Artículos de revistas: "Semantic congruity"

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Toyota, Hiroshi. "Effects of Semantic and Syntactic Congruity on Incidental Free Recall in Japanese Sentences." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3 (1996): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.811.

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Effects of the semantic and the syntactic congruity of sentence contexts on free recall were investigated in an incidental memory paradigm using an orienting task. All subjects were required to decide whether each target made sense in its sentence context on the orienting task. The subjects in a fast/quick group were presented each target for 2 sec. and given instructions which emphasized a quick decision. The subjects in the slow/accurate group were presented each target for 10 sec. and given instructions which emphasized the accuracy of the decision. Three types of sentence contexts were provided: semantically and syntactically congruous, semantically incongruous and syntactically congruous, and semantically and syntactically incongruous. For the fast/quick group only the semantic congruity effect was observed. Semantically and syntactically congruous sentence frames led to a better recall than semantically incongruous and syntactically congruous ones. For the slow/accurate group both the semantic congruity effects and the syntactic congruity effects were observed. Semantically incongluous and syntactically congruous sentences led to a better recall than semantically and syntactically incongruous ones. The difference between both types of congruity effects was discussed in terms of the encoding time of the semantic and the syntactic congruities.

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2

Petrusic, William M., and Joseph V. Baranski. "Semantic congruity effects in perceptual comparisons." Perception & Psychophysics 45, no. 5 (1989): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03210718.

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3

Banks, William P., and Hedy White. "Semantic congruity and expectancy as separate processes." Memory & Cognition 13, no. 6 (1985): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03198318.

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4

Pirrone, Angelo, James A. R. Marshall, and Tom Stafford. "A drift diffusion model account of the semantic congruity effect in a classification paradigm." Journal of Numerical Cognition 3, no. 1 (2017): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v3i1.79.

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The semantic congruity effect refers to the facilitation of judgements (i) when the direction of the comparison of two items coincides with the relative position of the items along the dimension comparison or (ii) when the relative size of a standard and a target stimulus coincides. For example, people are faster in judging 'which is bigger?' for two large items, than judging 'which is smaller?' for two large items (selection paradigm). Also, people are faster in judging a target stimulus as smaller when compared to a small standard, than when compared to a large standard, and vice versa (classification paradigm). We use the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to explain the time course of a semantic congruity effect in a classification paradigm. Formal modelling of semantic congruity allows the time course of the decision process to be described, using an established model of decision making. Moreover, although there have been attempts to explain the semantic congruity effect within evidence accumulation models, two possible accounts for the congruity effect have been proposed but their specific predictions have not been compared directly, using a model that could quantitatively account for both; a shift in the starting point of evidence accumulation or a change in the rate at which evidence is accumulated. With our computational investigation we provide evidence for the latter, while controlling for other possible explanations such as a variation in non-decision time or boundary separation, that have not been taken into account in the explanation of this phenomenon.

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5

Besson, Mireille, Marta Kutas, and Cyma Van Petten. "An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Analysis of Semantic Congruity and Repetition Effects in Sentences." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4, no. 2 (1992): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.132.

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In two experiments, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and cued-recall performance measures were used to examine the consequences of semantic congruity and repetition on the processing of words in sentences. A set of sentences, half of which ended with words that rendered them semantically incongruous, was repeated either once (eg, Experiment 1) or twice (e.g., Experiment 2). After each block of sentences, subjects were given all of the sentences and asked to recall the missing final words. Repetition benefited the recall of both congruous and incongruous endings and reduced the amplitude and shortened the duration of the N400 component of the ERP more for (1) incongruous than congruous words, (2) open class than closed class words, and (3) low-frequency than high-frequency open class words. For incongruous sentence terminations, repetition increased the amplitude of a broad positive component subsequent to the N400. Assuming additive factors logic and a traditional view of the lexicon, our N400 results indicate that in addition to their singular effects, semantic congruiry, repetition, and word frequency converge to influence a common stage of lexical processing. Within a parallel distributed processing framework, our results argue for substantial temporal and spatial overlap in the activation of codes subserving word recognition so as to yield the observed interactions of repetition with semantic congruity, lexical class, and word frequency effects.

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6

Walker, Peter, and Laura Walker. "Size–brightness correspondence: Crosstalk and congruity among dimensions of connotative meaning." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646929.

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Using a speeded classification task, Walker and Walker (2012) demonstrated a cross-sensory correspondence between haptic size and surface brightness. Specifically, adult participants classified bright (dark) visual stimuli more quickly and accurately when this required them to press the smaller (bigger) of two response keys which were always hidden from view. The nature of the correspondence (i.e., small being aligned with bright), along with various aspects of the task situation, indicated that the congruity effect originated at later stages of information processing concerned with the semantic classification of stimuli and response selection. The study reported here provides additional evidence for the involvement of semantic coding. When the names of bright (white) edible substances (e.g., flour) and dark (black) inedible substances (e.g., soot) were classified according to their surface brightness, the same size–brightness congruity effect was observed. However, when the basis for classification of the substances was switched to their edibility, the congruity effect disappeared. It is therefore proposed that congruity effects based on cross-sensory correspondences can reflect interactions between the connotative meanings of elementary stimulus features (cf. Karwoski et al., 1942).

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7

Cohen Kadosh, Roi, and Avishai Henik. "A Common Representation for Semantic and Physical Properties." Experimental Psychology 53, no. 2 (2006): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.2.87.

