that attain those bounds. We show that all separation numbers within the bounds can be realized. We present recursive formulas for counting the numbers of DOWs with a given separation under various restrictions, such as the number of irreducible factors. These formulas can be obtained by inductive construction of all DOWs with the given separation.
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Davies, Margaret. "Lesbian Separatism and Legal Positivism." Canadian journal of law and society 13, no. 1 (1998): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005561.
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AbstractLegal positivism and lesbian separatism provide very different, yet comparable, approaches to the issue of separation. Legal positivism practices separation as a tool of dominance, while lesbian separatism is based upon the need for identity formation and resistance to dominance. By elaborating upon the justifications advanced for lesbian separatism, this article critiques the separateness defended by legal positivists, and highlights the effects of power and context upon the significance of separation. Thus separatism as a political objective is not rejected or supported, except insofar as it consolidates oppressive practices. However, a critique of the idea that separation is necessarily territorial and pure is also developped, and an alternative vision of separation based upon the work of María Lugones is proposed. It is suggested that a non-oppressive concept of law can only maintain its identity if an alternative understanding of its separateness evolves.
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Krag, Ludvig Ahm, René Holst, and Niels Madsen. "The vertical separation of fish in the aft end of a demersal trawl." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 4 (February 26, 2009): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp034.
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Abstract Krag, L. A., Holst, R., and Madsen, N. 2009. The vertical separation of fish in the aft end of a demersal trawl. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 772–777. Two multi-compartment separator frames were used to study the vertical separation of some commercially important fish species in the aft end of a trawl, with the aim of separating cod (Gadus morhua) from other species. A non-linear multinomial model with random effects was used to analyse the data and to compare the performance of the two frames. The vertical distribution of cod in the aft end of the trawl was close to uniform, whereas haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt) showed more uneven distributions. The use of guiding bars in the separator frame significantly (p < 0.05) increased the catch of cod, plaice, and lemon sole in the upper compartment. The vertical separation of cod was density-dependent; high densities of fish resulted in a more uniform distribution of cod. The species separations found differ from those reported from the studies of species separation in the region of the trawl mouth.
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Dujardin, Wouter, Cédric Van Goethem, Julian A. Steele, Maarten Roeffaers, Ivo F. J. Vankelecom, and Guy Koeckelberghs. "Polyvinylnorbornene Gas Separation Membranes." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040704.
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Polynorbornenes are already used in a wide range of applications. They are also considered materials for polymer gas separation membranes because of their favorable thermal and chemical resistance, rigid backbone and varied chemistry. In this study, the use of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), a new monomer in the field of gas separations, is investigated by synthesizing two series of polymers via a vinyl-addition polymerization. The first series investigates the influence of the VNB content on gas separation in a series of homo and copolymers with norbornene. The second series explores the influence of the crosslinking of polyvinylnorbornene (pVNB) on gas separation. The results indicate that while crosslinking had little effect, the gas separation performance could be fine-tuned by controlling the VNB content. As such, this work demonstrates an interesting way to significantly extend the fine-tuning possibilities of polynorbornenes for gas separations.
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OKABE, YUTAKA, TSUKASA MIYAJIMA, TOSHIRO ITO, and TOSHIHIRO KAWAKATSU. "APPLICATION OF MONTE CARLO METHOD TO PHASE SEPARATION DYNAMICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 10, no. 08 (December 1999): 1513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183199001297.
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We report the application of the Monte Carlo simulation to phase separation dynamics. First, we deal with the phase separation under shear flow. The thermal effect on the phase separation is discussed, and the anisotropic growth exponents in the late stage are estimated. Next, we study the effect of surfactants on the three-component solvents. We obtain the mixture of macrophase separation and microphase separation, and investigate the dynamics of both phase separations.
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Holler, Jacqueline. "Agency, Protection, and Punishment: Separating Women’s Experiences of Deposit in Early to Mid-Colonial New Spain, 1530–1680." Genealogy 8, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8010011.
