Tesis: "Selenoprote"

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Ferreira, Diana Quit?ria Cabral. "Avalia??o do estado nutricional relativo ao sel?nio e da express?o g?nica de selenoprote?nas em pacientes com aterosclerose tratados com estatinas". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13489.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the use of rosuvastatin in patients with atherosclerosis, in relation to blood parameters of selenium and selenoproteins, and also observe possible changes in gene expression of selenoproteins in these patients. The sample consisted of 27 adult and elderly patients with a clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease undergoing angioplasty, treated at Natal Hospital Center hospital, Natal, RN. Patients were treated with rosuvastatin 10 mg/day during four months. Anthropometric variables such as body mass index (BMI) and Waist circumference (WC) were measured before and after treatment, as well as lipid profile, blood glucose and liver enzymes (AST and ALT). The diet of the patients was also analyzed using 24-hour diet recall. We analyzed the concentrations of selenium in plasma and erythrocytes, and also the activity of Glutathione Peroxidase and gene expression by Real Time PCR of selenoproteins GPx1, SelP1 and SelN1. Patients had mean age of 61.0 ? 9.4 years, 59.3% were men and 40.7% were women. After four months of treatment there was significant reduction of CA and, according to BMI, most were overweight. The intake of macronutrients, cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated and saturated was adequate, but the energy and fiber intake was below the recommendations. Regarding the selenium intake was observed a high prevalence of inadequacy. As expected, after treatment with rosuvastatin, a significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL and glucose, which was not observed for HDL. Selenium concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes showed no changes, keeping within the established cutoffs. We observed a significant increase in GPx enzyme activity and mRNA expression of GPX1 and SEPN1, but not for gene SEPP1. Thus, it was found that treatment with rosuvastatin did not reduce the expression of selenoproteins. More studies are needed to clarify the effects of rosuvastatin on gene expression of selenoproteins in patients with atherosclerosis
Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar os efeitos do uso da rosuvastatina em pacientes com aterosclerose, em rela??o aos par?metros sangu?neos de sel?nio e selenoprote?nas, bem como observar poss?veis altera??es na express?o g?nica de selenoprote?nas nesses pacientes. A amostra foi constitu?da de 27 pacientes adultos e idosos com o diagn?stico cl?nico de doen?a arterial coronariana submetidos ? angioplastia, atendidos no Natal Hospital Center, Natal, RN. Os pacientes foram tratados com 10mg/dia de rosuvastatina durante 4 meses. Vari?veis antropom?tricas, como ?ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e Circunfer?ncia Abdominal (CA), foram medidas antes e ap?s o tratamento, bem como o perfil lip?dico, glicemia e enzimas hep?ticas (AST e ALT). A dieta dos pacientes tamb?m foi analisada utilizando o Recordat?rio alimentar de 24 horas. Foram analisadas as concentra??es do sel?nio no plasma e nos eritr?citos, e tamb?m a atividade da enzima Glutationa Peroxidase e a express?o g?nica por PCR em Tempo Real das selenoprote?nas GPx1, SelP1 e SelN1. Os pacientes apresentaram idade m?dia de 61,0?9,4 anos, sendo 59,3% homens e 40,7% mulheres. Ap?s os quatro meses de tratamento observou-se redu??o significativa da CA e, de acordo com o IMC, a maior parte estava com sobrepeso. A ingest?o dos macronutrientes, colesterol, ?cidos graxos polinsaturados, monoinsaturados e saturados foi adequada, por?m a de energia e fibras estava abaixo das recomenda??es. Com rela??o a ingest?o de sel?nio foi observada uma alta preval?ncia de inadequa??o. Como esperado, ap?s o tratamento com a rosuvastatina, houve redu??o significativa do colesterol total e LDL, bem como da glicemia, o que n?o foi observado para o HDL. As concentra??es de sel?nio no plasma e eritr?citos n?o apresentaram altera??es, se mantendo dentro dos pontos de corte estabelecidos. Foi observado um aumento significante na atividade enzim?tica da GPx e na express?o de mRNA do GPX1 e SEPN1, mas n?o para o gene SEPP1. Dessa forma, foi verificado que o tratamento com a rosuvastatina n?o diminuiu a express?o das selenoprote?nas. Mais estudos s?o necess?rios para esclarecer os efeitos da rosuvastatina sobre a express?o g?nica de selenoprote?nas em pacientes com aterosclerose

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2

Rida, Ahmad. "Biochemical and structural characterization of Selenoprotein N and study of his dysfunction in pancreatic tissue". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ128.

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Chez l'homme, des mutations dans le gène SELENON, codant pour la sélénoprotéine N (SelenoN), provoquent un groupe de maladies musculaires héréditaires appelés myopathies liées à SELENON. Les mécanismes pathologiques à l'origine de ces myopathies sont mal compris, car la fonction catalytique de SelenoN reste incomprise. L'utilisation de modèles animaux a révélé l'importance de SelenoN dans le développement, la maintenance et la régénération des muscles. En outre, il a été démontré que SelenoN joue un rôle important dans le contrôle du stress oxydatif dans le réticulum endoplasmique et le maintien de l'homéostasie du calcium dans la cellule, ainsi qu'un lien a été établi avec la fonction mitochondriale. Malgré ces progrès passionnants concernant l'implication physiologique du SelenoN dans le tissu musculaire, l'activité catalytique de cette enzyme est encore inconnue et aucun traitement n'est disponible. Ce projet vise à développer des études in vitro et in vivo pour caractériser l'activité enzymatique de SelenoN et son contexte moléculaire et cellulaire. Tout d'abord, nous avons pu exprimer et purifier une forme recombinante pure et soluble de SelenoN. Les analyses ont montré que SelenoN lie une petite molécule, qui est en cours de caractérisation. La résolution de la structure 3D de SelenoN a permis de mieux comprendre l’organisation du site catalytique de la protéine. En parallèle, l'environnement cellulaire et les partenaires de SelenoN ont été étudiés en utilisant le marquage proximal (BioID) in cellulo, montrant une localisation spécifique dans le réticulum endoplasmique, liée au repliement des protéines et à la réponse au stress du RE. Enfin, l'utilisation in vivo du modèle SelenoN-/-mice a permis de mettre en évidence un phénotype métabolique dépendant du sexe. Ces études intégratives ont fourni des informations clés sur les bases moléculaires et physiopathologiques des myopathies liées à SelenoN et ouvriront la possibilité au développement des voies de thérapies
In humans, mutations in the SELENON gene, encoding selenoprotein N (SelenoN), cause a group of inherited muscular disorders termed SELENON-related myopathies. The pathogenic mechanisms behind these muscular diseases are poorly understood since the catalytic function of SelenoN remains elusive. The use of animal models revealed the importance of SelenoN in muscle development, maintenance, and regeneration. Moreover, SelenoN has been shown to play a role in oxidative stress control in the endoplasmic reticulum and maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the cell, as well as a link with mitochondrial function. Despite these exciting progresses regarding the physiological involvement of SelenoN in muscle tissue, the catalytic activity of this enzyme is still unknown, and no treatment is available. This project aims to develop in vitro and in vivo studies to characterize SelenoN enzymatic activity and the molecular and cellular context of this activity. Firstly, we were able to express and purify pure and soluble recombinant form of SelenoN. Analysis showed that SelenoN binds a small molecule, currently under characterization. The resolution of SelenoN 3D structure provided new insight and understanding of the catalytic site of the protein. In parallel, SelenoN cellular environment and partners were investigated using proximal labeling (BioID) in cellulo, showing a specific localization within the endoplasmic reticulum, related to protein folding and ER stress response. Finally, in vivo using SelenoN-/-mice model demonstrated a gender specific metabolic phenotype. These integrative studies provided key information about the molecular and physio-pathological basis of SELENON-related myopathies and will pave the way for therapy development

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3

Rother, Michael. "Selenoprotein-Biosynthese in Archaea". Diss., lmu, 2002. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-680.

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Tobe, Ryuta. "Enzymological studies on selenoprotein biosynthesis". Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126536.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第14875号
農博第1787号
新制||農||975(附属図書館)
学位論文||H21||N4490(農学部図書室)
27297
UT51-2009-K671
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻
(主査)准教授栗原達夫, 教授渡邊隆司, 教授阪井康能
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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5

Eussner, Ursula. "Selenoprotein P in der kolorektalen Karzinogenese". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967777690.

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6

Crosley, L. K. "Molecular mechanisms of selenoprotein gene expression". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399315.

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Cockman, Eric Michael. "Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Selenoprotein S". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1562593531805034.

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Villette, Stephane. "Molecular study of selenoprotein in gene expression". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391327.

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Miller, Susan Mary. "Selenoprotein function and expression in human endothelium". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23124.

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In this thesis the selenoproteins expressed by endothelial cells (isolated from various vascular beds and different species) and the modification of their expression through changes in Se supply and activation of second messenger pathways were studied. The ability of sodium selenite and selenomethionine supplementation to prevent oxidative damage in cultured endothelial cells was also examined, as well as the effect of sodium selenite in stabilising nitric oxide. The present study has confirmed the expression of cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (cyGPX) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), however thioredoxin reductase (TR) was found to be the predominant selenoprotein expressed accounting for approximately 43% of the total intracellular ⁷⁵Se-labelled proteins. No extracellular selenoproteins were synthesised by HUVEC. The overall pattern of selenoprotein expression in endothelial cells isolated from different species and from various human tissue showed considerable variation, though differences were less pronounced when comparing the endothelial cells isolated from various human vascular beds and the human endothelial cell line EAhy926. The expression of TR, cyGPX and PHGPX and other unidentified selenoproteins in HUVEC was significantly modified in response to the phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). A 48 hr incubation with PMA led to significantly decreased expression of both TR and PHGPX (approximately half of that found in untreated cells). Whilst the expression of cyGPX was increased approximately two-fold by PMA treatment, a brief exposure to PMA (one minute) produced similar effects on the expression of these selenoproteins, after a 48 hr lag-period. These effects of PMA could be attenuated by the protein kinase C inhibitor, GF109203X. The calcium ionophore A23187 also modified selenoprotein expression, however time cells began to detach. These observations suggest that the A23187 effect may result from toxicity rather than activation of the calcium signalling pathway.

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Pagmantidis, Vasileios. "Selenoprotein gene expression and susceptibility to colon cancer". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413956.

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Takeuchi, Akiko. "RNA-protein interaction in the selenoprotein synthesis machinery". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6054.

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La sélénocystéine est incorporée co-traductionnellement dans les sélénoprotéines en réponse à un codon UGA habituellement l’un des 3 codons stop. La protéine SBP2 joue un rôle majeur dans ce mécanisme de recodage en se liant à une structure en tige-boucle (SECIS) située dans la région 3’UTR de l’ARNm des sélénoprotéines. Nous avons isolé et caractérisé fonctionnellement SBP2 de Drosophila melanogaster. Par comparison avec SBP2 humaine, nous avons identifié un domaine de liaison à l’ARN additionnel essentiel à la liaison au SECIS et à la sous-unité ribosomique 60S et permettant une sélectivité structurale du SECIS. Des prédictions structurales et des analyses biophysiques ont établi que SBP2 était une protéine globalement désordonnée ou “Intrinsically Disordered Protein” qui ne se replie qu’en présence de partenaires. Enfin, nous avons établi que l’assemblage des mRNP de sélénoprotéines faisait appel à des facteurs communs et présentait de multiples similarités avec celui des sn/snoRNP
The 21st amino acid selenocysteine is encoded by a UGA codon that usually signifies translational termination. Selenoprotein synthesis therefore requires specialized factors. Among these is SBP2 that binds the SECIS, a stem-loop structure in the 3’UTR of selenoprotein mRNAs. In structural analyses of SBP2, we isolated and functionally characterized Drosophila melanogaster SBP2. By comparing it with human SBP2, we identified an additional RNA binding domain that is essential for SECIS and 60S ribosomal subunit binding, and also enables SECIS structure selectivity. In addition, computational and biophysical analyses established that SBP2 is globally unfolded, supporting our hypothesis that SBP2 is an Intrinsically Disordered Protein and becomes folded in the presence of partners yet to be identified. Finally, we searched for potential partners of SBP2 and our results showed that the molecular assembly of selenoprotein mRNPs has many similarities with that of sn/snoRNPs

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Bermano, Giovanna. "The regulation of selenoprotein gene expression by selenium". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU089918.

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This thesis focuses on the influence of selenium supply on the expression of selenoproteins and possible mechanisms involved. It examines the effects of selenium on the expression of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGSH-Px), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGSH-Px) and type I iodothyronine 5'deiodinase (IDI) in liver, thyroid and heart of the rat. Nutritional studies in animals fed diets with different selenium content have shown that there is differential regulation of the three mRNAs and subsequent protein synthesis within and between organs, suggesting both that mechanisms exist to channel selenium for synthesis of a particular selenoprotein and that there is tissue-specific regulation of selenoprotein mRNAs. Since selenium supply could regulate selenoprotein expression by either transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms, the effects of selenium depletion on the transcription rate of the three genes and their mRNA stability were investigated. Nuclear run-off assays with isolated liver nuclei showed selenium deficiency to have no effect on transcription of the three genes whereas actinomycin D chase experiments, in hepatoma cells, showed that selenium deficiency had no effect on the stability of PHGSH-Px mRNA but decreased the stability of cGSH-Px mRNA. Additionally, studies with hepatoma cells transfected with chimeric constructs of IDI coding region linked to different 3'UTRs showed that cGSH-Px 3'UTR is less efficient than PHGSH-PX 3'UTR in permitting Se-cysteine incorporation when selenium is limiting. In conclusion, the mechanisms of selenoprotein regulation in selenium deficiency involve post-transcriptional controls: in liver, selenium deficiency affects translation of cGSH-Px and PHGSH-Px mRNAs at different extents and differences in the 3'UTR of these two mRNAs could partially explain the differential effect of selenium deficiency on cGSH-Px and PHGSH-Px activities and mRNA abundance, stability and translation.

