Tesis: "Santé du sol"

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Torrezan, Rosiane Morais [UNESP]. "Problematização da saúde pública e ação educativa nas comunidades do Jardim Morada do Sol e Parque Residencial Francisco Belo Galindo (Presidente Prudente/SP)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96703.

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Dans cette recherche, on a prévu une réflexion sur l’action éducative en santé près d’une communauté locale, en problématisant les conditions de la santé dans les aires urbaines pauvres. Pour cela, on a réalisé un diagnostique de la situation épidémiologique de l’aire, à travers de l’observation participante et de l’accompagnement du monitorage des principales espèces de mouches domestiques, travail réalisé au sein du Laboratoire de Géographie de la Santé de la FCT/UNESP à Presidente Prudente. L’observation a permis de comprendre : 1. Le rapport santéenvironnement, considérant la forme de propagation des vecteurs ; 2. L’étiologie de la mouche domestique et ses relations réciproques avec les agents pathogéniques ; 3. Le processus d’apprentissage de cette étude pour les étudiants de Géographie ; 4. Le lien de l’Université avec la communauté et les services de santé et d’éducation dans les aires d’étude. À partir de cela, on a l’objective d’analyser l’expérience d’articulation des acteurs sociaux dans la résolution des problèmes de la santé de sa propre communauté pour promouvoir l’éducation en santé et aussi proposer une stratégie d’éducation en santé, dans les sens de faire l’intégration des systèmes de santé, d’éducation, socio-sanitaire et de conservation environnementale... (Résumé complet accès électronique ci-dessous)
Nesta pesquisa realizou-se uma reflexão acerca da ação educativa em saúde junto a uma comunidade local, problematizando as condições de saúde em áreas urbanas periféricas pobres. O ponto de partida para isto foi o acompanhamento do trabalho que vem sendo realizado pelo Laboratório de Geografia da Saúde da FCT/UNESP de Presidente Prudente sobre o monitoramento das principais espécies de moscas domésticas. A observação desta experiência permitiu compreender: 1. A relação saúde e ambiente, considerando a forma de propagação de vetores; 2. A etiologia da mosca doméstica e suas correlações com agentes patogênicos; 3. O processo de aprendizagem que este estudo exige para estudantes de geografia; 4. O vínculo da universidade com a comunidade e os serviços de saúde e educação das áreas de estudo. A partir do diálogo e das discussões sobre as moscas domésticas, procurou-se analisar a experiência de articulação de atores sociais na resolução dos problemas de saúde da sua própria comunidade, a fim de promover a educação em saúde e ainda propor uma estratégia de educação em saúde, contribuindo com a integração dos sistemas de saúde, educação, sócio-sanitário e de conservação ambiental. O presente trabalho é resultado deste processo...

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Mombo, Stéphane. "Transferts des métaux et métalloïdes dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère : mécanismes biogéochimiques et conséquences environnement-santé". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0074/document.

