Artículos de revistas: "Sensory Responsiveness"

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Feldman, Jacob, Margaret Cassidy, Yupeng Liu, Anne Kirby, Mark Wallace y Tiffany Woynaroski. "Relations between Sensory Responsiveness and Features of Autism in Children". Brain Sciences 10, n.º 11 (24 de octubre de 2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110775.

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Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition defined by differences in social communication and by the presence of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (RRBs). Individuals with autism also commonly present with atypical patterns of sensory responsiveness (i.e., hyporesponsiveness, hyperresponsiveness, and sensory seeking), which are theorized to produce cascading effects across other domains of development. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in sensory responsiveness in children with and without autism (ages 8–18 years), as well as relations between patterns of sensory responsiveness and core and related features of autism. Participants were 50 children with autism and 50 non-autistic peers matched on age and sex. A comprehensive clinical battery included multiple measures of sensory responsiveness, core features of autism, adaptive behavior, internalizing behaviors, cognitive ability, and language ability. Groups significantly differed on all three patterns of sensory responsiveness. Some indices of core and related autism features were robustly associated with all three patterns of sensory responsiveness (e.g., RRBs), while others were more strongly associated with discrete patterns of sensory responsiveness (i.e., internalizing problem behaviors and hyperresponsiveness, language and sensory seeking). This study extends prior work to show that differences in sensory responsiveness that are linked with core and related features of autism persist in older children and adolescents on the spectrum.

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Bart, Orit, Tami Bar-Shalita, Hanin Mansour y Reuven Dar. "Relationships among Sensory Responsiveness, Anxiety, and Ritual Behaviors in Children with and without Atypical Sensory Responsiveness". Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 37, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2016): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2016.1185504.

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Feldman, Jacob I., Sweeya Raj, Sarah M. Bowman, Pooja Santapuram, Alexandra J. Golden, Claire Daly, Kacie Dunham et al. "Sensory Responsiveness Is Linked With Communication in Infant Siblings of Children With and Without Autism". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, n.º 6 (4 de junio de 2021): 1964–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00196.

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Purpose Differences in communication development impact long-term outcomes of children with autism. Previous research has identified factors associated with communication in children with autism, but much of the variance in communication skill remains unexplained. It has been proposed that early differences in sensory responsiveness (i.e., hyporesponsiveness, hyperresponsiveness, and sensory seeking) may produce “cascading effects” on communication. Evidence for this theory is limited, however, as relations between sensory responsiveness and communication in the earliest stages of development have not been well established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate (a) whether infants with a heightened likelihood of autism diagnosis (i.e., infants with an older sibling with autism) differ from infants at general population–level likelihood of autism (i.e., infants with an older, nonautistic sibling) on patterns of sensory responsiveness, (b) whether early sensory responsiveness is correlated with concurrent communication, and (c) whether the aforementioned between-groups differences and associations are moderated by age. Method Participants were 40 infants (20 infants with an older sibling with autism, 20 infants with an older, nonautistic sibling) aged 12–18 months. A series of observational and parent report measures of sensory responsiveness and communication skill were administered. Results Group differences in sensory responsiveness across the 12- to 18-month period were limited (i.e., only observed for one measure of hyporesponsiveness), though selected differences in sensory responsiveness (i.e., parent-reported hyperresponsiveness and sensory seeking) emerged between groups over this developmental window. Parent-reported hyporesponsiveness was unconditionally, negatively associated with communication skills. Associations between expressive communication and (a) parent-reported sensory seeking and (b) an observational measure of hyperresponsiveness were moderated by age. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the nature of sensory responsiveness and theorized links with communication skill in infants at elevated and general population–level likelihood of autism diagnosis. Further work is needed to better characterize the effects of interest in a larger sample spanning a wider age range. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14515542

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Kuiper, Marieke WM, Elisabeth WM Verhoeven y Hilde M. Geurts. "The Dutch Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire: Psychometric properties of an autism-specific sensory sensitivity measure". Autism 23, n.º 4 (3 de agosto de 2018): 922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318788065.

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Sensory sensitivity is common in autistic people and since the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), hypo- and hyper-responsiveness to sensory stimuli are part of one of the criteria domains for an autism spectrum disorder classification. For scientific research and the clinical practice, one needs reliable and valid questionnaires that measure sensory sensitivity and can distinguish between hypo- and hyper-responsiveness. We translated the Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire into Dutch. The aim was to examine the psychometric properties and the clinical use of the Dutch Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire in 78 autistic and 68 typically developing adults (18–45 years; IQ > 70). Just like the original Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire, the Dutch Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire is a reliable and valid questionnaire. The Dutch Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire had reliable hypo- and hyper-responsiveness subscales, reasonable to good modality subscales and was stable over time. Moreover, using the 95th percentile of the typically developing group as cut-off, we showed that two thirds of the autistic adults had heightened sensory sensitivity. We also showed that hypo- and hyper-responsiveness do co-exist in both autistic and typically developing adults. In sum, we conclude that the Dutch Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire is suitable to be used in scientific research as well as in the clinical practice.

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Woynaroski, Tiffany G., Cara Damiano, David Simon, Lisa Ibanez, Michael Murias, Mark Wallace, Wendy Stone y Carissa Cascio. "2091 Neurophysiological substrates and developmental sequelae of sensory differences in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (junio de 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.101.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a broad range of unusual responses to sensory stimuli and experiences. It has been hypothesized that early differences in sensory responsiveness arise from atypical neural function and produce “cascading effects” on development across a number of domains, impacting social and communication skill, as well as broader development in children affected by ASD. A primary challenge to confirming these hypotheses is that ASD cannot be definitely diagnosed in the earliest stages of development (i.e., infancy). A potential solution is to prospectively follow infants at heightened risk for ASD based on their status as infant siblings of children who are diagnosed. We examined the developmental sequelae and possible neurophysiological substrates of three different patterns of sensory responsiveness—hyporesponsiveness (reduced or absent responding to sensory stimuli) and hyperresponsiveness (exaggerated responding to sensory stimuli), as well as sensory seeking (craving of or fascination with certain sensory experiences). Infants at high risk (HR) for ASD were compared with a control group of infants at relatively lower risk for ASD (LR; siblings of children with typical developmental histories). Objectives: Research questions included: (a) Do HR infants differ from LR infants in early sensory responsiveness?, (b) Does sensory responsiveness predict future ASD and related symptomatology? and (c) Is sensory responsiveness predicted by resting brain states? METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Methods: To answer these questions, we carried out a longitudinal correlational investigation in which 20 HR infants and 20 LR controls matched on sex and chronological age were followed over 18 months. At entry to the study, when infants were 18 months old, sensory responsiveness was measured using the Sensory Processing Assessment and the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire, and a number of putative neural signatures of early sensory differences were measured via resting state EEG. When infants were 24 and 36 months of age, ASD and related symptomatology was evaluated in a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results: HR infants trended towards increased hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness and showed significantly elevated levels of sensory seeking relative to LR controls at 18 months of age. Both groups, furthermore, displayed a high degree of heterogeneity in sensory responsiveness. Atypical sensory responsiveness (increased hyperresponsiveness and/or hyporesponsiveness, as well as sensory seeking behavior) predicted several aspects of ASD and related symptomatology, including social, communication, and play skill, and was associated with differences in resting brain state, including metrics of oscillatory power, complexity, and connectivity, as well as hemispheric asymmetry. Moderation analyses revealed that several relations varied according to risk group, such that associations were stronger in magnitude in the HR Versus LR group. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Conclusion: Findings provide empirical support for the notion that early sensory responsiveness may produce cascading effects on development in infants at heightened risk for ASD. Differences in resting brain states may underlie atypical behavioral patterns of sensory responsiveness. From a clinical standpoint, results suggest that early sensory differences may be useful for predicting developmental trajectories, and be potentially important targets for early preventive intervention, in infants at risk for autism.