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This is the first report of a mutual interference between luminance and numerical value in magnitude judgments. Instead of manipulating the physical size of compared numbers, which is the traditional approach in size congruity studies, luminance levels were manipulated. The results yielded the classical congruity effect. Participants took more time to process numerically larger numbers when they were brighter than when they were darker, and more time to process a darker number when its numerical value was smaller than when it was larger. On the basis of neurophysiological studies of magnitude comparison and interference between semantic and physical information, it is proposed that the processing of semantic and physical magnitude information is carried out by a shared brain structure. It is suggested that this brain area, the left intraparietal sulcus, subserves various comparison processes by representing various quantities on an amodal magnitude scale.

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8

Raucher-Chéné, D., S. Terrien, P. Gobin, et al. "Differential semantic processing in patients with schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder: an N400 study." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 31, no. 6 (2019): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.9.

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AbstractObjective:Both bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are associated with language and thought symptoms that probably reflect a semantic memory-related impairment. We conducted a preliminary study to explore the nature of semantic processing in these disorders, using event-related potentials (ERPs).Methods:Twelve patients with BD, 10 patients with SZ and a matched group of 21 healthy controls (HC) underwent EEG recording while they heard sentences containing homophones or control words and performed a semantic ambiguity resolution task on congruent or incongruent targets.Results:Mean N400 amplitude differed between groups for homophones. Patients with SZ made more resolution errors than HC and exhibited a greater N400 congruity effect in ambiguous conditions than BD. In BD, the opposite N400 congruity effect was observed in ambiguous conditions.Conclusion:Results indicated differences in semantic processing between BD and SZ. Further studies with larger populations are needed in order to develop neurophysiological markers of these disorders.Significant OutcomesIn ambiguous conditions, patients with SZ exhibited a greater N400 difference between congruent and incongruent conditions than patients with BD.In ambiguous conditions, patients with SZ exhibited greater N400 amplitude in incongruent conditions than in congruent ones, whereas patients with BD exhibited the opposite N400 congruity effect.Ambiguity resolution results suggest that patients with SZ have difficulty considering the context, while patients with BD overactivate the dominant meaning of homophones and have difficulty inhibiting it.

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9

Holender, Daniel, and Katia Duscherer. "Unconscious semantic access: A case against a hyperpowerful unconscious." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02320065.

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We analyze some of the recent evidence for unconscious semantic access stemming from tasks that, although based on a priming procedure, generate semantic congruity effects because of response competition, not semantic priming effects. We argue that such effects cannot occur without at least some glimpses of awareness about the identity and the meaning of a significant proportion of the primes.

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10

Stubblefield, Alexandra, Lauryn A. Jacobs, Yongju Kim, and Paula Goolkasian. "Colavita dominance effect revisited: the effect of semantic congruity." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 75, no. 8 (2013): 1827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0530-1.

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11

Petrusic, William M. "Semantic congruity effects and theories of the comparison process." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, no. 4 (1992): 962–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.962.

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12

TOYOTA, Hiroshi. "EFFECTS OF IMAGE-AROUSAL AND SEMANTIC CONGRUITY ON INCIDENTAL LEARNING." Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 35, no. 4 (1987): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5926/jjep1953.35.4_300.

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13

Cantlon, J. F., and E. M. Brannon. "Semantic congruity affects numerical judgments similarly in monkeys and humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 45 (2005): 16507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506463102.

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14

Ryalls, Brigette Oliver, and Linda B. Smith. "Adults' Acquisition of Novel Dimension Words: Creating a Semantic Congruity Effect." Journal of General Psychology 127, no. 3 (2000): 279–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221300009598586.

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15

Ryalls, Brigette Oliver, Emily Winslow, and Linda B. Smith. "A Semantic Congruity Effect in Children's Acquisition of High and Low." Journal of Memory and Language 39, no. 4 (1998): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2594.

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16

Damian, Markus F. "Congruity effects evoked by subliminally presented primes: Automaticity rather than semantic processing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27, no. 1 (2001): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.154.

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17

Jones, Sarah M., Jessica F. Cantlon, Dustin J. Merritt, and Elizabeth M. Brannon. "Context affects the numerical semantic congruity effect in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)." Behavioural Processes 83, no. 2 (2010): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.12.009.

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18

White, Hedy, William P. Banks, and Eran Zaidel. "Laterality effects in symbolic judgment: The influence of semantic congruity on hemispheric processing." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28, no. 5 (1990): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334050.

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19

Angwin, Anthony J., Nadeeka N. W. Dissanayaka, Alison Moorcroft, Katie L. McMahon, Peter A. Silburn, and David A. Copland. "A Neurophysiological Study of Semantic Processing in Parkinson’s Disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 1 (2016): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716000953.

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AbstractObjectives: Cognitive-linguistic impairments in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been well documented; however, few studies have explored the neurophysiological underpinnings of semantic deficits in PD. This study investigated semantic function in PD using event-related potentials. Methods: Eighteen people with PD and 18 healthy controls performed a semantic judgement task on written word pairs that were either congruent or incongruent. Results: The mean amplitude of the N400 for new incongruent word pairs was similar for both groups, however the onset latency was delayed in the PD group. Further analysis of the data revealed that both groups demonstrated attenuation of the N400 for repeated incongruent trials, as well as attenuation of the P600 component for repeated congruent trials. Conclusions: The presence of N400 congruity and N400 repetition effects in the PD group suggests that semantic processing is generally intact, but with a slower time course as evidenced by the delayed N400. Additional research will be required to determine whether N400 and P600 repetition effects are sensitive to further cognitive decline in PD. (JINS, 2017, 23, 78–89)

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20

DeLong, Katherine A., and Marta Kutas. "Comprehending surprising sentences: sensitivity of post-N400 positivities to contextual congruity and semantic relatedness." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 35, no. 8 (2020): 1044–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2019.1708960.

