Artículos de revistas: "Secondary pollution"

1

Debol'skii, V. K. "Problem of preventing secondary pollution of reservoirs". Hydrotechnical Construction 30, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1996): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02447449.

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2

Doussin, Jean-François. "Composés organiques volatils : des mécanismes moléculaires intriqués au centre de la complexité de la chimie troposphérique". La Météorologie, n.º 113 (2021): 035. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0042.

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La pollution de l'air demeure l'un des principaux fléaux des temps modernes. Outre la pollution atmosphérique dite « primaire » se développe aussi une pollution atmosphérique plus pernicieuse, appellée « secondaire », produite dans l'environnement atmosphérique. Elle est le fruit d'une chimie atmosphérique multiphasique, impliquant des composés organiques et radicalaires, rendue complexe à la fois par le grand nombre de composants de l'air et par la multiplicité de leurs voies d'évolution chimique. En mettant en perspective cette complexité, cet article se propose de donner quelques clefs pour l'appréhender et de présenter les stratégies de la recherche qui permettront de réduire cette pollution secondaire. Air pollution remains one of the main plagues of modern times. In addition to so-called "primary" air pollution, a more pernicious air pollution is also developing, termed "secondary", i.e. produced in the atmospheric environment. It is the result of an atmospheric multiphase chemistry involving organic and radical compounds, made complex both by the large number of components in the air and the multiplicity of their chemical pathways. Putting this complexity into perspective, this article provides some keys to understand it and to present research strategies that will reduce this secondary pollution.

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3

Balanzino, A., E. Ferrero, G. Pirovano, C. Pertot, M. Causa, S. Alessandrini y M. P. Costa. "Annual simulation of secondary pollution over northern Italy". International Journal of Environment and Pollution 45, n.º 4 (2011): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2011.040280.

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4

Dohmen, G. P. "Secondary effects of air pollution: Enhanced aphid growth". Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 39, n.º 3 (enero de 1985): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(85)90099-6.

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5

Abba, Mustapha S., Chidozie U. Nduka, Seun Anjorin y Olalekan A. Uthman. "Household Air Pollution and High Blood Pressure: A Secondary Analysis of the 2016 Albania Demographic Health and Survey Dataset". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 5 (24 de febrero de 2022): 2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052611.

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Background: Hypertension is a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to examine the association between household air pollution (HAP) and blood pressure using data from the 2016 Albania Demographic Health and Survey (DHS). Methods: We computed the odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence of hypertension between respondents exposed to clean fuels (e.g., electricity, liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, and biogas) and respondents exposed to polluting fuel (e.g., kerosene, coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, and animal dung). Result: The results show that participants exposed to household polluting fuels in Albania were 17% more likely to develop hypertension than those not exposed to household air pollution (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.24). Subgroup analysis revealed that the odds of hypertension were more significant among women (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.31), rural residents (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.22), and participants aged >24 years (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.62) who were exposed to household polluting fuels compared to their counterparts who were not exposed. In summary, the results of the study show significant associations between household air pollution and hypertension risk overall, especially among women, rural dwellers, and people aged >24 years in Albania. Conclusion: In this study, an association between household air pollution and the risk of hypertension was found, particularly among low-income households, those with no education, women, and those who live in rural areas.

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6

Kukic, Dragana, Marina Sciban, Vesna Vasic y Jelena Prodanovic. "Secondary pollution of water during the biosorption of heavy metal ions by pristine and sugar beet shreds from bioethanol production". Acta Periodica Technologica, n.º 49 (2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1849081k.

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When biomaterials are used as adsorbents, some compounds present in their structure can be extracted and cause secondary pollution of the treated water. Depending on the type and amount of the secondary pollution, some materials can be unacceptable as adsorbents despite of their good adsorption capacity. Although, it is not a newly discovered phenomenon and it is recognized as a problem, leaching from adsorbents is neglected. The aim of our study is to investigate the secondary pollution of the water during the biosorption of heavy metal ions by pristine and modified sugar beet shreds from bioethanol production. The presence of different elements in the mentioned adsorbents, secondary pollution of the water during the adsorption of heavy metal ions and amount of reducing sugars in the water treated by pristine sugar beet shreds were characterized by the SEM-EDS method, the amount of the leached inorganic and organic matter from the adsorbents (atomic absorption spectroscopy and permanganate index) and Bertrand's method, respectively. Furthermore, the obtained results were compared to the available literature data. Our results showed that according to the valid regulations of emission limit values of the polluting substances in the water and adsorption capacity, the investigated adsorbents have a great potential as biosorbents for practical treatment of wastewaters which contain high concentrations of heavy metal ions.

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7

Gu, Haolei y Yan Chen. "Using the Grey Model to Analyze the Impact of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Industries on the Public’s Attention to Air Pollution in Three Cities". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6614570.

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To analyze the impact of the added value of primary, secondary, and tertiary industry on public attention to air pollution in Handan, Xingtai, and Shijiazhuang, Baidu index is used to build the air pollution attention index. Taking the added value of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industry as the influencing factors, fractional grey multivariable convolution model is used to predict and analyze the public attention to air pollution in these three cities from 2020 to 2024. The results show that the secondary industry has the greatest impact on the public’s attention to air pollution compared with the primary industry and the tertiary industry. And the added value of the secondary industry with faster increase will cause a faster increase in the public’s air pollution attention from 2020 to 2024, especially in Handan. It is not only helpful to air pollution control, but also helpful in solving the public psychological problems caused by air pollution.