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In the diverse multiethnic setting of colonial New Spain, women faced challenges in separating themselves from marriages they considered unendurable. The Catholic Church, which exercised hegemony over definitions of marriage in the colony, controlled access to permanent, formal separation or “ecclesiastical divorce”, while secular courts offered shorter-term separations generally aimed at reunifying couples. Outside of these options, flight, concealment, and bigamy, or “self-divorce,” offered the only recourse for women seeking to leave an untenable relationship. While it is well known that few women sought (and even fewer were granted) ecclesiastical divorce, it is clear that many women sought separation through formal and informal means. Using ecclesiastical petitions for divorce, this paper investigates the experience of deposit (depósito) for New Spain’s separated women. Deposit was likely a primary goal of women’s divorce petitions. Moreover, the hegemony of marriage was less complete in reality than in ideology; the number of single women in the colony is now known to be vast, and their networks substantial. Building on Bird’s and Megged’s insights on separation and singleness, this paper argues that studying deposit reveals a custom that offered women of all classes a substantial degree of respite and agency in separation, particularly in the early colony, when institutional options were less formalized. Sometimes, depósito permitted lengthy separations that blurred into permanency, while at other times it served as a crucial safety valve. Nonetheless, the practice was a contested terrain on which husbands also sought to exercise power and control. Deposit, therefore, was a highly ambivalent form of “separation” in Latin America. This was undoubtedly true both in the early-colonial period and thereafter, but as colonial society matured and institutional deposit became more possible and common, men’s power was enhanced. Studying the practice before the late seventeenth century therefore reveals some of the ways that early colonial societal flux authorized female agency.
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Tanjaya, Hengky, Raphael Albert Darius, Debora, Nico Hananda, Azure Kamul, Stefanus Hanifa Prajitna, Christian Harito, and Rudy Susanto. "A review of Microfluidic blood separation techniques." E3S Web of Conferences 426 (2023): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342601063.
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Microfluidic blood separation is a modern biological technology used to separate blood cells from their fluids. Blood cells present in the blood become an important outline of many diseases. To maintain the stability and sterility of blood, a tool with renewable technology and a large capacity is needed. Microfluidic blood separation has important assets, especially changes in the physicochemical properties of blood cells that are used for quick and accurate clinical diagnosis. Dissemination of structural materials and compositions from the separation and sorting of blood uses a technical system that will create this optimal microfluidic blood separation in research. As for this paper structure starts with introduction, then continued with literature review, type of Microfluidic methods, application of Microfluidic, and bibliometric analysis. With those methods the result could be conducted with systematic literature reviews. Therefore, this study is prepared to identify research gaps in topics related to Microfluidic blood separation techniques. Related studies about microfluidic blood separation techniques are identified using bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review of the study search index through database Scopus-indexed publications. The results from this paper reveal the topics in urine as a parameter for Microfluidic separations as the research gap according to Microfluidic separations. This paper expects research on Microfluidic blood separation techniques will continue to be developed to maximize the potential of Microfluidic blood separations in helping the research process.
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Zhang, Chao Zhu, Ahmed Kareem Abdullah, and Ali Abdullabs Abdullah. "Electroencephalogram-Artifact Extraction Enhancement Based on Artificial Intelligence Technique." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 27 (May 2016): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.27.77.
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Blind source separation (BSS) is an important technique used to recover isolated independent sources signals from mixtures. This paper proposes two blind artificial intelligent separation algorithms based on hybridization between artificial intelligent techniques with classical blind source separation algorithms to enhance the separation process. Speedy genetic algorithm SGA directly guesses the optimal coefficients of the separating matrix based on candidate initial from classical BSS algorithms also the separation criteria based on minimization of mutual information between the separating independent components. The proposed algorithms are tested by real Electroencephalogram (EEG) data, the experimental results indicate that the algorithms can quickly and effectively get optimum solution to linear blind source separation compared to classical BSS techniques, the proposed works are described by high accuracy and robustness.
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Verma, Saurabh Kumar, and S. P. Sharma. "Focused resolution of thin conducting layers by various dipole EM systems." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (March 1995): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443774.
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Electromagnetic sounding in the frequency domain can be performed in two ways—either by changing frequency at a location (frequency sounding) or by changing the transmitter‐receiver (T-R) separation using a fixed frequency (geometric sounding). These changes in frequency or separation parameters effect vertical scanning of conductivity distributions below the earth’s surface. In case of thin conducting layers, there could be an optimum range of frequencies or T-R separations that provide maximum resolution of the layer parameters. Thus, for a given buried target layer, it should be possible to find ranges of frequencies or separations that yield the best focusing. The present study deals with the focused resolution of a thin conducting layer in frequency sounding with variable T-R separation for four different dipole configurations. It is observed from the inversion of the data from various dipole electromagnetic (EM) systems that different T-R separations have different resolutions for the same target layer. It is also observed that for a particular loop system, the best resolution is observed at an optimum T-R separation. The resolution becomes poorer when the T-R separation is either increased or decreased from this particular separation. Thus it has been possible to propose a “zone of focusing” for various dipole EM configurations. The study reveals that this zone is broadest for the horizontal coplanar loops system, implying that this system yields good resolution over a wide range of T-R separations. Compared to this, the perpendicular loops system yields a very sharp peak implying that it resolves the target over a very narrow range of separations. However, the perpendicular loops system provides resolution most parsimoniously requiring the least T-R separation. This is followed by the vertical coplanar, vertical coaxial, and horizontal coplanar loops systems.
