Literatura académica sobre el tema "Scar imaging echocardiography"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Scar imaging echocardiography"
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Gaibazzi, Nicola, Michele Bianconcini, Nicola Marziliano, Iris Parrini, Maria Rosa Conte, Carmine Siniscalchi, Giacomo Faden et al. "Scar Detection by Pulse-Cancellation Echocardiography". JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 9, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2016): 1239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.01.021.
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Amundsen, Brage H., Anders Thorstensen y Asbjørn Støylen. "Deformation Measurements by Echocardiography versus Late Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease". European Cardiology Review 8, n.º 2 (2012): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2012.8.2.101.
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The aim of this article is to discuss the present and future potential of deformation imaging by echocardiography and scar visualisation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The two methods are clearly different: one is concerned with function, the other with morphology. Echocardiography, with its versatility of methods and high applicability, will continue to be the workhorse in cardiac imaging of patients with CAD. Important additional information can be extracted from deformation imaging methods, especially due to the high temporal resolution in tissue Doppler. Deformation measurements in 3D images are still limited by their lower resolution compared with 2D but will continue to improve. The standardisation of image analysis and the collaboration within the echocardiographic community to conduct larger studies will be important tasks in the attempt to establish evidence for the new methods. Late enhancement MRI is a method with unique properties and will continue to be an important alternative in selected patients and settings, as well as an invaluable research tool.
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Chaosuwannakit, Narumol y Pattarapong Makarawate. "Left Ventricular Thrombi: Insights from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Tomography 7, n.º 2 (12 de mayo de 2021): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography7020016.
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Objective: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) late gadolinium enhancement technique (LGE) detects thrombus rather than anatomical presence based on tissue properties and is theoretically highly accurate. The present study’s goal was to compare the diagnostic accuracy obtained with various CMR techniques and transthoracic echocardiography to diagnose left ventricular thrombus and evaluate the prevalence and perspectives of left ventricular (LV) thrombus among patients with impaired systolic left ventricular function. Methods: In a single academic referral center, a retrospective database review of all CMR assessments of the established left ventricular thrombus was carried out in 206 consecutive patients with reduced systolic function for five years. To assess thrombus risk factors, clinical and imaging parameters were analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), echocardiography, and cine-CMR sequence accuracy have been identified. LV structural parameters were quantified to detect markers for thrombus and predictors of the additive usefulness of contrast-enhanced thrombus imaging. Comparisons against LGE-CMR were made, which was used as the standard. Results: A 7.8 percent prevalence of left ventricular thrombus was identified by LGE-CMR. Cine-CMR increased the diagnostic efficiency for echocardiographic thrombus identification in this group, with sensitivity increasing from 50 percent by echocardiography to 75 percent by cine-CMR (p = 0.008). Dark blood CMR (DB-CMR) has better sensitivity and accuracy than echocardiography (p < 0.001), comparable to cine-CMR. The transmural infarct size was an independent marker for thrombus after correction for the LVEF and LV volume while considering only CMR parameters. There were significantly higher embolic events (HR = 71.33; CI 8.31–616.06, p < 0.0001) in LV thrombus patients detected by LGE-CMR. Conclusion: CMR imaging was more sensitive to left ventricular thrombi identification compared with transthoracic echocardiography. An additional parameter available from LGE-CMR and shown as an independent risk factor for left ventricular thrombus is the myocardial scar.
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Trivedi, Siddharth J., Timothy Campbell, Luke D. Stefani, Liza Thomas y Saurabh Kumar. "Strain by speckle tracking echocardiography correlates with electroanatomic scar location and burden in ischaemic cardiomyopathy". European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 22, n.º 8 (15 de febrero de 2021): 855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeab021.
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Abstract Aims Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) originates from scar, identified as low-voltage areas with invasive high-density electroanatomic mapping (EAM). Abnormal myocardial deformation on speckle tracking strain echocardiography can non-invasively identify scar. We examined if regional and global longitudinal strain (GLS) can localize and quantify low-voltage scar identified with high-density EAM. Methods and results We recruited 60 patients, 40 ICM patients undergoing VT ablation and 20 patients undergoing ablation for other arrhythmias as controls. All patients underwent an echocardiogram prior to high-density left ventricular (LV) EAM. Endocardial bipolar and unipolar scar location and percentage were correlated with regional and multilayer GLS. Controls had normal GLS and normal bipolar and unipolar voltages. There was a strong correlation between endocardial and mid-myocardial longitudinal strain and endocardial bipolar scar percentage for all 17 LV segments (r = 0.76–0.87, P < 0.001) in ICM patients. Additionally, indices of myocardial contraction heterogeneity, myocardial dispersion (MD), and delta contraction duration (DCD) correlated with bipolar scar percentage. Endocardial and mid-myocardial GLS correlated with total LV bipolar scar percentage (r = 0.83; 0.82, P < 0.001 respectively), whereas epicardial GLS correlated with epicardial bipolar scar percentage (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). Endocardial GLS −9.3% or worse had 93% sensitivity and 82% specificity for predicting endocardial bipolar scar >46% of LV surface area. Conclusions Multilayer strain analysis demonstrated good linear correlations with low-voltage scar by invasive EAM. Validation studies are needed to establish the utility of strain as a non-invasive tool for quantifying scar location and burden, thereby facilitating mapping and ablation of VT.