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Takeuchi, Akiko Krol Alain Allmang-Cura Christine. "RNA-protein interaction in the selenoprotein synthesis machinery". Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1133/01/TAKEUCHI_Akiko_2009.pdf.

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Thèse de doctorat : Sciences du Vivant. Aspects moléculaire et cellulaire de la Biologie : Strasbourg : 2009.
Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 11 p.

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14

Schumacher, Fredrick Ray. "Relation between the selenoprotein gene, selenium and prostate cancer". Connect to text online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1132766716.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006.
[School of Medicine] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

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Schumacher, Fredrick R. "Relation Between the Selenoprotein Gene, Selenium, and Prostate Cancer". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1132766716.

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Scharpf, Marcus [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur Expression und Verteilung von Selenoprotein P / Marcus Scharpf". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026789303/34.

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Schomburg, Lutz [Verfasser]. "Molekulare Regulation der Selenoprotein-Biosynthese und des Selentransports / Lutz Schomburg". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1023622181/34.

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Michaelis, Marten. "Einfluss von Selenoprotein P auf die intestinale Tumorigenese im Mausmodell". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15874.

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Das essentielle Spurenelement Selen (Se) wird als einziges Spurenelement über den genetischen Code als Bestandteil der 21. proteinogene Aminosäure Selenocystein (SeCys) in eine kleine Gruppe von Proteinen eingebaut. Als Bestandteil des aktiven Zentrums dieser Selenoproteine ist Se bzw. SeCys essentiell für deren Funktion. Die Biosynthese der Selenoproteine ist durch eine Reihe von Besonderheiten gekennzeichnet, so z.B. durch eine hierarchisch abgestimmte Versorgung der unterschiedlichen Organe mit dem limitierenden Spurenelement bzw. durch eine hierarchische Versorgung der einzelnen Selenoproteine während ihrer Biosynthese. Für die biologische Verwertung und Verteilung ist das Selenoprotein SePP von zentraler Bedeutung. Transkriptomanalysen haben aufgezeigt, dass gerade in Tumoren die Expression von SePP stark erniedrigt ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwieweit der Verlust von SePP einen kausalen Einfluss auf die Tumorigenese nimmt. Hierzu wurden zwei transgene Mausmodelle verkreuzt: zum einen Mäuse mit einem partiellen bzw. kompletten genetischen Verlust der SePP-Expression und zum anderen Mäuse mit einer Mutation im APC-Tumorsuppressorgen, welche multiple intestinale Neoplasien (Min) auslöst und als Paradigma in der experimentellen Darmkrebsforschung dient. Der komplette Verlust des SePP-Gens bewirkte eine stark erhöhte Tumorrate im Dünndarm der APCmin-Mäuse. Hierdurch konnte SePP als neuer wichtiger Modulator der APC-abhängigen Tumorigenese etabliert werden. Interessanterweise genügte bereits der Verlust eines einzelnen SePP-Allels, um mehr, größere und weniger differenzierte Adenome im Dünndarm entstehen zu lassen. Diese Beobachtung deutet auf einen entscheidenden Gen-Dosis-Effekt von SePP für die intestinale Tumorigenese hin und könnte damit als weiteres sinnvolles Kriterium zur Feindiagnostik von Darmkrebs dienen. Die molekularbiologischen Untersuchungen der Tumore lassen eine Aktivierung von Zellzyklus-, Angiogenese- und Akutphaseprozessen vermuten. Hierdurch und über die erhöhte Produktion von Wachstumsfaktoren kann die vermehrte Tumorigenese bei SePP-Mangel erklärt werden. Weitergehend konnte auch der Darm, ungeachtet seiner primären Rolle bei der Selenaufnahme, als abhängig von einer regulären SePP-Expression erkannt werden. Somit stellt sich SePP als zentraler Vermittler des Selenmetabolismus dar, und könnte auf lange Sicht als funktioneller Biomarker des Selenstatus für die individuelle Risikoabschätzung etabliert werden.
Selenium (Se) is the only trace element which is encoded in the genome as the 21st proteinogenic amino acid selenocystein (Sec). Se is essential for the catalytic activity of the small group of Sec-containing selenoproteins. The biosynthesis of this group of extraordinary proteins is characterized by several specialities, e.g. the distribution of Se differs between the organs giving rise to a hierarchical biosynthesis of the selenoproteins and there is an intracellular hierarchy of selenoprotein biosynthesis in times of Se depletion. One particular selenoprotein is of central importance for the organification and trafficking of Se within the organism, i.e., Selenoprotein P (SePP). From transcriptome analyses it was deduced that this Se transport protein is markedly reduced in tumours of several origins. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate whether SePP has a causal impact on the tumourigenesis within the intestinal tract. For this purpose, the SePP-KO mouse model with a genetically impaired SePP expression was crossed with the well-established APCmin intestinal tumour model. A stop mutation in the APC tumour suppressor gene causes multiple intestinal neoplasias (Min) in these mice. The combined deletion of SePP caused a sharp increase in tumour incidence in the small intestines of APCmin mice. Interestingly, even the inactivation of only one SePP allele was sufficient to induce more and less well differentiated adenomas in the small intestine. These results indicate that SePP acts as an important modulator of APC dependent tumorigenesis in a gene dose dependent manner. In the long run, SePP might turn out as another valuable biomarker to estimate the individual cancer risk. From a mechanistic point of view, the transcriptome analyses indicate that an impaired SePP expression favors cell cycle progression, angiogenesis and acute phase response. In addition, an elevated production of growth factors in response to SePP deficiency might contribute to the phenotype of bigger and more undifferentiated tumours. Additional analyses of the intestines revealed that the intestinal tract is dependent on a regular SePP expression in order to synthesise its regular set of selenoproteins even so it represents the prime organ of Se absorption. Therefore, SePP represents a central Se transport and storage protein also within the intestinal tract, highlighting its essential role to preserve health and regular Se metabolism.

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Tews, Martha [Verfasser]. "Cholesterol als negativer post-transkriptioneller Regulator der Selenoprotein-Expression / Martha Tews". Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1194189547/34.

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Hollenbach, Birgit [Verfasser]. "Bedeutung und Regulation von Selenoprotein P in inflammatorischen Erkrankungen / Birgit Hollenbach". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1024865541/34.

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Martitz, Janine. "Factors impacting the hepatic selenoprotein expression in matters of critical illness". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18033.

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Selenoproteine spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der antioxidativen Abwehr und bei Immunreaktionen. Der Selen(Se)metabolismus wird von Hepatozyten gesteuert, die das Se-Transportprotein Selenoprotein P (SEPP) synthetisieren und sezernieren. SEPP nimmt bei kritischen Erkrankungen, z. B. Sepsis ab und führt zu niedrigen Se-Spiegeln. Sepsis triggert die übermäßige Produktion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen. Aminoglykosid-Antibiotika (AG), die oft bei schwerer Sepsis eingesetzt werden, induzieren Fehlinterpretationen der mRNA inklusive des Stoppcodons UGA welches für die Selenoprotein-Biosynthese notwendig ist. Es wurden daher die molekularen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Zytokinen IL-6, IL-1b und TNFa, AG und dem Se-Status mit der Biosynthese in Leberzelllinien untersucht. IL-6 führte zu einer starken Reduktion der SEPP-mRNA und einer dosisabhängigen Reduktion von SEPP. Parallel dazu reduzierte IL-6 das Transkriptlevel, die Proteinexpression und die Enzymaktivität der Typ-I-Dejodase (DIO1). Auf die Expression der antioxidativ-wirkenden Glutathionperoxidasen (GPX) wirkte IL-6 isozymspezifisch; während die Transkriptkonzentrationen von GPX2 anstiegen und die von GPX4 abnahmen, blieb GPX1 unbeeinflusst. Die IL-6-abhängigen Effekte bestätigten sich auch in Reportergenassays von SEPP-, DIO1-, GPX2- und GPX4-Promotorkonstrukten. Um die Wirkungen von AG auf die Selenoprotein-Translation besser zu verstehen, wurden die SECIS-Elemente von GPX1-, GPX4- und SEPP-Transkripten in ein Reportersystem kloniert und auf eine Regulation durch AG und Se analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der korrekte Se-Einbau vom Se-Status, von der AG-Konzentration und dem spezifischen SECIS-Element abhängig ist. Auf transkriptionaler und translationaler Ebene führten AG zu stark erhöhten SEPP-Spiegeln, während die Expression und Enzymaktivität von GPX und DIO1 nur in geringerem Ausmaß beeinflusst wurden. Eine Analyse der Se-Beladung zeigte, dass der Se-Gehalt von SEPP stark durch AG reduziert und vom Se-Status abhängig war.
Selenoproteins play important roles in antioxidant defence and immunoregulation. Selenium (Se) metabolism is controlled by hepatocytes synthesizing and secreting the Se-transporter selenoprotein P (SEPP) declining in critical illness, e.g., sepsis. Sepsis triggers excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics applied in sepsis in induce mRNA misinterpretation including the stop codon UGA required during selenoproteins biosynthesis. The molecular interplay between the cytokines IL-6, IL-1b and TNFa, AG and Se-status on selenoprotein expression was investigated in hepatic-derived cell lines. IL-6 strongly reduced the level of SEPP mRNA and secreted SEPP in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, expression of selenoenzyme type 1 deiodinase (DIO1) declined at the transcript, protein and enzyme activity level. The effects of IL-6 on the expression of antioxidative-acting glutathione peroxidases (GPX) were isozyme-specific; while transcript level of GPX2 increased and those of GPX4 decreased, GPX1 remained unaffected. IL-6-dependent effects were reflected in reporter gene experiments of selenoprotein promoter constructs. Characterising the effects of AG on selenoprotein translation, the SECIS-elements of GPX1, GPX4 and SEPP transcripts were cloned into a reporter system and analysed for their response to AG and Se. The results indicate that the correct co-translational Se-insertion depends on the Se-status, AG concentration and the specific SECIS-element. At both transcriptional and translational levels, SEPP levels were strongly increased in response to AG, whereas the expression and enzyme activity of GPX and DIO1 were affected to a lower degree. Analysis Se-status indicate that the Se-content of SEPP was strongly reduced by AG and depends on Se-status.

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22

Krehl, Susanne. "Das Selenoprotein Glutathionperoxidase-2 : physiologische Funktion und Einfluss auf die entzündungsassoziierte Colonkarzinogenese". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5022/.