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Bowen, M. F. "Post-diapause sensory responsiveness in Culex pipiens". Journal of Insect Physiology 36, n.º 12 (enero de 1990): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(90)90080-y.

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Meng, Yanfang y Jiaxue Zhu. "Low energy consumption fiber-type memristor array with integrated sensing-memory". Nanoscale Advances 4, n.º 4 (2022): 1098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00703c.

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To develop an artificial sensory nervous system, we use an ion-gel system and solve the issue that sensor units and memory units are separated and difficult to miniaturize and integrate. Consequently integrated responsiveness-storage external stimuli ability is achieved.

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Doig, Emmah J. y Amanda T. Lane-Brown. "Responsiveness of Instruments to Assess Disorders of Consciousness: A Literature Review". Brain Impairment 13, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2012): 285–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2012.29.

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Objectives: To summarise available evidence for responsiveness of six key assessments used with patients with disorders of consciousness: Coma Recovery Scale – Revised (CRS-R), Disorders Of Consciousness Scale (DOCS), Sensory Modality Assessment and Rehabilitation Technique (SMART), Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure (SSAM), Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM), and the Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile (WNSSP).Method: A literature search of five electronic databases was conducted using a systematic search strategy. Relevant literature was evaluated and pertinent information extracted.Results: Database searches using key terms initially yielded 132 articles. Following review for inclusion identified 24 articles. No studies were specifically designed to investigate responsiveness of any of the measures and therefore responsiveness data were either based on statistical significance of change post-treatment or descriptive analysis of change scores. The majority of studies identified used the CRS-R (n= 11), WHIM (n= 5) and WNSSP (n= 6) and have established responsiveness to change. There is some preliminary evidence for the responsiveness of the other measures, based on very few available studies: DOCS (n= 2), SMART (n= 1) or SSAM (n= 1).Conclusion: Future studies should seek to include responsiveness analysis, particularly in relation to the DOCS, SMART and SSAM.

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LAWLESS, HARRY T., MICHAEL J. ANTINONE, RICHARD A. LEDFORD y MARY JOHNSTON. "OLFACTORY RESPONSIVENESS TO DIACETYL". Journal of Sensory Studies 9, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459x.1994.tb00229.x.

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Baldridge, William H., Reto Weiler y John E. Dowling. "Dark-suppression and light-sensitization of horizontal cell responses in the hybrid bass retina". Visual Neuroscience 12, n.º 4 (julio de 1995): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008907.

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AbstractThe responsiveness of luminosity-type horizontal cells, recorded intracellularly from isolated hybrid bass retinas, decreased after superfusion for 2 h in constant darkness. Responsiveness was subsequently increased (light-sensitized) up to 10-fold after exposure to several short (~0.5 min) periods of continuous illumination. The increase in horizontal cell responsiveness following light-sensitization was due to an increase of peak response amplitude rather than a reduction of peak response time. The increased responsiveness after light-sensitization was intensity-dependent with brighter sensitizing stimuli causing a greater increase than dimmer stimuli. The extent of LHC dark-suppression was affected by the time of day, being greater when induced during the night than during the day. However, there was no significant difference in horizontal cell responsiveness after light-sensitization in retinas studied during the night compared to those studied during the day The responsiveness of light-sensitized horizontal cells from isolated hybrid bass retinas was found to be suppressed by relatively brief periods of darkness. The responsiveness of horizontal cells, that were first light-sensitized, decreased by more than 50% following only 5 min of darkness. Suppression of light-sensitized horizontal cell responsiveness after such a short time in the dark has not been described in other teleost retinas. The suppression of light-sensitized horizontal cell responsiveness in hybrid bass retinas may be rapid in comparison to other teleosts.

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Jankowski, Michael P., Kyle M. Baumbauer, Ting Wang, Kathryn M. Albers, Brian M. Davis y H. Richard Koerber. "Cutaneous neurturin overexpression alters mechanical, thermal, and cold responsiveness in physiologically identified primary afferents". Journal of Neurophysiology 117, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2017): 1258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00731.2016.

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Neurotrophic factors play an important role in the regulation of functional properties of sensory neurons under normal and pathological conditions. The GDNF family member neurturin is one such factor that has been linked to modulating responsiveness to peripheral stimuli. Neurturin binds to the GFRα2 receptor, a receptor found primarily in isolectin B4-expressing polymodal cutaneous nociceptors. Previous work has shown that knockout of GFRα2 alters heat, but not mechanical, responses in dissociated sensory neurons and reduces pain-related behaviors during the second phase of the formalin test. Research has also shown that overexpression of neurturin in basal keratinocytes increases behavioral responsiveness to mechanical stimulation and innocuous cooling of the skin without affecting noxious heat responses. Here we directly examined the impact of neurturin overexpression on cutaneous afferent function. We compared physiological responses of individual sensory neurons to mechanical and thermal stimulation of the skin, using an ex vivo skin-nerve-dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord preparation produced from neurturin-overexpressing (NRTN/OE) mice and wild-type littermate controls. We found that neurturin overexpression increases responsiveness to innocuous mechanical stimuli in A-fiber nociceptors, alters thermal responses in the polymodal subpopulation of C-fiber sensory neurons, and changes the relative numbers of mechanically sensitive but thermally insensitive C-fiber afferents. These results demonstrate the potential roles of different functional groups of sensory neurons in the behavioral changes observed in mice overexpressing cutaneous neurturin and highlight the importance of neurturin in regulating cutaneous afferent response properties. NEW & NOTEWORTHY GDNF family neurotrophic factors regulate the development and function of primary sensory neurons. Of these, neurturin has been shown to modulate mechanical and cooling sensitivity behaviorally. Here we show that overexpression of neurturin in basal keratinocytes regulates mechanical responsiveness in A-fiber primary sensory neurons while increasing the overall numbers of cold-sensing units. Results demonstrate a crucial role for cutaneous neurturin in modulating responsiveness to peripheral stimuli at the level of the primary afferent.