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Badano, Luigi P., Karima Addetia, Gianluca Pontone, Camilla Torlasco, Roberto M. Lang, Gianfranco Parati y Denisa Muraru. "Advanced imaging of right ventricular anatomy and function". Heart 106, n.º 19 (3 de julio de 2020): 1469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315178.
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Right ventricular (RV) size and function are important predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with various conditions. However, non-invasive assessment of the RV is a challenging task due to its complex anatomy and location in the chest. Although conventional echocardiography is widely used, its limitations in RV assessment are well recognised. New techniques such as three-dimensional and speckle tracking echocardiography have overcome the limitations of conventional echocardiography allowing a comprehensive, quantitative assessment of RV geometry and function without geometric assumptions. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and CT provide accurate assessment of RV geometry and function, too. In addition, tissue characterisation imaging for myocardial scar and fat using CMR and CT provides important information regarding the RV that has clinical applications for diagnosis and prognosis in a broad range of cardiac conditions. Limitations also exist for these two advanced modalities including availability and patient suitability for CMR and need for contrast and radiation exposure for CT. Hybrid imaging, which is able to integrate anatomical information (usually obtained by CT or CMR) with physiological and molecular data (usually obtained with positron emission tomography), can provide optimal in vivo evaluation of Rv functional impairment. This review summarises the clinically useful applications of advanced echocardiography techniques, CMR and CT for comprehensive assessment of RV size, function and mechanics.
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Madanieh, Raef, Shawn Mathew, Pratik Shah, Satya K. Vatti, Abed Madanieh, Constantine E. Kosmas y Timothy J. Vittorio. "Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Might Complement Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in the Detection of a Reversible Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy". Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 8 (enero de 2015): CCRep.S26054. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ccrep.s26054.
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We report a case of reversible nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in a male in his 60s who presented with an acute heart failure syndrome. Both conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) demonstrated severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction; however, both modalities were devoid of significant valvular heart disease as well as the presence of fibrosis, infiltration, inflammation, and scar. After six months of aggressive neurohumoral modulation, there was complete reverse remodeling and normalization of left ventricular function, which highlights the role of cMRI as an adjunct to two-dimensional echocardiography in the detection of a potentially reversible nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Fazio, Giovanni, Federica Vernuccio, Emanuele Grassedonio, Giuseppe Grutta, Giuseppe Lo Re y Massimo Midiri. "Ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy". Open Medicine 9, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-013-0233-y.
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AbstractDilated Cardiomyopathy is a high-incident disease, which diagnosis of and treatments are clinical priority. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging; echocardiography and the biochemical parameters that can help us differentiate between the post-ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Materials and methods. The study enrolled 134 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: 74 with the post-ischemic form and 60 with the non-ischemic one. All patients underwent a coronary imaging test, with echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance and a blood test. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated using Luminex kit. Data was compared between the two groups. Results. Echocardiography allowed recognition of Left Ventricular Non Compaction in 2 patients. Longitudinal and circumferential strains were significantly different in the two groups (p<0.05). Using CMR imaging a post-myocarditis scar was diagnosed in 2 patients and a post-ischemic scar in 95% of patients with the chronic ischemic disease. The interleukin IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were higher in the post-ischemic group compared with the non-ischemic one. Conclusions. The use of second level techniques with a high sensitivity and specificity would help distinguish among different sub-forms of dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Cochet, Hubert, Xavier Iriart, Antoine Allain-Nicolaï, Claudia Camaioni, Soumaya Sridi, Hubert Nivet, Emmanuelle Fournier et al. "Focal scar and diffuse myocardial fibrosis are independent imaging markers in repaired tetralogy of Fallot". European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 20, n.º 9 (16 de abril de 2019): 990–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez068.