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Des pollutions des sols (péri)urbains et urbaines fortement peuplées en métaux et metalloïdes persistants (éco)toxiques sont couramment observées à l’échelle globale. Certains éléments (Se, Cu…) ont des rôles biologiques et par contre d’autres (Pb, Cd…) ont uniquement un impact (éco)toxique qui peut être influencé par leur spéciation et compartimentation qui modifient leurs transferts et biodisponibilité. Dans une optique de gestion des sols et d’alimentation durables, des questions scientifiques pluridisciplinaires sont à creuser concernant : (i) les mécanismes en jeu dans la biodisponibilité et l’impact sur les organismes vivants des éléments inorganiques en lien avec leur spéciation ; (ii) la co-gestion des risques environnement-santé induits par des installations industrielles classées : ICPE en France (ex. usine de recyclage de batteries) avec les riverains qui cultivent des potagers ou les employés. Dans ce contexte, ont été étudiés : (i) le transfert des métaux entre phase solide et solution du sol sous l’influence des vers de terre sur un site ICPE; (ii) le transfert et la bioaccessibilité du Se en conditions contrôlées pour 2 formes chimiques; (iii) le risque sanitaire pour les riverains d’un site ICPE qui jardinent, et les facteurs influant les plombémies des professionnels (étude statistique des données). Une review bibliographique de la qualité du manioc en lien avec les pratiques culturales et culinaires et les caractéristiques de l’environnement a finalement été réalisée pour compléter la démarche « Sciences et Société » de la thèse. L’analyse des différents isotopes du plomb dans les sols aux alentours de l’usine de recyclage a permis de conclure que 84 à 100% du plomb des sols de surface est d’origine anthropique. Un comportement d’évitement des zones les plus polluées en plomb a été observé pour l’espèce de vers de terre A. caliginosa. Le transfert racinaire, la translocation du sélénium vers le maïs et sa bioaccessibilité dans le grain sont plus élevés dans le cas du séléniate (facteur de translocation de 1.1, et bioaccessibilité humaine de 89,3%) par rapport au sélénite (0.13, et bioaccessibilité de 82,7%). L’étude de la qualité des cultures des jardins proches de l’usine (à Bazoches), en relation avec la qualité du sol (faible contamination, pH basique et teneur élevée en matières organiques qui réduisent les transferts) et de l’atmosphère a mis en évidence un transfert atmosphère-plante qui dépend du métal (le Cd est le plus biodisponible) et du végétal. Les concentrations en Pb et Cd suivent respectivement les séquences : [laitue>poireau>céleri>carotte] et [laitue>céleri>carotte>poireau]. Pour réduire l’exposition des populations, un lavage soigneux des productions avant la consommation est préconisé
Pollution of (peri)urban soils by (eco)toxic metal(loid)s is commonly observed on a global scale. Some elements (Se, Cu ...) have biological roles and other (Pb, Cd ...) only have an (eco)toxic impact influenced by their speciation and compartmentalization that can change their transfers and bioavailability. With the perspective of sustainable management of soil and food, multidisciplinary scientific questions are digging for: (i) the mechanisms involved in the bioavailability and impact on living organisms of inorganic elements related to speciation; (ii) the co-management of environmental-health risks from industrial regulated plants (ICPE in France, such as former battery recycling plant) with residents who grow vegetable gardens or employees. In this context, were studied: (1) the transfer of metals between solid phase and soil solution under the influence of earthworms on a ICPE site; (2) the transfer and bioavailability of Se in controlled conditions for two chemical forms; (3) the health risk for the residents with gardening activities near ICPE plant and factors influencing blood lead of professionals (statistical analysis of data). A literature review of the quality of cassava in connection with the cultivation and culinary practices and characteristics of the environment was finally performed to complete the "Science and Society" process of the thesis. From the analysis of different isotopes of lead in the soil around the recycling plant it was concluded that 84 to 100% of lead in surface soils has anthropogenic origin. Avoidance behavior in the most lead polluted areas was observed for A. caliginosa earthworm species. The selenium root transfer, translocation to corn and its bioavailability in the grain are higher in the case of selenate (translocation factor of 1.1, and human bioavailability of 89.3%) compared to selenite (0.13 and bioaccessibility 82.7%). The study of crops quality in the gardens near the ICPE plant (in Bazoches), in relation to atmosphere and soil quality (low Pb contamination, alkaline pH and high organic content that reduce pollutants transfers) highlighted an atmosphere-plant transfer which depends on the metal (Cd is the most bioavailable) and plant species. Pb and Cd concentrations follow respectively the sequences: [lettuce> Leek> celery> carrot] and [lettuce> celery> carrot> leek]. To reduce population exposure, thorough washing of productions before consumption is recommended

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Torrezan, Rosiane Morais. "Problematização da saúde pública e ação educativa nas comunidades do Jardim Morada do Sol e Parque Residencial Francisco Belo Galindo (Presidente Prudente/SP) /". Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96703.

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Resumo: Nesta pesquisa realizou-se uma reflexão acerca da ação educativa em saúde junto a uma comunidade local, problematizando as condições de saúde em áreas urbanas periféricas pobres. O ponto de partida para isto foi o acompanhamento do trabalho que vem sendo realizado pelo Laboratório de Geografia da Saúde da FCT/UNESP de Presidente Prudente sobre o monitoramento das principais espécies de moscas domésticas. A observação desta experiência permitiu compreender: 1. A relação saúde e ambiente, considerando a forma de propagação de vetores; 2. A etiologia da mosca doméstica e suas correlações com agentes patogênicos; 3. O processo de aprendizagem que este estudo exige para estudantes de geografia; 4. O vínculo da universidade com a comunidade e os serviços de saúde e educação das áreas de estudo. A partir do diálogo e das discussões sobre as moscas domésticas, procurou-se analisar a experiência de articulação de atores sociais na resolução dos problemas de saúde da sua própria comunidade, a fim de promover a educação em saúde e ainda propor uma estratégia de educação em saúde, contribuindo com a integração dos sistemas de saúde, educação, sócio-sanitário e de conservação ambiental. O presente trabalho é resultado deste processo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Resume: Dans cette recherche, on a prévu une réflexion sur l'action éducative en santé près d'une communauté locale, en problématisant les conditions de la santé dans les aires urbaines pauvres. Pour cela, on a réalisé un diagnostique de la situation épidémiologique de l'aire, à travers de l'observation participante et de l'accompagnement du monitorage des principales espèces de mouches domestiques, travail réalisé au sein du Laboratoire de Géographie de la Santé de la FCT/UNESP à Presidente Prudente. L'observation a permis de comprendre : 1. Le rapport santéenvironnement, considérant la forme de propagation des vecteurs ; 2. L'étiologie de la mouche domestique et ses relations réciproques avec les agents pathogéniques ; 3. Le processus d'apprentissage de cette étude pour les étudiants de Géographie ; 4. Le lien de l'Université avec la communauté et les services de santé et d'éducation dans les aires d'étude. À partir de cela, on a l'objective d'analyser l'expérience d'articulation des acteurs sociaux dans la résolution des problèmes de la santé de sa propre communauté pour promouvoir l'éducation en santé et aussi proposer une stratégie d'éducation en santé, dans les sens de faire l'intégration des systèmes de santé, d'éducation, socio-sanitaire et de conservation environnementale... (Résumé complet accès électronique ci-dessous)
Orientador: Raul Borges Guimarães
Coorientador: Maria Peregrina de Fátima Rotta Furlanetti
Banca: Antonio Cezar Leal
Banca: Márcia Siqueira de Carvalho
Mestre