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Cheung, Derek K. M., JoyC MacDermid, Dave Walton y Ruby Grewal. "The Construct Validity and Responsiveness of Sensory Tests in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome". Open Orthopaedics Journal 8, n.º 1 (16 de mayo de 2014): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001408010100.

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Background and Purpose : Sensory evaluation is fundamental to evaluation of patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and responsiveness for sensory threshold tests in patients with CTS. Methods : Sixty-three patients diagnosed with CTS were evaluated prior to orthotic intervention and again at follow up at 6 and 12 weeks. Sensory tests included touch threshold PSSD (Pressure Specified Sensory Device) and vibration threshold (Vibrometer). Construct validity was assessed by comparing sensory tests to hand function, and dexterity testing using Spearman rho (rs). Patients were classified as either responders or non-responders to orthotic intervention based on the change score of the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) of 0.5. Responsiveness of the sensory tools was measured using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves, SRM (Standardized Response Mean), and ES (Effect Sizes). Results : The PSSD had low to moderate correlations (rs ≤ 0.32) while Vibrometer scores had moderate correlations (rs = 0.36 - 0.41) with dexterity scores. The Clinically Important Difference (CID) for the PSSD was estimated at 0.15 g/mm2 but was not discriminative. The Vibrometer demonstrated moderate responsiveness, with a SRM = 0.61 and an ES = 0.46 among responders. The PSSD had a SRM = 0.09 and an ES = 0.08 and showed low responsiveness for patients with a clinically important improvement in symptoms. Conclusion : Measurement properties suggest that the Vibrometer was preferable to the PSSD because it was more correlated to hand function, and was more responsive. Clinicians may choose use the Vibrometer opposed to the PSSD for determining important change in sensation after orthotic intervention.

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Green, Olivia J. y Jewel E. Crasta. "Relationship Among Attention, Sensory Processing, and Social Responsiveness Among Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, Supplement_1 (1 de julio de 2022): 7610505114p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2022.76s1-po114.

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Abstract Date Presented 04/02/2022 OT interventions for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often emphasize areas of functioning such as attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness. It is essential to understand the relationships between these variables to develop best-fit interventions. This study demonstrates that sensory processing plays a mediating role in the relationship between attention and social responsiveness with young adults with and without autism. Primary Author and Speaker: Olivia J. Green Additional Authors and Speakers: Jewel E. Crasta

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Hamed, Ruba, Limor Mizrachi, Yelena Granovsky, Gil Issachar, Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg y Tami Bar-Shalita. "Neurofeedback Therapy for Sensory Over-Responsiveness—A Feasibility Study". Sensors 22, n.º 5 (25 de febrero de 2022): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051845.

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Background: Difficulty in modulating multisensory input, specifically the sensory over-responsive (SOR) type, is linked to pain hypersensitivity and anxiety, impacting daily function and quality of life in children and adults. Reduced cortical activity recorded under resting state has been reported, suggestive of neuromodulation as a potential therapeutic modality. This feasibility study aimed to explore neurofeedback intervention in SOR. Methods: Healthy women with SOR (n = 10) underwent an experimental feasibility study comprising four measurement time points (T1—baseline; T2—preintervention; T3—postintervention; T4—follow-up). Outcome measures included resting-state EEG recording, in addition to behavioral assessments of life satisfaction, attaining functional goals, pain sensitivity, and anxiety. Intervention targeted the upregulation of alpha oscillatory power over ten sessions. Results: No changes were detected in all measures between T1 and T2. Exploring the changes in brain activity between T2 and T4 revealed power enhancement in delta, theta, beta, and gamma oscillatory bands, detected in the frontal region (p = 0.03–<0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.637–1.126) but not in alpha oscillations. Furthermore, a large effect was found in enhancing life satisfaction and goal attainment (Cohen’s d = 1.18; 1.04, respectively), and reduced pain sensitivity and anxiety trait (Cohen’s d = 0.70). Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating the feasibility of neurofeedback intervention in SOR.

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Crasta, Jewel, Patricia Davies y William Gavin. "Sensory Processing Predicts Social Responsiveness in Adults With Autism". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 73, n.º 4_Supplement_1 (1 de agosto de 2019): 7311505105p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2019.73s1-rp103a.

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Kimball, J. G. "Prediction of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Responsiveness Through Sensory Integrative Testing". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 40, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1986): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.40.4.241.

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Willis, D. N. y J. B. Morris. "Modulation of Sensory Irritation Responsiveness by Adenosine and Malodorants". Chemical Senses 38, n.º 1 (16 de noviembre de 2012): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjs085.

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Marvaldi, Letizia, Nicolas Panayotis, Stefanie Alber, Shachar Y. Dagan, Nataliya Okladnikov, Indrek Koppel, Agostina Di Pizio et al. "Importin α3 regulates chronic pain pathways in peripheral sensory neurons". Science 369, n.º 6505 (13 de agosto de 2020): 842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5875.

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How is neuropathic pain regulated in peripheral sensory neurons? Importins are key regulators of nucleocytoplasmic transport. In this study, we found that importin α3 (also known as karyopherin subunit alpha 4) can control pain responsiveness in peripheral sensory neurons in mice. Importin α3 knockout or sensory neuron–specific knockdown in mice reduced responsiveness to diverse noxious stimuli and increased tolerance to neuropathic pain. Importin α3–bound c-Fos and importin α3–deficient neurons were impaired in c-Fos nuclear import. Knockdown or dominant-negative inhibition of c-Fos or c-Jun in sensory neurons reduced neuropathic pain. In silico screens identified drugs that mimic importin α3 deficiency. These drugs attenuated neuropathic pain and reduced c-Fos nuclear localization. Thus, perturbing c-Fos nuclear import by importin α3 in peripheral neurons can promote analgesia.

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Kopp, Ulla C., Michael Z. Cicha y Lori A. Smith. "Differential effects of endothelin on activation of renal mechanosensory nerves: stimulatory in high-sodium diet and inhibitory in low-sodium diet". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2006): R1545—R1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00878.2005.