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Abstract Aims To identify the correlates of focal scar and diffuse fibrosis in patients with history of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair. Methods and results Consecutive patients with prior TOF repair underwent electrocardiogram, 24-h Holter, transthoracic echocardiography, exercise testing, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) including cine imaging to assess ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, T1 mapping to assess left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) diffuse fibrosis, and free-breathing late gadolinium-enhanced imaging to quantify scar area at high spatial resolution. Structural imaging data were related to clinical characteristics and functional imaging markers. Cine and T1 mapping results were compared with 40 age- and sex-matched controls. One hundred and three patients were enrolled (age 28 ± 15 years, 36% women), including 36 with prior pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Compared with controls, TOF showed lower LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and RV ejection fraction (RVEF), and higher RV volume, RV wall thickness, and native T1 and extracellular volume values on both ventricles. In TOF, scar area related to LVEF and RVEF, while LV and RV native T1 related to RV dilatation. On multivariable analysis, scar area and LV native T1 were independent correlates of ventricular arrhythmia, while RVEF was not. Patients with history of PVR showed larger scars on RV outflow tract but shorter LV and RV native T1. Conclusion Focal scar and biventricular diffuse fibrosis can be characterized on CMR after TOF repair. Scar size relates to systolic dysfunction, and diffuse fibrosis to RV dilatation. Both independently relate to ventricular arrhythmias. The finding of shorter T1 after PVR suggests that diffuse fibrosis may reverse with therapy.
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Owashi, Kimi, Marion Taconné, Nicolas Courtial, Antoine Simon, Mireille Garreau, Alfredo Hernandez, Erwan Donal, Virginie Le Rolle y Elena Galli. "Desynchronization Strain Patterns and Contractility in Left Bundle Branch Block through Computer Model Simulation". Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9020053.
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Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is associated with specific septal-to-lateral wall activation patterns which are strongly influenced by the intrinsic left ventricular (LV) contractility and myocardial scar localization. The objective of this study was to propose a computational-model-based interpretation of the different patterns of LV contraction observed in the case of LBBB and preserved contractility or myocardial scarring. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was used to obtain LV volumes and deformation patterns in three patients with LBBB: (1) a patient with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, (2) a patient with antero-septal myocardial scar, and (3) a patient with lateral myocardial scar. Scar was confirmed by the distribution of late gadolinium enhancement with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI). Model parameters were evaluated manually to reproduce patient-derived data such as strain curves obtained from echocardiographic apical views. The model was able to reproduce the specific strain patterns observed in patients. A typical septal flash with pre-ejection shortening, rebound stretch, and delayed lateral wall activation was observed in the case of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. In the case of lateral scar, the contractility of the lateral wall was significantly impaired and septal flash was absent. In the case of septal scar, septal flash and rebound stretch were also present as previously described in the literature. Interestingly, the model was also able to simulate the specific contractile properties of the myocardium, providing an excellent localization of LV scar in ischemic patients. The model was able to simulate the electromechanical delay and specific contractility patterns observed in patients with LBBB of ischemic and non-ischemic etiology. With further improvement and validation, this technique might be a useful tool for the diagnosis and treatment planning of heart failure patients needing CRT.
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Rammos, Aidonis, Vasileios Meladinis, Georgios Vovas y Dimitrios Patsouras. "Restrictive Cardiomyopathies: The Importance of Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Modalities in Diagnosis and Treatment—A Systematic Review". Radiology Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2874902.
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common among cardiomyopathies. It can be idiopathic, familial, or secondary to systematic disorders. Marked increase in left and/or right ventricular filling pressures causes symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. Electrocardiographic findings are nonspecific and include atrioventricular conduction and QRS complex abnormalities and supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) play a major role in diagnosis. Echocardiography reveals normal or hypertrophied ventricles, preserved systolic function, marked biatrial enlargement, and impaired diastolic function, often with restrictive filling pattern. CMR offering a higher spatial resolution than echocardiography can provide detailed information about anatomic structures, perfusion, ventricular function, and tissue characterization. CMR with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and novel approaches (myocardial mapping) can direct the diagnosis to specific subtypes of RCM, depending on the pattern of scar formation. When noninvasive studies have failed, endomyocardial biopsy is required. Differentiation between RCM and constrictive pericarditis (CP), nowadays by echocardiography, is important since both present as heart failure with normal-sized ventricles and preserved ejection fraction but CP can be treated by means of anti-inflammatory and surgical treatment, while the treatment options of RCM are dictated by the underlying condition. Prognosis is generally poor despite optimal medical treatment.
Tesis sobre el tema "Scar imaging echocardiography"
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Vinco, Giulia. "Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis Using Advanced Echocardiography in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Pilot Study". Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/1049393.