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8

Pye, Havala O. T., K. Wyat Appel, Karl M. Seltzer, Cavin K. Ward-Caviness y Benjamin N. Murphy. "Human-Health Impacts of Controlling Secondary Air Pollution Precursors". Environmental Science & Technology Letters 9, n.º 2 (10 de enero de 2022): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00798.

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9

Liu, Hong Yuan y Zhan Feng Fan. "Analysis of Secondary Pollution in Drinking Water Ultrafiltration System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (mayo de 2012): 2335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2335.

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Ultrafiltration processes are increasingly popular in drinking water treatment, as it can provide better quality water by removing microorganism and turbidity with lower filtration pore size, even without disinfection. Nonetheless, in our experiment the bacteria was occasionally detected in ultrafiltration effluent, and the related literature once had also been reported. This study was focused on the cause of secondary pollution in the drinking water ultrafiltration system, mainly from the production tank, biological stability, bacteria in air, as well as the membrane structure. And some solutions, including production water tank chlorination periodically, changing the operating mode of the ultrafiltration system, improving the design of the production tank, were studied to control secondary pollution in the treatment system.

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10

Assad, Nour, John Balmes, Sumi Mehta, Umar Cheema y Akshay Sood. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Secondary to Household Air Pollution". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 36, n.º 03 (29 de mayo de 2015): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554846.

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11

Cape, J. Neil. "Secondary Air Pollutants and Forests — New Perspectives". Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.18.

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Air pollution has been known to affect forests for over a century, and many of the mechanisms of pollutant deposition and effects have been established, at least for forest trees. Changes in air quality as a result of emission controls in Europe and North America, or as a result of rapid industrialisation in southern and eastern Asia, have highlighted new pollution problems. This paper, by reference to recent publications, highlights two areas where more research is required: the interactions of photochemical oxidants with biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds, and their impact on ecological signalling; and the role of atmospheric particles in changing the leaf surface environments in forests.

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12

Qiu, Wanyi, Shule Li, Yuhan Liu y Keding Lu. "Petrochemical and Industrial Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds Analyzed via Regional Wind-Driven Network in Shanghai". Atmosphere 10, n.º 12 (29 de noviembre de 2019): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120760.

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Due to the development of industrialization and urbanization, secondary pollution is becoming increasingly serious in the Yangtze River Delta. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of the near-surface ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and other secondary pollutants. In this study, we chose a serious ozone pollution period (01 May–31 July 2017) in Jinshan, which is a petrochemical and industrial area in Shanghai. We explored the VOCs distribution characteristics and contribution to secondary pollutants via constructing a regional network based on wind patterns. We determined that dense pollutants were accumulated at adjacent sites under local circulation (LC), and pollution from petrochemical discharge was more serious than industry for all sites under southeast (SE) wind. We also found that cyclopentane, o-xylene, m/p-xylene, 1-3-butadiene, and 1-hexene were priority-controlled species as they were most vital to form secondary pollutants. This study proves that regional network analysis can be successfully applied to explore pollution characteristics and regional secondary pollutants formation.

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13

Ling, GAO y JIANG Wenting. "The Linkage relationship between the development of secondary industry and environmental pollution: a case in Fujian". E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804035.

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Fujian is very wealthy in natural resources, which provides a good environment for social development and people’s life. However, with the development of economy, environmental pollution has become an importation problem in Fujian. In order to discuss the linkage relationship between economic development and environmental pollution, this paper selects the data of the secondary industry, industrial waste gas emissions, industrial waste water emissions and industrial solid waste production from 1995 to 2017 in Fujian, establishes the VAR model, explore the relationship between the development of secondary industry and environmental pollution. The results show that the association between the development of the secondary industry and environmental pollution is monotonously increasing. The industrial waste gas has become the main pollutant restricting the development of the secondary industry. Industrial solid waste has made the largest contribution to the development of the secondary industry, indicating a positive dynamic correlation.

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14

Monia, Shadika Haque. "Environmental Impact Assessment Initiated to Mitigate Pollutions from Industries". International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities 3, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/ijmesh.v3i1.161.

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Industrial pollution is a Buzzword of the present world. At the same time, there needs industrial development along with the mitigation of pollution, but in practice, industries are increasing with polluters although protection of pollution is lagging. The conservation of natural wealth is growing through various processes without thinking about the future. As an overpopulated country, a large number of industries have been contributing to enrich the economy of Bangladesh. In addition to there is no specific legal mechanism in the country to control industrial pollution which causes danger for the environment. The paper endeavors to find out the present legal instruments regarding environmental pollution caused by industries in Bangladesh, whether these are sufficient to prevent such pollution or not. Therefore, there is no specific legislation under IEL to mitigate industrial pollutions The research will contribute to the courtier's policymaking in the field of environmental protection, very few research has done in this area. As there is no specific legislation dealing with industrial pollutions, the Article tries to facilitate the need for specific legislation or mechanism on this matter by mentioning critics of existing legislations and found that, in absence of specific legislation the country is facing environmental threats every day. The data is analyzed with qualitative methods, both primary and secondary data is analyzed for the same. The research is done with doctrinal based analytical research.

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15

Liu, Jianmin, Xia Chen y Runchu Wei. "Socioeconomic Drivers of Environmental Pollution in China: A Spatial Econometric Analysis". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4673262.

