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Tesis sobre el tema "Santé – Effets de la pollution atmosphérique – Modèles mathématiques"
Dessimond, Boris. "Exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air : mesure par capteurs miniatures, modélisation et évaluation des risques sanitaires associés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS297.
Texto completoAir pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...]
Almarj, Elie. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé : développement de protocoles innovants de simulation d'atmosphères urbaines et d'exposition de modèles précliniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6223&f=54454.
Texto completoThe World Health Organization estimates that exposure to atmospheric pollution causes more than 4 million premature deaths annually worldwide. Atmospheric pollution is therefore a major health risk. However, the assessment of the health effects of atmospheric pollution has shortcomings. Indeed, epidemiological and experimental studies only take into account regulated atmospheric pollutants without considering the synergy that may exist between them, whereas atmospheric pollution is a multiphasic mixture of gaseous and particulate compounds interacting with each other and with environmental parameters. Moreover, the concentrations studied are rarely within realistic ranges. The objective of this work is to implement an innovative platform to study the effects of atmospheric pollution on health. To do this, mice were exposed to atmospheric situations representative of real atmospheres and episodes of urban air pollution, simulated in the laboratory. These simulated atmospheres were then qualified. We have thus succeeded in reproducing multiphasic urban atmospheres, by simulating their gaseous and particulate phases in the laboratory. The formation of secondary organic aerosols and functionalized volatile organic compounds confirm the quality of our simulations (proxy of real urban atmospheres), by highlighting the oxidation of organic matter. The results of the biological analyses on the exposed mice have highlighted the relevance of the platform for studying the effects of atmospheric pollution on health
Zeghnoun, Abdelkrim. "Relation à court terme entre pollution atmosphérique et santé : quelques aspects statistiques et épidémiologiques". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077199.
Texto completoLeriche, Pierre. "Les situations météorologiques associées aux épisodes de pollution atmosphérique dans la région lilloise". Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ae7b1b5d-3c24-42b7-842e-8f5e260da440.
Texto completoReungoat, Patrice. "L'évaluation de l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique d'origine automobile dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques : application à l'étude VESTA". Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P646.
Texto completoAutomobile exhaust is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. For studying short and long term health effects of this traffic air pollution (TAP) epidemiologists have to determine precisely exposure to such pollution to avoid misclassification. In France, the ExTra index produced by the French Scientific Center for Building Physics (CSTB) and the French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS), estimates ambient concentrations of transport-related pollutants in front of the work and living places of urban dwellers. These estimates, combined with time-activity diaries, enable individual exposure to these pollutants in front of these living places to be assessed. Two pollutant dispersion models are used to calculate the ExTra index : the Danish model OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) and the CALINE3 model (California Line Source Dispersion Model). Before being applied to large scale epidemiological studies such as the VESTA study (a French multicentric case-control study on asthma), the ExTra index needs to be validated. This research had two goals : 1) to validate the ExTra index, 2) to apply this index to the VESTA study (V Epidemiological Study on Transport and Asthma). The validation study of the ExTra index was performed in four of the French towns participating in the VESTA study. This validation was based on the comparison of nitrogen oxide concentrations (NOx) obtained by measurement against those obtained from calculations, using the ExTra index and the OSPM model. The model was tested at 100 street canyon sites. Then, we used the ExTra index to assess lifelong nitrogen oxides concentrations the 403 study children were exposed to in front of their living places. This assessment highlighted significant disparities : mean ExTra index values and share attributable to proximity traffic were respectively 70 ± 42 and 14 ± 22 æg. M -3 NOx equivalent NO2 for the 403 children. Beyond the validation of the ExTra index for NOx concentrations and the description of the VESTA children's TAP exposures, the results obtained by a discriminant analysis (with classification trees) gave us guidelines for the use of this index (rather than background pollution levels provided by the networks) according to the different residence and school characteristics of a subject throughout his (her) life. .
Ioannidis, Eleftherios. "Local and remote sources of Arctic air pollution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03889862.
Texto completoThe Arctic region is warming faster than any other region on Earth due to the effect of greenhouse gases, notably CO2, and short-lived climate forcers of anthropogenic origin, such as black carbon (BC). Over the last 20-30 years, remote anthropogenic emissions over mid-latitude regions have been decreasing. Anthropogenic emissions within the Arctic are also contributing and might increase in the future and further affect Arctic air pollution and climate. Natural emissions, such as sea-spray aerosols, also might increase due to on-going climate change. However, the processes and sources influencing Arctic aerosols and trace gases are poorly quantified, especially in wintertime. In this thesis, quasi-hemispheric and regional simulations are performed using the Weather Research Forecast model, coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The model is used to investigate atmospheric composition over the wider Arctic and during two field campaigns, one in northern Alaska at Barrow, Utqiagvik in January and February 2014 and the second in Fairbanks, central Alaska in November and December 2019 during the French pre-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis) campaign. First, modelled inorganic and sea-spray (SSA) aerosols are evaluated at remote Arctic sites during wintertime. Then, the model is improved with respect to SSA treatments, following evaluation against Barrow field campaign data, and their contribution to the total aerosol burden within the Arctic region is quantified. A series of sensitivity runs are performed over northern Alaska, revealing model uncertainties in processes influencing SSA in the Arctic such as the presence of sea-ice and open leads. Second, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate processes and sources influencing wintertime BC over the wider Arctic and over northern Alaska, with a focus on removal treatments and regional emissions. Variations in model sensitivity to wet and dry deposition is found across the Arctic and could explain model biases. Over northern Alaska, regional emissions from petroleum extraction are found to make an important contribution to observed BC. Model results are also sensitive to planetary boundary layer parameterisation schemes. Third, the improved version of the model is used to investigate the contribution of regional and local sources on air pollution in the Fairbanks area in winter 2019. Using up-to-date emissions, the model performs better in winter 2019 than in winter 2014, when compared to observations at background sites across Alaska. Underestimations in modelled BC and sulphate aerosols can be partly explained by lacking local and regional anthropogenic emissions. In the case of sulphate, additional secondary aerosol formation mechanisms under dark/cold conditions also need to be considered
Wagner, Sébastien. "Modélisation numérique de la dispersion à méso-échelle de polluants atmosphériques par emboîtement interactif de maillages : application à la zone ESCOMPTE". Toulon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUL0004.
Texto completoThis work aims to be a contribution to the numerical techniques used in air quality modelling. Our new multiscale model "MAPOM" (Multiscale Air Pollution Model) simulates mesoscale atmospheric pollutant dispersion. To increase the model accuracy, a new mesh embedding method, allowing grid interactions at the interface, has been implemented and tested. Mass conservation, positivity, and monotonicity are ensured. MAPOM was validated on theoretical test cases. It was then applied over the area of Marseille - Etang de Berre (ESCOMPTE domain). The model and its interactive mesh embedding algorithm were proved to be efficient in handling difficult problems of air quality at mesoscale over complex terrain. The optimization of the memory, and the modular structure of this new model enable a flexible, fast and automatic management of the nested grids, and of the physical and chemical processes