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Sonker, Mukul, Daihyun Kim, Ana Egatz-Gomez, and Alexandra Ros. "Separation Phenomena in Tailored Micro- and Nanofluidic Environments." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 12, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 475–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125758.
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Separations of bioanalytes require robust, effective, and selective migration phenomena. However, due to the complexity of biological matrices such as body fluids or tissue, these requirements are difficult to achieve. The separations field is thus constantly evolving to develop suitable methods to separate biomarkers and fractionate biospecimens for further interrogation of biomolecular content. Advances in the field of microfabrication allow the tailored generation of micro- and nanofluidic environments. These can be exploited to induce interactions and dynamics of biological species with the corresponding geometrical features, which in turn can be capitalized for novel separation approaches. This review provides an overview of several unique separation applications demonstrated in recent years in tailored micro- and nanofluidic environments. These include electrokinetic methods such as dielectrophoresis and electrophoresis, but also rather nonintuitive ratchet separation mechanisms, continuous flow separations, and fractionations such as deterministic lateral displacement, as well as methods employing entropic forces for separation.
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Herrero, Carlos Fernando P. S., Sergio Britto Garcia, Luis Vicente Garcia, and Helton Luiz Aparecido Defino. "Endplates Changes Related to Age and Vertebral Segment." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/545017.
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Endplate separations are defined as the presence of a space between the hyaline cartilage and the cortical bone of the adjacent vertebral body. This study evaluates endplate separations from the vertebral body and intervertebral discs and verifies if endplate separation is related to age and the spinal level. Groups were formed based on age (20–40 and 41–85 years old) and the vertebral segment (T7-T8 and L4-L5 segments). Histological analysis included assessment of the length of the vertebral endplates, the number and dimensions of the separations, and orientation of the collagen fibers, in the mid-sagittal slice. Two indexes were created: the separation index (number of separations/vertebral length) and separation extension index (sum of all separations/vertebral length). The results of the study demonstrated a direct relationship between the density of separations in the endplate and two variables: age and spinal level.
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Yang, Shaolin, Cheng Zhen, Fangfang Li, Panpan Fu, Maohui Li, Youjun Lu, and Zhilin Sheng. "Clay-Coated Meshes with Superhydrophilicity and Underwater Superoleophobicity for Highly Efficient Oil/Water Separation." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 4396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124396.
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A novel clay-coated mesh was fabricated via a simple brush-coating method without the use of special equipment, chemical reagents, and complex chemical reactions and operation processes. Possessing superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, the clay-coated mesh can be used for efficiently separating various light oil/water mixtures. The clay-coated mesh also exhibits excellent reusability, maintaining a high separation efficiency of 99.4% after 30 repeated separations of the kerosene/water mixture.
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Peng, Fei, Zhi Guang Yang, Li Peng Wang, and Jing Sun. "Research on Separation Reliability and Shock Response of a Non-Fracture Super-Zip Separation Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 878 (February 2018): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.878.8.
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The separation reliability and shock response of a state-of-the-art non-fracture Super-Zip separation device have been analyzed. The simulated results showed that the minimum peak value of the internal pressure for separating of the non-fracture Super-Zip separation device was quarter of the conventional Super-Zip separation device. At the same time, on account of the non-fracture separation mode, the structure near the state-of-the-art non-fracture Super-Zip separation device had lower impact acceleration responses comparing with the conventional Super-Zip separation device.
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Li, Xiaohong, Junping Duan, Jiayun Wang, Zeng Qu, Miaomiao Ji, and BinZhen Zhang. "Continuous particle separation of microfluidic chip with integrated inertial separation and dielectrophoresis separation." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075823.
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Particle separation is essential in many microfluidic systems such as biomedical analysis and chemical reactions. This study aims to report a microfluidic separation device combining dielectrophoresis force and inertial force to separate particles continuously. Most particles were separated by inertial force via passing through the contraction and expansion channel and then deviated into different outlets via interdigital electrodes. Numerical simulations using the software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 were performed to investigate the effects of flow rate and electric field distribution on particles. The separation efficiency was assessed by separating 4 µm polystyrene spheres (PS) from 20 µm PS microspheres at various flow rates. The experimental results showed that the separation efficiency was more than 95%. This microfluidic chip is expected to be applied to cell sorting and biomedicine.
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Okoth Opondo, Sam, and Michael J. Shapiro. "Aesthetic Separation / Separation Aesthetics: The Pandemic and the Event Spaces of Precarity." Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder 11, Especial (May 11, 2020): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/geop.69347.