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Graouer, Bacart Mareen. "Devenir et transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé dans les compartiments sol et eau de l’environnement - Influence de la présence d’éléments traces métalliques". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS008.

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L'objectif général de ce projet est d'apporter des données pertinentes sur le devenir de produits pharmaceutiques dans l'environnement, en particulier aux interfaces eau/sol, afin de mieux suivre les conséquences de leurs utilisations et de leurs rejets. A long terme, les enjeux concernent la protection de l'environnement et de la santé publique. Ces travaux portent sur la caractérisation des propriétés de rétention de cinq médicaments dans des sols calcaires de la région Champagne-Ardenne afin d'évaluer notamment leur potentiel transfert vers les milieux aquatiques. Différents paramètres ont été identifiés comme ayant une influence sur leur rétention. La rétention de l'enrofloxacine dépend fortement du pH et de la force ionique, celle du diclofénac des teneurs en CaCO3 et en matière organique des sols qui ont un effet antagoniste sur son adsorption, celle de la carbamazépine et du sulfaméthoxazole est faible sur un sol calcaire, et enfin la rétention du iopamidol est négligeable. Par ailleurs, l'influence des cations métalliques, polluants ubiquistes des sols, sur la rétention des médicaments a également été étudiée. Les expériences de co-adsorption ont montré que la présence de cuivre et de zinc influence significativement la rétention de l'enrofloxacine, conduisant à une augmentation des quantités adsorbées sur le sol via la formation d'un complexe ternaire de surface, et met ainsi en évidence l'importance de prendre en compte l'interaction des médicaments avec les métaux pour une meilleure compréhension de leur comportement dans les sols. Toutefois, aucune influence notable de la présence de cuivre sur la rétention des autres produits pharmaceutiques n'a été observée
The overall objective of this project is to provide a better knowledge of pharmaceuticals fate in the environment, more particularly at water/soil interfaces, in order to follow the consequences of their use and disposal. The long-term issues concern the protection of the environment and public health. This work focuses on the characterization of retention properties of five pharmaceuticals in calcareous soils of the Champagne-Ardenne region in order to evaluate their potential transfer to water compartments. Various parameters having an influence on their retention were identified. The retention of enrofloxacin is highly affected by pH and ionic strength, diclofenac retention by CaCO3 and organic matter contents of soils which have antagonistic effect on its adsorption, the retention of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine is low on a calcareous soil, and iopamidol adsorption is negligible. Moreover, the influence of metal cations, ubiquitous pollutants in soils, on pharmaceuticals retention was also studied. Co-adsorption experiments indicated that the presence of copper and zinc modifies significantly enrofloxacin retention, leading to an increase of adsorbed amounts on the soil via the formation of a ternary surface complex, thus highlighting the importance to take into account the interaction between metals and pharmaceuticals for a better understanding of their behavior in soils. However, no noticeable impact of the presence of copper on other pharmaceuticals retention has been noticed

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Rousseau, Guillaume. "Analyses multidimensionnelles des effets de la rotation et d'un compost urbain sur la sclérotiniose du soja et la santé du sol". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22392/22392.pdf.

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Chez deux sols (loam argileux ou sableux), on a comparé l'effet de la monoculture de soja et de la rotation soja-maïs (2-3 ans de maïs puis 1-2 ans de soja), ainsi que l'effet d’un compost urbain et de la fertilisation minérale, sur la survie et la germination carpogénique des sclérotes du Sclerotinia sclerotiorum et sur la sclérotiniose du soja. Au site argileux, la rotation de 3-ans-de-maïs a réduit (effet suppressif) la gravité de la maladie par un rendement accru du soja et par la diminution du couvert de dicotylédones, alors que le compost a augmenté la maladie. L'azote était négativement corrélé à la survie des sclérotes sous fertilisation minérale. Au site sableux, l'interaction 3-ans-de-maïs x compost a réduit la maladie. La teneur en argile a favorisé la germination carpogénique et la gravité de sclérotiniose, alors qu'une stabilité structurale accrue et l'activité microbiologique étaient négativement corrélées à la germination. Cette étude approfondit les interactions entre pratiques culturales, santé du sol et couvert végétal, et contribue à mieux expliquer leurs effets propres et communs sur la sclérotiniose.

