Artículos de revistas: "Semi-distributed hydrological model"

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Gires, A., I. Tchiguirinskaia, D. Schertzer y S. Lovejoy. "Multifractal analysis of a semi-distributed urban hydrological model". Urban Water Journal 10, n.º 3 (junio de 2013): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2012.716447.

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Halefom, Afera, Ermias Sisay, Deepak Khare, Lakhwinder Singh y Tesfa Worku. "Hydrological modeling of urban catchment using semi-distributed model". Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 3, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2017): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-017-0327-7.

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Khalid, K., M. F. Ali, N. F. Abd Rahman y M. R. Mispan. "Application on One-at-a-Time Sensitivity Analysis of Semi-Distributed Hydrological Model in Tropical Watershed". International Journal of Engineering and Technology 8, n.º 2 (febrero de 2016): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2016.v6.872.

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Khalid, K., M. F. Ali, N. F. Abd Rahman y M. R. Mispan. "Application on One-at-a-Time Sensitivity Analysis of Semi-Distributed Hydrological Model in Tropical Watershed". International Journal of Engineering and Technology 8, n.º 2 (febrero de 2016): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2016.v8.872.

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Seibert, Jan, Marc J. P. Vis, Irene Kohn, Markus Weiler y Kerstin Stahl. "Technical note: Representing glacier geometry changes in a semi-distributed hydrological model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, n.º 4 (9 de abril de 2018): 2211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2211-2018.

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Abstract. Glaciers play an important role in high-mountain hydrology. While changing glacier areas are considered of highest importance for the understanding of future changes in runoff, glaciers are often only poorly represented in hydrological models. Most importantly, the direct coupling between the simulated glacier mass balances and changing glacier areas needs feasible solutions. The use of a complex glacier model is often not possible due to data and computational limitations. The Δh parameterization is a simple approach to consider the spatial variation of glacier thickness and area changes. Here, we describe a conceptual implementation of the Δh parameterization in the semi-distributed hydrological model HBV-light, which also allows for the representation of glacier advance phases and for comparison between the different versions of the implementation. The coupled glacio-hydrological simulation approach, which could also be implemented in many other semi-distributed hydrological models, is illustrated based on an example application.

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Chen, Jiongfeng, Wanchang Zhang, Junfeng Gao y Kai Cao. "Assimilating multi-site measurements for semi-distributed hydrological model updating". Quaternary International 282 (diciembre de 2012): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.01.030.

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Ghaffar, Salman, Seifeddine Jomaa, Günter Meon y Michael Rode. "Spatial validation of a semi-distributed hydrological nutrient transport model". Journal of Hydrology 593 (febrero de 2021): 125818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125818.

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Yao, C., L. Chang, J. Ding, Z. Li, D. An y Y. Zhang. "Evaluation of the effects of underlying surface change on catchment hydrological response using the HEC-HMS model". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (16 de septiembre de 2014): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-145-2014.

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Abstract. Due to rapid population growth, China, and urbanization, the Dongwan catchment, with a drainage area of 2856 km2 and located in Henan Province, has been subjected to considerable land-use changes since the 1990s. Distributed or semi-distributed models have been widely used in catchment hydrological modeling, along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technologies. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of underlying surface change on catchment hydrological response using the Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), which is a distributed hydrological model. Specifically, 21 flood events were selected for calibrating and validating the model parameters. The satisfactory results show that the HEC-HMS model can be used to simulate the rainfall–runoff response in the Dongwan catchment. In light of the analyses of simulation results, it is shown that the flood peaks and runoff yields after 1990 moderately decrease in comparison with that before 1990 at the same precipitation level. It is also indicated that the underlying surface change leads to the increased flood storage capacity after 1990 in this region.

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Gautam, Narayan Prasad. "Flow routing with Semi-distributed hydrological model HEC- HMS in case of Narayani River Basin". Journal of the Institute of Engineering 10, n.º 1 (31 de julio de 2014): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10877.

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Routing is the modeling process to determine the outflow at an outlet from given inflow at upstream of the channel. A hydrological simulation model use mathematical equations that establish relationships between inputs and outputs of water system and simulates the catchment response to the rainfall input. Several hydrological models have been developed to assist in understanding of hydrologic system and water resources management. A model, once calibrated and verified on catchments, provides a multi-purpose tool for further analysis. Semi-Distributed models in hydrology are usually physically based in that they are defined in terms of theoretically acceptable continuum equations. They do, however, involve some degree of lumping since analytical solutions to the equations cannot be found, and so approximate numerical solutions, based on a finite difference or finite element discretization of the space and time dimensions, are implemented. Many rivers in Nepal are either ungauged or poorly gauged due to extreme complex terrains, monsoon climate and lack of technical and financial supports. In this context the role of hydrological models are extremely useful. In practical applications, hydrological routing methods are relatively simple to implement reasonably accurate. In this study, Gandaki river basin was taken for the study area. Kinematic wave method was used for overland routing and Muskingum cunge method was applied for channel routing to describe the discharge on Narayani river and peak flow attenuation and dispersion observed in the direct runoff hydrograph. Channel cross section parameters are extracted using HEC- GeoRAS extension tool of GIS. From this study result, Annual runoff, Peak flow and time of peak at the outlet are similar to the observed flow in calibration and verification period using trapezoidal channel. Hence Hydrological modeling is a powerful technique in the planning and development of integrated approach for management of water resources. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10877Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014 pp. 45-58

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de Lavenne, Alban, Guillaume Thirel, Vazken Andréassian, Charles Perrin y Maria-Helena Ramos. "Spatial variability of the parameters of a semi-distributed hydrological model". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (12 de mayo de 2016): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-87-2016.

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Abstract. Ideally, semi-distributed hydrologic models should provide better streamflow simulations than lumped models, along with spatially-relevant water resources management solutions. However, the spatial distribution of model parameters raises issues related to the calibration strategy and to the identifiability of the parameters. To analyse these issues, we propose to base the evaluation of a semi-distributed model not only on its performance at streamflow gauging stations, but also on the spatial and temporal pattern of the optimised value of its parameters. We implemented calibration over 21 rolling periods and 64 catchments, and we analysed how well each parameter is identified in time and space. Performance and parameter identifiability are analysed comparatively to the calibration of the lumped version of the same model. We show that the semi-distributed model faces more difficulties to identify stable optimal parameter sets. The main difficulty lies in the identification of the parameters responsible for the closure of the water balance (i.e. for the particular model investigated, the intercatchment groundwater flow parameter).

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Hu, Runxin, Yiqing Shao y Shengxiang Ma. "Calibration of semi-distributed hydrological model based on Dapoling-Wangjiaba catchment". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 233 (26 de febrero de 2019): 042011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/233/4/042011.

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Kim, JungJin y Jae Ryu. "Quantifying the Performances of the Semi-Distributed Hydrologic Model in Parallel Computing—A Case Study". Water 11, n.º 4 (19 de abril de 2019): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040823.