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The consensual and dissensual modes of separation above alert us to how the COVID-19 pandemic has turned the present into a time of intense separation, one of which is between those bodies marked as essential versus non-essential, those that have ‘pre-existing conditions’ and those without, and those located in precarious zones of abandonment, congestion, and containment, and those that, owing to prevailing economic distancing and apartness, can practice a life of social distancing. Not only does this highlight how some lives and livelihoods are deemed essential yet disposable, we also come to see which forms of loss or even death are considered grievable and which ones are subjected to the sacrificial calculus and discourses of necessity. Noting the dynamics associated with that emerging division, while at the same time reviewing a series of texts featuring aesthetic separations, our essay proceeds through a series of ‘ante-metabolic spins’ that invite ‘us’ to think critically about the political implications of aesthetic separations and separation aesthetics.
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Zheng, Jun, Guoqing Zhou, Yuliang Zhou, Dongfeng Yuan, and Tielin Zhao. "Bed Separation Characteristics of an LTCC Panel and Subsidence Controlling Grouting: Case Study of Longquan Coal Mine, China." Shock and Vibration 2022 (February 3, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3837625.
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The bed separation backfill grouting (BSBG) is commonly used to mitigate the surface subsidence caused by coal mining. The distribution characteristics of bed separation and its dynamic evolving process are crucial for BSBG design. This paper utilizes the continuum-discontinuum element method (CDEM) to study the distribution characteristics of bed separation for a longwall top coal caving (LTCC) panel of Longquan coal mine. Numerical results indicate that in addition to the bed separation below the primary key stratum, several small bed separations may also occurred in the strata between the primary key stratum and the subordinate key stratum. The bed separations in the overburden could be classified into three classes: the upper bed separation, the middle bed separation, and the lower bed separation. The upper bed separation has the longest duration time, and the middle bed separation has the shortest duration time. And the BSBG should be started before the closure of the middle bed separation. Based on the actual geological information, the BSBG scheme for 4203 LTCC panel is proposed to mitigate the surface subsidence by taken the results of numerical simulation into consideration. In addition, the case study of the BSBG is introduced in detail. By using gangue power slurry, BSBG could not only effectively mitigate the surface subsidence but also solve the problems of environmental pollution and land occupation caused by traditional gangue stacking. The present study could provide technical support for surface subsidence mitigation and coal gangue disposal for LTCC mining with similar conditions.
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Balestra, Simone, and Uschi Backes-Gellner. "When a Door Closes, a Window Opens? Long-Term Labor Market Effects of Involuntary Separations." German Economic Review 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12086.
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Abstract This study estimates the earning losses of workers experiencing an involuntary job separation. We employ, for the first time in the earning losses literature, a Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator with fixed effects that has several advantages with respect to conventional fixed effects models. The Poisson estimator allows considering the full set of involuntary separations, including those with zero labor market earnings because of unemployment. By including individuals with zero earnings and by using our new method, the loss in the year of separation becomes larger than in previous studies. The loss starts with roughly 30% and, although it quickly shrinks, it remains at around 15% in the following years. In addition, we find that compared to other reasons for separation, the earning loss pattern is unique for involuntary separations, because no other type of separation implies such permanent scarring. This latter finding makes us confident that the self-reported involuntariness of a separation is a reliable source of information.
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BELOV, MIKHAIL I. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEPARATING POTATO IMPURITIES AT THE ELEVATOR." Agricultural engineering, no. 6 (2022): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2022-6-43-46.
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Due to the lack of theoretical studies of modelling potato separation on the rod elevator, the authors conducted research of potato separation completeness on the elevator of potato harvester type KPK-3. The research resulted in designing a mathematical model of separating potato impurities on the potato harvester elevator that can help determine the completeness of separation on the elevator. As a result, the authors derived equations of the distribution of separating fi neness over the elevator apron length; proved equations of connection between the elevator length and separating fi neness. It was established that separation fi neness depends functionally on the length of the elevator apron section and two coeffi cients, each of which can be determined according to the experimental data of separation fi neness at two sections of the elevator’s operating fl ight. It is established that when using the KPK-3 type potato harvester, 90% separation is reached when increasing the length of the rod elevator to 1800 mm with a given proportion of separated impurities of 50% at the length of 600 mm and 75% at the length of 1000 mm.
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Ishmael, Khaldoon, Yao Zheng, and Olga Borić-Lubecke. "Phase Correlation Single Channel Continuous Wave Doppler Radar Recognition of Multiple Sources." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030970.