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Goix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1672/.

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Ce travail s'inscrit dans les grandes problématiques actuelles traitant des interactions environnement-santé en contexte minier. L'objectif est de décrire l'origine et l'impact sur l'environnement et la santé des pollutions liées aux activités d'extraction et de fonte polymétalliques (Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) dans la ville minière d'Oruro, en Bolivie. Des échantillons d'eaux de consommation et de surface, de sols, de poussières de sol, d'aérosols (PM2,5 et PM10) et de bioaccumulateurs de la contamination atmosphérique (Tillandsias capillaris) ont été caractérisés géochimiquement (ICP-MS) et minéralogiquement (DRX, MEB). L'ensemble des compartiments " eaux ", " sols " et " atmosphère " de la zone urbaine est contaminé en Eléments Trace Métalliques (ETM), notamment à proximité des mines et des fonderies (atteignant 16000 µ/g de Pb dans les sols ou 200 ng/m3 d'As dans les PM10 prés de la fonderie). Les différentes sources de contamination atmosphérique (érosion des terrils miniers, émissions des fonderies, transport de minerais) et leurs zones d'influence sont identifiées à l'aide d'études statistiques et d'interpolations spatiales. L'étude des sols et des poussières indique d'autres sources de contamination plus locales, comme une ancienne zone de stockage de minerais. Les séparations granulométriques des poussières montrent que les ETM sont globalement plus concentrés dans les fractions fines, mais pas nécessairement dans la fraction argileuse (< 2µm), généralement considérée comme étant la fraction la plus contaminée. La bioaccessibilité des poussières, mesurée par la méthode UBM, est globalement plus faible prés de la mine que de la fonderie, et varie en fonction de la fraction granulométrique et de l'élément considéré (jusqu'à 90% pour As et inférieure à 5% pour Sb et Sn). Le bilan d'exposition aux ETM des enfants selon leur quartier d'habitation (" centre ville ", " mine " et " fonderie ") est réalisé en prenant en compte l'ingestion et l'inhalation des poussières de sol et des aérosols. La prise en compte de la granulométrie et de la bioaccessibilité par fraction influe fortement sur les calculs de doses absorbées par l'organisme. Les doses absorbées calculées et les concentrations précédemment mesurées dans les cheveux des enfants sont corrélées. Dans cette étude, le Pb présente un comportement particulier : il présente des tenenurs très hautes dans les sols mais très faibles dans l'atmosphère. L'exposition est donc particulièrement liée au type et au lieu d'activité du sujet considéré et expliquerait la variabilité observée dans une étude épidémiologique antérieure
This work deals with current problematic issues of environment-health interactions. This thesis describes the origin of mining and smelting polymetallic pollution (Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) and its impact on environment and health in the mining city of Oruro, Bolivia. Samples of tap water, the hydrographic network, soils, dusts, aerosols (PM2,5 et PM10) and bioindicators of atmospheric contamination (Tillandsias capillaris) were geochemically (ICP-MS) and mineralogically (DRX, SEM) characterized. All the compartments of the urban area studied ("water ", "soil" and "atmosphere") were contaminated by trace elements, especially near smelters and mines (reaching 16000 µg/g Pb in dust and 200 ng/m3 As in PM10 close to the smelting area). Statistical studies and spatial interpolations helped in the identification of atmospheric contamination sources and their scope. Soil and dust studies also indicated other more local sources, such as old ore stockage areas. Granulometric separation of dusts showed that trace elements were more highly concentrated in fine fractions, but not necessarily in the clay (< 2µm), which is generally considered to be the most contaminated fraction. Oral bioaccessibility of dust fractions (UBM method), is higher overall in the smelting area than in the mining one. Bioaccessibility greatly varies depending on the granulometric fraction or elements considered (up to 90% for As and less than 5% for Sn and Sb). Exposure to trace elements in children depending on their place of residence was calculated considering dust and aerosol inhalation and ingestion. Taking into account granulometry and bioaccessibility can considerably change the absorbed dose calculated. Estimated exposure and trace element content in children's hair previously measured prove to be correlated. In this study, Pb showed a particular behaviour, with soil Pb concentrations were very high when compared to weak aerosol concentrations. Child exposure is thus greatly linked to type and location of the child's activities, which can explain the variability observed in a previous epidemiological study

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Goix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781152.