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Bei der Entdeckung der Glutathionperoxidase-2 (GPx2) wurde zunächst davon ausgegangen, dass die Funktion dieses Enzyms im Kryptengrund des Colons einzig in der Reduktion von H2O2 besteht. Im Laufe der weiteren Erforschung zeigte sich, dass GPx2 auch in verschiedenen Tumorgeweben vermehrt exprimiert wird. Dabei wird diskutiert, ob die Wirkung von GPx2 im Tumor eher als pro- oder als antikarzinogen einzustufen ist. Mehrere Experimente in vitro und in vivo zeigten antiinflammatorische Eigenschaften der GPx2. Aufgrund dieser Befunde wird derzeit über weitere Funktionen der GPx2 spekuliert. In dieser Arbeit wurde die physiologische Funktion von GPx2 näher erforscht, dazu wurden Wildtyp- und GPx2-Knockout-Mäuse in Hinblick auf Veränderungen der Enzymexpression und der Colonmorphologie untersucht. Es wurden drei verschiedene Selendiäten verfüttert: selenarmes, selenadäquates und selensupplementiertes Futter. Unter physiologischen Bedingungen ist am Kryptengrund des Colons, innerhalb der proliferierenden Zone, die Mitoserate am höchsten. Der Großteil der apoptotischen Zellen ist hingegen an der Kryptenspitze vorzufinden. Durch den Knockout von GPx2 kam es zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Apoptoserate am Kryptengrund. Dabei war der größte Effekt auf selenarmem Futter zu verzeichnen. Hierbei wurde sogar eine Veränderung der Colonmorphologie dokumentiert, da die Verschiebung der Proliferationszone in Richtung Kryptenspitze eine Verlängerung der Krypten nach sich zog. Im Wildtyp wurden keine Apoptosen im Kryptengrund detektiert. GPx1 wird unter physiologischen Bedingungen im Gegensatz zur GPx2 in der Kryptenspitze exprimiert und ist im Selenmangel nicht mehr detektierbar. Der Knockout von GPx2 erhöhte die GPx1-Expression im Kryptengrund auf allen drei Selendiäten. Diese Überexpression von GPx1 am Kryptengrund soll vermutlich den Verlust von GPx2 an dieser Stelle kompensieren. Da jedoch dort die massive Apoptoserate detektiert wurde, kann die GPx1 nicht die komplette Funktion von GPx2 kompensieren. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Funktion von GPx2 nicht nur in der Reduktion von H2O2 liegt. Vielmehr kann eine Rolle bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Homöostase von Zellen postuliert werden. Ein weiterer Bestandteil dieser Arbeit war die Klärung der Frage, welchen Einfluss GPx2 auf die entzündungsassoziierte Colonkarzinogenese ausübt. In dem hierfür verwendeten AOM/DSS-Model wird der karzinogene Prozess durch Entzündung vorangetrieben. Es erfolgte sowohl im Wildtyp als auch im GPx2-Knockout zum einen die Bewertung des Entzündungsstatus des Colons und zum anderen wurde die Anzahl von ACF und Tumoren verglichen. Das Colon im GPx2-Knockout war wesentlich stärker entzündet als im Wildtyp. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die für die GPx2 postulierte antiinflammatorische Funktion. Normalerweise führt eine Erhöhung der Mitoseanzahl zur Regeneration des entzündeten Gewebes. Jedoch beeinflusst der Verlust von GPx2 vermutlich den Ablauf der Entzündung, indem beispielsweise die Regeneration des Gewebes durch die enorm hohe Apoptoserate am Kryptengrund verlangsamt wird. Des Weiteren hatten sich im GPx2-Knockout tendenziell mehr Tumore entwickelt. Somit korrelierte die Entzündung des Colons mit der Entwicklung von Tumoren. Der Verlust von GPx2 begünstigte vermutlich sowohl die Tumorinitiation als auch die Tumorprogression. Allerdings stimulierte die Expression von GPx2 ebenfalls das Tumorwachstum. Es kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass eine adäquate GPx2-Expression vor Entzündung schützt und somit das Risiko für Colonkrebs senkt. Ob GPx2 aber insgesamt pro- oder antikarzinogen wirkt, hängt vermutlich vom Stadium des Colonkarzinogenese ab.
Since the detection of glutathione peroxidase-2 (GPx2) it was assumed that reducing hydroperoxides is the only function of this enzyme in the crypt ground of the colon. But further studies showed that GPx2 is also highly expressed in tumor tissue. However, it is not known whether it acts a pro- or anticarcinogenic manner at this site. In vitro and in vivo experiments elucidate antiinflammatory features of GPx2, based on these findings additional functions of GPx2 are discussed. In this dissertation the physiological function of GPx2 was investigated. For this purpose in wild type and GPx2-knockout mice, changes of enzyme expression and colon morphology were analyzed. The mice were fed three diets containing different selenium concentrations: selenium deficient, selenium adequate and selenium supplemented. Under physiological conditions the mitosis rate is highest in the proliferating zone in the crypt ground of the colon. The majority of apoptotic cells are located at the tip of the crypt. The knockout of GPx2 significantly increased the rate of apoptosis in the crypt ground. The greatest effect was documented on the selenium deficient diet. Here, changes of the colonic morphology were detectable, because the shift of the proliferating zone towards the tip of the crypt lead to an extension of the crypts. In the wild type mice no apoptotic cells were detected on the crypt ground. Under physiological conditions GPx1, in contrast to GPx2, is mainly expressed on the top of the crypt, and this enzyme is no longer detectable under selenium deficiency. The knockout of GPx2 increased the expression of GPx1 in the crypt ground of the colon on all three selenium diets. It is likely that this over expression of GPx1 compensates for the loss of GPx2. However the massive apoptotic rate in the crypt ground shows that GPx1 can not compensate the complete function of GPx2. These results elucidate that GPx2 not only functions as a hydroperoxide reducer, but that it is also important for the maintenance of the stem cell character and the homeostasis of cells. The question if GPx2 influences the inflammation triggered by the coloncarcinogenic process was next assessed in this dissertation. Therefore the AOM/DSS model was used to trigger the carcinogenic process through inflammation. The amount of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumors in the colon were analyzed in both wild type and GPx2-knockout mice. However initially the inflammation status was compared between the two genotypes. The inflammation of the colon was stronger in the GPx2-knockout mice than in wild type. These results support the postulated antiinflammatory features of GPx2. The loss of GPx2 may influence the inflammation process by decelerating the regeneration of the tissue caused by the increased apoptotic rate in the proliferating zone. Additionally, the GPx2-knockout mice developed more tumors in the colon. Therefore the inflammation of the colon correlated with the development of tumors. The loss of GPx2 may have enhanced both tumor initiation and progression. But the expression of GPx2 also stimulated the growth of tumors. These results indicate that an adequate GPx2-expression can protect from colonic inflammation, and therefore decrease the risk of developing colon cancer. Whether GPx2 acts in a pro- or anticarcinogenic manner appears to depend on the state of the carcinogenic process.

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23

Xiao, Wusheng. "Metabolic oxidative stress, selenoprotein P, and cellular response to PCB3-quinone exposure". Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2025.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that are known to elicit adverse health effects including skin toxicity and cancer to animals and humans. 4-Monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3), a low-chlorinated airborne PCB conger is present in human blood and the environment. 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-benzo-2,5-quinone (4-ClBQ), a quinone metabolite of PCB3, has been shown to induce oxidative stress and toxicity in human mammary and prostate epithelial cells. These studies were designed to investigate and characterize the cellular responses to 4-ClBQ in HaCaT human skin keratinocytes. We found that 4-ClBQ treatment increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced toxicity in HaCaT cells. Results from a Human Antioxidant Mechanism PCR array and quantitative RT-PCR assay showed that the mRNA levels of antioxidant gene selenoprotein P (sepp1) and catalase were significantly downregulated by the treatment, which correlated with evident decreases in their protein levels and catalase enzymatic activity. Pharmacological (sodium selenite supplementation) and molecular (sepp1overexpression) manipulation of SEPP1 expression significantly suppressed 4-ClBQ induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Additional results demonstrated that decreased catalase expression was associated with an inhibition in transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator activated receptor Γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) expression. Overexpression of pgc-1α restored catalase expression and activity and consequently protected HaCaT cells from 4-ClBQ induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Furthermore, results from metabolic flux analysis using Seahorse XF96 Analyzer showed that 4-ClBQ treatment increased extracellular acidification rate, proton production rate, and oxygen consumption rate, which were associated with increases in glucose uptake and in the expression of glucose metabolism regulatory gene hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). G6PD is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. The enhanced expression of G6PD correlated with an increase in cellular glutathione content; and inhibition of G6PD activity sensitized HaCaT cells to 4-ClBQ induced toxicity, suggesting that the protective function of the pentose phosphate pathway is active in 4-ClBQ treated cells. Interestingly, we also found that 4-ClBQ selectively and significantly decreased mitochondrial complex II subunits C (sdhc) and D (sdhd) mRNA expression and subsequently reduced complex II activity leading to metabolic oxidative stress and toxicity, which were significantly suppressed by overexpressing sdhc and sdhd in HaCaT cells. Taken together, findings from this project demonstrate that 4-ClBQ treatment increases ROS production through perturbing cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function and decreases antioxidant capacity by inhibiting SEPP1 and catalase expression in HaCaT cells. This imbalance due to increased mitochondrial prooxidant production and decreased antioxidant capacity leads to oxidative stress and toxicity. Importantly, antioxidant supplementation could abrogate 4-ClBQ induced toxicity, suggesting that antioxidants, especially nutrient-based manipulation of selenoproteins could be promising countermeasures for PCB induced adverse health effects in humans.

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24

Behrends, Thomas. "Zur Interaktion von Genotyp und Ernährung bei Darmkrebs". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16661.

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Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, sowohl die Auswirkungen einer veränderten Selenversorgung über die Nahrung als auch die Rolle des zentralen Transport- und Speicherproteins für Selen (Selenoprotein P, SepP) auf die intestinale Tumorigenese tierexperimentell zu untersuchen. Eine gestörte SepP-Expression, führte zur Ausbildung größerer Tumore. Durch eine Steigerung der Selenversorgung über die Nahrung eine signifikante Reduktion von Tumoranzahl und Gesamttumorfläche erzielt werden. Hierzu wurde den Tieren ab Tag 21 das Vierfache der empfohlenen Tagesdosis (RDA) für Selen verabreicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zudem, dass die Auswirkungen einer verminderten SepP-Expression durch eine nutritive Se-Supplementation kompensiert werden können. Der Verlust eines SepP-Allels war mit einer gesteigerten Infiltration von Mastzellen ins Tumorgewebe und höheren Il6-Spiegeln im Serum assoziiert. Auch waren die Tumore dieser Versuchsgruppen schlechter differenziert. Diese Resultate weisen auf eine modulatorische Wirkung von SepP auf die krebsbedingte Immunantwort hin und unterstreichen eine zentrale Rolle dieses Selenoproteins in Bezug auf anti-kanzerogene Wirkmechanismen von Selen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen somit erstmals die Abhängigkeit protektiver Selen-vermittelter Effekte von einer optimalen SepP-Expression und die präventiven Fähigkeiten einer gesteigerten Selenzufuhr zur Kompensation eines nachteiligen Genotyps. Somit können gerade Menschen, die z.B. aufgrund ihrer genetischen Prädisposition ein erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko aufweisen von einer gesteigerten präventiven Supplementation profitieren. Dennoch zeigen Vorarbeiten und die Ergebnisse zu den transgenen Versuchstieren, dass es gerade in Bezug auf eine therapeutische Anwendung unabdingbar ist, ein wachstumsförderndes Potential einer solchen Intervention nach erfolgter Tumorinitiation auszuschließen. Hierzu muss in weitergehenden Studien noch eine geeignete Strategie entwickelt und getestet werden.
The aim of this work was to evaluate to which extend the gene expression of the central transport and storage protein for selenium (Selenoprotein P, SepP) is required to mediate health promoting effects and if these effects can be modulated by selenium supplementation. SepP+/--mice were crossed with Apcmin/+-mice to elucidate the potential disadvantage of a decreased SepP-expression. A third mouse strain, expressing human SEPP in liver, was used to study the beneficial effects of additional circulating human SEPP. Two diets with different selenium content were used to obtain better insights into how SepP-expression influences intestinal tumorigenesis. The loss of one SepP-allele resulted in the development of larger tumors. Overall tumor-count and -area could be reduced by increasing nutritional selenium concentrations. Increased tumorigenesis could thus be compensated for raising nutritional Se concentrations. Interestingly, the additional expression of human SEPP did not elicit any cancer-preventive action. An increased number of mast cells was found in tumorous tissue of SepP+/--mice. This was accompanied by a lower differentiation state and higher Il6 concentrations in serum of heterozygous mice. The results indicate that the SepP genotype is modulating the immune response and highlight the central role of SepP in mediating the anti-cancerogenic effects of Se. We are the first to show that protective effects of Se are related to the expression of SepP and that the negative outcome of a reduced expression can be alleviated by raising nutritional Se supply. Individuals with a higher risk for colorectal cancer may thus benefit from supplementation strategies. Nevertheless the data obtained from transgenic mice and the results of previous studies indicate that therapeutic administration of Se should be handled with care. Especially the potential danger of supplemental Se promoting tumor growth in advanced stages should be addressed in further investigations.

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25

Mitchell, Julie H. "Selenium and iodine deficiency : effects on selenoprotein expression and thyroid hormone metabolism in the rat". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296019.

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The aims of the work described in this thesis, were to develop concurrent selenium and iodine deficiencies in rats at different stages of maturity and to study the effects on selenoprotein expression, thyroid hormone metabolism, and brain biochemistry and development. The brain and thyroid gland are able to retain selenium at the expense of the liver when dietary supplies of the micronutrient are limited. Within the brain and thyroid, available selenium is primarily directed towards the synthesis of ID-I and ID-II. The lack of change or increase in thyroidal ID-I activity, in contrast with the >90% decrease in hepatic ID-I activity, provides a compensatory mechanism to maintain plasma T3 concentrations by the decreased hepatic catabolism of T3 as well as an increased thyroidal T3 synthesis. Brain selenoenzyme activity and expression remains relatively constant in selenium deficiency. In iodine deficiency, decreased plasma T4 concentrations stimulate the increased secretion of TSH which acts on the thyroid to increase the metabolic activity of the gland. This causes an increased requirement for selenoproteins in the thyroid gland to both increase the synthesis of T4 and T3 and to protect the gland from peroxidative damage. In combined selenium and iodine deficiency, the TSH-induced increase in thyroid hormone synthesis may cause an oxidant stress on the thyroid gland through increased H₂O₂ production. In selenium and iodine deficiencies female rats supply available micronutrient to their offspring via milk and pups are able to activate similar compensatory mechanisms as adult rats to maintain thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Brains ID-II activity is increased in iodine deficiency, regardless of selenium status, which protects against a potential decrease in brain T3 concentrations.

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26

Dacleu, Siewe Vanessa. "Molecular and structural bases of selenoprotein N dysfunction in diverse forms of congenital muscular dystrophies". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ127.