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The research features how parallel computing can advance hydrological performances associated with different calibration schemes (SCOs). The result shows that parallel computing can save up to 90% execution time, while achieving 81% simulation improvement. Basic statistics, including (1) index of agreement (D), (2) coefficient of determination (R2), (3) root mean square error (RMSE), and (4) percentage of bias (PBIAS) are used to evaluate simulation performances after model calibration in computer parallelism. Once the best calibration scheme is selected, additional efforts are made to improve model performances at the selected calibration target points, while the Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS) is used to evaluate the trend in annual streamflow. The qualitative result of reducing execution time by 86% on average indicates that parallel computing is another avenue to advance hydrologic simulations in the urban-rural interface, such as the Boise River Watershed, Idaho. Therefore, this research will provide useful insights for hydrologists to design and set up their own hydrological modeling exercises using the cost-effective parallel computing described in this case study.

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Okiria, Emmanuel, Hiromu Okazawa, Keigo Noda, Yukimitsu Kobayashi, Shinji Suzuki y Yuri Yamazaki. "A Comparative Evaluation of Lumped and Semi-Distributed Conceptual Hydrological Models: Does Model Complexity Enhance Hydrograph Prediction?" Hydrology 9, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9050089.

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The prediction of hydrological phenomena using simpler hydrological models requires less computing power and input data compared to the more complex models. Ordinarily, a more complex, white-box model would be expected to have better predictive capabilities than a simple grey box or black-box model. But complexity may not necessarily translate to better prediction accuracy or might be unfeasible in data scarce areas or when computer power is limited. Therefore, the shift of hydrological science towards the more process-based models needs to be justified. To answer this, the paper compares 2 hydrological models: (a) the simpler tank model; and (b) the more complex TOPMODEL. More precisely, the difference in performance between tank model as a lumped model and the TOPMODEL concept as a semi-distributed model in Atari River catchment, in Eastern Uganda was conducted. The objectives were: (1) To calibrate tank model and TOPMODEL; (2) To validate tank model and TOPMODEL; and (3) To compare the performance of tank model and TOPMODEL. During calibration, both models exhibited equifinality, with many parameter sets equally likely to make acceptable hydrological simulations. In calibration, the tank model and TOPMODEL performances were close in terms of ‘Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency’ and ‘RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio’ indices. However, during the validation period, TOPMODEL performed much better than tank model. Owing to TOPMODEL’s better performance during model validation, it was judged to be better suited for making runoff forecasts in Atari River catchment.

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Muñoz, Enrique, Juan C. Gutiérrez-Vejar y Pedro I. Tume-Zapata. "Incertidumbre en los caudales de salida de un modelo hidrológico semidistribuido". Tecnología y ciencias del agua 09, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2018): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2018-02-06.

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15

Marsh, Christopher B., John W. Pomeroy y Howard S. Wheater. "The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) v1.0: a multi-scale, multi-extent, variable-complexity hydrological model – design and overview". Geoscientific Model Development 13, n.º 1 (29 de enero de 2020): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-225-2020.

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Abstract. Despite debate in the rainfall–runoff hydrology literature about the merits of physics-based and spatially distributed models, substantial work in cold-region hydrology has shown improved predictive capacity by including physics-based process representations, relatively high-resolution semi-distributed and fully distributed discretizations, and the use of physically identifiable parameters that require limited calibration. While there is increasing motivation for modelling at hyper-resolution (< 1 km) and snowdrift-resolving scales (≈ 1 to 100 m), the capabilities of existing cold-region hydrological models are computationally limited at these scales. Here, a new distributed model, the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM), is presented. Although designed to be applied generally, it has a focus for application where cold-region processes play a role in hydrology. Key features include the ability to do the following: capture spatial heterogeneity in the surface discretization in an efficient manner via variable-resolution unstructured meshes; include multiple process representations; change, remove, and decouple hydrological process algorithms; work at both a point and spatially distributed scale; scale to multiple spatial extents and scales; and utilize a variety of forcing fields (boundary and initial conditions). This paper focuses on the overall model philosophy and design, and it provides a number of cold-region-specific features and examples.

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Kumar, Dilip y Rajib Kumar Bhattacharjya. "Evaluating two GIS-based semi-distributed hydrological models in the Bhagirathi-Alkhnanda River catchment in India". Water Policy 22, n.º 6 (20 de octubre de 2020): 991–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.159.

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Abstract The hydrological models are used for simulating the runoff of a river basin based on available rainfall data and other parameters. Over the years, several hydrological models have been developed in different parts of the world. Two such semi-distributed hydrologic models are SWAT and HEC-HMS. In this study, a comparative analysis has been carried out to evaluate the performance of these two distributed hydrological models as a flood forecasting tool. The Alkhnanda and Bhagirathi rivers, which flow into the Tehri Reservoir, Uttarakhand and pass through Tehri, Uttarkashi and Chamoli districts of Uttarakhand, India, are selected for the analysis. The performance of these two models is evaluated by using standard statistical methods. The comparative analysis of these two models shows that the SWAT model is performing slightly better in comparison to the HEC-HMS model, especially in the lean period. The underestimation of peak discharge may be due to the contribution of significant snowmelt discharge during the rainy season. The models are also used to predict future discharge under different climate change scenarios. The future prediction shows that the peak discharge of Alkhnanda may be increased by 27 and 47% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively.

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Xin, Zhuohang, Ke Shi, Chenchen Wu, Lu Wang y Lei Ye. "Applicability of Hydrological Models for Flash Flood Simulation in Small Catchments of Hilly Area in China". Open Geosciences 11, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 1168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0089.

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Abstract Flash flood in small catchments of hilly area is an extremely complicated nonlinear process affected by catchment properties and rainfall spatio-temporal variation characteristics including many physical-geographical factors, and thus accurate simulation of flash flood is very difficult. Given the fact that hundreds of hydrological models are available in the literature, how to choose a suitable hydrological model remains an unsolved task. In this paper, we selected five widely used hydrological models including three lumped hydrologic models, a semi-distributed hydrological model and a distributed hydrological model for flash flood simulation, and studied their applicability in fourteen typical catchments in hilly areas across China. The results show that the HEC-HMS distributed hydrological model outperforms the other models and is suitable to simulate the flash floods caused by highly intense rainfall. The Dahuofang model (lumped) has higher precision in peak runoff time simulation. However, its performance is quite poor on the flood volume simulation in the small catchments characterized by intense vegetation coverage and highly developed stream network. The Antecedent precipitation index and Xinanjiang models (lumped) can obtain good simulation results in small humid catchments as long as long-term historical precipitation and runoff data are provided. The TOPMODEL also shows good performance in small humid catchments, but it is unable to simulate the flash floods characterized by the rapid rise and recession. Our results could be very beneficial in practice, since these provide a solid foundation in the selection of hydrological model for flash flood simulation in small catchments in hilly area.