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Ce travail s'inscrit dans les grandes problématiques actuelles traitant des interactions environnement-santé en contexte minier. L'objectif est de décrire l'origine et l'impact sur l'environnement et la santé des pollutions liées aux activités d'extraction et de fonte polymétalliques (Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) dans la ville minière d'Oruro, en Bolivie. Des échantillons d'eaux de consommation et de surface, de sols, de poussières de sol, d'aérosols (PM2,5 et PM10) et de bioaccumulateurs de la contamination atmosphérique (Tillandsias capillaris) ont été caractérisés géochimiquement (ICP-MS) et minéralogiquement (DRX, MEB). L'ensemble des compartiments " eaux ", " sols " et " atmosphère " de la zone urbaine est contaminé en Eléments Trace Métalliques (ETM), notamment à proximité des mines et des fonderies (atteignant 16000 µ/g de Pb dans les sols ou 200 ng/m3 d'As dans les PM10 prés de la fonderie). Les différentes sources de contamination atmosphérique (érosion des terrils miniers, émissions des fonderies, transport de minerais) et leurs zones d'influence sont identifiées à l'aide d'études statistiques et d'interpolations spatiales. L'étude des sols et des poussières indique d'autres sources de contamination plus locales, comme une ancienne zone de stockage de minerais. Les séparations granulométriques des poussières montrent que les ETM sont globalement plus concentrés dans les fractions fines, mais pas nécessairement dans la fraction argileuse (< 2µm), généralement considérée comme étant la fraction la plus contaminée. La bioaccessibilité des poussières, mesurée par la méthode UBM, est globalement plus faible prés de la mine que de la fonderie, et varie en fonction de la fraction granulométrique et de l'élément considéré (jusqu'à 90% pour As et inférieure à 5% pour Sb et Sn). Le bilan d'exposition aux ETM des enfants selon leur quartier d'habitation (" centre ville ", " mine " et " fonderie ") est réalisé en prenant en compte l'ingestion et l'inhalation des poussières de sol et des aérosols. La prise en compte de la granulométrie et de la bioaccessibilité par fraction influe fortement sur les calculs de doses absorbées par l'organisme. Les doses absorbées calculées et les concentrations précédemment mesurées dans les cheveux des enfants sont corrélées. Dans cette étude, le Pb présente un comportement particulier : il présente des tenenurs très hautes dans les sols mais très faibles dans l'atmosphère. L'exposition est donc particulièrement liée au type et au lieu d'activité du sujet considéré et expliquerait la variabilité observée dans une étude épidémiologique antérieure.

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Smith, Rose-Michelle. "Transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé entre les compartiments sol/sédiment et eau en présence de cuivre- Effet cocktail". Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS047.

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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d'étudier le comportement de produits pharmaceutiques dans l’environnement aux interfaces sédiment/sol-eau afin de mieux comprendre les processus mis en jeu suite à leur rejet, leur devenir et leur impact. Ainsi la rétention de quatre produits pharmaceutiques a été étudiée sur différents solides (sol/sédiment). La capacité d’échange cationique a été identifiée comme le paramètre prépondérant gouvernant la rétention du propranolol, le pH gouvernant celle du sotalol. Dans le cas des mélanges de contaminants, une compétition pour les sites de surface a pu être mise en évidence avec notamment une diminution de l’adsorption du sotalol et du furosémide. L’influence du cuivre, métal ubiquiste dans l’environnement, sur la rétention des produits pharmaceutiques a également été étudiée. Si celui-ci n’a pas eu d’influence sur la rétention du propranolol, du sotalol et du furosémide, il a par contre augmenté la mobilité du sulfaméthoxazole dans l’environnement en diminuant son adsorption. Enfin, il a été montré que la présence de ces polluants dans l’environnement induit des effets toxiques sur des organismes aquatiques
This thesis aims at studying the behaviour of pharmaceuticals in the environment at sediment/soil-water interfaces in order to better understand the involved processes following their release, their fate and their impact. Thus, the retention of four pharmaceuticals was investigated on different solids (soil/sediment). The cation exchange capacity has been identified as the parameter governing the propranolol retention and the pH value governing sotalol adsorption. In the case of contaminant mixtures, a competition for the surface sites was evidenced with in particular a decrease of sotalol and furosemide adsorption.The influence of copper, a ubiquitous metal in the environment, on pharmaceutical retention was also studied. Although copper did not influence the retention of propranolol, sotalol and furosemide, its presence increased the mobility of sulfamethoxazole in the environment by decreasing its adsorption. Finally, it has been shown that the presence of these pollutants in the environment induced toxic effects on aquatic organisms

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Delannoy, Matthieu. "Évaluation du risque sanitaire lié à l’ingestion involontaire de sol : étude des propriétés du sol sur la biodisponibilité relative des PCB". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0294/document.