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This paper studies the environmental pollution and its impacts in China using prefecture-level cities and municipalities data. Moran’sI, the widely used spatial autocorrelation index, provides a fairly strong pattern of spatial clustering of environmental pollution and suggests a fairly high stability of the positive spatial correlation. To investigate the driving forces of environmental pollution and explore the relationship between fiscal decentralization, economic growth, and environmental pollution, spatial Durbin model is used for this analysis. The result shows that fiscal decentralization of local unit plays a significant role in promoting the environmental pollution and the feedback effect of fiscal decentralization on environmental pollution is also positive, though it is not significant. The relationship of GDP per capita and environmental pollution shows inverted U-shaped curve. Due to the scale effect of secondary industry, the higher the level of secondary industry development in a unit is, the easier it is to attract the secondary industry in adjacent units, which mitigates the environmental pollution in adjacent units. Densely populated areas tend to deteriorate local environment, but environmental regulation in densely populated areas is often tighter than other areas, which reduces environmental pollution to a certain extent.

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16

Dalu, Mwazvita T. B., Ross N. Cuthbert, Hulisani Muhali, Lenin D. Chari, Amanda Manyani, Current Masunungure y Tatenda Dalu. "Is Awareness on Plastic Pollution Being Raised in Schools? Understanding Perceptions of Primary and Secondary School Educators". Sustainability 12, n.º 17 (21 de agosto de 2020): 6775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176775.

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Plastic pollution is a major global issue and its impacts on ecosystems and socioeconomic sectors lack comprehensive understanding. The integration of plastics issues into the educational system of both primary and secondary schools has often been overlooked, especially in Africa, presenting a major challenge to environmental awareness. Owing to the importance of early age awareness, this study aims to investigate whether plastic pollution issues are being integrated into South African primary and secondary education school curriculums. Using face-to-face interviews with senior educators, we address this research problem by investigating (i) the extent to which teachers cover components of plastic pollution, and (ii) educator understandings of plastic pollution within terrestrial and aquatic environments. The results indicate that plastic pollution has been integrated into the school curriculum in technology, natural science, geography, life science, life skills and life orientation subjects. However, there was a lack of integration of management practices for plastics littering, especially in secondary schools, and understanding of dangers among different habitat types. This highlights the need for better educational awareness on the plastic pollution problem at both primary and secondary school level, with increased environmental programs needed to educate schools on management practices and impacts.

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17

Schlesinger, Richard B. "Atmospheric Pollution". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 106, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210600605.

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Air pollution has been directly responsible for increases in mortality and morbidity in the general population during periods known as episodes, when pollutant levels were elevated well above those that occur on a regular basis. The major concern today regarding pollution and health is, however, more subtle—namely, whether the lower levels of pollution to which we are exposed dally are harmful to health. It is extremely difficult to relate specific health problems to specific pollutants, because other environmental and lifestyle factors may contribute to decrements in health, Furthermore people are generally exposed to mixtures of pollutants, making It difficult to extract the effects caused by Individual components, or to determine which combinations are the most hazardous. Community air pollution results from various sources: mobile sources, such as vehicles; stationary sources, such as power plants and factories; and Indoor sources, such as building material. Complicating the picture is the fact that many chemicals released Into the air may react, producing additional secondary pollutants. This article provides an overview of the major air pollutants that may be of concern in terms of public health.

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18

Chen, Jibo, Keyao Chen, Guizhi Wang, Lingyan Wu, Xiaodong Liu y Guo Wei. "PM2.5 Pollution and Inhibitory Effects on Industry Development: A Bidirectional Correlation Effect Mechanism". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 7 (31 de marzo de 2019): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071159.

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In this paper, a vector autoregression (VAR) model has been constructed in order to analyze a two-way mechanism between PM2.5 pollution and industry development in Beijing via the combination of an impulse response function and variance decomposition. According to the results, long-term equilibrium interconnection was found between PM2.5 pollution and the development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. One-way Granger causalities were found in the three types of industries shown to contribute to PM2.5 pollution, though the three industries showed different scales of influences on the PM2.5 pollution that varied for about 1–2 years. The development of the primary and secondary industries increased the emission of PM2.5, but the tertiary industry had an inhibitory effect. In addition, PM2.5 pollution had a certain inhibitory effect on the development of the primary and secondary industries, but the inhibition of the tertiary industry was not significant. Therefore, the development of the tertiary industry can contribute the most to the reduction of PM2.5 pollution. Based on these findings, policy-making recommendations can be proposed regarding upcoming pollution prevention strategies.

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Ferrandis, Ignacio García, Teresa Muñoz Contel y Xavier García Ferrandis. "Light pollution in natural science textbooks in Spanish secondary education". European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 4, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2016): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/scimath/9459.

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20

Ni, Yuan Min y Lei Li. "Garbage Incineration and Intelligent Fusion Strategy of Secondary Pollution Control". Advanced Materials Research 853 (diciembre de 2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.323.

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To control the secondary atmosphere pollution produced by exhaust gas in process of garbage incineration, the paper presented a sort of intelligence fusion control strategy in city garbage incineration. In the paper, aimed at the running properties of garbage incinerator and combined the mechanism of garbage combustion and contamination generation, it studied the characteristic of controlled combustion process, proposed a sort of fusion control strategy based on human simulated intelligence for controlled process, constructed the corresponding control algorithm. Finally it took a two order model of combustion process with large lag as an example that is very nearly similar to controlled process characteristic of garbage incineration, and made the contrast experiment of digital simulation respectively by the Smith optimal controller and the presented fusion control algorithm by means of the platform of MATLAB. The response curve of simulation shows that the fusion control algorithm is better than by Smith optimal controller in control effect of anti-jamming performance and control index obviously. The experiment results show that the proposed fusion control strategy is reasonable, feasible and effective for secondary pollution control, and it is high in control precision, better in dynamical and steady quality, and very strong in robustness.