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Continuous-wave Doppler radar (CWDR) can be used to remotely detect physiological parameters, such as respiration and heart signals. However, detecting and separating multiple targets remains a challenging task for CWDR. While complex transceiver architectures and advanced signal processing algorithms have been demonstrated as effective for multiple target separations in some scenarios, the separation of equidistant sources within a single antenna beam remains a challenge. This paper presents an alternative phase tuning approach that exploits the diversity among target distances and physiological parameters for multi-target detection. The design utilizes a voltage-controlled analog phase shifter to manipulate the phase correlation of the CWDR and thus create different signal mixtures from the multiple targets, then separates them in the frequency domain by suppressing individual signals sequentially. We implemented the phase correlation system based on a 2.4 GHz single-channel CWDR and evaluated it against multiple mechanical and human targets. The experimental results demonstrated successful separation of nearly equidistant targets within an antenna beam, equivalent to separating physiological signals of two people seated shoulder to shoulder.
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Liu, Jingyan, Renpeng Yuan, Junqiang Wang, Yaming Ma, and Zhengguo Shang. "Research on particle separation microfluidic chip based on standing surface acoustic wave." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2740, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2740/1/012009.
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Abstract Microparticle and cell separation is a key process in the study of cell properties, clinical diagnosis and disease treatment. In this paper, a particle separation method based on the combination of surface acoustic wave and microfluidic technology is proposed, which uses standing surface acoustic wave to achieve the separating of polystyrene microparticles of different sizes twice in a continuous flow. Through numerical simulation of the device model and particle trajectory simulation, the optimum particle separation parameters were determined. The particle separation microfluidic chip has successfully realized the particle separation. The separation yield of 5 μm particles is about 92.1%. The separation rate of 1 μm particles is about 83.3%.
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Jandera, Pavel. "Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography — practical impacts of theoretical considerations. A review." Open Chemistry 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 844–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0036-z.
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AbstractA theory of comprehensive two-dimensional separations by liquid chromatographic techniques is overviewed. It includes heart-cutting and comprehensive two-dimensional separation modes, with attention to basic concepts of two-dimensional separations: resolution, peak capacity, efficiency, orthogonality and selectivity. Particular attention is paid to the effects of sample structure on the retention and advantages of a multi-dimensional HPLC for separation of complex samples according to structural correlations. Optimization of 2D separation systems, including correct selection of columns, flow-rate, fraction volumes and mobile phase, is discussed. Benefits of simultaneous programmed elution in both dimensions of LCxLC comprehensive separations are shown.Experimental setup, modulation of the fraction collection and transfer from the first to the second dimension, compatibility of mobile phases in comprehensive LCxLC, 2D asymmetry and shifts in retention under changing second-dimension elution conditions, are addressed. Illustrative practical examples of comprehensive LCxLC separations are shown.
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van Kooy, Laurens, Marieke Mooij, and Peter Rem. "Kinetic Gravity Separation." Physical Separation in Science and Engineering 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207390410001710717.
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Separations by density, such as the separation of non-ferrous scrap into light and heavy alloys, are often realized by means of heavy media. In principle, kinetic gravity separations in water can be faster and cheaper, because they do not rely on suspensions or salt solutions of which the density must be tightly controlled. Test results of a prototype kinetic gravity separator in combination with suitable size classification techniques show promising results for particle sizes between 2 and 10 mm.
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Zhang, Qiang, Jixiong Zhang, Zhongya Wu, and Yang Chen. "Overview of Solid Backfilling Technology Based on Coal-Waste Underground Separation in China." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072118.
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China is the world’s largest coal producer country. However, large-scale coal mining has led to severe environmental pollution issues such as surface subsidence and gangue piling up. The gangue discharging amount has ranked the first in the world and coal mine enterprises are facing enormous discharging reduction pressure. This paper summarizes the research progress of the solid backfilling mining technology and then illustrates the realistic demands and significance of implementing underground coal-waste separation. It also focuses on the technical principles, systems and key equipment of the common underground coal-waste separation methods, such as the selective crushing method, the dense medium shallow groove method, the vibro-assisted jigging method and full-size water separation method and ray identification method. In addition, the selection steps of underground coal-waste separation method, the design process of large section separation chamber and the design principle of separation and backfilling system are proposed, finally, the mining-separating-backfilling + X for coal mining is put forward. By combining the technology of mining-separating-backfilling with other technologies, such as gob-side entry retaining with non-pillar mining, gas extraction, solid waste treatment, water protection mining, mining under buildings, railways and water bodies, the integrated mining methods, mining-separating-backfilling + setting pillars, gas drainage, treatment, protection and prevention methods are formed. It also introduced the ‘mining-separating-backfilling + gas extraction’ technology’s whole idea, system arrangement, separation equipment and practical engineering application effects based on the specific engineering case of pingmei no. 12 coal mine. The results indicate that the integration of underground coal-waste separation and solid backfilling technology could achieve gangue discharging reduction, underground washing and surface subsidence control. It is effective at realizing green mining.
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Ye, Yao Kun, Nan Yan, Feng Ding, and Jian Feng Man. "Simulation of an Explosive Separation Device Used in Aerospace Craft." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.363.