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21

Kouider, Sid, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Subliminal Number Priming Within and Across the Visual and Auditory Modalities." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 6 (2009): 418–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.6.418.

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Whether masked number priming involves a low-level sensorimotor route or an amodal semantic level of processing remains highly debated. Several alternative interpretations have been put forward, proposing either that masked number priming is solely a byproduct of practice with numbers, or that stimulus awareness was underestimated. In a series of four experiments, we studied whether repetition and congruity priming for numbers reliably extend to novel (i.e., unpracticed) stimuli and whether priming transfers from a visual prime to an auditory target, even when carefully controlling for stimulus awareness. While we consistently observed cross-modal priming, the generalization to novel stimuli was weaker and reached significance only when considering the whole set of experiments. We conclude that number priming does involve an amodal, semantic level of processing, but is also modulated by task settings.

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22

Toyota, Hiroshi. "Changes in the Constraints of Semantic and Syntactic Congruity on Memory across Three Age Groups." Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, no. 3 (2001): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.3.691.

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23

Shaki, Samuel, and Daniel Algom. "The locus and nature of semantic congruity in symbolic comparison: Evidence from the Stroop effect." Memory & Cognition 30, no. 1 (2002): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03195260.

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24

Olichney, John M., Brock R. Riggins, Dieter G. Hillert, et al. "Reduced Sensitivity of the N400 and Late Positive Component to Semantic Congruity and Word Repetition in Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Clinical Electroencephalography 33, no. 3 (2002): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155005940203300307.

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We studied 14 patients with well-characterized refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 7 with right temporal lobe epilepsy (RTE) and 7 with left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTE), on a word repetition ERP experiment. Much prior literature supports the view that patients with left TLE are more likely to develop verbal memory deficits, often attributable to left hippocampal sclerosis. Our main objectives were to test if abnormalities of the N400 or Late Positive Component (LPC, P600) were associated with a left temporal seizure focus, or left temporal lobe dysfunction. A minimum of 19 channels of EEG/EOG data were collected while subjects performed a semantic categorization task. Auditory category statements were followed by a visual target word, which were 50% “congruous” (category exemplars) and 50% “incongruous” (non-category exemplars) with the preceding semantic context. These auditory-visual pairings were repeated pseudo-randomly at time intervals ranging from ∼10–140 seconds later. The ERP data were submitted to repeated-measures ANOVAs, which showed the RTE group had generally normal effects of word repetition on the LPC and the N400. Also, the N400 component was larger to incongruous than congruous new words, as is normally the case. In contrast, the LTE group did not have statistically significant effects of either word repetition or congruity on their ERPs (N400 or LPC), suggesting that this ERP semantic categorization paradigm is sensitive to left temporal lobe dysfunction. Further studies are ongoing to determine if these ERP abnormalities predict hippocampal sclerosis on histopathology, or outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy.

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Revonsuo, Antti, Raija Portin, Kirsi Juottonen, and Juha O. Rinne. "Semantic Processing of Spoken Words in Alzheimer's Disease: An Electrophysiological Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 3 (1998): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562726.

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Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) have severe difficulties in tasks requiring the use of semantic knowledge. The semantic deficits associated with AD have been extensively studied by using behavioral methods. Many of these studies indicate that AD patients have a general deficit in voluntary access to semantic representations but that the structure of the representations themselves might be preserved. However, several studies also provide evidence that to some extent semantic representations in AD may in fact be degraded. Recently, a few studies have utilized event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that are sensitive to semantic factors in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of the semantic impairment in AD. Interest has focused on the N400 component, which is known to reºect the on-line semantic processing of linguistic and pictorial stimuli. The results from studies of N400 changes in AD remain somewhat controversial: Some studies report normal or enlarged N400 components in AD, whereas others report diminished ones. One issue not reported in previous studies is whether word-elicited ERPs other than N400 remain normal in AD. In the present study our aim was to find out whether the ERP waveforms N1, P2, N400, and Late Positive Component (LPC) to semantically congruous and incongruous spoken words are abnormal in AD and whether such abnormalities specifically reºect deficiencies in semantic activation in AD. Auditory ERPs from 20 scalp sites to semantically congruous and incongruous final words in spoken sentences were recorded from 17 healthy elderly adults and 9 AD patients. The early ERP waveforms N1 and P2 were relatively normal for the AD patients, but the N400 and LPC effects (amplitude difference between congruous and incongruous conditions) were significantly reduced. We interpret the present results as showing that semantic-conceptual activation and other high-level integration processes are defective in AD. However, a word congruity effect earlier than N400 (phonological mismatch negativity), reflecting lexical selection processes, is at least to some extent preserved in AD.

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Palmieri, Rudi, and Eddo Rigotti. "Suspicion as an argumentative move." Journal of Argumentation in Context 3, no. 3 (2014): 287–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.3.3.03pal.