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Paul, Pranesh Kumar, Yongqiang Zhang, Ashok Mishra, Niranjan Panigrahy y Rajendra Singh. "Comparative Study of Two State-of-the-Art Semi-Distributed Hydrological Models". Water 11, n.º 5 (26 de abril de 2019): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050871.

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Performance of a newly developed semi-distributed (grid-based) hydrological model (satellite-based hydrological model (SHM)) has been compared with another semi-distributed soil and water assessment tool (SWAT)—a widely used hydrological response unit (HRU)-based hydrological model at a large scale (12,900 km2) river basin for monthly streamflow simulation. The grid-based model has a grid cell size of 25 km2, and the HRU-based model was set with an average HRU area of 25.2 km2 to keep a balance between the discretization of the two models. Both the model setups are calibrated against the observed streamflow over the period 1977 to 1990 (with 1976 as the warm-up period) and validated over the period 1991 to 2004 by comparing simulated and observed hydrographs as well as using coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) as statistical indices. Result of SHM simulation (NSE: 0.92 for calibration period; NSE: 0.92 for validation period) appears to be superior in comparison to SWAT simulation (NSE: 0.72 for calibration period; NSE: 0.50 for validation period) for both calibration and validation periods. The models’ performances are also analyzed for annual peak flow, monthly flow variability, and for different flow percentiles. SHM has performed better in simulating annual peak flows and has reproduced the annual variability of observed streamflow for every month of the year. In addition, SHM estimates normal, moderately high, and high flows better than SWAT. Furthermore, total uncertainties of models’ simulation have been analyzed using quantile regression technique and eventually quantified with scatter plots between P (measured data bracketed by the 95 percent predictive uncertainty (PPU) band) and R (the relative length of the 95PPU band with respect to the model simulated values)-values, for calibration and validation periods, for both the model simulations. The analysis confirms the superiority of SHM over its counterpart. Differences in data interpolation techniques and physical processes of the models are identified as the probable reasons behind the differences among the models’ outputs.

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Efstratiadis, A., I. Nalbantis, A. Koukouvinos, E. Rozos y D. Koutsoyiannis. "HYDROGEIOS: A semi-distributed GIS-based hydrological model for disturbed river basins". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, n.º 3 (28 de junio de 2007): 1947–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1947-2007.

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Abstract. The HYDROGEIOS modelling framework represents the main processes of the hydrological cycle in heavily disturbed catchments, with decision-depended abstractions and interactions between surface and groundwater flows. A semi-distributed approach and a monthly simulation time step are adopted, which are sufficient for water resources management studies. The modelling philosophy aims to ensure consistency with the physical characteristics of the system, while keeping the number of parameters as low as possible. Therefore, multiple levels of schematisation and parameterisation are adopted, by combining multiple levels of geographical data. To optimally allocate human abstractions from the hydrosystem during a planning horizon or even to mimic the allocation occurred in a past period (e.g. the calibration period), in the absence of measured data, a linear programming problem is formulated and solved within each time step. With this technique the fluxes across the hydrosystem are estimated, and the satisfaction of physical and operational constraints is ensured. The model framework includes a parameter estimation module that involves various goodness-of-fit measures and state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms for global and multiobjective optimisation. By means of a challenging case study, the paper discusses appropriate modelling strategies which take advantage of the above framework, with the purpose to ensure a robust calibration and reproduce natural and human induced processes in the catchment as faithfully as possible.

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Efstratiadis, A., I. Nalbantis, A. Koukouvinos, E. Rozos y D. Koutsoyiannis. "HYDROGEIOS: a semi-distributed GIS-based hydrological model for modified river basins". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, n.º 4 (28 de julio de 2008): 989–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-989-2008.

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Abstract. The HYDROGEIOS modelling framework represents the main processes of the hydrological cycle in heavily modified catchments, with decision-depended abstractions and interactions between surface and groundwater flows. A semi-distributed approach and a monthly simulation time step are adopted, which are sufficient for water resources management studies. The modelling philosophy aims to ensure consistency with the physical characteristics of the system, while keeping the number of parameters as low as possible. Therefore, multiple levels of schematization and parameterization are adopted, by combining multiple levels of geographical data. To optimally allocate human abstractions from the hydrosystem during a planning horizon or even to mimic the allocation occurred in a past period (e.g. the calibration period), in the absence of measured data, a linear programming problem is formulated and solved within each time step. With this technique the fluxes across the hydrosystem are estimated, and the satisfaction of physical and operational constraints is ensured. The model framework includes a parameter estimation module that involves various goodness-of-fit measures and state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms for global and multiobjective optimization. By means of a challenging case study, the paper discusses appropriate modelling strategies which take advantage of the above framework, with the purpose to ensure a robust calibration and reproduce natural and human induced processes in the catchment as faithfully as possible.

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21

Beskow, Samuel, Carlos R. Mello, Lloyd D. Norton y Antonio M. da Silva. "Performance of a distributed semi-conceptual hydrological model under tropical watershed conditions". CATENA 86, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2011): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.03.010.

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22

Hughes, Denis Arthur y Sbongiseni Mazibuko. "Simulating saturation-excess surface run-off in a semi-distributed hydrological model". Hydrological Processes 32, n.º 17 (19 de julio de 2018): 2685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13182.

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Knudsen, J., A. Thomsen y J. Chr Refsgaard. "WATBAL". Hydrology Research 17, n.º 4-5 (1 de agosto de 1986): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1986.0026.

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A semi-distributed, physically based hydrological modelling system, WATBAL, which accounts for the entire land phase of the hydrological cycle is described. As compared to the two alternative hydrological model types, i.e. the traditional lumped, conceptual rainfall runoff models (STANFORD model type) and the complex, fully distributed, physically based model (SHE model type) WATBAL represents an intermediate approach. In the model, primary attention is given to the hydrological processes at the root zone level through a distributed, physically based approach whereas the groundwater processes are simulated in less details by use of a lumped, conceptual approach. This approach allows WATBAL to utilize spatially distributed input data to account for the spatial and temporal variability of meteorological conditions, vegetation and soil properties. Thus WATBAL can e.g. utilize digital satellite information as input data. WATBAL has primarily been designed as a tool for predicting the runoff from ungauged catchments and for assessing the hydrological effects of land use changes. The capability of the model for simulating ungauged catchments is tested using results from a recent feasibility study for medium size dams in Zimbabwe.

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Bouadila, Abdelmounim, Ismail Bouizrou, Mourad Aqnouy, Khalid En-nagre, Yassine El Yousfi, Azzeddine Khafouri, Ismail Hilal et al. "Streamflow Simulation in Semiarid Data-Scarce Regions: A Comparative Study of Distributed and Lumped Models at Aguenza Watershed (Morocco)". Water 15, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2023): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15081602.