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21

Zaytsev, V. A., A. P. Volkova, V. D. Demchenkova, A. V. Morozova, D. K. Sviridova y V. V. Shamarova. "SECONDARY AIR POLLUTION NEAR HIGHWAY SECTIONS WITH DIFFERENT TRAFFIC CHARACTER". Mathematical Methods in Technologies and Technics, n.º 6 (2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52348/2712-8873_mmtt_2022_6_87.

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22

Carnevale, Claudio, Giovanna Finzi, Enrico Pisoni y Marialuisa Volta. "IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCE-RECEPTOR MODELS FOR SECONDARY TROPOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, n.º 1 (2006): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060329-3-au-2901.00119.

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23

Carnevale, Claudio, Veronica Gabusi y Marialuisa Volta. "POEM-PM: an emission model for secondary pollution control scenarios". Environmental Modelling & Software 21, n.º 3 (marzo de 2006): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.11.003.

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24

Wang, Shao Jie, Zhi Xiong Liu, Shuang Yan y Chen Chen Pan. "Study on Multi-Functions Vacuum Cleaner without Causing Secondary Pollution". Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (junio de 2014): 920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.920.

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A novel vacuum cleaner was designed and tested. The testing results showed that the PM2.5 of new cleaner was130μg/m3, compared to the traditional one was 440μg/m3when they were working in a same condition. After being used 4 months, the resistance of the new cleaner remained about 50Pa, while the traditional one was more than 200Pa. The filters replacement cycle of the novel cleaner was changed from 3 times a year to 1 time a year. The relative humidity and temperature were improved from 21% and 18oC to 25oC and 45% in the winter respectively. The amount of average bacterial content was changed from 3560 cfu/m3to 1790 cfu/m3in a closed ward of a hospital.

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25

Devaraj, K. R. "Air Pollution in India – Causes, Effects and Solutions". International Review of Business and Economics 1, n.º 3 (2018): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.8.

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Air is the necessary for the very existence of human beings, animals and plants that appeared on the earth. However, due to the rapid growth of population and technology the air was polluted day by day. In 2011, India’s Central Pollution Control Board had presented the report according to which 180 cities in India had particulate matter six times more than the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization in the air. Vehicles, biomass burning, fuel tarnishing are few of the major causes of air pollution in India. The problem of air pollution is so big that we cannot manage to pay for overlook it. As such it has to be handled with a high degree of care. This paper focuses on causes, effects of air pollutions in India and steps to solve the problems and policy measures to ensure reduce air pollution to the entire resident of earth. This study mainly descriptive in nature and secondary data are used for the purpose of the study. The data was collected from books, various articles, journals and websites.

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Chen, Amanda. "Impact of Microplastic Pollution on Freshwater Ecosystems and Effective Mitigation Measures in Canada". European Journal of Physical Sciences 5, n.º 2 (3 de mayo de 2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejps.1442.

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Purpose: This study investigates the impact of microplastic pollution on freshwater ecosystems and effective mitigation measures in Canada. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The literature review and research findings demonstrate that microplastic pollution is significantly impacting freshwater ecosystems in Canada. Microplastics can accumulate in water, biota, and sediments, leading to water quality changes, ecological disruptions, and potential risks to human health. The study also highlights the ecological and societal impacts of microplastic pollution, such as changes in habitat structure, alterations in food webs, and potential health risks. Various mitigation measures, including source reduction, wastewater treatment, education and awareness, policy and regulatory measures, and ecosystem-based approaches, are effective in reducing microplastic pollution in freshwater environments. Recommendations: This study contributes to the understanding of microplastic pollution's impact on freshwater ecosystems and effective mitigation measures in Canada. The research advances knowledge in environmental science, freshwater ecology, and pollution management, providing insights into sources, pathways, and impacts of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems, and the effectiveness of various mitigation measures. The findings have practical implications for policymakers, environmental managers, and stakeholders involved in freshwater management and pollution control, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches, stakeholder engagement, and evidence-based policy and management strategies to mitigate the negative effects of microplastic pollution on freshwater ecosystems and safeguard their health and sustainability.

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Česonienė, Laima, Edita Mažuolytė-Miškinė, Daiva Šileikienė, Kristina Lingytė y Edmundas Bartkevičius. "Analysis of Biogenic Secondary Pollution Materials from Sludge in Surface Waters". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2019): 4691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234691.

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Many countries of the world, including Lithuania, are making an effort to reduce surface water pollution. State monitoring data show that almost 80% of the lakes in Lithuania have an increased amount of sludge. One of the reasons for this increase in sludge is an excessive amount of biogenic material in the water. It is known that even after the source of pollution is removed, the condition of the lake water does not improve; rather, the condition of the lake water worsens due to the secondary pollution of sludge in the water. A study was conducted to determine the impact of secondary sludge pollution on water. For this study, 5 sludge samples were taken from different lakes in Lithuania. Fresh water was poured on the sludge samples, the concentrations of Nt, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, Pt, the pH and the changes in the electric conductivity (C) were measured in the water within 28 h. Research has shown that the thickness of the sludge layer influences the total amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter present in the sludge. As the thickness of the sludge layer increases in a lake, the total concentrations of nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic matter increase. Studies have also shown that the concentrations of all biogenic substances in water increase, with the exception of total phosphorus. This finding shows that organic phosphorus is "locked" in sludge, and no secondary pollution occurs from this source. Moreover, the electrical conductivity values of the water influence the release of biogenic substances from sludge in the water.

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Liu, Yingying, Jing Wang, Xueyan Zhao, Jian Wang, Xinhua Wang, Lujian Hou, Wen Yang, Bin Han y Zhipeng Bai. "Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM2.5 Pollution in Jinan during Winter". Atmosphere 11, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030273.