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Activation of renal mechanosensory nerves is enhanced by high and suppressed by low sodium dietary intake. Afferent renal denervation results in salt-sensitive hypertension, suggesting that activation of the afferent renal nerves contributes to water and sodium balance. Another model of salt-sensitive hypertension is the endothelin B receptor (ETBR)-deficient rat. ET and its receptors are present in sensory nerves. Therefore, we examined whether ET receptor blockade altered the responsiveness of the renal sensory nerves. In anesthetized rats fed high-sodium diet, renal pelvic administration of the ETBR antagonist BQ-788 reduced the afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA) response to increasing renal pelvic pressure 7.5 mmHg from 26 ± 3 to 9 ± 3% and the PGE2-mediated renal pelvic release of substance P from 9 ± 1 to 3 ± 1 pg/min. Conversely, in rats fed low-sodium diet, renal pelvic administration of the ETAR antagonist BQ-123 enhanced the ARNA response to increased renal pelvic pressure from 9 ± 2 to 23 ± 6% and the PGE2-mediated renal pelvic release of substance P from 0 ± 0 to 6 ± 1 pg/min. Adding the ETAR antagonist to ETBR-blocked renal pelvises restored the responsiveness of renal sensory nerves in rats fed a high-sodium diet. Adding the ETBR antagonist to ETAR-blocked pelvises suppressed the responsiveness of the renal sensory nerves in rats fed a low-sodium diet. In conclusion, activation of ETBR and ETAR contributes to the enhanced and suppressed responsiveness of renal sensory nerves in conditions of high- and low-sodium dietary intake, respectively. Impaired renorenal reflexes may contribute to the salt-sensitive hypertension in the ETBR-deficient rat.

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Schulze, Victoria, Catherine Cavaliere, Katarina Soares y Gabrielle Cocca. "Development and Validation of the Sensory Health Awareness and Responsiveness Profile". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, Supplement_1 (1 de julio de 2022): 7610500005p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2022.76s1-po5.

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Abstract Date Presented 03/31/2022 The purpose of the study was to develop and determine reliability and validity of the Sensory Health Awareness and Responsiveness Profile (SHARP), a tool measuring sensory health awareness and responsiveness in adults. Seventy-seven students ages 18 to 42 participated in the study. Content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Internal reliability was strong. Construct validity was determined by comparisons with measures of interoceptive awareness and wellness (Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness). Primary Author and Speaker: Victoria Schulze Additional Authors and Speakers: Katarina Soares, Gabrielle Cocca Contributing Authors: Catherine Cavaliere

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Kaluza, J. F. y H. Breer. "Responsiveness of olfactory neurons to distinct aliphatic aldehydes". Journal of Experimental Biology 203, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2000): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.5.927.

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The responsiveness of isolated olfactory sensory neurons to stimulation with aliphatic aldehydes of varying chain length (5–10 hydrogenated carbon atoms) was investigated by means of Ca(2+)imaging. More than half the cells examined were responsive to aliphatic aldehydes. Individual cells did not react or reacted to one or multiple aldehydes; in the latter case, cells only reacted to aldehydes of consecutive carbon chain lengths. The largest proportion of cells responded to octanal. It was also demonstrated that a structural difference as small as one hydrogenated carbon atom was detectable by the olfactory neurons. Neurons were increasingly able to discriminate between two aldehydes as the difference in chain length between the two increased. Discrimination between aldehydes with longer carbon chains was reduced. Although the odorants examined belong to a distinct chemical class and differ only slightly in structure, individual olfactory sensory neurons showed quite different receptive properties.

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SIMPSON, S. J. y C. L. SIMPSON. "Mechanisms Controlling Modulation by Haemolymph Amino Acids of Gustatory Responsiveness in the Locust". Journal of Experimental Biology 168, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1992): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.168.1.269.

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1. Previous work has shown that fifth-instar nymphs of Locusta migratoria (L.) adjust their feeding behaviour to compensate for variation in dietary protein and carbohydrate levels. These changes in behaviour are accompanied by nutrientspecific changes in the responsiveness of taste receptors on the mouthparts. 2. Levels of free amino acids in the haemolymph affect the responsiveness of maxillary gustatory receptors to stimulation by amino acids. The mechanisms mediating this response are investigated. 3. Sectioning the maxillary nerve does not prevent an injection of amino acids into the haemolymph from causing reduced chemo-responsiveness, indicating that centrifugal neural feedbacks are not involved. 4. Isolating the distal two segments of the palp by ligature and then microinjecting amino acids into the palp tip also causes modulation of responsiveness, showing that the effect is mediated at, or close to, the sensory receptors. 5. Radio-labelling studies indicate that amino acids injected into the abdomen are found in the haemolymph of the palp within the time necessary to cause a peripheral change in gustatory responsiveness. 6. Possible mechanisms enabling amino acids in the blood of the palp to influence sensory responsiveness are discussed. The simplest mechanism consists of amino acids in the haemolymph reaching the sensillum liquor and adapting the receptors to further stimulation from the food. Note: Please note that the authors are not related.

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Case-Smith, J., L. Butcher y D. Reed. "Parents' Report of Sensory Responsiveness and Temperament in Preterm Infants". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 52, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1998): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.52.7.547.

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Yokogawa, T., M. C. Hannan y H. A. Burgess. "The Dorsal Raphe Modulates Sensory Responsiveness during Arousal in Zebrafish". Journal of Neuroscience 32, n.º 43 (24 de octubre de 2012): 15205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1019-12.2012.

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Dunten, P. y D. E. Koshland. "Tuning the responsiveness of a sensory receptor via covalent modification". Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, n.º 3 (enero de 1991): 1491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52321-8.

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Bar-Shalita, Tami, Ze'ev Seltzer, Jean-Jacques Vatine, Aviva Yochman y Shula Parush. "Development and psychometric properties of the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ)". Disability and Rehabilitation 31, n.º 3 (enero de 2009): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638280801903096.

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Hilton, Claudia L., Alison Babb-Keeble, Erin Eitzmann Westover, Yi Zhang, Claire Adams, Diane M. Collins, Amol Karmarkar, Timothy A. Reistetter y John N. Constantino. "Sensory Responsiveness in Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, n.º 12 (4 de octubre de 2016): 3778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2918-y.

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Kopp, Ulla C. "Role of renal sensory nerves in physiological and pathophysiological conditions". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 308, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2015): R79—R95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00351.2014.