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Les Selenoprotéines sont des protéines contenant un résidu sélénocystéine (U) dans leur séquence en acide amines. Vingt-cinq sélénoprotéines constituent le sélénoprotéome humain. Parmi elles, la sélénoprotéine N ou SelenoN ; des mutations dans le gène SELENON donnent lieu à un groupe de dystrophies musculaires congénitales appelées myopathies liées à SELENON. SelenoN est une protéine membranaire glycosylée de 72 kDa localisée dans le réticulum endoplasmique. Sa séquence en acide aminés contient le motif redox SCUG, similaire à celui des thioredoxines réductases. Elle contient de même un domaine EF-hand qui est un domaine de liaison au calcium. Des études ont récemment démontré l’implication de cette protéine dans l’établissement et la maintenance du muscle squelettique. D’autres études ont montré qu’elle joue un rôle dans la protection contre le stress oxydatif et l’homéostasie du calcium. Cependant, le mécanisme catalytique de SelenoN reste inconnu à ce jour. Le projet décrit dans cette thèse s’intéresse à la caractérisation, la cristallisation et la comparaison des SelenoNs d’une bactérie, Candidatus poribacteriae, et du poisson zèbre. Les études bio-informatiques ont démontré que SelenoN bactérienne et du poisson zèbre partagent 37% d’identité et un domaine commun correspondant à un repliement de type thioredoxine de fonction inconnue, contenant le motif redox. Les caractérisations biophysiques ont démontré que les deux protéines sont naturellement bien repliées et riche en hélices α. La protéine bactérienne comportant en C-terminal de sa séquence en acide aminé un domaine thioredoxine additionnel, présente une forme étendue et est sous forme monomérique tandis que la protéine du poisson zèbre est un dimère compact. Des caractérisations biochimiques ont montré que le Ca2+ influence l’oligomérisation ou la conformation de SelenoN du poisson zèbre. Des cristaux initiaux de la protéine eucaryote sous sa forme déglycosylée ont pu être obtenus. La cristallisation de la protéine bactérienne a permis d’obtenir des cristaux appartenant à deux groupes d’espaces, avec des paramètres de cellule différents. Néanmoins, un modèle partiel à 2.3 Å couvrant le domaine C-terminal thioredoxine additionnel de SelenoN bactérienne a été obtenu. L’ensemble de ces résultats permettent de poser les bases de l’étude structure-fonction de SelenoN. L’expression, la purification et la cristallisation ont été optimisées et une stratégie pour résoudre la structure 3D de la protéine est proposée
Selenoproteins are proteins containing a selenocysteine residue (U) in their amino acid sequence. Twenty-five proteins constitute the human selenoproteome. Among them is Selenoprotein N or SelenoN; mutations in the SELENON gene can lead to a group of congenital dystrophies now designated as SELENON-related myopathies. SelenoN is a 72 kDa membrane and glycosylated protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. It handles in its amino acid sequence a redox motif SCUG like the one of thioredoxin reductases, and an EF-hand domain which is a calcium binding site. Recent studies showed the implication of SelenoN in muscle development and maintenance, and position its function at the crossroad between oxidative stress control and calcium homeostasis. However, its catalytic function remains elusive. The research project presented in this thesis concerns the crystallization, characterization and comparison of one bacterial and the zebrafish SelenoNs. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the two proteins share 37% degree of identity and a common domain which corresponds to a thioredoxin fold of unknown function which includes the redox motif SCUG. From the biophysical characterization, both recombinant proteins are found to be naturally well-folded and enriched in α-helical domains. The bacterial SelenoN which handles an additional C-terminal thioredoxin domain is an extended monomer whereas zebrafish SelenoN is a compact dimer. Biochemical characterization indicated that Ca2+ binding mediates zSelenoN oligomerization. Initial crystals of the zSelenoN in its deglycosylated form were obtained. Bacterial SelenoN crystallization yielded crystals belonging to two different space groups with different cell parameters. An initial partial model covering the C-terminal thioredoxin domain of the bacterial SelenoN was obtained at 2.3Å. Together, these results lay a foundation for the structure-function studies of SelenoN. Conditions for recombinant bacterial and zebrafish SelenoNs expression, purification and crystallization were optimized and strategies for solving the structure are being proposed

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27

Santesmasses, Ruiz Didac 1978. "Selenoproteins across the tree of life: Methods and applications". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565634.

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La selenocïsteina és coneguda com a l'aminoàcid 21. Les selenoproteïnes incorporen selenocïsteina en resposta a codons UGA específics mitjançant un mecanisme de recodificació, el qual és present en els tres dominis de la vida, però no en tots els organismes. Els programes estàndard per a la predicció de gens consideren UGA només com a codó stop, per aquesta raó l'anotació de selenoproteínes és, generalment, incorrecte. Hem desenvolupat mètodes computacionals per a la predicció de selenoproteïnes. Mitjançant l'aplicació d'aquestes i altres eines, hem caracteritzat selenoproteïnes a través de l'Arbre de la Vida, on hem observat una evolució dinàmica en la utilització de selenocïsteina en els diferents llinatges. Hem caracteritzat l'abundància i distribució de selenoproteïnes en el microbioma humà. Hem caracteritzat les selenoproteïnes presents a Lokiarchaeota, les quals presenten trets eucariòtics. Finalment hem dedicat especial atenció als insectes, en els quals una progressiva reducció en el nombre de selenoproteïnes culminà en múltiples extincions de selenoproteïnes en esdeveniments evolutius independents.
Selenocysteine is known as the 21st amino acid. Selenoproteins incorporate selenocysteine in response to specific UGA codons through a recoding mechanism, which present in the three domains of life, but not in all organisms. Standard gene prediction programs consider UGA only as stop, and selenoproteins are normally misannotated. We have developed computational methods for prediction of selenoproteins. By applying these and other tools, we have characterized selenoproteins across the Tree of Life, showing a diverse evolution of the utilization of selenocysteine in different lineages. We have characterized the abundance and distribution of selenoproteins in the human microbiota. We characterized the selenoproteins in Lokiarchaeota, which have some eukaryotic-like features. Finally we gave special attention to insects, in which a progressive reduction in the number of selenoproteins culminated in multiple independent selenoprotein extinctions.

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28

Walter, Philippe Laurent. "Aktivierung des Akt-FoxO-Signalweges durch Insulin und Schwermetallionen transkriptionelle Regulation der Biosynthese von Selenoprotein P /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98042660X.

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29

Olsson, Maja. "Tenomodulin, serum amyloid A and the serum amyloid A receptor selenoprotein S : implications for metabolic disease /". Göteborg : Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21942.

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30

Gong, Guanyu. "Effects of selenium depletion and selenoprotein knockdown on inflammatory signalling in a gut epithelial cell line". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1088.

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Selenium is a micronutrient essential for human health. Low Se intake versus Se supplementation have been reported to elevate and lower mortality from colorectal cancer. Se is present in selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidases (GPx) 1-4. GPxs are antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from excessive oxidative stress and they may have a role in maintaining innate immunity homeostasis against inflammatory stimulation from exposure to luminal bacteria. This thesis describes studies of the regulatory effects of Se depletion and selenoprotein knockdown in the gastrointestinal cell line Caco-2 in relation to inflammatory responses. A luciferase reporter model was developed in which Caco-2 cells were stably transfected with gene constructs in which luciferase expression was under the control of regulatory elements that bind the Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF B), a transcription factor central to inflammatory signaling pathways (Chapter 3). As a control reporter luciferase coding sequences were linked to a TATA box. When Caco-2 cells expressing these constructs were grown in Se-deficient conditions, a 30% increase of reporter activity and a 50% increase in endogenous interleukin 8 mRNA levels were observed after stimulation with TNF . In comparison, no changes in reporter activity were found in Se-deficient cells after stimulation with flagellin (Chapter 4). Small interfering RNA was used to knockdown expression of individual selenoproteins including GPx1, GPx4, SelW and SelH (Chapter 5). Knockdown of GPx1 expression by ~55% led to a 25% decrease of reporter activity and a 17% decrease of IL8 mRNA level after stimulation with TNF ✁ . Knockdown of SelW or SelH expression had no observable effect on reporter activity. In addition, Se depletion elevated cellular ROS production as assessed by Carboxy-2’7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining whereas GPx1 knockdown had no significant effect (Chapter 5). Knockdown of GPx4 by 85%, as assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting, had little effect on TNF -driven luciferase activity. However, GPx4 knockdown lowered flagellin-induced reporter activity by 20% and interleukin 8 mRNA levels by 40% (Chapter 6). It is concluded that 1] low Se supply affects NF B inflammatory response in Caco-2 cells, 2] the exact role of different selenoproteins in this effect remains to be elucidated, and 3] the endogenous and exogenous inflammatory responses in Caco-2 cells are differentially regulated by Se supply and by antioxidant selenoproteins.

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31

Donadio, Janaina Lombello Santos. "Influence of different genotypes in the pattern of selenoprotein expression in response to Brazil nut supplementation". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-28042016-102425/.

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The micronutrient selenium is essential to human physiology. As the amino acid selenocysteine, it is inserted into selenoproteins with a wide range of functions including antioxidant capacity, thyroid hormone metabolism, improvement of immune system, brain function, fertility and reproduction. Low selenium status has been associated with increased risk for chronic diseases, such as cancer, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this context, several studies have been conducted in order to investigate if selenium supplementation could reduce the risk of such diseases. However, genetic variations may interfere in the response of individuals to a dietary intervention and must be considered as a important source of inter-individual variation. Therefore, this study was conducted was conducted to investigate the influence of genetic variations in selenoproteins genes on the response to an intervention with Brazil nuts, the richest source of selenium known in nature. The study included 130 healthy volunteers with both genders, aged 20 to 60 years old selected in University of São Paulo. They received nuts for 8 weeks, eating one nut a day, and did a washout period for more 8 weeks. All volunteers had a blood sampling collection every 4 weeks during 4 months, in a total of 5. The following analysis were done: anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, plasma malondialdehyde, plasma and erythrocyte Se, selenoprotein P, plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity, gene expression of GPX1, SEPP1, SELS and SEP15. The volunteers were also genotyped for SNPs rs1050450, rs3811699, rs1800699, rs713041, rs3877899, rs7579, rs34713741 and rs5845. Each unit of Brazil nut provided an average of 300 µg of selenium. All 130 volunteers completed the protocol. The concentrations of total cholesterol and glucose decreased after 8 weeks of supplementation. Moreover, HDL concentrations were higher for carriers of the variant T allele for GPX4_rs713041. The frequencies of the variant genotypes were 5,4% for rs1050450, rs3811699 e rs1088668, 10% for rs3877899, 19,2% for rs713041 e rs7579, 11,5% for rs5845 and 8,5% for rs34713741. The levels of the five biomarkers increased significantly after supplementation. In addition, erythrocyte GPx activity was influenced by rs1050450, rs713041 and rs5845; erythrocyte selenium was influenced by rs5845 and plasma selenium by rs3877899. Gene expression of GPX1, SEPP1 and SEP15 were higher after supplementation. The SNP rs1050450 influenced GPX1 mRNA expression and rs7579 influenced SEPP1 mRNA expression. Therefore, it can be concluded that the supplementation with one of Brazil nut for 8 weeks was efficient to reduce total cholesterol and glucose levels and to increase the concentrations of the main biomarkers of selenium status in healthy adults. Furthermore, our results suggest that GPX4_rs713041 might interfere on HDL concentrations and GPx1 activity, GPX1_rs1050450 might interfere on GPx1 activity, SEP15_rs5845 might interfere on GPx1 activity and erythrocyte selenium and SEPP1_3877899 might interfere on plasma Se levels. Therefore, the effect of genetic variations should be considered in future nutritional interventions evaluating the response to Brazil nut supplementation.
O micronutriente selênio é essencial para a fisiologia humana, inserido nas selenoproteínas na forma do aminoácido selenocisteína. As selenoproteínas são importantes para a função antioxidante, controle do metabolismo dos hormônios tireoidianos, melhora do sistema imune, função cerebral, fertilidade e reprodução. O estado nutricional de selênio deficiente ou marginal está associado com aumento do risco de doenças crônicas, como câncer, diabetes e doença cardiovascular. Sendo assim, diversos estudos procuraram investigar se a suplementação com selênio poderia reduzir o risco dessas doenças. Entretanto, as variações genéticas podem afetar a resposta dos indivíduos a uma intervenção dietética. Portanto, esse estudo foi conduzido para investigar a influência de variações genéticas em genes de selenoproteínas na resposta à suplementação com castanha-do-brasil, melhor fonte de selênio da natureza. Participaram do estudo 130 adultos de ambos os gêneros, com idade de 20 a 60 anos, selecionados na Universidade de São Paulo. Os indivíduos receberam castanhas suficientes para 8 semanas, ingerindo uma unidade por dia e, após o período de suplementação realizaram um período de washout também por 8 semanas. Todos realizaram cinco coletas de material biológico a cada quatro semanas. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas, perfil lipídico, malondialdeído (MDA), concentração de selênio e selenoproteína P no plasma, eritrócitos, atividade da GPx eritrocitária e plasmática, expressão gênica da GPX1, SEPP1, SELS e SEP15. Além disso, os participantes foram genotipados para os SNPs rs1050450, rs3811699, rs1800699, rs713041, rs3877899, rs7579, rs34713741 e rs5845. Cada unidade de castanha forneceu em média 350µg de selênio. Todos os 130 voluntários concluíram o estudo. As concentrações de glicose e colesterol total diminuíram após 8 semanas de suplementação. Além disso, as concentrações de HDL-c foram influenciadas pelo SNP rs713041 no gene da GPX4, sendo os valores mais altos encontrados para os indivíduos com o alelo variante T (CT+TT). As frequências dos genótipos variantes foram 5,4% para rs1050450, rs3811699 e rs1088668, 10% para rs3877899, 19,2% para rs713041 e rs7579, 11,5% para rs5845 e 8,5% para rs34713741. Os níveis dos cinco biomarcadores aumentaram significativamente após a suplementação. Além disso, a atividade da GPx eritrocitária foi influenciada pelos rs1050450, rs713041 e rs5845, o selênio eritrocitário foi influenciado pelo rs5845 e o selênio plasmático pelo rs3877899. A expressão dos genes GPX1 e SEPP foram maiores após a suplementação. Tendo em vista esses resultados, conclui-se que a suplementação com uma unidade de castanha-do-brasil durante 8 semanas foi suficiente para reduzir as concentrações de colesterol e de glicose, e elevar as concentrações dos principais biomarcadores do estado nutricional de selênio. Além disso, observou-se que o polimorfismo rs713041 parece influenciar as concentrações de HDL-c e atividade da GPx1, o polimorfismo rs1050450 parece influenciar a atividade da GPx1, o polimorfismo rs5845 parece influenciar a atividade da GPx1 e o selênio eritrocitário e o polimorfismo rs3877899 parece influenciar a o selênio plasmático. Portanto, sugere-se considerar o perfil genético dos indivíduos em futuros estudos avaliando a resposta à suplementação com castanha-do-brasil no estado nutricional de selênio da população.