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Air pollution is an increasing threat to human health in China. In this study, daily PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS)in Jinan, China from 15 November 2016 to 15 March 2017. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of the characteristics and sources of air particles and determine different levels of PM2.5 pollution and its constituent elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species. Nitrate (NO3−), organic materials (OM) and sulfate (SO42−) were identified as the three main components of PM2.5 pollution. With increasing pollution level, the contributions of SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ increased at greater rates, unlike that of OM. The proportion of SO42− exceeded that of NO3− and became predominant in severe PM2.5 pollution (SP; 250 μg m−3 ≤ PM2.5 ≤ 500 μg m−3). This work demonstrates that SO42− has a dominant role in SP level and, consequently, requires greater research attention. It is demonstrated that relative humidity (RH) enhances the rate of sulfate formation more than that of nitrate. Therefore, under the current Chinese emergency response measures, it is necessary to further reduce emissions of SO2 and NO2. Four clusters of backward trajectories identified dominant pollution vectors originating from highly industrialized areas that exacerbate the poor air quality in Jinan. It is, therefore, necessary to undertake regional control measures to reduce pollutant emissions.

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Wang, Hai Ying, Yong Jing Liu y Di Hua Tang. "Association Study on Air Pollution and Cardiopulmonary Function of Primary and Secondary School Students". Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (diciembre de 2014): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.437.

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Impact of air pollution on health has become an important social issue. Air pollution is closely related to the morbidity and death rate of cardiopulmonary disease, produces short-term acute and chronic hazards on health, and especially has long-term and profound impact on primary and secondary school students’ constitution. Long-term effects of air pollution on cardiopulmonary function of primary and secondary school students are represented as incidence increase of asthma, decrease of FEV1, MMEF, VO2max, MVV and other indicators and relation to NO, PM2.5 and CO. Students taking exercise in air pollution environment can cause acute cardiopulmonary reactions, such as abnormal changes of MVV, VC, FEV1, FVC and other indicators after exercise, which may relate to O3, PM10, PM2.5, SO2and NO2. Therefore, schools should strengthen the awareness of air pollution in implementing sports, and conduct development of control measures, to ensure the effect of physical exercise.

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30

Uttamang, Pornpan, Parkpoom Choomanee, Jitlada Phupijit, Surat Bualert y Thunyapat Thongyen. "Investigation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation during O3 and PM2.5 Episodes in Bangkok, Thailand". Atmosphere 14, n.º 6 (7 de junio de 2023): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060994.

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In Bangkok, the megacity of Thailand, concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have often exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality standards. During severe smog events over Bangkok, the air quality has exhibited moderate to unhealthy atmospheric conditions, according to the air quality index of the United States. To investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), a field campaign to estimate secondary organic carbon (SOC) in Bangkok using the EC tracer method was conducted in January 2021, when the concentrations of PM2.5 were high. The monthly period was classified into three pollution groups, including high pollution, high PM, and low pollution events. The study showed that the correlations between PM2.5 and O3 were negative during both the daytime and night-time. The OC/EC ratios varied from 4.32 to 5.43, while the moderate OC/EC values implied that fossil fuel combustion was the major carbonaceous aerosol in Bangkok. The EC tracer-estimated SOC and POC showed that SOC contributed between 32.5 and 46.4% to OC, while the highest SOC contribution occurred during the low pollution event. The heightened formation of SOA during the low pollution event was perhaps owing to the levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Since Bangkok is more likely to have a NOx-rich photochemical reaction regime, an increase in the NOx level tended to decrease the SOA yield ([NOx] was 21.6 ppb, 20.8 ppb, and 17.1 ppb during the high pollution, high PM, and low pollution events, respectively). Together with the high humidity and high light intensity during the low pollution event, the SOA formation was enhanced. Even though the driving factors of SOA formation over Bangkok remain unclear, the results of this study reveal the significance and urgency of local actions to reduce NOx and O3 towards more habitable and sustainable urban environments.

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31

Zhang, Jingqiao, Han Wang, Li Yan, Wenwen Ding, Ruize Liu, Hongliang Wang y Shulan Wang. "Analysis of Chemical Composition Characteristics and Source of PM2.5 under Different Pollution Degrees in Autumn and Winter of Liaocheng, China". Atmosphere 12, n.º 9 (13 de septiembre de 2021): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091180.

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Analysis of chemical composition characteristics of PM2.5 under different pollution degrees can reveal the changes of pollution sources. In order to make clear the evolution process of PM2.5 compositions in autumn and winter, PM2.5 samples were continuously collected and analyzed at Liaocheng city, China. The collected samples were classified as clean days (CLD), mild-moderate pollution days (MMD) and severe-serious pollution days (SSD). It was concluded that with the increase of pollution degrees, the concentrations of water-soluble ions and carbon components increased significantly, while elements only increased slightly. In addition, as the pollution degrees increased, the percentage of NO3−, SO42− and NH4+ increased significantly, from 23.0% in CLD to 49.0% in SSD, while the percentage of other components decreased, especially crust material. The PMF analyzed results showed that secondary transformation (36.7%), combustion sources (20.4%), secondary organic aerosols (SOA) (11.7%), vehicle sources (11%), dust (10.5%) and industrial processes (9.7%) were the main sources of PM2.5 during autumn and winter in Liaocheng. The contribution of secondary transformation reached 57% at the SSD level, which indicated that it was the main reason for the increase of PM2.5 concentrations. The air mass mainly came from five paths to Liaocheng. The secondary transformation contribution of the air mass with short transmission distance was higher, while the contribution of the dust was higher from the long distance.