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In semi-arid regions such as the southwestern zone of Morocco, better management of water resources is crucial due to the frequent flooding phenomena. In this context, the use of hydrological models is becoming increasingly important, specifically in the Aguenza watershed. A multitude of hydrological models are available to make very efficient modeling, and from this perspective, a comparative approach was adopted using two models with different characteristics. Streamflow simulations were carried out continuously at daily time steps using GR4J and ATHYS (2002–2011). The latter was used also to simulate rainfall-runoff events (1984–2014). Simulation results using the distributed model are very efficient compared to those obtained by the lumped model “GR4J”, which shows the disadvantages of neglecting the hydrological processes during a hydrological study. However, a remarkable improvement was observed in the general appearance of the resulting hydrographs and the performance parameters after using the distributed model ((Calibration: NSE, RSR, and PBIAS increased successively by 8%, 6%, and 45.2%); (Validation: NSE, RSR, and PBIAS increased successively by 6%, 4%, and 8.9%)). In terms of flood event simulations, a good concordance between observed and simulated discharge was observed (NSEmedian = 0.7), indicating its great reliability for simulating rainfall-runoff events in semi-arid and data-scarce regions. This research highlights the importance of using hydrological models, specifically the distributed model ATHYS, for the better management of water resources in semi-arid regions with frequent flooding events.

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Nijzink, R. C., L. Samaniego, J. Mai, R. Kumar, S. Thober, M. Zink, D. Schäfer, H. H. G. Savenije y M. Hrachowitz. "The importance of topography controlled sub-grid process heterogeneity in distributed hydrological models". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, n.º 12 (21 de diciembre de 2015): 13301–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-13301-2015.

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Abstract. Heterogeneity of landscape features like terrain, soil, and vegetation properties affect the partitioning of water and energy. However, it remains unclear to which extent an explicit representation of this heterogeneity at the sub-grid scale of distributed hydrological models can improve the hydrological consistency and the robustness of such models. In this study, hydrological process complexity arising from sub-grid topography heterogeneity was incorporated in the distributed mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM). Seven study catchments across Europe were used to test whether (1) the incorporation of additional sub-grid variability on the basis of landscape-derived response units improves model internal dynamics, (2) the application of semi-quantitative, expert-knowledge based model constraints reduces model uncertainty; and (3) the combined use of sub-grid response units and model constraints improves the spatial transferability of the model. Unconstrained and constrained versions of both, the original mHM and mHMtopo, which allows for topography-based sub-grid heterogeneity, were calibrated for each catchment individually following a multi-objective calibration strategy. In addition, four of the study catchments were simultaneously calibrated and their feasible parameter sets were transferred to the remaining three receiver catchments. In a post-calibration evaluation procedure the probabilities of model and transferability improvement, when accounting for sub-grid variability and/or applying expert-knowledge based model constraints, were assessed on the basis of a set of hydrological signatures. In terms of the Euclidian distance to the optimal model, used as overall measure for model performance with respect to the individual signatures, the model improvement achieved by introducing sub-grid heterogeneity to mHM in mHMtopo was on average 13 %. The addition of semi-quantitative constraints to mHM and mHMtopo resulted in improvements of 13 and 19 % respectively, compared to the base case of the unconstrained mHM. Most significant improvements in signature representations were, in particular, achieved for low flow statistics. The application of prior semi-quantitative constraints further improved the partitioning between runoff and evaporative fluxes. Besides, it was shown that suitable semi-quantitative prior constraints in combination with the transfer function based regularization approach of mHM, can be beneficial for spatial model transferability as the Euclidian distances for the signatures improved on average by 2 %. The effect of semi-quantitative prior constraints combined with topography-guided sub-grid heterogeneity on transferability showed a more variable picture of improvements and deteriorations, but most improvements were observed for low flow statistics.

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Nijzink, Remko C., Luis Samaniego, Juliane Mai, Rohini Kumar, Stephan Thober, Matthias Zink, David Schäfer, Hubert H. G. Savenije y Markus Hrachowitz. "The importance of topography-controlled sub-grid process heterogeneity and semi-quantitative prior constraints in distributed hydrological models". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2016): 1151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1151-2016.

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Abstract. Heterogeneity of landscape features like terrain, soil, and vegetation properties affects the partitioning of water and energy. However, it remains unclear to what extent an explicit representation of this heterogeneity at the sub-grid scale of distributed hydrological models can improve the hydrological consistency and the robustness of such models. In this study, hydrological process complexity arising from sub-grid topography heterogeneity was incorporated into the distributed mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM). Seven study catchments across Europe were used to test whether (1) the incorporation of additional sub-grid variability on the basis of landscape-derived response units improves model internal dynamics, (2) the application of semi-quantitative, expert-knowledge-based model constraints reduces model uncertainty, and whether (3) the combined use of sub-grid response units and model constraints improves the spatial transferability of the model. Unconstrained and constrained versions of both the original mHM and mHMtopo, which allows for topography-based sub-grid heterogeneity, were calibrated for each catchment individually following a multi-objective calibration strategy. In addition, four of the study catchments were simultaneously calibrated and their feasible parameter sets were transferred to the remaining three receiver catchments. In a post-calibration evaluation procedure the probabilities of model and transferability improvement, when accounting for sub-grid variability and/or applying expert-knowledge-based model constraints, were assessed on the basis of a set of hydrological signatures. In terms of the Euclidian distance to the optimal model, used as an overall measure of model performance with respect to the individual signatures, the model improvement achieved by introducing sub-grid heterogeneity to mHM in mHMtopo was on average 13 %. The addition of semi-quantitative constraints to mHM and mHMtopo resulted in improvements of 13 and 19 %, respectively, compared to the base case of the unconstrained mHM. Most significant improvements in signature representations were, in particular, achieved for low flow statistics. The application of prior semi-quantitative constraints further improved the partitioning between runoff and evaporative fluxes. In addition, it was shown that suitable semi-quantitative prior constraints in combination with the transfer-function-based regularization approach of mHM can be beneficial for spatial model transferability as the Euclidian distances for the signatures improved on average by 2 %. The effect of semi-quantitative prior constraints combined with topography-guided sub-grid heterogeneity on transferability showed a more variable picture of improvements and deteriorations, but most improvements were observed for low flow statistics.

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Rankinen, K., A. Lepistö y K. Granlund. "Hydrological application of the INCA model with varying spatial resolution and nitrogen dynamics in a northern river basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2002): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-339-2002.