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Les polychlorobiphényles (PCB) et notamment les congénères les plus présents dans les sites et sols pollués, les PCB non dioxin like, constituent un danger sanitaire potentiel. Le risque associé est exacerbé chez le jeune enfant (6 mois à 3 ans) du fait, notamment, de son comportement exploratoire qui, de plus, a lieu durant une période critique de la croissance. L'objectif principal de cette thèse a été de caractériser l'impact des caractéristiques du sol sur la biodisponibilité relative des PCB. Les résultats in vivo ont montré l'impact des caractéristiques de la matière organique des sols sur la biodisponibilité relative des PCB par l'emploi de sols artificiels. Plusieurs matières organiques standardisées ont été testées allant des matières organiques solubles (acides fulviques, acides humiques) à une matière organique à la condensation maximale : le charbon actif. Ces éléments ont permis de montrer de larges variations de biodisponibilité relative allant d'une biodisponibilité relative nulle (charbon actif) à 100% (acide fulvique). Ces données soulignent l'importance de la condensation de la matière organique dans la rétention des PCB durant les processus digestifs. L'impact de caractéristiques (contenu en carbone organique, argile, black carbon, pH, concentrations en PCB) de sols historiquement contaminés sur la biodisponibilité a ensuite été évalué. Le taux de carbone organique et en black carbon sur la rétention des PCB. Toutefois la biodisponibilité relative demeure supérieure à 45% quel que soit le sol étudié. Les PCB sont donc peu retenus par le sol. Ainsi, l'exposition aux PCB via l'ingestion de sol semble proportionnelle à la quantité ingérée
Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and, overall, non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) the most abundant congeners in contaminated environmental matrices, constitute a potential health hazard. This risk is even more acute for young children (6 month to 3-year-old) because of their mouthing activities and because this exposure occurs during a critical part of their growth. The main objective of this thesis was to characterise the impact of soil's characteristics on the relative bioavailability of PCBs. The impact of the soil organic matter characteristics on the relative bioavailability of PCBs was assessed using artificial soils. Several standardised organic matters were tested ranging from soluble organic matters (fulvic acids, humic acids) to one organic matters highly condensed, activated carbon, a model of black carbon. These elements lead to show important variations in terms of relative bioavailability from 0% (activated carbon) to 100%, maximal relative bioavailability (fulvic acids). These findings highlight the importance of OM condensation in terms of PCB retention during the digestive processes. Then, the Impact of organic carbon, black carbon and clay content, pH, NDL-PCBs concentrations in historically contaminated soils on bioavailability and bioaccessibility was assessed. These approaches tended to show the importance of OC and BC content on retention of PCBs. Relative bioavailability was found to be higher than 45%, whatever the soil. Thus, PCBs retention in contaminated soils appears rather limited. Finally, exposure to PCBs via soil ingestion appears proportional to the quantity ingested

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10

Borschinger, Benoit. "Démarche d’ingénierie écologique en santé des plantes : étude du rôle des couvre-sol végétaux des vergers dansl'émergence des maladies des arbres fruitiers causées par Pseudomonas syringae". Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0337/document.