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In order to comply with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) laws, financial intermediaries are being engaged with unprecedented communicative activities, mainly oriented at detecting suspicious activities which must be reported to the Financial Intelligence Unit. The polysemous notion of ‘suspicion’ is pivotal to these communicative activities and needs to be clarified in order to establish to what extent argumentation is involved in their fulfillment. To this purpose, we apply the method of semantic analysis developed within Congruity Theory bringing to light the different semantic values of the verb ‘to suspect’ and its lexical derivates in a corpus of ordinary English; then we compare these meanings with the actual uses of this verb in the international and national AML laws. Amongst the numerous factors contributing to the polysemy of this word, we focalize on the difference emerged between an argumentative value of ’to suspect’ and another meaning in which suspicion is reduced to a mere hunch. This suggests that there exist different types of suspicion acts which are more or less argumentative. Interestingly, anti-money laundering international standards and some national implementations seem to admit suspicions at different argumentative degrees, entailing different levels of critical assessment expected from the financial intermediary. We also identify important implications for bank’s anti-money laundering activities deriving from the different semantic traits emerged in the analysis. We conclude the paper by eliciting from the outcome of the semantic analysis a number of questions that will guide the next steps of an ongoing research project in which Swiss banks’ AML practices are investigated from an argumentative perspective.

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27

Wicha, Nicole Y. Y., Eva M. Moreno, and Marta Kutas. "Anticipating Words and Their Gender: An Event-related Brain Potential Study of Semantic Integration, Gender Expectancy, and Gender Agreement in Spanish Sentence Reading." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (2004): 1272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041920487.

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Recent studies indicate that the human brain attends to and uses grammatical gender cues during sentence comprehension. Here, we examine the nature and time course of the effect of gender on word-by-word sentence reading. Event related brain potentials were recorded to an article and noun, while native Spanish speakers read medium to high-constraint Spanish sentences for comprehension. The noun either fit the sentence meaning or not, and matched the preceding article in gender or not; in addition, the preceding article was either expected or unexpected based on prior sentence context. Semantically anomalous nouns elicited an N400. Gender disagreeing nouns elicited a posterior late positivity (P600), replicating previous findings for words. Gender agreement and semantic congruity interacted in both the N400 window—with a larger negativity frontally for double violations—and the P600 window—with a larger positivity for semantic anomalies, relative to the prestimulus baseline. Finally, unexpected articles elicited an enhanced positivity (500–700 msec post onset) relative to expected articles. Overall, our data indicate that readers anticipate and attend to the gender of both articles and nouns, and use gender in real time to maintain agreement and to build sentence meaning.

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28

Sengupta, Subhabrata, Anish Banerjee, and Satyajit Chakrabarti. "Efficient Data Mining Model for Question Retrieval and Question Analytics using Semantic Web Framework in Smart E-Learning Environment." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 17, no. 01 (2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i01.25909.

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In the field of Information recovery, the fundamental target is to discover important just as most applicable data concerning a few questions. However, the essential issue regarding recuperation has reliably been, that the request for an area is enormous so much that it has gotten very difficult to recuperate applicable information capably. In any case, with the latest progressions in profound learning and AI models, calculations, applications brilliant and computerized data recovery component matched with text examination to decide different characterizing boundaries alongside intricacy and weight-age assurance of inquiries. By focusing, the cutoff points and hardships, like CPU cost, efficiency, automation and congruity, we have assigned our information recuperation structure, particularly towards the Academic Institutional Domain to consider the interest of various association related inquiries. The aim is to make an efficient data mining and an analytical model that can automate an efficient question retrieval and analysis for complexity and weight-age determination.

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Vendemia, Jennifer M. C., Robert F. Buzan, and Stephanie L. Simon-Dack. "Reaction Time of Motor Responses in Two-Stimulus Paradigms Involving Deception and Congruity with Varying Levels of Difficulty." Behavioural Neurology 16, no. 1 (2005): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/804026.

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Deception research has focused on identifying peripheral nervous system markers while ignoring cognitive mechanisms underlying those markers. Cognitive theorists argue that the process of deception may involve such constructs as attentional capture, working memory load, or perceived incongruity with memory, while psychophysiologists argue for stimulus salience, arousal, and emotion. Three studies were conducted to assess reaction time (RT) in relation to deception, response congruity, and preparedness to deceive. Similar to a semantic verification task, participants evaluated sentences that were either true or false, and then made truthful or deceptive evaluations of the sentence’s base truth-value. Findings indicate that deceptive responses have a longer RT than truthful responses, and that this relationship remains constant across response type and preparedness to deceive. The authors use these findings in preliminary support of a comprehensive cognitive model of deception.

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30

Konstabel, Kenn, and Ann Virkus. "How similar are the conceptual and empirical structures of personality traits?" European Journal of Personality 20, no. 5 (2006): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.591.

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The congruity of the conceptual and empirical structures of personality traits was examined by comparing the structure of trait covariation ratings to the five‐factor structure of self‐reported traits. The covariation ratings were found to be highly reliable, and no evidence of systematic sex or age differences was found. Besides a rough similarity, there were replicable differences between the conceptual and empirical structures. Most importantly, Neuroticism and Extraversion had a weak negative correlation in self‐reports, but were judged to be almost bipolar opposites in covariation ratings; impulsiveness was judged to be a negative indicator of Conscientiousness in covariation ratings, but was equally strongly related to Neuroticism component in self‐ratings. These systematic differences demonstrate that the structure of self‐rated traits is not reducible to semantic similarities of traits descriptors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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31

MITCHELL, PENNY F., SALLY ANDREWS, and PHILIP B. WARD. "An event-related potential study of semantic congruity and repetition in a sentence-reading task: Effects of context change." Psychophysiology 30, no. 5 (1993): 496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02073.x.

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32

Ganor-Stern, Dana, Irina Karasik-Rivkin, and Joseph Tzelgov. "Holistic Representation of Unit Fractions." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 3 (2011): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000086.