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Abstract. As a first step in applying the Integrated Nitrogen model for CAtchments (INCA) to the Simojoki river basin (3160 km2), this paper focuses on calibration of the hydrological part of the model and nitrogen (N) dynamics in the river during the 1980s and 1990s. The model application utilised the GIS land-use and forest classification of Finland together with a recent forest inventory based on remote sensing. In the INCA model, the Hydrologically Effective Rainfall (HER) is used to drive the water flow and N fluxes through the catchment system. HER was derived from the Watershed Simulation and Forecast System (WSFS). The basic component of the WSFS is a conceptual hydrological model which simulates runoff using precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and temperature data as inputs. Spatially uniform, lumped input data were calculated for the whole river basin and spatially semi-distributed input data were calculated for each of the nine sub-basins. When comparing discharges simulated by the INCA model with observed values, a better fit was obtained with the semi-distributed data than with the spatially uniform data (R2 0.78 v. 0.70 at Hosionkoski and 0.88 v. 0.78 at the river outlet). The timing of flow peaks was simulated rather well with both approaches, although the semi-distributed input data gave a more realistic simulation of low flow periods and the magnitude of spring flow peaks. The river basin has a relatively closed N cycle with low input and output fluxes of inorganic N. During 1982-2000, the average total N flux to the sea was 715 tonnes yr–1, of which 6% was NH4-N, 14% NO3-N, and 80% organic N. Annual variation in river flow and the concentrations of major N fractions in river water, and factors affecting this variation are discussed. Keywords: northern river basin, nitrogen, forest management, hydrology, dynamic modelling, semi-distributed modelling

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Kim, Seokhyeon, Hoori Ajami y Ashish Sharma. "Using Remotely Sensed Information to Improve Vegetation Parameterization in a Semi-Distributed Hydrological Model (SMART) for Upland Catchments in Australia". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 18 (18 de septiembre de 2020): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183051.

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Appropriate representation of the vegetation dynamics is crucial in hydrological modelling. To improve an existing limited vegetation parameterization in a semi-distributed hydrologic model, called the Soil Moisture and Runoff simulation Toolkit (SMART), this study proposed a simple method to incorporate daily leaf area index (LAI) dynamics into the model using mean monthly LAI climatology and mean rainfall. The LAI-rainfall sensitivity is governed by a parameter that is optimized by maximizing the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) between the estimated and satellite-derived LAI time series. As a result, the LAI-rainfall sensitivity is smallest for forest, shrub, and woodland regions across Australia, and increases for grasslands and croplands. The impact of the proposed method on catchment-scale simulations of soil moisture (SM), evapotranspiration (ET) and discharge (Q) in SMART was examined across six eco-hydrologically contrasted upland catchments in Australia. Results showed that the proposed method produces almost identical results compared to simulations by the satellite-derived LAI time series. In addition, the simulation results were considerably improved in nutrient/light limited catchments compared to the cases with the default vegetation parameterization. The results showed promise, with possibilities of extension to other hydrologic models that need similar specifications for inbuilt vegetation dynamics.

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29

Gao, H., M. Hrachowitz, F. Fenicia, S. Gharari y H. H. G. Savenije. "Testing the realism of a topography-driven model (FLEX-Topo) in the nested catchments of the Upper Heihe, China". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, n.º 5 (22 de mayo de 2014): 1895–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1895-2014.

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Abstract. Although elevation data are globally available and used in many existing hydrological models, their information content is still underexploited. Topography is closely related to geology, soil, climate and land cover. As a result, it may reflect the dominant hydrological processes in a catchment. In this study, we evaluated this hypothesis through four progressively more complex conceptual rainfall-runoff models. The first model (FLEXL) is lumped, and it does not make use of elevation data. The second model (FLEXD) is semi-distributed with different parameter sets for different units. This model uses elevation data indirectly, taking spatially variable drivers into account. The third model (FLEXT0), also semi-distributed, makes explicit use of topography information. The structure of FLEXT0 consists of four parallel components representing the distinct hydrological function of different landscape elements. These elements were determined based on a topography-based landscape classification approach. The fourth model (FLEXT) has the same model structure and parameterization as FLEXT0 but uses realism constraints on parameters and fluxes. All models have been calibrated and validated at the catchment outlet. Additionally, the models were evaluated at two sub-catchments. It was found that FLEXT0 and FLEXT perform better than the other models in nested sub-catchment validation and they are therefore better spatially transferable. Among these two models, FLEXT performs better than FLEXT0 in transferability. This supports the following hypotheses: (1) topography can be used as an integrated indicator to distinguish between landscape elements with different hydrological functions; (2) FLEXT0 and FLEXT are much better equipped to represent the heterogeneity of hydrological functions than a lumped or semi-distributed model, and hence they have a more realistic model structure and parameterization; (3) the soft data used to constrain the model parameters and fluxes in FLEXT are useful for improving model transferability. Most of the precipitation on the forested hillslopes evaporates, thus generating relatively little runoff.

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30

Sharma, Vasker, Jessica Jorden, Pedro Manso y Giovanni De Cesare. "DEVELOPMENT OF A SEMI-DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODEL FOR GLACIATED PUNATSHANGCHU BASIN IN BHUTAN". Journal of Applied Engineering, Technology and Management 1, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54417/jaetm.v1i1.19.

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Hydropower plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of Bhutan where water resource is abundantly available and therefore several hydropower plants are being planned and a few under construction. However, with the presence of several potentially dangerous glacier lakes within the higher elevations, the country is always at the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) and climate change which poses higher uncertainty regarding the sustainability of hydropower reservoirs in the long run. To understand the hydrological response of the basin, where new hydropower plants are going to be installed soon, a complex semi-distributed hydrological model has been prepared for the Punatshangchu basin using RS MINERVE. After calibration and validation of the model, it is observed that the model reflects low relative volume bias (-0.196 - 0.050) and high Nash efficiency (0.540 - 0.990) which is an important aspect to be considered for any hydropower dam and its operational schemes. Such a model is a viable tool well adapted to an operational flood forecasting system and management. With the built-in scheme for hydropower, reservoir, planner, and turbines within RS Minerve, it could be used to understand the array of scenarios for planning and operations.

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31

Gao, H., M. Hrachowitz, F. Fenicia, S. Gharari y H. H. G. Savenije. "Testing the realism of a topography driven model (FLEX-Topo) in the nested catchments of the Upper Heihe, China". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, n.º 10 (22 de octubre de 2013): 12663–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-12663-2013.

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Abstract. Although elevation data is globally available, and used in many existing hydrological models, its information content is still poorly understood and under-exploited. Topography is closely related to geology, soil, climate and land cover. As a result, it may reflect the dominant hydrological processes in a catchment. In this study, we evaluated this hypothesis through three progressively more complex conceptual rainfall-runoff models. The first model (FLEXL) is lumped, and it does not make use of elevation data. The second model (FLEXD) is semi-distributed. It also does not make use of elevation data, but it accounts for input spatial variability. The third model (FLEXT), also semi-distributed, makes explicit use of topography information. The structure of FLEXT consists of four parallel components representing the distinct hydrological function of different landscape elements. These elements were determined based on a topography based landscape classification approach. All models were calibrated and validated at the catchment outlet. Additionally, the models were evaluated at two nested sub-catchments. FLEXT, performs better than the other models in the nested sub-catchment validation and it is therefore better transferable. This supports the following hypotheses: (1) topography can be used as an integrated indicator to distinguish landscape elements with different hydrological function; (2) the model structure of FLEXT is much better equipped to represent hydrological signatures than a lumped or semi-distributed model, and hence has a more realistic model structure and parameterization; (3) the wetland/terrace and grassland hillslope landscape elements of the Upper Heihe contribute the main part of the fast runoff while the bare soil/rock landscape provides the main contribution to the groundwater. Most of the precipitation on the forested hillslopes is evaporated, thus generating relatively little runoff.