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Hybsier, Sandra [Verfasser]. "Einflussfaktoren auf Biomarker des Selenstatus ermittelt mit einem neu etablierten und kalibrierten Selenoprotein P ELISA / Sandra Hybsier". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1176631837/34.

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Zuck, Catrin Margarita [Verfasser] y Viktoria [Akademischer Betreuer] Bogner-Flatz. "Selen und Selenoprotein P - Beeinflussung der Entzündungsreaktion bei polytraumatisierten patienten / Catrin Margarita Zuck ; Betreuer: Viktoria Bogner-Flatz". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187135666/34.

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Gursinsky, Torsten. "Selenoprotein-codierende mRNAs aus Eubacterium acidaminophilum Erkennung durch den Selenocystein-spezifischen Elongationsfaktor SelB und Translation in Escherichia coli /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967124549.

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Endermann, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Die Selen-abhängige Tumorigenese im Mausmodell: Einfluss des Selenoprotein P-Genotyps und des COX2-Hemmers Sulindac / Tobias Endermann". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045195022/34.

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Hotze, Anna-Lena [Verfasser], Sven [Gutachter] Schinner y Miriam [Gutachter] Cortese-Krott. "Zur Lokalisation und Regulation von Selenoprotein P in pankreatischen Betazellen / Anna-Lena Hotze ; Gutachter: Sven Schinner, Miriam Cortese-Krott". Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122264291/34.

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Dudhal, Swati. "Selenoprotein N as a novel regulator of the muscle progenitor’s cell fate decision process : balancing differentiation and self-renewal". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC288.

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Les mutations du gène codant la sélénoprotéine N (SEPN1) provoquent une myopathie congénitale nommée SEPN1-related myopathy (SEPN1-RM), caractérisée par une faiblesse et une amyotrophie majeures des muscles du cou et du tronc, une scoliose et une insuffisance respiratoire potentiellement létale. SEPN1-RM a été associée avec un stress oxydant, une diminution de la population de cellules souches musculaires (cellules satellites) et des défauts de la régénération musculaire. Avec l’objectif de rechercher les mécanismes impliqués dans ces défauts, et en particulier un rôle potentiel de SEPN1 dans la régulation de l’équilibre entre le renouvellement et la différentiation du pool de cellules satellites, j’ai étudié des cellules satellites primaires de souris knocked-out pour Sepn1et la lignée musculaire murine C2C12 knocked-down pour Sepn1à différents stades de différentiation (cellules quiescentes, myoblastes etmyotubes). Utilisant un système de suspension pour générer une quiescence synchronisée des C2C12, j’ai trouvé que l’absence de SEPN1 dans les cellules en G0 n’est pas incompatible avec la sortie et le retour dans le cycle cellulaire, mais entraîne une moindre sous-régulation de l’expression de deux facteurs clé de la différentiation myogénique (augmentation des transcrits de MYOD1etMYOG par rapport aux contrôles) et une augmentation des niveaux de Cycline D1 (mRNAdeCCND1) en conditions de quiescence. Des études de microarrayet deqRT-PCR ont montré que la déplétion de SEPN1 dans des C2C12 prolifératives est associée à une augmentation significative de l’expression des facteurs de transcription myogéniques MYOG and MYOD1. En parallèle, des études d’immunoblot ont confirmé un niveau augmenté des protéines régulatrices du cycle cellulaire p21 and Cyclin D3 en conditions de prolifération. De plus, des cellules satellites primaires isolées à partir des muscles gastrocnemiusetplantarisde souris KO Sepn1ont montré une fusion accélérée des myoblastes au cours de la différentiation myogénique initiale. Par la suite, j’ai explore les voies mécanistiques impliquées dans ce phénotype cellulaire par western blot et/ou qRT-PCR utilisant des cellulesC2C12 knocked-down pour Sepn1. J’ai pu montrer l’absence de changements nets des voies de l’AMPK et p38, ainsi que du taux d’expression des marqueurs de stress du réticulum endoplasmique GRP78 oucalnexine. Par contre, nos données suggèrent que les voies HDAC5 etmTOR pourraient être impliquées dans le phénotype de différentiation musculaire accélérée. En conclusion, la déplétion de SEPN1 entraîne une quiescence incomplète et une différentiation myogénique accélérée. Par conséquent, ce travail identifie SEPN1 comme un nouveau régulateur du processus de décision du destin cellulaire des progéniteurs musculaires, l’absence de SEPN1 favorisant la différentiation au détriment du renouvellement cellulaire. Ces résultats peuvent contribuer à expliquer la déplétion de la population de cellules satellites et les défauts de régénération observés dans les modèles de SEPN1-RM, et aider à identifier de nouveaux biomarqueurs cellulaires qui seront utiles à l’avenir pour évaluer des approches thérapeutiques
Mutations of Selenoprotein N (SEPN1) cause a congenital myopathy, SEPN1-related myopathy (SEPN1-RM), characterized by severe weakness and wasting of neck and trunk muscles, scoliosis and lethal respiratory failure. SEPN1-RM has been associated with oxidative stress, reduced satellite cell population and defective muscle regeneration. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, particularly a potential role of SEPN1 in regulating the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of the satellite cell pool, I used Sepn1 KO mice primary satellite cells and C2C12 cells knocked down for Sepn1, at different stages of differentiation (quiescent cells, myoblasts and myotubes). Using a suspension system to generate synchronized quiescence on C2C12, I found that Sepn1 absence in G0 cells does not prevent cell cycle exiting and re-entering but prevents normal downregulation of two key myogenic factors (MYOD1 and MYOG mRNAs) and leads to higher Cyclin D1 levels (CCND1 mRNA) in quiescence conditions. Microarray and qRT-PCR studies showed that Sepn1 depletion in proliferative C2C12 cells leads to significant increase in the levels of the transcription factors MYOG and MYOD1. In parallel, immunoblot analysis showed an increased expression of the cell cycle regulator proteins p21 and Cyclin D3. Moreover, primary murine satellite cells isolated from gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles from the Sepn1 KO mice showed increased myoblast fusion during early myogenic differentiation. Next, I explored the mechanistic pathways leading to this cell phenotype by western blots and/or qRT-PCR using Sepn1 knockdown C2C12 cells. I found no clear-cut abnormalities of the AMPK or the p38 mediated pathways, and no consistent changes in the expression of the ER stress markers GRP78 or calnexin. In contrast, our data suggest that HDAC5 and mTOR could be involved in the accelerated differentiation phenotype. Other mechanistic studies are in the progress. In conclusion, lack of SEPN1 leads to incomplete quiescence and accelerated myogenic differentiation. Thus, we identify SEPN1 as a novel regulator of the muscle progenitor’s cell fate decision process and SEPN1 depletion favors differentiation over self-renewal. These results potentially explain the depletion of the satellite cell population and the regeneration defect in SEPN1-RM models, and identify novel biomarkers useful to assess potential therapeutic interventions

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AlHomidani, Hamad H. "Genetics of inflammatory mediators, in particular interleukin 6 and selenoprotein S, that have a role in coronary artery disease". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/809021/.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is inflammatory and caused by genetic/environmental factors. Interleukin (IL) 6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in CAD. Selenoprotein S (SelS) has recently been implicated in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Several IL6 and SelS polymorphisms are associated with increased CAD risk. The aim of this project was to investigate the role of polymorphisms of IL6 (-6331 T/C,-597 G/A ,-572 G/C), IL-6R (rs8192284A/C, Asp358Ala) and SelS (-1500 A/C,+3705 G/A,+5227 C/T, and +9000 C/G) on the expression of their mRNA/proteins. This will help us understand the role of these SNPs in risk of CAD/ Myocardial infarction (MI). Flow cytometry was used to assess the surface expression of the macrophage differentiation-specific markers CD14 and CD11c, and IL-6R by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)- derived macrophages. Messenger RNA levels were determined by quantitative PCR (QPCR) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β-stimulated THP-1 cells and in PBMC-derived macrophages from healthy donors. SelS protein expression was analysed by Western blotting. Cell culture supernatants were assayed for cytokine production by flow cytometry (Cytokine Bead Array). Gene expression (mRNA and protein) was compared to IL6 and SelS genotype and haplotype. CD11c-hi, CD14-lo expression on 8-day cultured PBMCs confirmed their differentiation state as macrophage. The effect of LPS or IL-1β at 8 hours on SelS mRNA expression of SelS combined data did not show a significant increase but SelS mRNA was upregulated in LPS-induced +CATG SelS haplotype in PBMC-derived macrophages. +CATG SelS Haplotype did not increase the SelS protein concentration in either LPS or IL-1β stimulated PBMC-derived macrophages at 8 hours time point. SelS-1500 CC genotype was associated with high SelS fold induction in PBMC-derived macrophages treated by LPS. IL6 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in LPS-stimulated THP-1. IL-1β- and LPS-induced +TGG, +TAG and +CGG haplotypes in PBMC-derived macrophages. IL6 protein production was also significantly increased in the LPS-induced +TAG and +CGG haplotypes. IL6-597A allele increased the IL6 mRNA fold induction. Interestingly, PBMCs from people with the IL6 TAG haplotype (or –597A allele) have higher IL6 and in contrast, lower SelS at baseline and IL-1β. CD126 (IL-6R) expression was very low on PBMC-derived macrophages, suggesting that classical IL6 signalling may not occur in these PBMCs. In conclusion, SelS mRNA was up-regulated in LPS-induced +CATG SelS haplotype in PBMC-derived macrophages. +CATG SelS Haplotype did not increase the SelS protein concentration in either LPS or IL-1β stimulated PBMC-derived macrophages at 8 hours time point. SelS-1500 CC genotype was associated with high SelS fold induction in PBMC-derived macrophages treated by LPS. The individuals with +TAG IL6 haplotype (or IL6-597 A allele) show greater induction with pro-inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, PBMCs from people with the IL6 TAG haplotype (or –597A allele) have lower SelS at baseline and following IL-1β (and probably also LPS) stimulation.

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Eckers, Jaimee Claire. "SEPP1 and FoxM1 regulate oxidative stress-mediated radiation response". Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1449.

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Radiation is a common mode of cancer therapy that is well known to generate reactive oxygen species leading to cell damage and death. However, there are many limitations to radiation therapy including normal tissue toxicity and the presence of quiescent cancer cells that are radio-resistant. There are many factors that regulate normal and cancer cell radiation response including the cellular redox environment which includes a complex network of antioxidants. In this study, two specific objectives will be explored: (A) SEPP1 regulation of normal cell toxicity; and (B) FoxM1 regulation of quiescence-associated radiation resistance in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Results from DHE-oxidation analysis show that in irradiated proliferating normal cells there is a late ROS accumulation that occurs independent of cell cycle checkpoint activation and precedes cell death. Additionally, Q-RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis show an increase in Selenoprotein P (SEPP1) expression following radiation. SEPP1 is an extracellular glycoprotein with proposed selenium transport and antioxidant functions. However, pretreatment of normal cells with sodium selenite or overexpression of sepp1 is able to mitigate radiation-induced normal cell toxicity. It is well-accepted that quiescent populations exist in most solid tumors and are often the reason for tumor recurrence. In this study, we see that quiescent head and neck cancer cells that are resistant to radiation have low basal expression of Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) compared to proliferating cancer cells. FoxM1 is a transcription factor that has recently been implicated in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Results indicate that although basal expression is low in quiescent cells, following irradiation FoxM1 is increased in quiescent cancer cells but not in proliferating cancer cells. Additionally, pharmacological and genetic knockdown of FoxM1 led to sensitization of quiescent cancer cells indicating that FoxM1 inhibitors could be useful radiation sensitizers. Together, these objectives will help to identify possible treatment options to use in addition to radiation therapy to better target quiescence-associated resistant tumors and induce less normal cell toxicity.