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The present study examined the processing of unit fractions and the extent to which it is affected by context. Using a numerical comparison task we found evidence for a holistic representation of unit fractions when the immediate context of the fractions was emphasized, that is when the stimuli set included in addition to the unit fractions also the numbers 0 and 1. The holistic representation was indicated by the semantic congruity effect for comparisons of pairs of fractions and by the distance effect in comparisons of a fraction and 0 and 1. Consistent with previous results (Bonato, Fabbri, Umilta, & Zorzi, 2007) there was no evidence for a holistic representation of unit fractions when the stimulus set included only fractions. These findings suggest that fraction processing is context-dependent. Finally, the present results are discussed in the context of processing other complex numbers beyond the first decade.

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Phills, Curtis E., Adam Hahn, and Bertram Gawronski. "The Bidirectional Causal Relation Between Implicit Stereotypes and Implicit Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 9 (2020): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219899234.

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Although stereotypes and prejudice are commonly regarded as conceptually distinct but related constructs, previous research remains silent on the processes underlying their relation. Applying the balance-congruity principle to the concepts (a) group, (b) valence, and (c) attribute, we argue that the valence of attributes contained in a group-stereotype shapes evaluations of the group, while prejudice toward a group influences which attributes are stereotypically associated with the group. Using fictitious (Experiments 1 and 3) and real (Experiments 2 and 4) groups, the current studies demonstrate that (a) experimentally induced changes in the valence of semantic attributes associated with a group (stereotypes) influence implicit prejudice toward that group (Experiments 1 and 2), and (b) experimentally induced changes in the valence of a group (prejudice) influence implicit stereotyping of that group (Experiments 3 and 4). These findings demonstrate a bidirectional causal relation between prejudice and stereotypes.

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Müller, Dana, and Wolf Schwarz. "“1-2-3”: Is There a Temporal Number Line?" Experimental Psychology 55, no. 3 (2008): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.143.

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Abstract. Evidence suggests that numbers are intimately related to space ( Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993 ; Hubbard, Piazza, Pinel, & Dehaene, 2005 ). Recently, Walsh (2003) suggested that numbers might also be closely related to time. To investigate this hypothesis we asked participants to compare two digits that were presented in a serial manner, i.e., one after another. Temporally ascending digit pairs (such as 2-3) were responded to faster than temporally descending pairs (3-2). This effect was, in turn, qualified by a local SNARC (spatial numerical association of response codes) effect and a local semantic congruity effect (SCE). Moreover, we observed a global numerical SCE only for temporally descending digit pairs. However, we did not observe a global SNARC effect, i.e., an interaction of numerical magnitude and the right/left response hand. We discuss our results in terms of overlearned forward-associations (“1-2-3”) as formed by our ubiquitous cognitive routines to count off objects or events.

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35

Powell, Derek, and Zachary Horne. "Moral Severity is Represented as a Domain-General Magnitude." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 2 (2017): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000354.

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Abstract. The severity of moral violations can vary by degree. For instance, although both are immoral, murder is a more severe violation than lying. Though this point is well established in Ethics and the law, relatively little research has been directed at examining how moral severity is represented psychologically. Most prominent moral psychological theories are aimed at explaining first-order moral judgments and are silent on second-order metaethical judgments, such as comparisons of severity. Here, the relative severity of 20 moral violations was established in a preliminary study. Then, a second group of participants were asked to decide which of two moral violations was more severe for all possible combinations of these 20 violations. Participant’s response times exhibited two signatures of domain-general magnitude comparisons: we observed both a distance effect and a semantic congruity effect. These findings suggest that moral severity is represented in a similar fashion as other continuous magnitudes.

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36

Unkelbach, Christian, and Klaus Fiedler. "The Challenge of Diagnostic Inferences From Implicit Measures: The Case of Non-Evaluative Influences in the Evaluative Priming Paradigm." Social Cognition 38, Supplement (2020): s208—s222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s208.

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Implicit measures are diagnostic tools to assess attitudes and evaluations that people cannot or may not want to report. Diagnostic inferences from such tools are subject to asymmetries. We argue that (causal) conditional probabilities p(AM+|A+) of implicitly measured attitudes AM+ given the causal influence of existing attitudes A+ is typically higher than the reverse (diagnostic) conditional probability p(A+|AM+), due to non-evaluative influences on implicit measures. We substantiate this argument with evidence for non-evaluative influences on evaluative priming—specifically, similarity effects reflecting the higher similarity of positive than negative prime-target pairs; integrativity effects based on primes and targets’ potential to form meaningful semantic compounds; and congruity proportion effects that originate in individuals’ decisional strategies. We also cursorily discuss non-evaluative influences in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). These influences not only have implications for the evaluative priming paradigm in particular, but also highlight the intricacies of diagnostic inferences from implicit measures in general.

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37

Maciulis, V., S. Marceniene, K. Dapsys, V. Banaitis, and J. Utkuviene. "Metaglossotherapy in Treatment of Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71363-x.

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Metaglossotherapy (MGT) is the method of treating schizophrenic patients by teaching them a new foreign language. Training of brain and establishing new associations during the course of MGT treatment has a positive influence on schizophrenic patients.Aim:To evaluate the efficacy of MGT in treating schizophrenic patients.Methods:7 long-stay male schizophrenic patients took part in the program, which lasted 5 months, 5 sessions of MGT a week. Patients were learning English. Evoked potential N400 was registered at baseline and after MGT in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy. Dynamics of mental state was evaluated with help of PANSS.Results:During MGT significant changes in motivation, behavior, non-verbal expressions and emotional state of patients were observed. PANSS: negative and positive symptoms became milder, changes are statistically significant. N400 responses of schizophrenic patient do not depend on the congruity of sentence endings. Compared with healthy subjects patients generate N400 with smaller amplitude and larger latency.Conclusions:Application of MGT can create possibilities for schizophrenic patients for better relationships with the environment, to help them overcome social and emotional isolation. It is very important that activities would be led by the persons who have practical experience to work with schizophrenic patients. MGT may affect patient's response to semantic congruent sentences.