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32

Brown, Genevieve y James R. Craig. "Structural calibration of an semi-distributed hydrological model of the Liard River basin". Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 45, n.º 4 (26 de agosto de 2020): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1803143.

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33

Zhang, Hua, Guo H. Huang, Dunling Wang y Xiaodong Zhang. "Multi-period calibration of a semi-distributed hydrological model based on hydroclimatic clustering". Advances in Water Resources 34, n.º 10 (octubre de 2011): 1292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.06.005.

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34

Xing, Zikang, Miaomiao Ma, Zhicheng Su, Juan Lv, Peng Yi y Wenlong Song. "A review of the adaptability of hydrological models for drought forecasting". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-261-2020.

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Abstract. Drought intensity and frequency are increasing in recent years in multiple regions across the world due to global climate change and consequently drought forecasting research has received more and more attention. Previous studies on drought forecasting mostly focus on meteorological drought based on precipitation and temperature. However, the trend of predicting agriculture and hydrological drought, which consider soil moisture and runoff, have developed rapidly in recent years. Hydrological drought forecasting is based on the hydrological models and the model structure plays a role to improve predictions. This study scrutinized more than 50 hydrological models, including lumped models, semi-distributed models, distributed models, surface water and groundwater coupled models, to explore the adaptability of hydrological models in drought simulation and forecasting. The advantages and disadvantages of typical models, such as DTVGM, GWAVA, and HEC-HMS models were analyzed to provide valuable reference for drought forecasting model development. Future work aims at improving the hydrological models to simulate the drought processes and make better prediction.

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35

Jin, Xin, Yanxiang Jin y Xufeng Mao. "Land Use/Cover Change Effects on River Basin Hydrological Processes Based on a Modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool: A Case Study of the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China’s Arid Region". Sustainability 11, n.º 4 (19 de febrero de 2019): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041072.

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Land use/cover change (LUCC) affects canopy interception, soil infiltration, land-surface evapotranspiration (ET), and other hydrological parameters during rainfall, which in turn affects the hydrological regimes and runoff mechanisms of river basins. Physically based distributed (or semi-distributed) models play an important role in interpreting and predicting the effects of LUCC on the hydrological processes of river basins. However, conventional distributed (or semi-distributed) models, such as the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), generally assume that no LUCC takes place during the simulation period to simplify the computation process. When applying the SWAT, the subject river basin is subdivided into multiple hydrologic response units (HRUs) based on the land use/cover type, soil type, and surface slope. The land use/cover type is assumed to remain constant throughout the simulation period, which limits the ability to interpret and predict the effects of LUCC on hydrological processes in the subject river basin. To overcome this limitation, a modified SWAT (LU-SWAT) was developed that incorporates annual land use/cover data to simulate LUCC effects on hydrological processes under different climatic conditions. To validate this approach, this modified model and two other models (one model based on the 2000 land use map, called SWAT 1; one model based on the 2009 land use map, called SWAT 2) were applied to the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwest China; this region is most affected by human activity. Study results indicated that from 1990 to 2009, farmland, forest, and urban areas all showed increasing trends, while grassland and bare land areas showed decreasing trends. Primary land use changes in the study area were from grassland to farmland and from bare land to forest. During this same period, surface runoff, groundwater runoff, and total water yield showed decreasing trends, while lateral flow and ET volume showed increasing trends under dry, wet, and normal conditions. Changes in the various hydrological parameters were most evident under dry and normal climatic conditions. Based on the existing research of the middle reaches of the Heihe River, and a comparison of the other two models from this study, the modified LU-SWAT developed in this study outperformed the conventional SWAT when predicting the effects of LUCC on the hydrological processes of river basins.

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Zelelew, Demlie y Assefa Melesse. "Applicability of a Spatially Semi-Distributed Hydrological Model for Watershed Scale Runoff Estimation in Northwest Ethiopia". Water 10, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2018): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10070923.

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Estimation of runoff is vital forplanning activities in relation to integrated watershed management and flood protection measures. This research was conducted at one of the catchments in Abbay River (upper Blue Nile River) basin to assess the applicabilityof the Hydrologic Engineering Centre Hydrological Modelling Software (HEC-HMS) modelfor simulation of runoff. It was aimed at selecting the best loss and transform methods in the model, as well as testing the applicability of the calibrated model to ungauged watersheds. Two loss methods such as soil conservation service (SCS) and initial and constant methods with two transform methods including SCS and Clark unit hydrographs were considered in the study for selecting the best combinations applicable in the area. While comparing the simulation results of each combination, better results were obtained in the model set containing the initial and constant loss method and SCS unit hydrograph with a Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) of 82.8%, R2 of 0.83, and 10.71% of relative bias errors, followed by initial and constant with Clarks unit hydrograph, and it can be used for similar ungauged watersheds.

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37

Garavaglia, Federico, Matthieu Le Lay, Fréderic Gottardi, Rémy Garçon, Joël Gailhard, Emmanuel Paquet y Thibault Mathevet. "Impact of model structure on flow simulation and hydrological realism: from a lumped to a semi-distributed approach". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2017): 3937–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3937-2017.

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Abstract. Model intercomparison experiments are widely used to investigate and improve hydrological model performance. However, a study based only on runoff simulation is not sufficient to discriminate between different model structures. Hence, there is a need to improve hydrological models for specific streamflow signatures (e.g., low and high flow) and multi-variable predictions (e.g., soil moisture, snow and groundwater). This study assesses the impact of model structure on flow simulation and hydrological realism using three versions of a hydrological model called MORDOR: the historical lumped structure and a revisited formulation available in both lumped and semi-distributed structures. In particular, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the relative impact of model equations and spatial discretization on flow simulation, snowpack representation and evapotranspiration estimation. Comparison of the models is based on an extensive dataset composed of 50 catchments located in French mountainous regions. The evaluation framework is founded on a multi-criterion split-sample strategy. All models were calibrated using an automatic optimization method based on an efficient genetic algorithm. The evaluation framework is enriched by the assessment of snow and evapotranspiration modeling against in situ and satellite data. The results showed that the new model formulations perform significantly better than the initial one in terms of the various streamflow signatures, snow and evapotranspiration predictions. The semi-distributed approach provides better calibration–validation performance for the snow cover area, snow water equivalent and runoff simulation, especially for nival catchments.