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Whether activation of afferent renal nerves contributes to the regulation of arterial pressure and sodium balance has been long overlooked. In normotensive rats, activating renal mechanosensory nerves decrease efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (ERSNA) and increase urinary sodium excretion, an inhibitory renorenal reflex. There is an interaction between efferent and afferent renal nerves, whereby increases in ERSNA increase afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA), leading to decreases in ERSNA by activation of the renorenal reflexes to maintain low ERSNA to minimize sodium retention. High-sodium diet enhances the responsiveness of the renal sensory nerves, while low dietary sodium reduces the responsiveness of the renal sensory nerves, thus producing physiologically appropriate responses to maintain sodium balance. Increased renal ANG II reduces the responsiveness of the renal sensory nerves in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Impairment of inhibitory renorenal reflexes in these pathological states would contribute to the hypertension and sodium retention. When the inhibitory renorenal reflexes are suppressed, excitatory reflexes may prevail. Renal denervation reduces arterial pressure in experimental hypertension and in treatment-resistant hypertensive patients. The fall in arterial pressure is associated with a fall in muscle sympathetic nerve activity, suggesting that increased ARNA contributes to increased arterial pressure in these patients. Although removal of both renal sympathetic and afferent renal sensory nerves most likely contributes to the arterial pressure reduction initially, additional mechanisms may be involved in long-term arterial pressure reduction since sympathetic and sensory nerves reinnervate renal tissue in a similar time-dependent fashion following renal denervation.

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29

Chiba, Y. y M. Misawa. "Inhibition of neutral endopeptidase increases airway responsiveness to ACh in nonsensitized normal rats". Journal of Applied Physiology 78, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1995): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.2.394.

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The effects of sensory neuropeptides on the airway responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) were investigated in normal nonsensitized rats. The airway responsiveness to inhaled ACh was significantly increased after treatment with neurokinin A (NKA; 0.001%) or substance P (SP; 0.01%) aerosol in the presence of the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor. NKA had a more potent effect than SP. Interestingly, the intravenous treatment with NEP inhibitor alone also induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled ACh. This AHR was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with a nonselective NK-receptor antagonist, [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP, systemic capsaicin, or bilateral cervical vagotomy, indicating that decreased NEP activity results in accumulation of endogenous sensory neuropeptide(s) and enhancement of vagal reflex to cause AHR. The airway responsiveness to ACh of isolated left main bronchus was also increased after treatment with 10(-6) M NKA, but not SP, together with 10(-6) M phosphoramidon. This in vitro AHR to ACh induced by phosphoramidon plus NKA was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin. These findings suggest that overaccumulated sensory neuropeptides, especially NKA, may enhance the probability of transmitter release, probably via NK2 receptors, and that the enhanced transmitter release might be involved in AHR in rats.

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30

Cardin, Jessica A. y Marc F. Schmidt. "Song System Auditory Responses Are Stable and Highly Tuned During Sedation, Rapidly Modulated and Unselective During Wakefulness, and Suppressed By Arousal". Journal of Neurophysiology 90, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2003): 2884–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00391.2003.

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We used auditory responsiveness in the avian song system to investigate the complex relationship between behavioral state and sensory processing in a high-order sensorimotor brain area. We present evidence from recordings in awake, anesthetized, and sleeping male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata) that auditory responsiveness in nucleus HVc is profoundly affected by changes in behavioral state. In anesthetized and sleeping birds, auditory responses were characterized by an increase in firing rate that was selective for the bird's own song (BOS) and highly stable over time. In contrast, HVc responses during wakefulness were extremely variable and transitioned between undetectable and robust levels over short intervals. Surprisingly, auditory responses in awake birds were not selective for the BOS stimulus. The variability of HVc auditory responses in awake birds suggests that, as in mammals, wakefulness is not a uniform behavioral state. Rather, auditory responsiveness likely is continually influenced by variables such as arousal state. We therefore developed several experimental paradigms in which we could manipulate arousal levels during auditory stimulus presentation. In all cases, arousal suppressed HVc auditory responses. This effect was specific to the song system, as auditory responses in Field L, a primary auditory area that is a source of auditory input to HVc, were unaffected. While arousal acts as a negative regulator of HVc auditory responsiveness, the presence and variability of the responses observed in awake, alert birds suggests that other mechanisms, such as attention, may enhance auditory responsiveness. The interplay between behavioral state and sensory processing may regulate song system responsiveness according to the bird's behavioral and social context.

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31

Takahashi, Hidetoshi, Takayuki Nakahachi, Andrew Stickley, Makoto Ishitobi y Yoko Kamio. "Relationship between physiological and parent-observed auditory over-responsiveness in children with typical development and those with autism spectrum disorders". Autism 22, n.º 3 (19 de diciembre de 2016): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316680497.

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The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between caregiver-reported sensory processing abnormalities, and the physiological index of auditory over-responsiveness evaluated using acoustic startle response measures, in children with autism spectrum disorders and typical development. Mean acoustic startle response magnitudes in response to 65–105 dB stimuli, in increments of 10 dB, were analyzed in children with autism spectrum disorders and with typical development. Average peak startle latency was also examined. We examined the relationship of these acoustic startle response measures to parent-reported behavioral sensory processing patterns in everyday situations, assessed using the Sensory Profile for all participants. Low-threshold scores on the Sensory Profile auditory section were related to acoustic startle response magnitudes at 75 and 85 dB, but not to the lower intensities of 65 dB. The peak startle latency and acoustic startle response magnitudes at low-stimuli intensities of 65 and 75 dB were significantly related to the low-threshold quadrants (sensory sensitivity and sensation avoiding) scores and to the high-threshold quadrant of sensation seeking. Our results suggest that physiological assessment provides further information regarding auditory over-responsiveness to less-intense stimuli and its relationship to caregiver-observed sensory processing abnormalities in everyday situations.

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32

Chang, Megan, Chiung-ju Liu y Erna Blanche. "SENSORY PROCESSING CORRELATES WITH DEPRESSION AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN OLDER ADULTS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2534.