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38

Dimitrova, Diana V., Laurie A. Stowe, Gisela Redeker, and John C. J. Hoeks. "Less Is Not More: Neural Responses to Missing and Superfluous Accents in Context." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 12 (2012): 2400–2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00302.

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Prosody, particularly accent, aids comprehension by drawing attention to important elements such as the information that answers a question. A study using ERP registration investigated how the brain deals with the interpretation of prosodic prominence. Sentences were embedded in short dialogues and contained accented elements that were congruous or incongruous with respect to a preceding question. In contrast to previous studies, no explicit prosodic judgment task was added. Robust effects of accentuation were evident in the form of an “accent positivity” (200–500 msec) for accented elements irrespective of their congruity. Our results show that incongruously accented elements, that is, superfluous accents, activate a specific set of neural systems that is inactive in case of incongruously unaccented elements, that is, missing accents. Superfluous accents triggered an early positivity around 100 msec poststimulus, followed by a right-lateralized negative effect (N400). This response suggests that redundant information is identified immediately and leads to the activation of a neural system that is associated with semantic processing (N400). No such effects were found when contextually expected accents were missing. In a later time window, both missing and superfluous accents triggered a late positivity on midline electrodes, presumably related to making sense of both kinds of mismatching stimuli. These results challenge previous findings of greater processing for missing accents and suggest that the natural processing of prosody involves a set of distinct, temporally organized neural systems.

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39

Schlüter, Julia. "Why worser is better: The double comparative in 16th- to 17th-century English." Language Variation and Change 13, no. 2 (2001): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394501132047.

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In Early Modern English, double comparatives were often encountered in both spoken and written language. The present article investigates the redundantly marked comparative worser in relation to its irregular, but etymologically justified, counterpart worse. My aim is to examine the diachronic development of the form as well as its distribution in the written language of the 16th and 17th centuries. Two detailed corpus studies are used to reveal the set of parameters underlying the variation between worse and worser, which include system congruity, semantics, and standardization effects. However, the focus here is on the tendency to maintain an alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, known as the Principle of Rhythmic Alternation. This prosodic principle (which has been argued to be particularly influential in English) turns out to be responsible for most of the results obtained in the analysis of the corpus data.

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40

Chystiakova, Katerina. "Dramaturgical function of the orchestra in song cycle by Hector Berlioz – Théophile Gautier “Summer Nights”." Aspects of Historical Musicology 16, no. 16 (2019): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-16.11.

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Background. In recent scholar resources musicologists actively study the problem of typology of chamber song cycle. The article cites analytical observations of M. Kolotylenko on works in this genre by R. Strauss (2014), of I. Leopa – on G. Mahler’s (2017), of N. Vlasova – on A. Schoenberg’s (2007). It is stated, that unlike Austro-German phenomena of this kind have been studied to a certain degree, song cycle “Summer Nights” by H. Berlioz hasn’t received adequate research yet, although it is mentioned by N. Vlasova as on of the foremost experiences of this kind. It allows to regard the French author as a pioneer in tradition of chamber song cycle. The aim of given research is to reveal the essence of orchestration as a part of songs cycle’s artistic whole. In order to achieve it, semantical, compositionally-dramaturgical and intonational methods of research are used. Originally, “Summer Nights” were meant to be performed by a duo of voice and piano (1834). It was not until 1856 that composer orchestrated this cycle, similarly to the way G. Mahler and in several cases R. Strauss done it later. The foundation of cycle by H. Berlioz are six poems from a set by T. Gautier «La Com&#233;die de la mort», published in 1838. In spite of having epic traits, this set is still an example of lyrical poesy, where subjective is being generalised, while chosen motive of death, according to L.Ginzburg, corresponds to existential essence of lyric (L. Ginzburg). French poet, prose writer, critic, author ow the poems set to music in “Summer Nights” by H. Berlioz – Th&#233;ophile Gautier (1811–1872) – is one of the most enigmatic and singular figures in history of XIX century art. He was eclipsed by his contemporaries, although his creativity paved the way for upcoming symbolism, that incarnated in poetry of C. Baudelaire, and set “&#201;maux et Cam&#233;es” became an aesthetic ideal for Parnassian School. A work by H. Berlioz on lyrics by T. Gautier consists of four songs: “Villanelle”, “Le Spectre de la Rose”, “Sur le lagunes”, “Absence”, “Au cimetiere. Clair de Lune” and “L`ile Inconnue”. It is founded on a plot of lyrical type, that is built according to the principle of appearing associations. Lyrical “I”, whose inner world is revealed during the cycle, provides logical congruity of the work. Each m&#233;lodie has its own spectrum of images, united by general lyrical plot. The first and last songs, grounding on a theme of nature, create thematic arch. The denouement of the plat falls on “L`ile Inconnue”, where hero’s conclusion about impossibility of everlasting love is proclaimed. The orchestra part is equal significance with the voice and intonated verbal text, simultaneously playing an important role in illuminating underlying meaning of the lyrics. H. Berlioz doesn’t tend to use supplementary woodwind instruments. Although, each instrument reveals its unique sonic and expressive possibilities, demonstrating its singular characteristics. Due to that an orchestra becomes differentiated, turning into a flexible living organism. Composer doesn’t use exceedingly large orchestra, moreover, each song has its unique set of performers. However, there are stable players: strings (including double basses), two flutes, 2 clarinets (in A and in B). Besides of that, H. Berlioz occasionally uses the timbre of solo oboe, bassoons, natural French horns in different keys, and in the second song he employs coloristic potential of the harp. From a standpoint of the semantics, the score is built according to the principle of the opposition between two spheres. The former one is attached to the motives of the nature and has pastoral mod. At the same time, it reveals idealistic expanse of dreams and vision, thus being above the existing realm. This sphere is represented by woodwinds and brass. The latter, on the contrary, places the hero in real time. It is a sphere of sensuality, of truly human, it also touches themes of fate and inevitable death. It is characteristic that this sphere is incarnated through string instruments. Although, the harp cannot be bracketed with either of the groups. This elusive timbre in instrumental palette is saved for “Le Spectre de la Rose” and creates unsubstantial image of a soul ascending to Heaven. H. Berlioz evades usage of mixed timbers in joining of different groups of the orchestra. Even when he does it, it has sporadic nature and provides emphasis on a particular motive. Orchestral tutti are almost non-existent. Composer uses concerto principle quite regularly as well. Additional attention must be drawn to psychologising of role of clarinet and semantisation of flute and bassoon. Clarinet becomes a doppelganger of lyrical “I” and, quite like a personality of a human, acquires ambivalent characteristics. Because of that, it interacts not only with its light group, but with low strings as well, thus demonstrating an ability to transformation of the image. Bassoon reflects the image of the death. This explains its rare usage as well as specific way of interaction with other instruments and groups. Flute is attached to the image of the nature, symbolises a white dove, that in a poetry of T. Gautier represents an image of beautiful maiden. Consequently, this allows to state that timbre of flute incarnates the image of lyrical hero’s love interest. The most significant instruments of string group are the low ones, accenting either the aura of dark colours or sensuality and passion. Neglecting the tradition requiring lyrical hero to be paired with a certain voice type, H. Berlioz in each m&#233;lodie uses different timbres, that suit coloristic incarnation of the miniature the most in the terms of tessiture and colour. A conclusion is made, that composer become a forefather of chamber song cycle of new type, with its special trait being equivalence of the voice and the orchestra, that allows them to create united multi-layered integrity