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Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, which is characterized by a multi-organ involvement and increased mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular complications. Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is common in SLE, affecting up to 30% of these patients. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging allows an accurate assessment of myocardial tissue in SLE patients, but it is costly, time consuming, and unfit for patients with coexisting chronic kidney disease. Recent advanced echocardiographic techniques allow an accurate assessment of MF. In particular, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a reproducible technique that provides information about MF by detecting abnormalities in myocardial active deformation. Scar imaging echocardiography with ultrasound multi-pulse scheme (eSCAR) is another novel technique that has been validated for detecting ischemic myocardial scars in patients with prior acute myocardial infarction. Aim: To examine whether STE and eSCAR may detect the presence of subclinical myocardial involvement in patients with SLE. Methods: We consecutively recruited 29 patients (M/F=3/26; age 45±11 years) with established SLE, who had a disease duration of 15±10 years. Their median SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score was 2 (0-6). Patients with current cardiac symptoms or prior history of any heart disease were excluded from the study. We also recruited a sample of 32 control individuals, who were comparable for age, sex and traditional cardiovascular risk factors to the cases. All participants underwent a complete echocardiography examination, using both STE and eSCAR. Results: Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was significantly impaired in most myocardial segments in SLE patients than in control subjects, except for the myocardial apical region that was comparable between the two groups. Higher SLEDAI was associated with an impaired GLS-4 chamber (r=0.470, p=0.01) and GLS infero-septal wall (r=0.464, p=0.01). A higher daily dosage of prednisone was also associated with an impaired GLS in the infero-septal myocardial segment (r=0.414, p=0.02). Myocardial scar by eSCAR was observed in 5 (17%) out of 29 SLE patients, mainly in the infero-septal myocardial segment. A significant association was found between the infero-septal GLS and the presence of scar by eSCAR technique (r=0.569, p<0.001). Conclusions: Advanced echocardiography techniques detected the presence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in SLE patients with no history of cardiac disease compared to controls. An ‘apical sparing’ GLS pattern was also observed in SLE patients, with possible important diagnostic implications. In about one fifth of SLE patients a myocardial scar by eSCAR technique was identified, mainly in the infero-septal segments. Larger prospective studies are certainly needed to confirm these findings and to better elucidate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of advanced echocardiography techniques (including GLS and eSCAR) in patients with SLE.
Libros sobre el tema "Scar imaging echocardiography"
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Cuocolo, Alberto y Emilia Zampella. Role of Imaging in Diabetes Mellitus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0018.
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Although there has been a marked decline in mortality due to coronary artery disease (CAD) in the overall population in the past three decades, reducing CAD mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has proven exceptionally difficult. Several epidemiological studies have shown that DM is associated with a marked increase in the risk of CAD. The symptoms are not a reliable means of identifying patients at higher risk considering that angina is threefold less common in DM than in non-DM. Noninvasive cardiac imaging, such as echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, can provide insight into different aspects of the disease process, from imaging at the cellular level to microvascular and endothelial dysfunction, autonomic neuropathy, coronary atherosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis with scar formation. In particular, stress myocardial perfusion imaging has taken a central role in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of CAD in DM patients.
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Archer, Nick y Nicky Manning. Fetal echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766520.003.0006.
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This chapter considers fetal echocardiography, including discussion on clinical application of relevant physics, general principles of performing a fetal cardiac scan, the basic cardiac scan, fetal echocardiography, and advanced imaging.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Scar imaging echocardiography"
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Senior, Roxy, Nuno Cortez Dias, Benoy N. Shah y Fausto J. Pinto. "Echocardiography to assess viability". En The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging, 352–67. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0026.
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The reduction in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in developed nations has resulted in a larger number of survivors with consequent left ventricular dysfunction. Management of these patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy remains a challenge, since prognosis remains poor—and worse than that of non-ischaemic heart failure—despite appropriate use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and resynchronization devices. A large body of evidence accrued over the past three decades—predominantly retrospective in nature and observational in design—suggests that revascularization is superior to optimal medical therapy in patients with a large amount of ‘viable’ myocardium (i.e. dysfunctional myocardium at rest, which is not scar tissue and thus has, in theory, the potential to recover function after treatment). The global cardiology community has embraced this dogma, as many units worldwide place great emphasis upon the results of imaging tests (which aim to determine the presence and extent of myocardial ‘viability’) in guiding management strategy—specifically, whether to offer or deny a patient revascularization. This practice has been challenged recently by the results of the STICH trials, which suggested both lack of benefit from revascularization and no incremental benefit from viability testing. A number of imaging techniques exist for identifying viable myocardium. This chapter reviews the echocardiographic modalities that can be used to identify viable myocardium and compare these with other available techniques. We also analyse the results of the main STICH trial and the STICH viability sub-study and suggest an algorithm for integration of multi-modality imaging in the evaluation of myocardial viability.