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40

Banning, Antje. "Selenabhängige Glutathionperoxidasen als Mediatoren und Ziele der intrazellulären Redoxregulation : Identifizierung der GI-GPx als Ziel für Nrf2 und der PHGPx". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/543/.

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Das 1817 erstmals schriftlich erwähnte Selen galt lange Zeit nur als toxisch und sogar als procancerogen, bis es 1957 von Schwarz und Foltz als essentielles Spurenelement erkannt wurde, dessen biologische Funktionen in Säugern durch Selenoproteine vermittelt werden. Die Familie der Glutathionperoxidasen nimmt hierbei eine wichtige Stellung ein. Für diese sind konkrete Funktionen und die dazugehörigen molekularen Mechanismen, welche über die von ihnen katalysierte Hydroperoxidreduktion und damit verbundene antioxidative Kapazität hinausgehen, bislang nur unzureichend beschrieben worden.

Die Funktion der gastrointestinalen Glutathionperoxidase (GI-GPx) wird als Barriere gegen eine Hydroperoxidabsorption im Gastrointestinaltrakt definiert. Neuen Erkenntnissen zufolge wird die GI-GPx aber auch in verschiedenen Tumoren verstärkt exprimiert, was weitere, bis dato unbekannte, Funktionen dieses Enzymes wahrscheinlich macht.
Um mögliche neue Funktionen der GI-GPx, vor allem während der Cancerogenese, abzuleiten, wurde hier die transkriptionale Regulation der GI-GPx detaillierter untersucht. Die Sequenzanalyse des humanen GI-GPx-Promotors ergab das Vorhandensein von zwei möglichen "antioxidant response elements" (ARE), bei welchen es sich um Erkennungssequenzen des Transkriptionsfaktors Nrf2 handelt. Die meisten der bekannten Nrf2-Zielgene gehören in die Gruppe der Phase-II-Enzyme und verfügen über antioxidative und/oder detoxifizierende Eigenschaften. Sowohl auf Promotorebene als auch auf mRNA- und Proteinebene konnte die Expression der GI-GPx durch typische, in der Nahrung enthaltene, Nrf2-Aktivatoren wie z.B. Sulforaphan oder Curcumin induziert werden. Eine direkte Beteiligung von Nrf2 wurde durch Cotransfektion von Nrf2 selbst bzw. von Keap1, das Nrf2 im Cytoplasma festhält, demonstriert. Somit konnte die GI-GPx eindeutig als Nrf2-Zielgen identifiziert werden. Ob sich die GI-GPx in die Gruppe der antiinflammatorischen und anticancerogenen Phase-II-Enzyme einordnen lässt, bleibt noch zu untersuchen.

Die Phospholipidhydroperoxid Glutathionperoxidase (PHGPx) nimmt aufgrund ihres breiten Substratspektrums, ihrer hohen Lipophilie und ihrer Fähigkeit, Thiole zu modifizieren, eine Sonderstellung innerhalb der Familie der Glutathionperoxidasen ein. Mit Hilfe eines PHGPx-überexprimierenden Zellmodells wurden deshalb Beeinflussungen des zellulären Redoxstatus und daraus resultierende Veränderungen in der Aktivität redoxsensitiver Transkriptionsfaktorsysteme und in der Expression atheroskleroserelevanter Adhäsionsmoleküle untersucht. Als Transkriptionsfaktoren wurden NF-kB und Nrf2 ausgewählt. Die Bindung von NF-kB an sein entsprechendes responsives Element in der DNA erfordert das Vorhandensein freier Thiole, wohingegen Nrf2 durch Thiolmodifikation von Keap1 freigesetzt wird und in den Kern transloziert. Eine erhöhte Aktivität der PHGPx resultierte in einer Erhöhung des Verhältnisses von GSH zu GSSG, andererseits aber in einer verminderten Markierbarkeit freier Proteinthiole. PHGPx-Überexpression reduzierte die IL-1-induzierte NF-kB-Aktivität, die sich in einer verminderten NF-kB-DNA-Bindefähigkeit und Transaktivierungsaktivität ausdrückte. Auch war die Proliferationsrate der Zellen vermindert. Die Expression des NF-kB-regulierten vaskulären Zelladhäsionsmoleküls, VCAM-1, war ebenfalls deutlich verringert. Umgekehrt war in PHGPx-überexprimierenden Zellen eine erhöhte Nrf2-Aktivität und Expression der Nrf2-abhängigen Hämoxygenase-1 zu verzeichnen. Letzte kann für die meisten der beobachteten Effekte verantwortlich gemacht werden.

Die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass eine Modifizierung von Proteinthiolen als wichtige Determinante für die Regulation der Expression und Funktion von Glutathionperoxidasen angesehen werden kann. Entgegen früheren Vermutungen, welche oxidative Vorgänge generell mit pathologischen Veränderungen assoziierten, scheint ein moderater oxidativer Stress, bedingt durch eine transiente Thiolmodifikation, durchaus günstige Auswirkungen zu haben, da, wie hier dargelegt, verschiedene, miteinander interagierende, cytoprotektive Mechanismen ausgelöst werden. Hieran wird deutlich, dass sich "antioxidative Wirkung" oder "oxidativer Stress" keineswegs nur auf "gute" oder "schlechte" Vorgänge beschränken lassen, sondern im Zusammenhang mit den beeinflussten (patho)physiologischen Prozessen und dem Ausmaß der "Störung" des physiologischen Redoxgleichgewichtes betrachtet werden müssen.
Selenium was discovered in 1817 by the Swedish chemist Berzelius and was for a long time considered as being toxic and even procarcinogenic. In 1957, however, Schwarz and Foltz realized that selenium is an essential trace element which elicits its biological functions in mammals as a structural component of selenoproteins among which the family of glutathione peroxidases plays a dominant role. Glutathione peroxidases reduce hydroperoxides to the corresponding alcohols and contribute to the antioxidative capacity of a cell. However, other functions of glutathione peroxidases and the according molecular mechanisms have hardly been described.>br>
The gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GI-GPx) is believed to build a barrier against the absorption of foodborne hydroperoxides. In addition, GI-GPx expression is increased in different tumors. This indicates further, still unknown, functions of this enzyme.
In order to elucidate new possible functions of GI-GPx, especially during carcinogenesis, the transcriptional regulation of GI-GPx was analyzed in more detail. An analysis of the GI-GPx promoter sequence revealed the presence of two putative "antioxidant response elements" (ARE) which are recognition sites for the transcription factor Nrf2. Most of the known Nrf2 target genes either belong to the group of phase-II detoxification enzymes or possess antioxidative and/or detoxifying properties. On promoter level as well as on mRNA- and protein level the expression of GI-GPx was induced by typical Nrf2-activating compounds such as sulforaphane or curcumin that are contained in the diet. A direct involvement of Nrf2 was demonstrated by cotransfection of Nrf2 itself or by cotransfection of Keap1 which retains Nrf2 in the cytosol. Thus, the GI-GPx gene was unequivocally identified as a new target for Nrf2. Whether GI-GPx also belongs in the category of antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic enzymes remains to be elucidated.

The phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is exceptional among the glutathione peroxidases because of its broad range of substrates, its high lipophilicity, and its ability to modify protein thiols. With PHGPx-overexpressing cells, the influence of PHGPx on the cellular redox state and on resulting changes in the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors and on the expression of proatherogenic adhesion molecules was analyzed. For this, the redox-sensitive transcription factors NF-kB and Nrf2 were chosen. NF-kB requires free thiols for being able to bind to its responsive element within the DNA, whereas Nrf2 is released from Keap1 and translocates to the nucleus upon a modification of protein thiols. PHGPx-overexpression resulted in an increase in the ratio of GSH to GSSG, in a reduced amount of intracellular protein thiols, and in a diminished proliferation rate. Furthermore, PHGPx-overexpressing cells displayed a reduced IL-1-dependent NF-kB activity as was assessed by a reduced NF-kB DNA-binding ability and activity of a NF-kB-driven reporter gene. In addition, the expression of the NF-kB-dependent vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) was also inhibited by overexpression of PHGPx. On the other hand, PHGPx-overexpressing cells displayed an increased activity of Nrf2 that was accompanied by an increased expression of the Nrf2-dependent heme oxygenase-1. Heme oxygenase-1 most likely is responsible for most of the aforementioned effects.

The data presented here show that a modification of protein thiols can be regarded as an important determinant for the regulation and for the functions of glutathione peroxidases. In contrast to the previous assumption that oxidative processes are always linked to pathologic changes, a moderate oxidative stress seems to have beneficial effects, because it triggers different cytoprotective mechanisms. It can be concluded that the terms "antioxidative effect" or "oxidative stress" cannot simply be restricted to "good" or "bad" processes, but need to be seen in context with the modulated (patho)physiological processes and the degree of "disturbance" of the physiologic redox balance.

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Martitz, Janine [Verfasser], Lutz [Gutachter] Schomburg, Roland [Gutachter] Lauster y Werner [Gutachter] Kloas. "Factors impacting the hepatic selenoprotein expression in matters of critical illness / Janine Martitz ; Gutachter: Lutz Schomburg, Roland Lauster, Werner Kloas". Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1190292734/34.

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Li, Qing. "RESPONSES OF BOVINE PITUITARY TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILES TO CONSUMPTION OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE AND FORMS OF SELENIUM IN VITAMIN-MINERAL MIXES". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/99.

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The first goal of the current research was to determine whether gene expression profiles differed between whole pituitaries of growing beef steers grazing pastures containing high (HE) or low (LE) amounts of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. The global (microarray analysis) and selected targeted (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns of pituitaries collected from beef steers (BW = 266 ± 15.5 kg) that had been randomly assigned to undergo summer-long grazing (89 to 105 d) of either HE (0.52 ppm ergot alkaloids) or LE (< 0.03 ppm ergot alkaloids) pastures were compared. Gene expression data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The pituitaries of HE steers had 542 differentially expressed genes, and the pattern of altered gene expression was dependent on treatment. Targeted RT-PCR analysis corroborated these findings, including decreased expression of DRD2, PRL, POU1F1, GAL, and VIP and that of POMC and PCSK1, respectively. Canonical pathway analysis (Integrated Pathway Analysis, IPA) identified HE-dependent alteration in signaling of additional pituitary-derived hormones, including growth hormone and GnRH. In conclusion, consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue alters the pituitary transcriptome profiles of steers in a manner consistent with their negatively affected physiological parameters. The second goal of this project was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter pituitary transcriptome profiles in growing beef steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture. Steers were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing HE pasture and consuming VM mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as either ISe, OSe, or MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of a 10.1 ha HE pasture containing 0.51 ppm ergot alkaloids. Steers were assigned (n = 8) to the same Se-form treatments on which they were raised. Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of VM mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. Pituitaries were collected at slaughter and changes in global (microarray) and selected (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns determined. The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The form of Se affected the expression of 542 annotated genes. Integrated Pathway Analysis found a canonical pathway network between prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins, and that mitochondrial dysfunction was a top-affected canonical pathway. Targeted RT-PCR analysis found that the relative abundance of mRNA encoding prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins was affected by the form of Se, as were mitochondrial dysfunction-related proteins OSe steers appeared to have a greater prolactin synthesis capacity vs. ISe steers through decreased dopamine receptor D2 signaling, whereas MIX steers had a greater prolactin synthesis capacity and release potential by increasing TRH concentrations than ISe steers. OSe steers also had a greater ACTH and α-MSH synthesis potential than ISe steers. We conclude that form of Se in VM mixes affected genes responsible for prolactin and POMC/ACTH/α-MSH synthesis, and mitochondrial function in pituitaries of growing beef steers commonly grazing an HE pasture. The third goal was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter selenoprotein profiles in pituitaries and livers of growing beef steers commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture (i.e., the same steers used in Goal 2). The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The mRNA content of 6 selenoproteins in the pituitary was affected by Se treatments, along with two selenoprotein P receptors, whereas the expression of two selenoproteins was altered in the liver. We conclude that the change in selenoprotein gene expression in pituitaries indicates that OSe steers have a greater potential capacity to manage against oxidative damage, maintain cellular redox balance, and have a better quality control of protein-folding in their pituitaries than ISe steers. The change in selenoprotein gene expression by the liver indicates that MIX steers have a greater redox signaling capacity and capacity to manage oxidative damage than ISe steers.

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Boukhalfa, Ines. "Rôle de la Sélénoprotéine T dans le remodelage cardiaque post-infarctus et le développement de l'insuffisance cardiaque". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR107/document.