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41

Leth-Steensen, Craig, William M. Petrusic, and Samuel Shaki. "Enhancing semantic congruity effects with category-contingent comparative judgments." Frontiers in Psychology 5 (October 22, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01199.

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42

Lau, Ellen F., Anna Namyst, Allison Fogel, and Tania Delgado. "A Direct Comparison of N400 Effects of Predictability and Incongruity in Adjective-Noun Combination." Collabra 2, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/collabra.40.

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Previous work has shown that the N400 ERP component is elicited by all words, whether presented in isolation or in structured contexts, and that its amplitude is modulated by semantic association and contextual predictability. What is less clear is the extent to which the N400 response is modulated by semantic incongruity when predictability is held constant. In the current study we examine N400 modulation associated with independent manipulations of predictability and congruity in an adjective-noun paradigm that allows us to precisely control predictability through corpus counts. Our results demonstrate small N400 effects of semantic congruity (yellow bag vs. innocent bag), and much more robust N400 effects of predictability (runny nose vs. dainty nose) under the same conditions. These data argue against unitary N400 theories according to which N400 effects of both predictability and incongruity reflect a common process such as degree of integration difficulty, as large N400 effects of predictability were observed in the absence of large N400 effects of incongruity. However, the data are consistent with some versions of unitary ‘facilitated access’ N400 theories, as well as multiple-generator accounts according to which the N400 can be independently modulated by facilitated conceptual/lexical access (as with predictability) and integration difficulty (as with incongruity, perhaps to a greater extent in full sentential contexts).

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43

Ortiz-Tudela, Javier, Luis Jiménez, and Juan Lupiáñez. "Scene-object semantic incongruity across stages of processing: From detection to identification and episodic encoding." Frontiers in Cognition 2 (February 28, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125145.

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Visual processes are assumed to be affected by scene-object semantics throughout the stream of processing, from the earliest processes of conscious object detection to the later stages of object identification and memory encoding. However, very few studies have jointly explored these processes in a unified setting. In this study, we build upon a change detection task to assess the influence of semantic congruity between scenes and objects across three processing stages, as indexed through measures of conscious detection, object identification, and delayed recognition. Across four experiments, we show that semantically incongruent targets are easier to detect than their congruent counterparts, but that the latter are better identified and recognized in a surprise memory test. In addition, we used eye-tracking measures, in conjunction with these three behavioral indexes, to further understand the locus of the advantage observed in each case. The results indicate that (i) competition with other congruent objects modulates the effects of congruity on target detection, but it does not affect identification nor recognition memory, (ii) the detection cost of scene-congruent targets is mediated by earlier fixations on incongruent targets, (iii) neither fixation times, dwell times, nor pupil dilatation are related to the effects obtained in identification and recognition; and (iv) even though congruent targets are both better identified and remembered, the recognition benefit does not depend on the identification demands. The transversal approach taken in this study represents a challenging but exciting perspective that holds the potential to build bridges over the seemingly different but related fields of conscious detection, semantic identification, and episodic memory.