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Nagel, Eike, Juerg Schwitter y Sven Plein. "CMR and detection of coronary artery disease". En The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging, 286–301. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0021.
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Two principal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) methods are available for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD): dobutamine-CMR and perfusion-CMR. With dobutamine-CMR, inducible wall motion abnormalities induced by pharmacological stress are detected as a sign of ischaemia, analogous to dobutamine-stress echocardiography. Dobutamine-CMR provides reliably high image quality regardless of body habitus and is therefore an alternative for patients with insufficient echocardiographic image quality. The principle of perfusion-CMR is most comparable to nuclear myocardial perfusion methods and delineates lack of perfusion reserve during vasodilator-induced hyperaemia in myocardium subtended by coronary arteries with flow-limiting stenoses. Both dobutamine and perfusion-CMR provide high diagnostic accuracy and prognostically relevant information, with recent single and multi-centre studies demonstrating that perfusion-CMR is non-inferior to nuclear imaging for CAD detection. In addition, CMR offers complementary methods for the detection of myocardial scar and assessment of viability. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR delineates scar or fibrosis with high tissue contrast and spatial resolution. Low-dose dobutamine-CMR provides information about contractile reserve and the potential for functional recovery of dysfunctional myocardium. CMR thus offers a comprehensive set of methods for the detection of disease, prognostication and planning of management in patients with known or suspected CAD.
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Romero, Jorge, Andrea Natale, Ricardo Avendano, Mario Garcia y Luigi Di Biase. "Prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy". En ESC CardioMed, editado por Gerhard Hindricks, 2333–37. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0552.
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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major health problem in both the United States and worldwide. There is considerable controversy regarding the optimal time after acute myocardial infarction for risk stratification as well as the ideal time to place an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention for SCD. Several parameters have been considered and tested for risk stratification of SCD after acute myocardial infarction. However, the only criterion that is currently being implemented is the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). There are different imaging methods to measure LVEF, including echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, nuclear scintigraphy, and angiography. When compared, these methods have shown modest correlation among them with up to 10% differences in LVEF and wide standard deviations (average 10%), which raises questions about their reliability to make decisions about primary prevention strategies for these patients. Moreover, LVEF assessment after acute myocardial infarction may be significantly affected by transient myocardial stunning and patients with a LVEF greater than 35% are not exempt from ventricular arrhythmias. Despite previous studies showing a considerably higher reduction in cardiac and total mortality when electrophysiological study is performed, current guidelines for prevention of SCD do not recommend electrophysiological study very strongly. CMR imaging has gained popularity for risk stratification of SCD. Delayed gadolinium enhancement has been proven to be useful in the identification of myocardial scar due to acute or chronic myocardial infarction. In the authors’ opinion, electrophysiological study and CMR imaging and probably strain echocardiography as well as cardiac iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine will eventually play more important roles in risk stratification of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy based on the data published to date.
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Habib, Gilbert y Franck Thuny. "Endocarditis". En The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging, 230–44. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0017.
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Imaging plays a key role in the assessment of infective endocarditis. Echocardiography, particularly transoesophageal echocardiography, gives useful information concerning the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, the assessment of the severity of the disease, the prediction of short-term and long-term prognosis, and the follow-up of patients under specific antibiotic therapy. Other imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging, Computed tomography (CT) scan, and invasive angiography, are of limited value for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, but are useful for the diagnosis and management of its complications. FDG PET/CT imaging seems the most promising new imaging technique, particularly for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis
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Voigt, Jens-Uwe. "Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking". En ESC CardioMed, editado por Frank Flachskampf, 419–22. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0083.
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Ultrasound waves which are sent with a focussed beam into the body and which are reflected and scattered by tissue boundaries are used to compose an image of the heart. The display of a single scan line over time is called M-mode. B-mode images show a 2-dimensional cross section of the heart. A frequency shift of the reflected soundwaves indicates that the reflector is moving which allows to calculate tissue or blood velocities. Velocities are displayed as velocity spectrum or as colour coded overlay over the B-mode image. These so-called Doppler measurements measure true velocities only along the scan line. Alternatively, structures with an individual texture can be followed over time, which also allows to measure motion and deformation of the myocardium.