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In order to study the work principle and separation features of an explosive separation device used in aerospace craft, this research establishes a three-dimensional finite element model based on ABAQUS software. Through simulation of separating process, the work principle is made clear, the separation time and maximum separation velocity are respectively 2.4ms and 8.9m/s. Meanwhile, a measurement system is designed for experiment and verifying the simulation results. The tested separation time and maximum separation velocity are respectively 2.8ms and 7.5m/s ,which shows that the proposed finite element model and simulation can provide references for the research and development of explosive separation devices in aerospace crafts, as well, it is also an effective way to analyze and evaluate the feature of explosive separation device.
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Ma, Xiaoli, and Defei Liu. "Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Membranes for Light Olefin/Paraffin Separation." Crystals 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9010014.
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Propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane separations are performed by energy-intensive distillation processes, and membrane separation may provide substantial energy and capital cost savings. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have emerged as promising membrane materials for olefin/paraffin separation due to their tunable pore size and chemistry property, and excellent chemical and thermal stability. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on ZIF membranes for propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane separations. Membrane fabrication methods such as in situ crystallization, seeded growth, counter-diffusion synthesis, interfacial microfluidic processing, vapor-phase and current-driven synthesis are presented. The gas permeation and separation characteristics and membrane stability are also discussed.
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Bera, Debaditya, Rimpa Chatterjee, and Susanta Banerjee. "Aromatic polyamide nonporous membranes for gas separation application." e-Polymers 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0016.
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Abstract Polymer membrane-based gas separation is a superior economical and energy-efficient separation technique over other conventional separation methods. Over the years, different classes of polymers are investigated for their membrane-based applications. The need to search for new polymers for membrane-based applications has been a continuous research challenge. Aromatic polyamides (PAs), a type of high-performance materials, are known for their high thermal and mechanical stability and excellent film-forming ability. However, their insolubility and processing difficulty impede their growth in membrane-based applications. In this review, we will focus on the PAs that are investigated for membrane-based gas separations applications. We will also address the polymer design principal and its effects on the polymer solubility and its gas separation properties. Accordingly, some of the aromatic PAs developed in the authors’ laboratory that showed significant improvement in the gas separation efficiency and placed them in the 2008 Robeson upper bound are also included in this review. This review will serve as a guide to the future design of PA membranes for gas separations.
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Abdul Majid, Omar, Margarita Kuznetsova, Christophe Castel, Eric Favre, and Rainier Hreiz. "Impact of Concentration Polarization Phenomena on Gas Separation Processes with High-Performance Zeolite Membranes: Experiments vs. Simulations." Membranes 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes14020041.
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Polarization phenomena play a key role in membrane separation processes but remain largely unexplored for gas separations, where the mass transfer resistance is most often limited to the membrane. This assumption, which is commonly used today for the simulation of membrane gas separations, has to be reconsidered when high-performance materials, showing a very high permeance and/or selectivity, are used. In this study, a series of steady-state separation performances experimentally obtained on CO2/CH4 mixtures with a zeolite membrane are compared to the predictions of a dedicated 1D approach, recently derived and validated through CFD simulations. Polarization effects are shown to generate a significant negative impact on the separation performances, both in terms of the productivity and separation efficiency. The 1D model predictions, based on pure gas permeance data and without any adjustable parameters, are in very good agreement with the experimental data. This fast and efficient modeling approach can easily be implemented in simulation or process synthesis programs for the rigorous evaluation of membrane gas separation processes, when high-performance materials are used.
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Jellinek, Michael S., and M. Elyce Kearns. "Separation Anxiety." Pediatrics In Review 16, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.16.2.57.
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Fear in reaction to danger potentially leads to life-saving "fight or flight." Anxiety is intrinsic to fear, and the young infant experiences anxiety during the earliest inevitable separations from caretakers. Over time, a child learns to experience anxiety in anticipation of fear, whether this fear is based on a true impending danger or a separation (eg, being left to fall asleep at bedtime). Bowlby, recognizing the infant's life and death dependency on a caretaker, defined separation as the "basic anxiety of infancy." The mother's leaving is so potentially dangerous that the infant responds with a piercing cry that reflects both protest and anxiety while calling forth the mother's return. This cry is a paradigm for what we all face when we experience the inevitable losses of loved ones or even our own hopes. Anxiety secondary to separation can continue beyond the expected age and interfere with a child's ability to function. Separation anxiety disorder may prevent a child from achieving critical developmental milestones, such as leaving his or her parent to play with friends or go to school. The early recognition of unwarranted or excessive separation anxiety may help limit potentially serious dysfunction. Separation anxiety can be expected to begin to ease for most children at 18 months of age with the cognitive mastery of object permanence and the growing security of consistent caretaking.