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Démarche d’ingénierie écologique en santé des plantes : gestion des couvre-sol des vergers pour lutter contre les bactérioses des arbres fruitiers provoquées par Pseudomonas syringaeIdentifier les réservoirs et sources d’inoculum des agents phytopathogènes est un enjeu majeur en pathologie végétale. Les systèmes agricoles pérennes, tels que les vergers, sont soumis aux attaques de nombreux ravageurs et agents microbiens pathogènes. P. syringae, agent phytopathogène responsable de l’émergence de maladies des arbres fruitiers, dont la récente épidémie du chancre bactérien du kiwi causée P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), représente un enjeu économique important au niveau mondial. En France, les moyens de lutte sont constitués de traitements cupriques et de gestes préventifs visant à réduire la propagation de la bactérie au sein et entre les vergers. Avec la prise de conscience de la nécessité de la conservation de l’environnement par les consommateurs et producteurs, les méthodes de cultures actuelles ont tendances à s’orienter vers celles de l’agroécologie et l’usage de l’ingénierie écologique au service de la santé des plantes. En verger, la gestion des communautés de plantes des couvre-sols donne de bons résultats dans la lutte conte certaines espèces de ravageurs, tels que les arthropodes herbivores, mais les effets sur les communautés de microorganismes pathogènes restent inexplorés. Les plantes couvre-sol et adventices des vergers hébergent d’abondantes communautés de P. syringae, cependant le rôle de ces couverts végétaux dans l’émergence des maladies des arbres fruitiers reste incompris. Par conséquent, les travaux de recherche presentés ici focalisent sur l’étude simultanée des communautés de P. syringae associées aux plantes couvre-sol et aux arbres fruitiers de trois vergers d’abricotiers et de quatre vergers de kiwis du département de la Drôme, sud-est de la France, choisis pour leur état sanitaire (sain, malade ou émergence de la maladie), ainsi que des pratiques de gestion du couvre-sol différentes (sol nu, enherbement des inter-rangs, enherbement des inter rangs et rangs des arbres). En l’absence d’outils permettant une identification rapide et une affiliation à l’un des 13 phylogroupes actuellement décris pour l’espèce P. syringae, l’étude du génome complet d’une cinquantaine de souches de P. syringae a permis la mise au point de marqueurs moléculaires capables d’identifier 9 des 13 phylogroupes. L’étude des communautés de P. syringae hébergées par les couvre-sols végétaux montre un effet de la composition des communautés des plantes couvre-sol sur l’abondance et la structure des communautés de P. syringae. La présence de Prunella vulgaris, une plante de la famille des Lamiaceae, est corrélée avec une diminution de l’abondance des P. syringae. La reproductibilité de ce résultat est actuellement en cours d’investigation dans une parcelle expérimentale. Cependant, les résultats préliminaires montrent une absence d’effet de P. vulgaris sur l’abondance de P. syringae. L’étude simultanée des communautés de P. syringae des couvre-sols végétaux et des arbres fruitiers montre que des échanges se font entre les deux compartiments en raison de la présence de souches génétiquement proches. Chez le kiwi, lorsque Psa est présent il coexiste toujours avec d’autres P. syringae, soulevant la question des interactions entre ces souches et leur rôle dans l’émergence de la maladie. Enfin, les résultats mettent en avant un potentiel antagonisme entre les phylogroupes 1 et 2
Process of ecological engineering in plant health: study of the role of orchard ground cover plants in the emergence of fruit tree diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringaeIdentification of reservoirs and inoculum sources of plant pathogenic microorganisms is a major issue in plant pathology. Perennial agricultural systems, such as orchards, are exposed to many pests and pathogenic microorganisms. P. syringae, a phytopathogenic bacterium responsible for the emergence of diseases of fruit trees, including the recent outbreak of bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), represent an important economic issue worldwide. In France, means of control of bacterial canker consist of copper treatments and preventive measures in order to reduce the spread of bacteria within and between orchards. With the awareness for environmental conservation by consumers and producers, current cultivation methods tend to be progressively replaced by more agroecological ones and the use of ecological engineering to improve plant health. Ecological engineering of orchard ground cover plant communities provides good results for the control of orchard pests, such as herbivorous arthropods, but the effects on pathogenic microbial communities remains unexplored. The ground cover plants and orchard weeds host abundant P. syringae communities, however the role of ground covers in the emergence of fruit tree diseases remains ignored. Therefore, the research presented here is focused on the simultaneous study of P. syringae communities associated with ground covers and fruit trees from three apricot and four kiwifruit orchards of Drôme county, southeastern France, chosen for their health status (healthy, diseased, or disease emergence), as well as different ground cover management practices (bare soil, ground cover in inter-rows, ground cover in inter-rows and tree rows). In the absence of tools for rapid identification and affiliation to one of 13 currently described phylogroups for the P. syringae species, the screening of whole genomes of more than fifty P. syringae strains has allowed the development of specific molecular markers able to identify 9 of the 13 phylogroups. Results show that ground cover P. syringae community abundances and structures are correlated to plant community composition. The presence of Prunella vulgaris, a plant of the Lamiaceae family, is correlated to a decrease in the P. syringae abundances. Reproducibility of this result is currently under investigation in an experimental field. However, preliminary results from the experimental field show that the presence of P. vulgaris in 1-year-old ground covers is not correlated to a decrease in P. syringae abundances. Simultaneous study of ground cover and fruit tree P. syringae communities highlight bacterial exchanges between these two compartments because of the presence of genetically correlated strains in both of them. When present, Psa coexist with other P. syringae, raising the question of the interaction between these strains and their role in the emergence of the disease. Finally, the results highlight a potential antagonism between phylogroups 1 and 2

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11

Gallon, Gilmary. "Développement de microparticules hybrides à base d'huiles végétales réticulées par voie sol-gel pour la libération de molécules thérapeutiques". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT184/document.