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32

Grundey, J. K. "Avoiding pollution from cattle units". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzo de 1986): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015555.

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Increasing public interest and more anti-pollution legislation sharpen the need to avoid pollution. Soil, water and air are at risk.Apart from plant nutrient considerations, secondary effects of water-logging and oxygen depletion of the soil can occur. Slurry tankers can cause damage to the field surface by rutting. Some tankers exert pressures of 70 psi on the soil and then are often used on wet soils. Such malpractices create extra costs to rectify extra problems created.

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33

Mariussen, Espen, Tonje Skuland, Hans Jørgen Dahlman, Marit Låg y Johan Øvrevik. "85 An Approach to Test Effects on Secondary Organs via Lung Cells Exposed at the Air Liquid Interphase". Annals of Work Exposures and Health 67, Supplement_1 (1 de mayo de 2023): i58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac087.141.

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Abstract Air pollutions are shown to increase the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke. These effects imply an indirect exposure of secondary organs downstream of the respiratory system as the primary target of exposure. Mechanistic studies of air pollution on secondary organs have traditionally been performed on organ specific monocultures at submerged conditions. Direct exposure to organ specific cells secondary exposed to air pollution have the drawback that it does not imply realistic exposure conditions. In this study we have indirectly exposed organ specific cells to particulate matter via exposure of a bronchial lung model at the air liquid interphase (ALI). The lung model was exposed to a model diesel particle (DEP) and an equivalent dose of an acetone extract of the DEP. The DEP induced induction of IL-6 formation of which the DEP was more potent than the DEP extract. The DEP extract inhibited CXCL8 formation, which appeared contradictory since both the DEP and DEP-extract increased expression of CXCL8 mRNA. Our results showed a substantial increased expression of CyP1A1 and CyP1B1 in both epithelial and endothelial cells in the lung model of which no differences were observed between the DEP and DEP-extract. However, the solvent extract induced the CYPs with a higher potency in the secondary exposed HepG2 liver cells, probably due to faster permeation of dissolved substances in the DEP extract through the lung barrier. Thus, organ specific cell models can be combined to achieve a more realistic so-called body-specific model to study secondary effects.

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34

Xing, Yan Ying. "Approach on Pollution Gases Diffusion Path of Small Spacing Tunnel Entrance Based on CFD". Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (julio de 2014): 1254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1254.

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Small spacing tunnel due to the special structure form and two tubes are only separated by a thin wall. This structure form is likely to cause secondary pollution, pollution gas discharged into the adjacent tunnel. This phenomenon will lead to increased ventilation system energy consumption. This paper analysis gas diffusion path between two adjacent tunnels, using CFD (Ansys Fluent). To relieve the pollution gases secondary pollution of tunnel portal area, using CFD analyzed gas diffusion path under different circumstances, for opening hole on the top of sunshades, extended of the wall between two adjacent tunnels and other programs, and identify more comprehensive disposal program.

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35

Ma, Jian Feng, Jian Ming Yu, Bing Ying Cui, Ding Long Li y Juan Dai. "Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Zero Valent Iron Composited Organobentonite". Advanced Materials Research 340 (septiembre de 2011): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.340.229.

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A novel material, zero valent iron composited organobentonite (NZVI-OB), was synthesized to adsorb dye from wastewater and to degrade the dye for avoiding secondary pollution. The crystal structure was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of initial Orange II concentration and reaction time on the removal of Orange II by the NZVI-OB was studied. And the removal mechanism of Orange II was discussed. The results show that the Orange II can be removed by NZVI-OB efficiently. The maximal adsorption amount is 112.66 mg/g. The iron can effectively degrade the organic compounds after adsorption pollution, the carbon contents of organic pollutions after catalyzed and oxidized by the iron are lowered to the 19% of the original.

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36

Stehle, R. y H. Ritter. "The chemical pollution of the secondary of a cataclysmic variableby novae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 309, n.º 1 (11 de octubre de 1999): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02838.x.

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37

Zhang, Jian, Jingyi Yan, Fangzhi Huang, Shikuo Li, Li Zhang, Yuhua Shen, Xuemei Wang y Anjian Xie. "A New Postprocessing Strategy for Secondary Pollution: Synthesis of CdS Crystals". Separation Science and Technology 47, n.º 5 (marzo de 2012): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.623145.

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38

Wang, Wang Long, Qingjie Meng, Yehui Xue, Xiaole Weng, Pengfei Sun y Zhongbiao Wu. "Lanthanide perovskite catalysts for oxidation of chloroaromatics: Secondary pollution and modifications". Journal of Catalysis 366 (octubre de 2018): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.022.

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39

Piegdoń, Izabela y Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak. "Risk estimation method of secondary water pollution in water supply system". DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 301 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2023.29416.

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40

Li, Kangning, Liukun Li, Bin Huang y Zengyu Han. "Source Apportionment of Ambient Aerosols during a Winter Pollution Episode in Yinchuan by Using Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry". Atmosphere 13, n.º 8 (25 de julio de 2022): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081174.

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For a winter pollution episode in Yinchuan, a city in Northwestern China, ambient aerosols were characterized using a real-time single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). More than 160,000 individual particles analyzed with the SPAMS were classified into eight major categories on the basis of their mass spectral patterns: traffic emissions, biomass burning, dust, coal burning, industrial emissions, secondary inorganic, cooking, and others, all of which contribute to fine particles. The results revealed that coal burning (29.6%) and traffic emissions (23.4%) were the main sources during the monitoring period. Industrial emissions and secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for 16.6% and 14.0%, respectively. The SPAMS data indicated that the number concentration of the eight types of particles was markedly different in the different pollution cases, and higher number concentrations were discovered more often during pollution episodes. The three pollution cases were mainly caused by the accumulation of fine particles, mainly from traffic emissions, industrial emissions, and increased secondary inorganic conversion.