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Dorokhov, A. S., А. G. Aksenov, A. V. Sibirev, M. A. Mosyakov, and N. V. Sazonov. "Study of an Exhaust Gas Heat Separation System for the Beet Harvester." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 16, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2022-16-1-19-26.
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It was noted that increased soil moisture worsens the quality of harvesting root crops due to a decrease in the completeness of separation. To increase the separating capacity of a slotted cleaner for root crops, it was proposed to improve the heating of the separating surface with hot exhaust gas. (Research purpose) To optimize the design and technological parameters of an exhaust gas heat separation system of the sugar beet harvester power plant. (Materials and methods) Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM developed an exhaust gas heat separation system for harvesting root crops and potatoes in high moisture conditions using the heat of the harvester power plant exhaust gases. The cleaning quality of the separating system of a self-propelled sugar beet harvester was determined under the gradual engine load from 0 to 100 percent of the nominal rated power. The temperature of the exhaust gases was measured with the assumption of changes in the engine load and its effective power. (Results and discussion) The experiment revealed an increase in the completeness of the separation of a root crops heap from 96.0 to 98.8 percent at 26-32 percent soil moisture due to the separation system in the form of a cleaning star, which uses the heat of the engine exhaust gases. The established optimal values of the factors under consideration are as follows: the separating star rotation rate is 21.8 revolutions per minute, the distance between the separating star and the deflector is 128.4 millimeters. (Conclusions) It was determined that the high quality of the technological process of root crops harvesting in high soil moisture conditions ensuring a 97-percent separation efficiency is possible if optimize the separating device design and technological parameters and maintain the separating star rotation rate at 20-22 revolutions per minute and the distance between the separating star and the deflector within 120-140 millimeters. The authors noted the prospects of developing this system and the need for theoretical and experimental studies to improve the design and technological process of the harvester separating system.
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Zhang, Yingying, Xuzhao Yang, Jingli Han, Junfeng Tian, Ting Zhang, Yakun Li, Jiangqiang Zhang, Yuxin Shi, and Jingjing Zhang. "Screening of Pure ILs and DESs for CO2 Separation, N2O Separation, and H2S Separation Processes." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023 (February 18, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8691957.
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are proposed as potential “green” solvents with remarkable properties. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new type of ILs with additional properties, such as higher biodegradability and a lower price. ILs and DESs are “green” absorbents for various gas separations, such as CO2/N2, CO2/H2/CO, H2S/CH4, and N2O/N2. Due to their large number, the screening of ILs is crucial. Although ILs with high absorption capacities were screened using gas solubility and selectivity, it is important to consider the energy and solvents used in the process. In this paper, the absorbent amount and the energy consumption were used for screening absorbents for various gas separation processes. The results reveal that physical IL [Bmim][DCA] and chemical IL [Eeim][Ac] are screened for CO2/N2 and CO2/H2/CO separation, physical IL [Omim][PF6] for H2S/CH4 separation, and physical IL [P66614][eFAP] for NO/N2 separation. The screened ILs offer some advantages over commercial absorbents in terms of lower energy consumption or amount.
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Brăcăcescu, Carmen, Ioan Ţenu, Costin Mircea, and George Bunduchi. "Experimental research on influence of functional parameters of combined installations designed at separating the impurities out of cereal seeds." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911203004.
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The paper presents the experimental installation, the methodology and measuring apparatus used for experimental research of qualitative indexes of impurities separation out of grain seeds for combined separating systems (according to specific weight and aerodynamic properties of seeds). The experimental installation used was composed of a gravimetric separator with mechanical shaker with unbalanced masses (mounted on the platform working surface) and an aspiration installation with fan. The experimental research has aimed at quantitative and qualitative influence on separation quality index of the following operating parameters: material flow rate of shaking separator, the air flow of aspiration installation, tilting work surface, work surface oscillation amplitude. Based on data obtained by measurements and qualitative indicators the separating process indexes have been determined, namely: degree of impurities separation, degree of good seeds loss, as well as, the separation quality index for different types of combinations of separation installation parameters.
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Zhang, Hongrui, Chuanlian Liu, Luz María Mejía, and Heather Stoll. "Technical note: Accelerate coccolith size separation via repeated centrifugation." Biogeosciences 18, no. 5 (March 18, 2021): 1909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021.
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Abstract. Coccolithophores play a key role in the marine carbon cycle and ecosystem. The carbonate shells produced by coccolithophore, named as coccolith, could be well preserved in the marine sediment for millions of years and become an excellent archive for paleoclimate studies. The micro-filtering and sinking–decanting methods have been successfully designed for coccolith separation and promoted the development of geochemistry studies on coccolith, such as the stable isotopes and Sr / Ca ratio. However, these two methods are still not efficient enough for the sample-consuming methods. In this study, the trajectory of coccolith movement during a centrifugation process was calculated in theory and carefully tested by separations in practice. We offer a MATLAB code to estimate the appropriate parameter, angular velocity at a fixed centrifugation duration, for separating certain coccolith size fractions from bulk sediment. This work could improve the efficiency of coccolith separation, especially for the finest size fraction, and make it possible to carry out the clumped isotope and radio carbon analyses on coccoliths in sediment.