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44

Naranowicz, Marcin. "Mood effects on semantic processes: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (November 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1014706.

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Mood (i.e., our current background affective state) often unobtrusively yet pervasively affects how we think and behave. Typically, theoretical frameworks position it as an embodied source of information (i.e., a biomarker), activating thinking patterns that tune our attention, perception, motivation, and exploration tendencies in a context-dependent manner. Growing behavioural and electrophysiological research has been exploring the mood–language interactions, employing numerous semantics-oriented experimental paradigms (e.g., manipulating semantic associations, congruity, relatedness, etc.) along with mood elicitation techniques (e.g., affectively evocative film clips, music, pictures, etc.). Available behavioural and electrophysiological evidence has suggested that positive and negative moods differently regulate the dynamics of language comprehension, mostly due to the activation of mood-dependent cognitive strategies. Namely, a positive mood has been argued to activate global and heuristics-based processing and a negative mood – local and detail-oriented processing during language comprehension. Future research on mood–language interactions could benefit greatly from (i) a theoretical framework for mood effects on semantic memory, (ii) measuring mood changes multi-dimensionally, (iii) addressing discrepancies in empirical findings, (iv) a replication-oriented approach, and (v) research practices counteracting publication biases.

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45

Wu, Jinchun, Xiaoxi Du, Mu Tong, et al. "Neural mechanisms behind semantic congruity of construction safety signs: An EEG investigation on construction workers." Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, November 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20979.

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46

عبد علي عطية, وسن, and نهى حسين كندوح. "“The Textual Structure of Al-Fajur Sura (A Reading in Congruity and Consistency." ARID International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, July 15, 2021, 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36772/arid.aijssh.2021.369.

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Each text has its own structure, which is different from other texts. This structure is the identity acquired from the author, who gives the text part of his experience and culture that shows high congruity and consistency of the structure. Each structure needs its own system of organizing ideas and information in a way that affects the receiver. The aim of the text’s author is to influence the receiver and create a channel of communication between the text and the receiver to determine the author’s intention. Therefore, the study revealed a unique and unparalleled structure, that is the structure of the Qur'anic text, which is considered the highest level of congurity and textual consistency. The researcher has selected Surat Al-Fajur to reveal the aesthetics of this unique textual structure. The study is divided into four levels of structures, phonological, morphological, structural ,and semantic one.

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47

Pivik, R., A. Andres, J. Snow, et al. "Semantic memory processing is enhanced in preadolescents breastfed compared to those formula‐fed as infants: An ERP N400 study of sentential semantic congruity (629.1)." FASEB Journal 28, S1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.629.1.

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48

Anand, Geet Govind, Kalpana K. Barhwal, Manish Goyal, and Bodepudi Narasimha Rao. "The Effect of Difference in Word Order on Semantic Processing in Hindi−English Bilinguals." Annals of Neurosciences, January 16, 2023, 097275312211468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09727531221146825.

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Background The typology of word order in Hindi (Subject-Object-Verb, SOV) differs from that of English (Subject-Verb-Object, SVO). Bilinguals whose two languages have conflicting word order provide a unique opportunity to understand how word order affects language processing. Earlier behavioural and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies with Spanish-Basque bilinguals showed longer reading times and more errors in the comprehension of OSV sentences than SOV sentences in Basque language, indicating that non-canonical word orders (OSV) were difficult to process than canonical word order (SOV). Purpose This study was designed to explore how the difference in word order in Hindi and English languages affects N400 parameters in proficient Hindi−English bilinguals, using semantic congruity paradigm. Methods Twenty-five proficient Hindi−English bilingual subjects were asked to silently read the congruent and incongruent sentences presented in one word at a time in both the languages. ERPs were recorded from midline frontal, central and parietal sites. Results The mean amplitude of the N400 effect at the parietal sites in Hindi−English proficient bilinguals was larger for English than for Hindi but there was no significant difference in the N400 latencies. Conclusion Hindi−English bilingual subjects processed SOV and SVO sentences with equal ease as evidenced by the N400 latencies. Higher amplitude of the N400 effect with English sentences indicate that placing ‘Object’ as the final word makes sentences more predictable than verb as the final word. Understanding the word order difference might help to unravel the neurophysiological mechanisms of language comprehension and may offer some insights in terms of functional advantage of a particular word order in bilinguals.

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49

Asad Poor, Javad, Yong Wah Goh, and David Thorpe. "A human-centric participatory approach to energy-efficient housing based on occupants' collaborative image." Open House International ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-11-2020-0163.

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PurposeThis study aims to develop a photo-based methodology to identify occupants' collaborative image of the energy-efficient small-size housing.Design/methodology/approachEmploying qualitative and quantitative approaches, 24 photos were randomly selected from different urban areas of Brisbane (Australia) city for an online survey. A total of 36 participants evaluated the photos 159 times.FindingsConducted content analysis resulted in the identification of 5 attribute-based factors, generated from 16 semantic categories and 74 attributes. Using a non-parametric Chi-square test, the factors were categorised in two levels, i.e. (1) envelope elements (primary and secondary) and passive climatic principles; and (2) architectural composition principles and neighbourhood quality.Social implicationsThe discussion on the results via the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) suggests that regarding the external aspects, the people's image of energy-efficient housing could be influenced by their perceived control over changeable and adjustable attributes.Originality/valueThe photo-based methodology developed by this paper has the potential to quantify occupants' collaborative image of small-size housing energy efficiency, which would be essential in assisting them to adjust their dwelling units regarding the congruity of the energy efficiency attributes with their preferences.

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