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41

Dhara, Ranajit y Amarnath Das. "Awareness towards Environmental Pollution and Academic Achievement among Secondary Level Students in Purba Bardhaman District of West Bengal, India". International Journal of Applied and Scientific Research 2, n.º 3 (30 de marzo de 2024): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijasr.v2i3.1513.

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The main purposes of the study were to elucidate the levels of awareness towards environmental pollution and academic achievement and to investigate the relationship between awareness towards environmental pollution and academic achievement, the factors that affect awareness towards environmental pollution was determined. Awareness towards environmental pollution measuring questionnaires were done with 188 secondary levels students of Bardhaman district. For the analysis of data, Mean, S.D., ‘t’ test, ANOVA, and graph have been applied in itself. The moderate level of awareness towards environmental pollution and academic achievement both have been observed in present study. It is revealed that the Girls and Urban students were comparatively more aware towards environmental pollution than Boys and Rural. Non-minority students were comparatively more aware towards environmental pollution than Minority. Through the present study, it was also found that there is no significantly difference among various part of Parent’s Occupation, Family’s Economical Status and Categories. But on the basis of mean scores, Sons of Serviceman, Rich Family and Unreserved category are more aware towards Environmental Pollution than others.

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42

Kong, Lan, Tianzhi Luo, Xia Jiang, Shuhua Zhou, Gang Huang, Dongyang Chen, Yuting Lan y Fumo Yang. "Seasonal Variation Characteristics of VOCs and Their Influences on Secondary Pollutants in Yibin, Southwest China". Atmosphere 13, n.º 9 (30 de agosto de 2022): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091389.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a crucial impact on the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols in the near-surface atmosphere. Understanding the composition characteristics and sources of VOCs is necessary for determining effective control policies to mitigate VOCs and related secondary pollutions. We performed on-line measurements of VOC species in typical months of each season in Yibin, a fast-growing city in Sichuan Basin in China, to identify VOC seasonal characteristics, sources, and the potential for secondary pollution formation. The average mixing ratio of VOCs in Yibin was 22.3 ppbv. Five major emission sources were identified through the positive matrix factorization model, namely, gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, industrial manufacturing, solvent utilization, regional background, and secondary formation. Aromatics and alkenes played leading roles in the secondary formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Furthermore, m/p-xylene, ethylene, and toluene were identified to be the major reactive species. Future management should consider targeting these compounds when evaluating ozone and aerosol reduction strategies. Vehicle and solvent utilization emission mitigation would be the primary and effective ways to improve air quality in the fast-developing city in this region.

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43

Wang, Xin, Jia Liang Lu, Li Liu, Jia Bao, Jiyan Liang y Li Cui. "Study on the Degradation of Chlorpyrifos by Immobilized Bacillus". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (octubre de 2013): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.613.

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Pesticide pollutions have become increasingly severe. Especially the extensive production and application of chlorpyrifos have resulted in the environmental pollution and ecological damage. The employment of the immobilized microorganism degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil is a kind of effective technology without secondary pollution. The best ratio of immobilized carrier has been determined by comparison among different carriers for chlorpyrifos degradation. Based upon the adoption of Bacillus LLBD4, pH value, temperature and initial concentration of chlorpyrifos were studied in this experiment. The results showed that the combination of 10% of PVC, 1% of activated carbon and 0.5% sodium alginate can be served as the best carrier, furthermore, chlorpyrifos degradation efficiency reached the peak when the pH was set to 7.0, the initial concentration of chlorpyrifos was 100 mg·L-1at 30°C, reaching about 83%.

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44

Liu, Wenna, Siting Yuan y Yuting Chen. "Light Pollution Risk Assessment Indicator System and Regional Analysis". Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, n.º 3 (5 de mayo de 2023): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i3.8025.

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This paper presents a light pollution risk assessment indicator system based on the four principles of index system construction. The system consists of eight categories of primary indicators and 15 secondary indicators, established through three rounds of Delphi screening and correlation analysis. Using the Topsis entropy weighting method, the paper scores the indicators and finds that urban communities have the highest score and the most serious light pollution, while protected areas have the lowest score and the least light pollution. By using one-way ANOVA to analyze the influence of secondary indicators on light pollution in each region, the paper concludes that there is a significant difference between the different area types in the composite score index, with protected land sites being the least contaminated by risk and urban communities being the most contaminated.

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45

Bishop, Kelly C., Sehba Husain-Krautter, Jonathan D. Ketcham, Nicolai V. Kuminoff y Corbett Schimming. "Analyzing Individual-Level Secondary Data with Instrumental Variable Methods Is Useful for Studying the Effects of Air Pollution on Dementia". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200497.

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We hypothesize that analyzing individual-level secondary data with instrumental variable (IV) methods can advance knowledge of the long-term effects of air pollution on dementia. We discuss issues in measurement using secondary data and how IV estimation can overcome biases due to measurement error and unmeasured variables. We link air-quality data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s monitors with Medicare claims data to illustrate the use of secondary data to document associations. Additionally, we describe results from a previous study that uses an IV for pollution and finds that PM2.5’s effects on dementia are larger than non-causal associations.

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46

Rodríguez, Manuel Gil. "Dynamic model of secondary process of urban wastewater treatment plants". Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 32, n.º 7 (agosto de 1997): 2057–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529709376665.