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La sélénoprotéine T (SelT) est une protéine thiorédoxine-like abondamment exprimée au cours du développement embryonnaire chez le rat, mais son expression tend à disparaître après la naissance, notamment dans le coeur, suggérant un rôle limité de la SelT à l’âge adulte. Néanmoins, nous avons pu montrer que la SelT est réexprimée au niveau cardiaque suite à une ligature de l’artère coronaire (LC), suggérant le rôle potentiellement protecteur de cette protéine au cours des pathologies cardiovasculaires. Le but de notre projet fut donc d’évaluer les effets cardiaques d’une thérapie par la SelT au cours de l’insuffisance cardiaque, moyennant soit une thérapie protéique, soit une thérapie génique visant à surexprimer la SelT au niveau cardiaque ou au niveau systémique. La supplémentation en SelT (15μg/kg/jour, minipompes ip) a permis d’améliorer significativement le débit cardiaque et la fraction de raccourcissement du VG, mais également d’améliorer les pressions télé-systoliques et télé-diastoliques du ventricule gauche ainsi que la perfusion coronaire. Ces changements sont associés à une diminution du stress oxydant cardiaque ainsi qu’à une répression des mécanismes inflammatoires cardiaques. L’ensemble de ces améliorations a été observé sans modification de la taille d’infarctus. En parallèle, nous avons pu montrer qu’une injection intraveineuse d’un rAAV9-SelT (1.1011vg) une semaine après la LC permettait de diminuer significativement la dilatation ventriculaire gauche 3 mois après la LC. De manière concomitante, la thérapie génique par la SelT améliore le débit cardiaque ainsi que la perfusion cardiaque. Ces changements sont associés à une amélioration de la compliance et de l’élastance cardiaque. Par ailleurs, l’injection intramusculaire d’un rAAV8-SelT suivant le même protocole que précédemment. Nous avons pu montrer que le traitement par cet AAV permettait de diminuer significativement la dilatation du VG et d’améliorer la fraction de raccourcissement. De plus, la thérapie génique a permis d’améliorer la perfusion cardiaque ainsi que la relaxation coronaire endothélium-dépendante. Nous avons également pu montrer que l’ensemble des effets de la SelT sont médiés par le résidu Sec, dès lors que la modification de ce résidu par une alanine, annihile totalement l’ensemble des effets positifs observés au cours de notre étude. Ainsi, nos résultats ont permis de montrer clairement que le rôle bénéfique d’un traitement par la SelT au cours de l’ICC, et ce, grâce à un mécanisme sélénocystéine-dépendant. La SelT semble donc être une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour le traitement de cette pathologie
Selenoprotein T (SelT) is a thioredoxin-like protein, which is abundantly but transiently expressed in the heart during the embryonic development, suggesting that SelT plays a limited role during adulthood. However, data from our laboratory show that cardiac SelT expression increases after myocardial infarction. This suggests that SelT may play a yet unrevealed role in cardiovascular diseases but SelT’s potential protective role is unknown. Thus, we sought to investigate the cardiac effects of a SelT-mediated therapy in chronic heart failure (CHF) using either a protein or gene therapy through either a protein supplementation, or rAAV encoding for different forms of SelT. SelT supplementation (15μg/kg/day, IP, administered for 1 month starting 7 days after MI) resulted in a restoration of cardiac output and LV fractional shortening (sham: 178,1±14,8; MI: 161,1±7,7; MI+SelT; 177,6 ±8,0 and sham: 44,5±5,1; MI: 17,1±0,8; MI+SelT: 25,6±2,4, respectively), in association with an improvement of LV end-diastolic and end-systolic pressures as well as LV tissue perfusion. These changes were associated with a lower oxidative status and with a decrease in inflammation pathways (-32,7% vs MI for oxidative stress and - 27,2% and - 31,4% for inflammation, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and western blotting analyses of IL1ß and IL6 expressions, respectively). All these effects were observed at identical infarct sizes. In parallel, a single intravenous injection of rAAV9-SelT (1.1011 virus - genome copies) one week after MI resulted in an increased cardiac SelT expression 3 weeks after injection (+150%, p<0.05). This SelT - overexpression reduced HF-induced increase in left ventricular diameters in both systole and diastole (at 1 and 3 months post-MI). Simultaneously, SelT improved stroke volume and cardiac output, without change in heart rate or body weight. Moreover, cardiac perfusion was improved by rAAV9-SelT in both interventricular septum and in the border zone of the infarct. These changes were associated with an improvement in cardiac compliance and elastance parameters assessed by invasive pressure/volume curves (compliance: sham: 18.2 ±1.5; HF: 11.0±1.0; HF+rAAV9-SelT: 15.3±0.5 and elastance: sham: 1.3±0.2; HF: 2.8±0.2; HF+rAAV9-SelT: 1.4±0.2, respectively; p<0.05 vs. HF). The third part of this project consisted in a single intramuscular injection of rAAV8-SelT (1.1011 virus-genome copies, 7 days after CAL) of either the normal form (rAAV8-SelTSec), either the modified form in which the Sec residue is replaced by an Ala (rAAV8-SelTAla). rAAV8-SelTSec administration resulted in a significant increase in cardiac SelT levels as soon as 3 weeks post-administration. After 3 months, SelTSec reduced LV dilation and restored cardiac output. Simultaneously SelT improved both LV elastance and compliance. In contrast, administration of the rAAV8-SelTAla did not modify the CHF-related cardiac dysfunction, suggesting that the selenocysteine residue is essential to the normal protein function. Our results clearly show that increasing SelT to supra-normal levels reduces CHF-induced cardiac dysfunction through a selenium-dependent pathway. These results suggest that SelT might be a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of CHF

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De, Oliveira Bouvière Jessica. "Rôle de la sélénoprotéine P et de la glutathion peroxydase 3 dans le phénotype des macrophages et la régénération musculaire". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1167/document.

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Les macrophages peuvent transiter entre les états pro et anti-inflammatoires, un processus appelé de polarisation. Les molécules sécrétées par les macrophages sont capables d'induire différents profils métaboliques. Les analyses transcriptomiques de macrophages pro et anti-inflammatoires humains ont identifié nouvelles molécules avec un peptide sécrétoire. Parmi ces candidates, les sélénoprotéines étaient l’une des plus exprimés dans les macrophages anti-inflammatoires. Ainsi, nous évaluons l’impact des sélénoprotéines sur la polarisation des macrophages, secondaires à l’inflammation et leur implication au cours de la régénération musculaire. Une fois établi que les cytokines stimulent les transitions des macrophages, nous avons utilisé IFN-gamma et IL10 pour explorer ces différents profils inflammatoires in vitro. Les macrophages dérivés de la moelle osseuse de WT et de sélénoprotéines KO ont été polarisés avec les deux cytokines pour obtenir un phénotype pro et anti-inflammatoire, respectivement. Nos résultats ont montré que, en absence de sélénoprotéines, les macrophages réduisaient leur capacité à migrer d'un état d'activation à l’autre par rapport au contrôle, soulignant ainsi l'importance de ces molécules pour contrôler les états d’alternance des macrophages. Le modèle de lésion en réponse à la cardiotoxine a été utilisé pour examiner, in vivo, la capacité des macrophages à modifier leur phénotype au cours de la régénération du muscle squelettique. Trois jours après une lésion, la population pro est remplacé par une anti-inflammatoire, comme l'a déjà montré l'analyse par cytométrie en flux. Cependant, les modèles de macrophages pro-inflammatoires sélénoprotéines KO étaient présent trois fois plus nombreux relativement à la population anti-inflammatoire, indiquant que ces macrophages n’ont pas acquis le phénotype anti-inflammatoire. De plus, nous évaluons la fonction des macrophages en absence de sélénoprotéines. Suite à la polarisation avec les cytokines, décrites ci-dessus, les expériences ont démontré que les macrophages anti-inflammatoires WT favorisaient la fusion des myoblastes, alors que les sélénoprotéines KO n'étaient pas en mesure de maintenir cette fusion. En conclusion, les sélénoprotéines modulent la polarisation des macrophages, impliquant leur capacité à acquérir différents phénotypes in vitro et in vivo, ainsi que leurs effets sur la fusion des myoblastes
Macrophages can go through transitions between pro and anti-inflammatory states, one process called polarization skewing. Molecules secreted by macrophages are able to induce different metabolic profiles. Transcriptomic analyses of human pro and anti-inflammatory macrophages identified new molecules with a secretory peptide. Selenoproteins were one of the most expressed in anti-inflammatory macrophages. Thus, we evaluate the respective roles of selenoproteins on macrophage polarization parameters in inflammation and their implication in regenerative processes. Once established that cytokines largely spur macrophage transitions we used IFN-gamma and IL10 to explore these different inflammatory profiles in vitro. Bone marrow derived macrophages from WT and selenoproteins KO models were polarized with both cytokines to obtain a pro and anti-inflammatory phenotype, respectively. Our results showed that without selenoproteins, macrophages had impairment of their capacity to switch from one activation state to another as compared with the control, emphasizing the importance of these molecules to control macrophage transitional states. The cardiotoxin injury model was use to in vivo examine the macrophages capability to switch their phenotype during skeletal muscle regeneration. Three days after an injury pro is replaced by anti-inflammatory population, as has already been shown by flow cytometry analysis. However, macrophages from selenoproteins KO presented three-fold increase of pro-inflammatory macrophages while anti-inflammatory population decreased, indicating that they did not acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, we evaluate the macrophage function in absence of selenoproteins. After polarization with cytokines, experiments demonstrated that WT anti-inflammatory macrophages promoted myoblast fusion, whereas selenoproteins KO were not able to sustain their fusion. In conclusion, selenoproteins modulate macrophage polarization implicating their ability to acquire different phenotypes in vitro and in vivo as well as their effects on myoblast fusion

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Costa, Fernanda Cristina. "Validação da via de biossíntese de selenocisteína e selenoproteínas em Trypanosoma por RNA de interferência". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5398.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:20:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4383.pdf: 5759644 bytes, checksum: 0a6a6bb722062f7934be619267686311 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-24
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Selenium (Se) is an essential element found in selenoproteins as the 21st amino acid (Selenocysteine Sec).For the Sec incorporation and the related biosynthetic pathaway, several elements are required: tRNASec, a UGA codon and a Sec insertion sequence (SECIS), a conserved motif downstream of the selenoprotein encoding gene. Selenoproteins generally participate in the cellular redox balance, playing an important role on cell growth and proliferation. These proteins, as well as the the Sec synthesis pathway, are present in members of the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya domains, being identified in several protozoa, including the kinetoplastids. Auranofin, a gold-contaning antirheumatic drug, is a known selenoproteins inhibitorand Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania majorcells are sensitive to this compound, with a LD50 in nanomolar range. This indicates a possible dependence of these parasites on selenoproteins. Theselenophosphate synthetase (SELD/SPS2) is responsible for the formation of monoselenophosphate from selenide and ATP, being essencial for selenoprotein biosynthesis. SPS2 knockdown led to apoptosis under sub-optimal growth conditions. The selenoproteome of these flagellated protozoa consists of distant homologs of the mammalian SelK and SelT, and a novel selenoprotein designated SelTryp, a kinetoplastidspecific protein. The functions of any of these selenoproteins are not known.We have investigated the effect of their downregulation in T. brucei to interpret their possible physiological role. The TbSelK depletion shows no effect on growth under optimal conditions, but the cells became more sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum stress agents and oxidative stress, suggesting that SelK is an ER stress-regulated protein and plays an important role in protecting T. brucei cells from ER stress agent. The TbSelT gene silence by RNA interference hampers the parasite survival, but the sensitivity to the agents tested was not asevident as it was forTbSelK, suggesting a role for TbSelT in protection against stress, but not specifically ER stress. Our results show the importance of selenocysteine and selenoproteins to parasite survival.
Selênio (Se) é um elemento essencial encontrado em selenoproteínas na forma do 21º aminoácido selenocisteína (Sec U). A incorporação co-traducional de Sec depende de uma complexa via de síntese, de um códon de terminação UGA em fase de leitura e uma estrutura terciária do RNA mensageiro conhecida como elemento SECIS. A maioria das selenoproteínas conhecidas participa de processos de manutenção do estado redox das células, tendo um importante papel no crescimento e proliferação celular. Essas proteínas, bem como os componentes da via de síntese de Sec, estão presentes em membros dos domínios de Bactérias, Arquéais e Eucaria, tendo sido identificada em diversos protozoários, incluindo os kinetoplastidas. Auranofin, um composto de ouro usado como agente antireumático, tem sido descrito como um inibidor de selenoproteínas através de sua ligação com o aminoácido selenocisteína e células de Trypanosoma brucei e Leishmania major são altamente sensíveis a este composto, apresentando um LD50 na faixa de nanomolar. Esta evidência indica uma possível dependência destes parasitas por selenoproteínas e consequentemente pela sua via de síntese. A selenofosfato sinetase (SELD/SPS2) é a enzima responsável pela síntese de monoselenofosfato a partir de seleneto e ATP, sendo, portanto uma proteína fundamental na síntese de selenocisteína. Sua depleção levou a apoptose celular quando mantidas em condições de estresse. Esse efeito pode ser causado pela consequente falta das selenoproteínas ou pelo acúmulo de espécies tóxicas de selênio, como o seleneto. Os protozoários apresentam número reduzido de selenoproteínas e kinetoplastidas apresentam 3, duas homólogas distantes de mamíferos, SelK e SelT, e uma nova proteína exclusiva denominada SelTryp, que não apresentam homologia com nenhuma outra proteína descrita. O papel dessas proteínas não é conhecido, e nós investigamos suas possíveis funções através da inibição de sua expressão. A depleção de TbSelK não mostrou efeito sob condições normais, mas tornou as células mais sensíveis a agentes indutores de estresse de retículo endoplasmático, o que nos permite inferir uma função de manutenção da homeostase dessa organela. A depleção de TbSelT causou uma diminuição no crescimento celular, mas o aumento da sensibilidade aos agentes indutores de estresse não foi tão pronunciada como em TbSelK. Nossos resultados revelam a importância de selenocisteína para parasitas, uma vez que esses organismos enfrentam diversos tipos de estresses para manter a viabilidade e a progressão da doença nos diferentes hábitats encontrados ao longo do seu ciclo de vida.