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Abstract Sensory processing is defined as the ability to respond to sensory information from the environment and to act accordingly to the situational demands. Sensory processing is associated with anxiety in middle-aged adults, specifically in those with sensory over-responsiveness and under-responsiveness. It remains unclear how age-related change in sensory processing is correlated with mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlations between sensory processing patterns, depression, and perceived-stress in older adults. Respondents were recruited from community networks serving older adults. They were asked to complete an electronic survey, including the Adult Sensory Processing Scale (ASPS), the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Center of Epidemiologic Depression Scale-Revised. ASPS has 11 factors related to over-responsive, under-responsive, and sensory seeking in visual, auditory, tactile, vestibular and proprioceptive input.Of 148 older adults (Mean age = 72 years) completed the survey, 30% perceived moderate to high levels of stress, and 18% had depressive symptoms. The total score of the ASPS Scale is positively correlated with perceived stress (r=0.26; p=.001) and depression (r=0.27; p=.001). Specifically, those who were over-responsive to auditory and vestibular input, and under-responsive to proprioception had higher stress levels and greater depression.Sensory decline or impairment in older adults may alter older adults’ ability to process sensory information. As sensory processing has significant impact on anxiety and perceived stress in older adults, it should be considered in evaluation and intervention, particularly on audition, vestibular and proprioception. Including sensory-based approach may help better manage their mental health.

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Chabrolles, Laura, Gérard Coureaud, Nicolas Boyer, Nicolas Mathevon y Marilyn Beauchaud. "Cross-sensory modulation in a future top predator, the young Nile crocodile". Royal Society Open Science 4, n.º 6 (junio de 2017): 170386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170386.

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Animals routinely receive information through different sensory channels, and inputs from a modality may modulate the perception and behavioural reaction to others. In spite of their potential adaptive value, the behavioural correlates of this cross-sensory modulation have been poorly investigated. Due to their predator life, crocodilians deal with decisional conflicts emerging from concurrent stimuli. By testing young Crocodylus niloticus with sounds in the absence or presence of chemical stimuli, we show that (i) the prandial (feeding) state modulates the responsiveness of the animal to a congruent, i.e. food-related olfactory stimulus, (ii) the prandial state alters the responsiveness to an incongruent (independent of food) sound, (iii) fasted, but not sated, crocodiles display selective attention to socially relevant sounds over noise in presence of food odour. Cross-sensory modulation thus appears functional in young Nile crocodiles. It may contribute to decision making in the wild, when juveniles use it to interact acoustically when foraging.

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34

Gee, Bryan, Hannah Golden, Ashley Geist, Aubrey Riley y Kelly Thompson. "Infant and Maternal Reciprocity as Expressed Through Sensory Reactivity and Responsiveness". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 72, n.º 4_Supplement_1 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 7211505157p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2018.72s1-po8014.

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35

Levit-Binnun, Nava, Ohad Szepsenwol, Keren Stern-Ellran y Batya Engel-Yeger. "The relationship between sensory responsiveness profiles, attachment orientations, and anxiety symptoms". Australian Journal of Psychology 66, n.º 4 (4 de junio de 2014): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12064.

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36

Page, C. "The 2 receptor and airway hyper-responsiveness: are sensory nerves involved?" Thorax 64, n.º 9 (28 de agosto de 2009): 738–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.113506.

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37

Rodic, Donja, Andrea Hans Meyer, Roselind Lieb y Gunther Meinlschmidt. "The Association of Sensory Responsiveness with Somatic Symptoms and Illness Anxiety". International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 23, n.º 1 (21 de abril de 2015): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-015-9483-1.

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38

Hsiue, Tzuen-Ren, Allan Garland, Daniel W. Ray, Marc B. Hershenson, Alan R. Leff y Julian Solway. "Endogenous Sensory Neuropeptide Release Enhances Nonspecific Airway Responsiveness in Guinea Pigs". American Review of Respiratory Disease 146, n.º 1 (julio de 1992): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.148.

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39

Chung, K. F. "Endogenous Sensory Neuropeptide Release Enhances Nonspecific Airway Responsiveness in Guinea Pigs". American Review of Respiratory Disease 147, n.º 3 (marzo de 1993): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/147.3.778.

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40

DeSesa, Christopher R., Ryan P. Vaughan, Michael J. Lanosa, Kathryn G. Fontaine y John B. Morris. "Sulfur-Containing Malodorant Vapors Enhance Responsiveness to the Sensory Irritant Capsaicin". Toxicological Sciences 104, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2008): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn061.

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41

Hoshino, Osamu. "An Ongoing Subthreshold Neuronal State Established Through Dynamic Coassembling of Cortical Cells". Neural Computation 20, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2008): 3055–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.08-07-589.

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Ensemble activation of neurons, triggered or spontaneous, sometimes involves a common (overlapping) neuronal population known as core cells. It is speculated that the core cells functioning as a core nucleus have a role in dictating noncore cells' behavior and thus overall local network dynamics. However, the truth and its significance in neuronal information processing still remain to be seen. To address this issue, a neural network model of an early sensory cortical area was simulated. In the network model, noncore cells that have selective responsiveness to sensory features constituted noncore cell assemblies. Core cells, having unselective responsiveness, constituted a single core cell assembly. Sensory stimulation activated neuronal ensembles that were indistinguishable from those activated spontaneously. The core cells were active in every ensemble activation and recruited a changing complement of noncore cells, which varied from spontaneous event to spontaneous event or from triggered event to triggered event. Ensemble activation of neurons was established through what we call dynamic coassembling, in which the core cell assembly and one of the noncore cell assemblies were dynamically linked together. Transient dynamic coassembling frequently and randomly took place during the ongoing (spontaneous) neuronal activity period, and persistent dynamic coassembling did during the stimulus-triggered neuronal activity period. The frequent ongoing activation of core cells mediated through transient dynamic coassembling depolarized noncore cells just below firing threshold, whereby the noncore cells could respond rapidly to sensory stimulation. The persistent dynamic coassembling enhanced the responsiveness of noncore cells. We suggest that the core cells, functioning as a core nucleus, dictate how the noncore cells oscillate at a subthreshold level during the ongoing period and how to respond when stimulated. The transient and persistent dynamic coassembling may be an essential neuronal mechanism for the cortex to prepare and respond effectively to sensory input.

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42

Chen, Chao-Yin, Ann C. Bonham, Charles G. Plopper y Jesse P. Joad. "Selected Contribution: Neuroplasticity in nucleus tractus solitarius neurons after episodic ozone exposure in infant primates". Journal of Applied Physiology 94, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2003): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00552.2002.

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Acute ozone exposure evokes adverse respiratory responses, particularly in children. With repeated ozone exposures, however, despite the persistent lung inflammation and increased sensory nerve excitability, the central nervous system reflex responses, i.e., rapid shallow breathing and decreased lung function, adapt, suggesting changes in central nervous system signaling. We determined whether repeated ozone exposures altered the behavior of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons where reflex respiratory motor outputs are first coordinated. Whole cell recordings were performed on NTS neurons in brain stem slices from infant monkeys exposed to filtered air or ozone (0.5 ppm, 8 h/day for 5 days every 14 days for 11 episodes). Although episodic ozone exposure depolarized the membrane potential, increased the membrane resistance, and increased neuronal spiking responses to depolarizing current injections ( P < 0.05), it decreased the excitability to vagal sensory fiber activation ( P < 0.05), suggesting a diminished responsiveness to sensory transmission, despite overall increases in excitability. Substance P, implicated in lung and NTS signaling, contributed to the increased responsiveness to current injections but not to the diminished sensory transmission. The finding that NTS neurons undergo plasticity with repeated ozone exposures may help to explain the adaptation of the respiratory motor responses.