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47

Urkato, Samuel y Hio-Jung Shin. "Environmental Management Challenges of Emerging Industrial Firms: Evidence from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia". American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i3.390.

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In developing economies like Ethiopia, emerging industries are mostly subject to state protection, as a prominent rationale articulated by Hamilton (1791). However, they are less responsive to environmental health degradation caused by their effluent. In this paper, Akaki River pollution in Addis Ababa city is thought-out to understand how those industries aligning the river bank are polluting the environment and how local policy is responding to regulate it. By using secondary information, focus group discussion and key informant interview, this study describes that Ethiopian environmental policy, which addresses state and market approaches, is silent to protect the pollution. However, the societies in the catchment areas, whom lack proper property right of the river, are seriously vulnerable to family health since they use the polluted river water for smallholder farming, drinking, and other domestic activities. Moreover, the weak performance of this policy is a burden for other sectoral policies such as health and agriculture. Empirical studies for river pollution impact are further needed.

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48

Lang, Jianlei, Shengyue Li, Shuiyuan Cheng, Ying Zhou, Dongsheng Chen, Yanyun Zhang, Hanyu Zhang y Haiyan Wang. "Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Submicron Particles in a City with Heavy Pollution in China". Atmosphere 9, n.º 10 (5 de octubre de 2018): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100388.

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Submicron particle (PM1) pollution has received increased attention in recent years; however, few studies have focused on such pollution in the city of Shijiazhuang (SJZ), which is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, we conducted an intensive simultaneous sampling of PM1 and PM2.5 in autumn 2016, in order to explore pollution characteristics and sources in SJZ. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 70.51 μg/m3 and 91.68 μg/m3, respectively, and the average ratio of PM1/PM2.5 was 0.75. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was the dominant component in PM1 (35.9%) and PM2.5 (32.3%). An analysis of haze episodes found that SIA had a significant influence on PM1 pollution, NH4+ promoted the formation of pollution, and SO42− and NO3− presented different chemical mechanisms. Additionally, the results of source apportionment implied that secondary source, biomass burning and coal combustion, traffic, industry, and dust were the major pollution sources for SJZ, accounting for 45.4%, 18.9%, 15.7%, 10.3%, and 9.8% of PM1, respectively, and for 42.4%, 18.8%, 12.2%, 10.2%, and 16.4% of PM2.5, respectively. Southern Hebei, mid-eastern Shanxi, and northern Henan were the major contribution regions during the study period. Three transport pathways of pollutants were put forward, including airflows from Shanxi with secondary source, airflows from the central Beijng–Tianjin–Hebei region with fossil fuel burning source, and airflows from the southern North China Plain with biomass burning source. The systematic analysis of PM1 could provide scientific support for the creation of an air pollution mitigation policy in SJZ and similar regions.

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Törnquist, Per, Marie Carlsson y Håkan Pettersson. "An interdisciplinary environmental project, based on natural chronologic archives, suitable for upper secondary school students". Physics Education 58, n.º 2 (26 de enero de 2023): 025016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/acb037.

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Abstract This article describes an ongoing interdisciplinary project involving both the natural and social sciences. Based on the intact chronology of the layers in a peat bog, students create a history of pollution after WWII, for several toxic elements. Within this project the students collect samples which are analysed for; As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Zn, and 137Cs. Caesium is used to roughly date emissions. The results allow students to gain a holistic picture of the mechanisms underlying airborne pollution. The project is comprehensive and involves several school subjects, that normally are separated. The student’s task is to explain the time-related changes in pollution for one of the above-mentioned elements in a scientific report. The students’ report must also explain, when possible, the underlying political mechanisms or other factors, for the change in pollution. The finding of the above-mentioned elements in the local environment promotes discussions about the human impact on the environment. Most importantly, the results show that it is possible to change emission patterns in the future to achieve a better environment.

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50

Wang, T., W. Nie, J. Gao, L. K. Xue, X. M. Gao, X. F. Wang, J. Qiu et al. "Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 16 (16 de agosto de 2010): 7603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7603-2010.

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Abstract. This paper presents the first results of the measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and outside Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics. The official air pollution index near the Olympic Stadium and the data from our nearby site revealed an obvious association between air quality and meteorology and different responses of secondary and primary pollutants to the control measures. Ambient concentrations of vehicle-related nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site dropped by 25% and 20–45% in the first two weeks after full control was put in place, but the levels of ozone, sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased by 16%, 64%, 37%, respectively, compared to the period prior to the full control; wind data and back trajectories indicated the contribution of regional pollution from the North China Plain. Air quality (for both primary and secondary pollutants) improved significantly during the Games, which were also associated with the changes in weather conditions (prolonged rainfall, decreased temperature, and more frequent air masses from clean regions). A comparison of the ozone data at three sites on eight ozone-pollution days, when the air masses were from the southeast-south-southwest sector, showed that regional pollution sources contributed >34–88% to the peak ozone concentrations at the urban site in Beijing. Regional sources also contributed significantly to the CO concentrations in urban Beijing. Ozone production efficiencies at two sites were low (~3 ppbv/ppbv), indicating that ozone formation was being controlled by VOCs. Compared with data collected in 2005 at a downwind site, the concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), total sulfur (SO2+PM2.5 sulfate), carbon monoxide (CO), reactive aromatics (toluene and xylenes) sharply decreased (by 8–64%) in 2008, but no significant changes were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, fine sulfate, total odd reactive nitrogen (NOy), and longer lived alkanes and benzene. We suggest that these results indicate the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing, but increased regional emissions during 2005–2008. More stringent control of regional emissions will be needed for significant reductions of ozone and fine particulate pollution in Beijing.

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