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46

Behrends, Thomas [Verfasser], Lutz [Akademischer Betreuer] Schomburg, Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Kloas y Petra [Akademischer Betreuer] Seemann. "Zur Interaktion von Genotyp und Ernährung bei Darmkrebs : Selen- und Selenoprotein P-abhängige Tumorigenese im Apc min/+ -Mausmodell / Thomas Behrends. Gutachter: Lutz Schomburg ; Werner Kloas ; Petra Seemann". Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1030313652/34.

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Gribling-Burrer, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du mécanisme d'hyperméthylation de la coiffe des ARNm de sélénoprotéines et impact sur leur traduction". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ051/document.

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La synthèse des sélénoprotéines fait appel à un mécanisme de recodage traductionnel d’un codon UGASec. Chez les mammifères, ce processus est conditionné par le recrutement de facteurs spécialisés dans la région 3’UTR des ARNm de sélénoprotéines, au niveau d’une tige-boucle appelée SECIS. Lors de ma thèse, nous avons montré que certains ARNm de sélénoprotéines possèdent une coiffe hyperméthylée m32,2,7G à leur extrémité 5’, à la manière d’ARN non-codants, et ne sont pas reconnus efficacement par le facteur canonique d’initiation de la traduction eIF4E. Nous avons déterminé le mécanisme de biogenèse de cette coiffe qui fait appel à la Triméthyl-guanosine synthase, et avons montré que les ARNm de sélénoprotéines coiffés m32,2,7G sont traduits in vivo. Par ailleurs, nos résultats indiquent que l’initiation de la traduction des ARNm de sélénoprotéines suit un mécanisme atypique qui ferait intervenir des éléments structuraux de l’ARNm, la région 3’UTR et une GTPase encore inconnue
Selenoprotein synthesis requires co-translational recoding of in-frame UGA codons. In mammals, this process is governed by the recruitment of dedicated factors on a hairpin structure, called SECIS, in the 3’UTR of selenoprotein mRNAs. During my PhD, we showed that several selenoprotein mRNAs bear a hypermethylated m32,2,7G cap and undergo a similar 5’ end maturation pathway than non-coding RNAs. This cap biogenesis mechanism involves the enzyme Trimethyl-guanosine synthase, m32,2,7G capped selenoprotein mRNAs are not efficiently recognized by the canonical translation initiation factor eIF4E but are translated in vivo. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of an atypical mechanism of translation initiation for selenoprotein mRNAs. This process involves structural RNA determinants, the 3’UTR region and a GTPase that remains to be identified

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48

Mahdi, Yassin. "RNA-bindende Proteine involviert in der Selenoproteinbiosynthese". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17579.

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Selenoproteine enthalten die 21. Aminosäure Selenocystein (Sec), das über einen speziellen Mechanismus in Proteine eingebaut wird. Dieser beinhaltet eine Rekodierung des „Stopp“-Codons UGA in ein Sec-Codon unter Anleitung und Interaktion mehrerer Sec-spezifischer Faktoren, von denen einige sowie deren Funktionen bisher noch unbekannt sind. Darunter das SECp43, das als Kofaktor in der Selenoproteinbiosynthese vermutet wird. Aufgrund früherer Befunde wurde die Rolle von SECp43 in der Selenoproteinbiosynthese in vivo am Mausmodell untersucht und die Interaktion von SECp43 mit der tRNASec in vitro erneut getestet. Es wurden zwei Secp43-Mausmutanten generiert, wobei eine mit konstitutiv deletierten Exons 3 und 4, inklusive des ersten RNA recognition motif, keine Effekte zeigte. Die zweite Mutante hingegen, mit einer konstitutiven Deletion der Exons 7 und 8, welche die Tyrosin-reiche Region eliminierte, war embryonal letal. Eine dementsprechende leberspezifische Secp43-Inaktivierung wurde durchgeführt, um dort die Selenoproteinexpression zu analysieren. Die generierten Alb-Cre; Secp43fl/fl-Mäuse wiesen jedoch keine veränderte Expression auf. Weiterhin zeigten die Interaktionsstudien eine Bindung von SECp43 mit der tRNASec in vitro, die aber noch verifiziert werden muss. Die deletierten Domänen von SECp43 scheinen nicht essentiell für die Selenoproteinexpression in Hepatozyten zu sein. Darum wurde über eine konditionale Secp43-Inaktivierung in Neuronen überprüft, ob SECp43 in anderen Zellen essentiell ist. Bis auf einen leichten Bewegungsphänotyp wurde keine Veränderung der Selenoproteinexpression im Gehirn der Mutanten gefunden. Ein weiterer unbekannter Faktor ist die 2´O- Methyltransferase der tRNASec-Isoform mcm5Um. Die Präsenz der Isoform scheint mit der Expression stressbezogener Selenoproteine zu korrelieren. Anlässlich früherer Ergebnisse galt die RNMTL1 als ein Kandidat, deren Einfluss sowie der von Deletionsmutanten auf die Selenoproteinenexpression in HepG2-Zellen, insbesondere der Dejodase 1, getestet wurde, jedoch ohne einen Effekt zu zeigen und die früheren Ergebnisse zu reproduzieren. Auch konnte keine eindeutige Bindung von RNMTL1 mit der tRNASec in vitro im Interaktionstest nachgewiesen werden. Zudem wurde ein RNMTL1-Transport in die Mitochondrien angenommen, der vor allem über Importassays von unserer Kooperationsgruppe bestätigt wurde. Kurz nach Abschluss dieser Versuche wurde die RNMTL1 als die 2´O-Methyltransferase der Ribose von G1370 des 16S-rRNA-Kerns der humanen großen mitochondrialen Ribosomenuntereinheit identifiziert, wodurch unter Einbeziehung der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit die RNMTL1 als Kandidat der 2´O- Methyltransferase der mcm5Um verworfen werden kann.
Selenoproteins contain the 21st amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Sec is incorporated into proteins by a specific mechanism requiring the recoding of UGA stop codons into a SEC codon under guidance and interaction of several Sec-specific factors. Many of these are still unidentified and their functions unknown. SECp43 represents one of them which is hypothesized to serve as a co-factor in selenoprotein biosynthesis. Due to former results the role of SECp43 within the selenoprotein biosynthesis was analyzed in vivo in a mouse model and in addition the interaction between SECp43 and the tRNASec was tested again in vitro. Two Secp43 mouse mutants were generated whereupon one with constitutive deletion of exons 3 and 4, including the first RNA recognition motif, wasn’t showing any effect. In contrast the second mutant with a constitutive deletion of exons 7 and 8, including the tyrosine-rich region, was embryonal lethal. A corresponding liver specific inactivation of Secp43 was carried out to analyze the local selenoprotein expression. However, the generated Alb-Cre; Secp43fl/fl-mice didn’t exhibit any changes in the selenoprotein expression. Furthermore, the binding studies demonstrated an interaction of SECp43 with tRNASec in vitro, but which has to be verified specifically. The eliminated domains of SECp43 appear not to be essential for selenoprotein biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Thus, it was tested whether SECp43 is essential in other cells via a conditional inactivation of Secp43 in neurons. Other than a slight mobility phenotype there was no altered selenoprotein expression in the brain of mutant mice observed. The 2´O-methyltransferase of the tRNASec isoform mcm5Um stands for another unidentified factor. Due to prior investigation, RNMTL1 served as a potential candidate. The presence of this isoform is supposed to correlate with expression of stress-related selenoproteins. Thereby, the influence of RNMTL1 and whose corresponding deletion mutants on selenoprotein expression in HepG2 cells, particularly deiodinase 1, was tested. But no effect was shown and former findings couldn’t be reproduced. Additionally, no distinct interaction of RNMTL1 with the tRNASec through binding tests in vitro could be detected. Moreover, a transport of RNMTL1 into mitochondria was assumed, which was confirmed primarily via import assays by our cooperation partner. Briefly after finishing these experiments, the RNMTL1 was identified as the responsible 2´O-methyltransferase of the ribose at position G1370 of the 16S rRNA core from the large human mitochondrial ribosome subunit. Thus, in addition to our results, lead to the conclusion that RNMTL1 is not the responsible 2´O-methyltransferase of mcm5Um.

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49

Mariotti, Marco. "Computational genomics of selenoproteins". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/295583.

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Selenoproteins are a diverse class of proteins containing selenocysteine, the 21st aminoacid. Selenocysteine is inserted co-translationally, recoding very specific UGA codons through a dedicated machinery. Standard gene prediction programs consider UGA only as translational stop, and for this reason selenoprotein genes are typically misannotated. In the past years, we developed computational tools to predict selenoproteins at genomics scale. With these, we characterized the set of selenoproteins across many sequenced genomes, and we inferred their phylogenetic history. We dedicated particular attention to selenophosphate synthetase, a selenoprotein family required for selenocysteine biosynthesis, that can be used as marker of the selenocysteine coding trait. We show that selenoproteins went through a very diverse evolution in different lineages. While very conserved in vertebrates, selenoproteins were lost independently in many other organisms. Using genome sequencing, we traced with precision the path of genomic events that lead to recent selenoprotein extinctions in certain fruit flies.
Les selenoproteïnes s’agrupen en una classe heterogènia de proteïnes les quals contenen selenocysteïna, l’aminoàcid 21. La selenocisteïna és insertada durant el procés de traducció, recodificant codons UGA molt específics, mitjançant una maquinàiria dedicada. Els programes estàndard de predicció de gens interpreten el codó UGA només com a senyal d’stop de la traducció, i per aquesta raó els gens de selenoproteïness solen estar mal anotats. En els darrers anys, hem desenvolupat eines computacionals per a predir selenoproteïnes a escala genòmica. Amb aquestes, hem caracteritzat el conjunt de selenoproteïnes en aquells genomes que han estat seqüenciats, inferint la seva història filogenèitca. Hem dedicat especial ateníció a la família selenophosphate synthetase, selenoproteïna necessària per a la síntesi de selenocisteïna, i que per tant pot ser utilitzada com a marcador de codificació de selenocisteïna Mostrem que les selenoproteïnes han patit una evolució molt diversa en diferents llinatges. Tot i que es troben molt conservades en vertebrats, les selenoproteïnes van ser perdudes de manera independent en molts altres organismes. Gràcies a la sequenciació de genomes, vam traçar amb precisió els esdeveniment que van portar a l’extinció de selenoproteïnes a diverses espècies de drosòfila.

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Briens, Mickaël. "Rôle de la sélénoprotéine N dans les réseaux de régulation rédox : études physiologique et transcriptomique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ038/document.

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Resumen

La réponse au stress oxydatif joue un rôle important dans de nombreux processus d’adaptation biologique. Les sélénoprotéines jouent un rôle clef dans le contrôle du stress oxydatif. Des mutations du gène codant pour la sélénoproteine N (SelN) sont la cause de différentes formes de dystrophies musculaires chez l’Homme mais la fonction moléculaire de SelN reste inconnue. Au cours de ma thèse j’ai cherché à déterminer la fonction moléculaire de SelN, et son rôle dans les mécanismes de régulation Rédox. Le modèle de souris Sepn1-/- a constitué l’outil central permettant de répondre à ces objectifs.Les principaux résultats ont révélé une sensibilité particulière des souris Sepn1-/- à certains agents inducteurs de stress oxydatif ou réticulaire. J’ai également caractérisé le modèle Sepn1-/- par séquençage haut débit, en comparant les muscles paravertébraux d’animaux Sepn1-/- et sauvages. Les résultats montrent que malgré l’absence de phénotype musculaire, il y a activation de 580 gènes codant pour des protéines secrétées et mettent en avant l’activation d’un certain nombre de voies métaboliques. Ces résultats participent à une meilleure caractérisation du rôle de la sélénoprotéine N dans le réticulum endoplasmique
Oxidative stress response plays a major function in the adaptation of biological systems. Selenoproteins have a main role in oxidative stress control. Mutations in the gene coding for the selenoprotein N (SelN) cause different muscular dystrophies in Humans but the molecular function of SelN is still unknown. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the molecular function of SelN, and its role in Redox regulation mechanisms. The Sepn1-/- mouse model was a central tool to reach those objectives.The key results revealed a higher sensibility of Sepn1-/- mice to specific oxidative or reticular stress inducers. Moreover, the Sepn1-/- mouse model was characterized by high throughput sequencing, comparing gene expression of paravertebral muscle of Sepn1-/- and wild type animals. Results showed activation of 580 genes in Sepn1-/- mice despite the absence of muscular phenotype in those conditions. Activated genes are coding for secreted proteins and indicated the activation of several metabolic pathways. Those results participated to Sel N function determination in the endoplasmic reticulum

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