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Wang, C. X., Y. P. Li, J. L. Zhang y G. H. Huang. "Assessing parameter uncertainty in semi-distributed hydrological model based on type-2 fuzzy analysis: a case study of Kaidu River Basin". Hydrology Research 46, n.º 6 (9 de marzo de 2015): 969–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.226.

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In this study, a type-2 fuzzy simulation method (TFSM) is developed for modeling hydrological processes associated with vague information through coupling type-2 fuzzy analysis technique with the semi-distributed land use based runoff processes (SLURP) model. TFSM can handle fuzzy sets with uncertain membership function related to hydrological modeling parameters and reveal the effects of such uncertain parameters on the hydrological processes. Streamflow calibration and verification are performed using the hydrological data for the Kaidu River Basin, China. The statistical values of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, determination coefficient, and deviation of volume indicate a good performance of SLURP in describing the streamflow at the outlet of the Kaidu River Basin. Based on TFSM, the effects of four uncertain parameters such as precipitation factor (PF), maximum capacity for fast store, retention constant for fast store (RF), and retention constant for slow store, on the hydrological processes are analyzed under different α-cut levels. Results demonstrate that the uncertainty associated with PF has significant effect on the simulated streamflow, while the uncertainty associated with RF has slight effect among the four parameters. These findings are helpful for improving efficiency in hydrological prediction and enhancing the model applicability.

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He, Z., F. Tian, H. C. Hu, H. V. Gupta y H. P. Hu. "Diagnostic calibration of a hydrological model in an alpine area". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, n.º 1 (23 de enero de 2014): 1253–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-1253-2014.

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Abstract. Hydrological modeling depends on single- or multiple-objective strategies for parameter calibration using long time sequences of observed streamflow. Here, we demonstrate a diagnostic approach to the calibration of a hydrological model of an alpine area in which we partition the hydrograph based on the dominant runoff generation mechanism (groundwater baseflow, glacier melt, snowmelt, and direct runoff). The partitioning reflects the spatiotemporal variability in snowpack, glaciers, and temperature. Model parameters are grouped by runoff generation mechanism, and each group is calibrated separately via a stepwise approach. This strategy helps to reduce the problem of equifinality and, hence, model uncertainty. We demonstrate the method for the Tailan River basin (1324 km2) in the Tianshan Mountains of China with the help of a semi-distributed hydrological model (THREW).

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40

Corral, C., D. Sempere-Torres, M. Revilla y M. Berenguer. "A semi-distributed hydrological model using rainfall estimates by radar. Application to Mediterranean basins". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 25, n.º 10-12 (enero de 2000): 1133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(00)00166-0.

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41

Haghnegahdar, Amin, Bryan A. Tolson, James R. Craig y Karol T. Paya. "Assessing the performance of a semi-distributed hydrological model under various watershed discretization schemes". Hydrological Processes 29, n.º 18 (14 de julio de 2015): 4018–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10550.

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42

Torma, Péter, Borbála Széles y Géza Hajnal. "Applicability of Different Hydrological Model Concepts on Small Catchments: Case Study of Bükkös Creek, Hungary". Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 10, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2014): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aslh-2014-0006.

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Abstract This study aims to test and compare the applicability and performance of two different hydrological model concepts on a small Hungarian watershed. The lumped model of HEC-HMS and the semi-distributed TOPMODEL have been implemented to predict streamflow of Bükkös Creek. Models were calibrated against the highest flood event recorded in the basin in May, 2010. Validation was done in an extended interval when smaller floods were observed. Acceptable results can be achieved with the semi-distributed approach. Model comparison is made by means of sensitivity analysis of model parameters. For TOPMODEL the effect of spatial resolution of the digital terrain model while for HMS the complexity of the model setup was further explored. The results were quantified with model performance indices.

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González, César Antonio Rodríguez, Ángel Mariano Rodríguez-Pérez, Julio José Caparrós Mancera, José Antonio Hernández Torres, Nicolás Gutiérrez Carmona y Manuel I. Bahamonde García. "Applied methodology based on HEC-HMS for reservoir filling estimation due to soil erosion". Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 70, n.º 3 (23 de agosto de 2022): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0020.

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Abstract Authors propose a beneficial methodology for hydrological planning in their study. Prospective evaluations of the basins’ net capacity can be done using the technique presented. The HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Modelling System) software can be used to estimate in a basin, the sediment emitted. For a certain precipitation, this methodology allows estimating, within a certain range, the gradual blockage of a reservoir, and even a projected date for total blockage. This has some applications to adopt corrective measures that prevent or delay the planned blockage deadlines. The model is of the semi-distributed type, estimating the generation and emission of sediments by sub-basins. The integration of different return periods in HEC-HMS with a semi-distributed model by sub-basins and the application of a mathematical model are the differentiating element of this research. The novelty of this work is to allow prognosing the reservoir sedimentation rate of basins in a local and regional scale with a medium and large temporary framework. The developed methodology allows public institutions to take decisions concerning hydrological planning. It has been applied to the case of “Charco Redondo” reservoir, in Cádiz, Andalusia, in southern Spain. Applying the methodology to this case, an average soil degradation of the reservoir basin has been estimated. Therefore, it is verified that in 50 years the reservoir is expected to lose 8.4% of its capacity.

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te Linde, A. H., J. C. J. H. Aerts, R. T. W. L. Hurkmans y M. Eberle. "Comparing model performance of two rainfall-runoff models in the Rhine basin using different atmospheric forcing data sets". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, n.º 3 (25 de junio de 2008): 943–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-943-2008.

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Abstract. Due to the growing wish and necessity to simulate the possible effects of climate change on the discharge regime on large rivers such as the Rhine in Europe, there is a need for well performing hydrological models that can be applied in climate change scenario studies. There exists large variety in available models and there is an ongoing debate in research on rainfall-runoff modelling on whether or not physically based distributed models better represent observed discharges than conceptual lumped model approaches do. In addition, it is argued that Land Surface Models (LSMs) carry the potential to accurately estimate hydrological partitioning, because they solve the coupled water and energy balance. In this paper, the hydrological models HBV and VIC were compared for the Rhine basin by testing their performance in simulating discharge. Overall, the semi-distributed conceptual HBV model performed much better than the distributed land surface model VIC (E=0.62, r2=0.65 vs. E=0.31, r2=0.54 at Lobith). It is argued here that even for a well-documented river basin such as the Rhine, more complex modelling does not automatically lead to better results. Moreover, it is concluded that meteorological forcing data has a considerable influence on model performance, irrespectively to the type of model structure and the need for ground-based meteorological measurements is emphasized.

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Velázquez, J. A., J. Schmid, S. Ricard, M. J. Muerth, B. Gauvin St-Denis, M. Minville, D. Chaumont, D. Caya, R. Ludwig y R. Turcotte. "An ensemble approach to assess hydrological models' contribution to uncertainties in the analysis of climate change impact on water resources". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2013): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-565-2013.