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Liu, Congmin, Xin Zhang, Junxiang Zhai, Xuan Li, Xiuying Guo, and Guangli He. "Research progress and prospects on hydrogen separation membranes." Clean Energy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad014.
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Abstract Membrane separation technologies, with a broad application prospect in the field of hydrogen separation, are characterized by the simplicity of the devices, high energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. The performance of separation membranes is the primary factor that determines the efficiency of hydrogen separation. Therefore, the development of hydrogen separation membranes is always a research focus. This paper presents and reviews the research developments and features of organic membranes, inorganic membranes and hybrid matrix membranes for hydrogen separations. First, the characterization methods of key index parameters of membrane materials are presented. Second, the performance parameters of different types of membrane are compared. Finally, the trend of technological development of different types of membrane materials is forecast.
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Ma, Z., K.-L. Liaw, and Y. Zeng. "Spousal-Residence Separation among Chinese Young Couples." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 5 (May 1996): 877–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a280877.
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Spousal-residence separation has become a serious social problem in China since the Cultural Revolution. Apart from housing shortages, the government's migration control, through the restriction on urban-household registration, is a main contributor to the separation. Based on the microdata of the 1987 National Population Survey, we find that the variation in spousal-residence separations among Chinese young couples in the mid-1980s is well explained by personal and household factors within a multivariate model. The separations were aggravated by migrations for the reasons of employment or education. Although marriage migrations reduced the number of separations, those who had been married for a short period of time (particularly newlyweds) were more prone to be separated. It is ironic that the higher a person's level of education, the greater the tendency for them to suffer the pain of spousal-residence separation. Household status could also be a very important factor: the lower the household status of a married individual, the more likely that he (or she) would be separated from their spouse.
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Zhao, Liucheng, Shaoying Li, Xiaodong Yu, and Zhenfu Luo. "Effect of separating tank of compound dry separation bed on oil shale separation performance." Powder Technology 380 (March 2021): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.001.
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Li, Feng Jiu, Yun Long Qu, Fu Ping Li, and Jin Rui Zhang. "Present Status of China's Hematite Processing Technology Study." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.958.
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This paper describes the hematite beneficiation technology progress and equipment,the current research has through biological flotation, flotation and selective aggregation separation process for separating iron minerals.Can reach a maximum of iron grade of 67.50%, metal recovery rate of 75% of the final concentrate of current hematite beneficiation process for gravity separation magnetic separation reverse flotation process.
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Kowerski, Mieczysław, and Magdalena Kowal. "Marital Separation in Poland. Regional Approach." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 12, no. 1 (June 9, 2014): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.1084.
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In the paper the basic regional trends of marital separation which is, especially for Catholics, an alternative institution to divorce in Poland were presented. After a rapid increase at the beginning of the 21st century, the number of ordered separations started to decrease and now the relation of separations to divorces is smaller than 5%. Regionally, it is observed that the differentiation of the intensity of separations among various voivodships is decreasing, yet in more urbanized voivodships, which have a lower religiousness rate and a higher divorce rate, separations are more common.
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Persson, Bengt-Arne, and Shalini Andersson. "Unusual effects of separation conditions on chiral separations." Journal of Chromatography A 906, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00949-3.
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Gaikar, V. G., T. K. Mandal, and R. G. Kulkarni. "Adsorptive Separations Using Zeolites: Separation of Substituted Anilines." Separation Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (January 1996): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399608000694.
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Gerber, C. T., B. Bhushan, and N. V. Gitis. "Experimental Study of Long-Term Static Friction and Magnetic Slider/Disk Interplanar Separation." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2837067.
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Capacitance between a slider and disk was measured to relate slider/disk interplanar separation to static friction. The parallel plate capacitance formula was used to convert the capacitance into separation with a resolution of less than 1 nm. Separation and coefficient of static friction (stiction) were measured using assorted lubricant thicknesses with and without bonding on polished and textured disks. Separation was measured during contact start/stop (CSS) and long term slider dwell times, after which static friction was measured. Polished disks had high stiction events with smaller separations during and after the stiction event, unlike textured disks. Long-term dwell studies showed the coefficient of static friction and slider micro descent (decrease in interplanar separation) to be greatest with greater lubricant thickness and polished disks. Static friction and separation with bonded and unlubricated disks were time independent.