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43

Miller, Earl K., Paul M. Gochin y Charles G. Gross. "Habituation-like decrease in the responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex of the macaque". Visual Neuroscience 7, n.º 4 (octubre de 1991): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800004843.

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AbstractIn both anesthetized and behaving macaques, we examined the responses of neurons in the inferior temporal cortex (IT) to repeated presentation of a visual stimulus. In anesthetized animals, the responsiveness of IT neurons decreased with repeated stimulus presentation at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 2–12 s but not at 20 s. Responsiveness recovered after a 5-min period of no stimulus presentation. The response decrement was similar in anesthetized and awake animals at a 2-s ISI, but at a 6-s ISI, response decrement in the awake animal was much less.

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44

Bar-Shalita, Tami, Nurit Ben-Ziv, Yelena Granovsky y Irit Weissman-Fogel. "An Exploratory Study Testing Autonomic Reactivity to Pain in Women with Sensory Over-Responsiveness". Brain Sciences 10, n.º 11 (5 de noviembre de 2020): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110819.

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Background: Difficulty modulating sensory input related to multi-sensory integration dysfunction, specifically the sensory over-responsive (SOR) type, is associated with psychological distress and hyperalgesia in children and adults. Scares reports suggest atypical autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity to innocuous sensory stimuli in children with SOR. Thus, the ANS may contribute to sensory stimuli responses and psychological distress. This exploratory study aimed to characterize the ANS reactivity to single and dual pain stimulation, and in relation to psychological distress in adults with SOR. Methods: Healthy women with SOR (n = 9) vs. without SOR (n = 9) underwent two runs of single pain stimulation and a third run comprised of dual pain stimulation. Pain was self-rated, while heart rate variability was measured and analyzed in the time and frequency domains. In addition, questionnaires assessing anxiety and somatization were utilized. Results: While controls demonstrated a vagal tone withdrawal (root mean square of successive differences in R-R-intervals; (RMSSD)) p = 0.029 from base-line to the third run, this was absent in the SOR group. However, no group differences were found in pain ratings. Furthermore, groups differed in the correlations between R-R mean and the level of both anxiety (p = 0.006) and somatization (p < 0.001); while in the SOR group, higher levels of anxiety and somatization correlated with shorter R-R intervals, the opposite was found in the control group. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate in women with SOR atypical vagal tone reactivity to challenging pain load. Vagal tone reactivity is related to both pain ratings and psychological distress.

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45

Wu, Zhong-Xin, Brian E. Satterfield y Richard D. Dey. "Substance P released from intrinsic airway neurons contributes to ozone-enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness in ferret trachea". Journal of Applied Physiology 95, n.º 2 (agosto de 2003): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00109.2003.

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Exposure to ozone (O3) induces airway hyperresponsiveness mediated partly through the release of substance P (SP) from nerve terminals in the airway wall. Although substantial evidence suggests that SP is released by sensory nerves, SP is also present in neurons of airway ganglia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of intrinsic airway neurons in O3-enhanced airway responsiveness in ferret trachea. To remove the effects of sensory innervation, segments of ferret trachea were maintained in culture conditions for 24 h before in vitro exposure to 2 parts/million of O3 or air for 1 h. Sensory nerve depletion was confirmed by showing that capsaicin did not affect tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness to cholinergic agonist or contractility responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS). Contractions of isolated tracheal smooth muscle to EFS were significantly increased after in vitro O3 exposure, but the constrictor response to cholinergic agonist was not altered. Pretreatment with CP-99994, an antagonist of the neurokinin 1 receptor, attenuated the increased contraction to EFS after O3 exposure but had no effect in the air exposure group. The number of SP-positive neurons in longitudinal trunk ganglia, the extent of SP innervation to superficial muscular plexus nerve cell bodies, and SP nerve fiber density in tracheal smooth muscle all increased significantly after O3 exposure. The results show that release of SP from intrinsic airway neurons contributes to O3-enhanced tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness by facilitating acetylcholine release from cholinergic nerve terminals.

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46

Xing, Jihong, Zhaohui Gao, Jian Lu, Lawrence I. Sinoway y Jianhua Li. "Femoral artery occlusion augments TRPV1-mediated sympathetic responsiveness". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): H1262—H1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00271.2008.

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Muscle metabolic by-products stimulate thin fiber muscle afferent nerves and evoke reflex increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity. Previous studies reported that chemically sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels present on sensory muscle afferent neurons have an important impact on sympathetically mediated cardiovascular responses. The reflex-mediated reduction in blood flow to skeletal muscle leads to limited exercise capacity in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Thus, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that the expression of enhanced TRPV1 receptor and its responsiveness in primary afferent neurons innervating muscles initiate exaggerated reflex sympathetic responses after vascular insufficiency to the muscle. Muscle vascular insufficiency was induced by the femoral artery ligation in rats for 24 h. Our data show that 1) the ligation surgery leads to the upregulation of TRPV1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion; 2) the magnitude of the dorsal root ganglion neuron TRPV1 response induced by capsaicin is greater in vascular insufficiency (4.0 ± 0.31 nA, P < 0.05 vs. sham-operated control) than that in sham-operated control (2.9 ± 0.23 nA); and 3) renal sympathetic nerve activity and mean arterial pressure responses to capsaicin (0.5 μg/kg body wt) are also enhanced by vascular insufficiency (54 ± 11%, 9 ± 2 mmHg in sham-operated controls vs. 98 ± 13%, 33 ± 5 mmHg after vascular insufficiency, P < 0.05). In conclusion, sympathetic nerve responses to the activation of metabolite-sensitive TRPV1 receptors are augmented in rats with the femoral artery occlusion compared with sham-operated control animals, due to alterations in the expression of TRPV1 receptor and its responsiveness in sensory neurons.

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47

Kopp, U. C., D. M. Farley, L. A. Smith y H. R. Knapp. "Essential fatty acid deficiency impairs the responsiveness of renal pelvic sensory receptors". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): R164—R170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.1.r164.