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Abstract. Over the recent years, several research efforts investigated the impact of climate change on water resources for different regions of the world. The projection of future river flows is affected by different sources of uncertainty in the hydro-climatic modelling chain. One of the aims of the QBic3 project (Québec-Bavarian International Collaboration on Climate Change) is to assess the contribution to uncertainty of hydrological models by using an ensemble of hydrological models presenting a diversity of structural complexity (i.e., lumped, semi distributed and distributed models). The study investigates two humid, mid-latitude catchments with natural flow conditions; one located in Southern Québec (Canada) and one in Southern Bavaria (Germany). Daily flow is simulated with four different hydrological models, forced by outputs from regional climate models driven by global climate models over a reference (1971–2000) and a future (2041–2070) period. The results show that, for our hydrological model ensemble, the choice of model strongly affects the climate change response of selected hydrological indicators, especially those related to low flows. Indicators related to high flows seem less sensitive on the choice of the hydrological model.

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Poblete, David, Jorge Arevalo, Orietta Nicolis y Felipe Figueroa. "Optimization of Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) Using Gridded Meteorological Data and Spatially Varying Parameters". Water 12, n.º 12 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 3558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123558.

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Although complex hydrological models with detailed physics are becoming more common, lumped and semi-distributed models are still used for many applications and offer some advantages, such as reduced computational cost. Most of these semi-distributed models use the concept of the hydrological response unit or HRU. In the original conception, HRUs are defined as homogeneous structured elements with similar climate, land use, soil and/or pedotransfer properties, and hence a homogeneous hydrological response under equivalent meteorological forcing. This work presents a quantitative methodology, called hereafter the principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis or PCA/HCPC method, to construct HRUs using gridded meteorological data and hydrological parameters. The PCA/HCPC method is tested using the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) model for the Alicahue River Basin, a small and semi-arid catchment of the Andes, in Central Chile. The results show that with four HRUs, it is possible to reduce the relative within variance of the catchment up to about 10%, an indicator of the homogeneity of the HRUs. The evaluation of the simulations shows a good agreement with streamflow observations in the outlet of the catchment with an Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value of 0.79 and also shows the presence of small hydrological extreme areas that generally are neglected due to their relative size.

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Kubáň, Martiň, Adam Brziak y Silvia Kohnová. "The role of land use and morphology representation in the setup and calibration of the conceptual TUW model". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012050.

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Abstract The processes of the transformation of rainfall to runoff are highly complicated, and the proper characterisation of these processes with conceptual hydrological models is a very challenging task. Morphology and land cover have a significant influence on a river basin’s hydrologic response. Thus, catchment characteristics of the topography and land use play an essential role in parametrising the runoff concentration processes in hydrological models. In the study, our goal was to detect which characteristics and their spatial distribution influence the efficiency of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model efficiency most. The spatially lumped and semi-distributed versions of the TUW conceptual rainfall model, which is an HBV type model, were compared. Both models use the concept of lumped storages associated with the surface and subsurface, interconnected by thresholds and links to simulate the runoff transformation. We focused on two land-use characteristics, the percentage cover of the agricultural land and percentage cover of the forests, and the mean slope of the terrain as a topography characteristic. The differences between runoff model efficiencies both in the calibration and validation periods were evaluated. Based on which version of the model was more effective in the simulation of the runoff, it was detected which types of catchment land use, and morphology were better represented by using the lumped or semi-distributed version of the TUW model, respectively. The analysis aimed to improve the understanding of the influence of spatial representation morphology and land cover in conceptual models on model efficiency and may help to improve model setup and calibration.

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48

te Linde, A. H., J. C. J. H. Aerts, R. T. W. L. Hurkmans y M. Eberle. "Comparing model performance of two rainfall-runoff models in the Rhine basin using different atmospheric forcing data sets". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, n.º 6 (4 de diciembre de 2007): 4325–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-4325-2007.

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Abstract. Due to the growing wish and necessity to simulate the possible effects of climate change on the discharge regime on large rivers such as the Rhine in Europe, there is a need for well performing hydrological models that can be applied in climate change scenario studies. There exists large variety in available models and there is an ongoing debate in research on rainfall-runoff modelling on whether or not physically based distributed models better represent observed discharges than conceptual lumped model approaches do. In this paper, the hydrological models HBV and VIC were compared for the Rhine basin by testing their performance in simulating discharge. Overall, the semi-distributed conceptual HBV model performed much better than the distributed physically based VIC model (E=0.62, r2=0.65 vs. E=0.31, r2=0.54 at Lobith). It is argued here that even for a well-documented river basin such as the Rhine, more complex modelling does not automatically lead to better results. Moreover, it is concluded that meteorological forcing data has a considerable influence on model performance, irrespectively to the type of model structure and the need for ground-based meteorological measurements is emphasized.

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Frey, S. y H. Holzmann. "A conceptual, distributed snow redistribution model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, n.º 11 (12 de noviembre de 2015): 4517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4517-2015.

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Abstract. When applying conceptual hydrological models using a temperature index approach for snowmelt to high alpine areas often accumulation of snow during several years can be observed. Some of the reasons why these "snow towers" do not exist in nature are vertical and lateral transport processes. While snow transport models have been developed using grid cell sizes of tens to hundreds of square metres and have been applied in several catchments, no model exists using coarser cell sizes of 1 km2, which is a common resolution for meso- and large-scale hydrologic modelling (hundreds to thousands of square kilometres). In this paper we present an approach that uses only gravity and snow density as a proxy for the age of the snow cover and land-use information to redistribute snow in alpine basins. The results are based on the hydrological modelling of the Austrian Inn Basin in Tyrol, Austria, more specifically the Ötztaler Ache catchment, but the findings hold for other tributaries of the river Inn. This transport model is implemented in the distributed rainfall–runoff model COSERO (Continuous Semi-distributed Runoff). The results of both model concepts with and without consideration of lateral snow redistribution are compared against observed discharge and snow-covered areas derived from MODIS satellite images. By means of the snow redistribution concept, snow accumulation over several years can be prevented and the snow depletion curve compared with MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data could be improved, too. In a 7-year period the standard model would lead to snow accumulation of approximately 2900 mm SWE (snow water equivalent) in high elevated regions whereas the updated version of the model does not show accumulation and does also predict discharge with more accuracy leading to a Kling–Gupta efficiency of 0.93 instead of 0.9. A further improvement can be shown in the comparison of MODIS snow cover data and the calculated depletion curve, where the redistribution model increased the efficiency (R2) from 0.70 to 0.78 (calibration) and from 0.66 to 0.74 (validation).

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Shin, Hyung-Jin y Seong-Joon Kim. "Application of Snowmelt Parameters and the Impact Assessment in the SLURP Semi-Distributed Hydrological Model". Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 40, n.º 8 (31 de agosto de 2007): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2007.40.8.617.

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