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The role of prostaglandins in renal sensory receptor activation was examined in rats fed an essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD) diet to cause tissue arachidonate depletion. Littermates fed a standard diet were used as controls. In anesthetized rats, the increases in afferent renal nerve activity due to increasing ureteral pressure 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 mmHg were significantly reduced by the EFAD diet (P < 0.02): 3 +/- 5, 3 +/- 5, 11 +/- 5, 9 +/- 5, 19 +/- 3, and 17 +/- 5%, respectively, in EFAD rats and 23 +/- 11, 36 +/- 15, 50 +/- 15, 52 +/- 8, 72 +/- 17, and 90 +/- 19%, respectively, in control rats. In EFAD rats, addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the renal pelvic perfusate restored the afferent renal nerve activity response to increased ureteral pressure toward that in control rats. PGE2 had no effect in control rats. Also the afferent renal nerve activity responses to renal pelvic perfusion with bradykinin at 4, 20, 100, and 500 micrograms/ml were significantly suppressed by the EFAD diet (P < 0.01): 13 +/- 15, 5 +/- 7, 60 +/- 19, and 63 +/- 20%, respectively, in EFAD rats and 122 +/- 23, 142 +/- 31, 172 +/- 19, and 190 +/- 39%, respectively, in control rats. These results demonstrate an important role for arachidonate metabolites, particularly PGE2, in renal sensory receptor activation. Together with our previous studies showing that indomethacin blocks the afferent renal nerve activity responses to increased ureteral pressure or bradykinin, the present studies provide strong evidence for an essential role of prostaglandins in renal sensory receptor activation.

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48

Weiss, C., J. C. Houk y A. R. Gibson. "Inhibition of sensory responses of cat inferior olive neurons produced by stimulation of red nucleus". Journal of Neurophysiology 64, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1990): 1170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1170.

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1. The sensory responsiveness of cells in the inferior olive is known to be suppressed during certain phases of active movement. These experiments were designed to test the possibility that activity in the rubrospinal pathway contributes to this suppression. We recorded from cells sensitive to light touch located in one of the divisions of the inferior olive, the rostral dorsal accessory olive (rDAO), in cats anesthetized with pentobarbitol sodium. Responsiveness to peripheral stimuli was tested during and after trains of conditioning stimuli delivered to the rubrospinal pathway. 2. All 44 cells in our sample of rDAO neurons showed an inhibition of responsiveness to peripheral stimuli after conditioning stimulation of the rubrospinal pathway. Typical conditioning trains consisted of 0.2-ms pulses at 200 Hz for 100 ms. The mean current required for a reduction in firing probability to 0.5 was 31 microA. Slight increases in intensity often completely inhibited responses to peripheral stimuli. 3. Inhibition of responsiveness showed a delayed time course. Peak inhibition occurred approximately 50 ms after the last pulse in the conditioning train. In many cases there was no demonstrable inhibition during the conditioning train. Increases of train frequency, train duration, or stimulus intensity produced stronger and broader periods of olivary inhibition. 4. The lowest threshold points for eliciting rDAO inhibition coincided with either the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) or the rubrospinal tract (RST). Stimulation at RST sites produced inhibition of responses in the contralateral but not in the ipsilateral rDAO. Transection of the RST in the upper brain stem blocked the inhibition produced by red-nucleus stimulation without altering the inhibition produced by tract stimulation caudal to the transection. The inhibitory effects thus appear to be caused by activation of the rubrospinal pathway. 5. The inhibitory timing observed in this study may be appropriate for explaining the suppression of olivary responsiveness to contact that has been observed in awake animals. Bursts of movement-related, red nucleus discharge often cease approximately 50 ms before the end of movement. This timing would allow peak inhibition to develop at approximately the time of contact with an object at the end of a goal-directed limb movement.

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49

Schneider, J. S., M. S. Levine, C. D. Hull y N. A. Buchwald. "Development of somatosensory responsiveness in the basal ganglia in awake cats". Journal of Neurophysiology 54, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1985): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.1.143.

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Single-unit activity was recorded from the caudate nucleus (CD), globus pallidus, and entopeduncular nucleus (GP-ENTO) in awake, partially restrained kittens. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the ability of developing basal ganglia structures to process natural facial somatosensory information and compare this function to that observed in the adult. Somatosensory responsiveness in the CD and GP-ENTO developed slowly during the first three postnatal months. Somatosensory responsiveness had three major developmental trends in these nuclei: 1) The proportion of neurons responding to facial sensory stimulation increased with age; 2) proportionally, the area of face encompassing a receptive field of a neuron was smaller in adults than in young kittens; 3) qualitatively, adultlike responses to sensory stimulation did not appear until approximately three months of age. Units responsive to facial somatosensory stimulation in kittens under three months of age were very limited in the types of information they received. No specific stimuli parameters were encoded by these neurons. At approximately three months of age, units began to respond to varied stimuli (i.e., indentation of the skin as well as to brushing stimuli) and began to encode specific stimulus parameters such as direction of movement and relative location on the face. Kitten units responsive to skin indentation showed no evidence of encoding stimulus magnitude information. This was also true for the majority of adult basal ganglia neurons tested. The present findings suggest that the functions of the basal ganglia may be altered significantly during development. With increasing age, the basal ganglia may change from primarily a relay area for relatively nonspecific sensory information to an active processor of complex afferent information.

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Drake, Matthew G., Gregory D. Scott, Emily D. Blum, Katherine M. Lebold, Zhenying Nie, James J. Lee, Allison D. Fryer, Richard W. Costello y David B. Jacoby. "Eosinophils increase airway sensory nerve density in mice and in human asthma". Science Translational Medicine 10, n.º 457 (5 de septiembre de 2018): eaar8477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aar8477.

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In asthma, airway nerve dysfunction leads to excessive bronchoconstriction and cough. It is well established that eosinophils alter nerve function and that airway eosinophilia is present in 50 to 60% of asthmatics. However, the effects of eosinophils on airway nerve structure have not been established. We tested whether eosinophils alter airway nerve structure and measured the physiological consequences of those changes. Our results in humans with and without eosinophilic asthma showed that airway innervation and substance P expression were increased in moderate persistent asthmatics compared to mild intermittent asthmatics and healthy subjects. Increased innervation was associated with a lack of bronchodilator responsiveness and increased irritant sensitivity. In a mouse model of eosinophilic airway inflammation, the increase in nerve density and airway hyperresponsiveness were mediated by eosinophils. Our results implicate airway nerve remodeling as a key mechanism for increased irritant sensitivity and exaggerated airway responsiveness in eosinophilic asthma.

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