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La formulation de médicaments regroupe des technologies innovantes où l'usage de matières premières naturelles émerge du fait de contraintes environnementales grandissantes. Les huiles végétales par exemple sont plébiscitées grâce à leurs propriétés remarquables en terme de solubilisation de principes actifs, de biocompatibilité et de biodégradabilité. Afin d'élargir leurs applications, notamment pour la libération prolongée de principes actifs, la solidification de ces huiles par réticulation a été envisagée à l'aide d'une chimie douce, c'est-à-dire respectueuse des principes de la chimie verte. La silice a été choisie pour réaliser la réticulation par réaction sol-gel d'huiles végétales et ainsi obtenir des matériaux hybrides inorganique/organique d'origine naturelle. L'étude a consisté à fonctionnaliser des huiles végétales à l'aide de précurseurs silylés en utilisant une chimie sans solvant ni catalyseur, pour obtenir des huiles réticulables par voie sol-gel. Deux voies chimiques de fonctionnalisation ont été employées. La première, difficilement contrôlable, été basée sur une réaction époxy-amine où des huiles de lin ou de soja époxydées ont été utilisées. La seconde reposait sur la valorisation d'huile de ricin porteuse d'un groupement hydroxyle via une réaction hydroxy-isocyanate. Les excellents résultats obtenus ont permis de poursuivre l'étude par la formulation de l'huile de ricin silylée grâce à un nouveau procédé d'émulsion huile/eau thermo-stabilisée. Simple et robuste, ce procédé a rendu possible de façon concomitante la mise en forme et la solidification de microparticules hybrides. Les microparticules présentent des distributions de taille homogènes (20 à 200 µm), sont sphériques et capables de piéger des molécules lipophiles. Ainsi une molécule modèle, a été encapsulé avec des rendements très satisfaisants et sa libération a été totale après 8h en milieu physiologiques simulé. En modifiant la composition des microparticules (ratio inorganique / organique), il a été possible de prolonger les cinétiques de libération et de réduire significativement « l’effet burst ». La biocompatibilité de ces microparticules a été démontrée in vitro. Enfin dans l’optique de correctement caractériser la réaction sol-gel, différentes techniques analytiques ont été explorées pour l’étude in situ de la réticulation et l’identification d’un catalyseur biocompatible. Ces travaux ont permis de détailler les mécanismes des réactions d’hydrolyse et de polycondensation et ont ouvert la voie à un meilleur contrôle des cinétiques de réticulation des microparticules. De plus, il est apparu que la maîtrise de cette réaction semble être indispensable afin d'obtenir des objets "stabilisés " aux propriétés identiques et aux cinétiques de libération reproductibles. En conclusion, il a été démontré que la chimie sol-gel appliquée aux huiles naturelles offre des possibilités d’innovation en formulation galénique tout en respectant les contraintes environnementales et de santé et a permis le développement de matériaux originaux aux propriétés modulables
Drug formulation is gathering innovative technologies where the use of natural products for the preparation of drug delivery systems is getting more and more considerations because of environmental concerns. For instance, vegetable oils get increasingly used because of their outstanding properties in terms of drug solubilization, biocompatibility and biodegradability. For expanding their application, to drug sustained-release for instance, oils have to be hardened under mild conditions with respect to green chemistry principals. The silica condensation was therefore chosen as cross-linking reaction by the mean the sol-gel reaction which when applied to vegetable oils led to biosourced hybrid organic/inorganic materials. To do so, oils were functionalized with alkoxysilanes precursors without solvent nor catalyst in order to obtain cross-linkable systems. Two chemical paths were studied. The first one, based on an epoxy-amine reaction between epoxydized linseed or soybean oils and the alkoxysilane precursor ended up with an uncontrolled reaction and a triglyceride disruption. The second, used castor oil as an hydroxylated raw material and was based on the hydroxy-isocyanate reaction. Valuable results were obtained and this silylated oil was formulated thanks to a new oil/water thermo-stabilized emulsion process. Simple and robust, this process allowed to simultaneously shape and harden hybrid microparticles. Ranging between 20 and 200 µm in diameter, hybrid microparticles were spherical, homogeneously distributed and were capable of entrapping and releasing lipophilic molecules. As a model, ibuprofen was efficiently encapsulated and was fully released over 8 hours in a simulated buffer. Furthermore, by changing the composition of hybrid microparticles (inorganic/organic ratio), it was also possible to extend release kinetics and significantly reduce the burst effect. Then, biocompatibility of those hybrid microparticles was demonstrated in vitro and an innovative study of the cross-linking reaction was performed. This study aimed to properly understand hydrolysis and polycondensation mechanisms and took the form of an in situ the sol-gel reaction monitoring. It allowed to identify an alternative biocompatible catalysts and gave an insight on how those reactions can be controlled to reach “stabilized" hybrids with constant properties and exhibiting robust and reproducible drug sustained-releases. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the sol-gel chemistry applied to vegetable oils for the synthesis of original and tunable hybrid materials with concerns to environmental and health issues, opened the gate towards innovations in drug formulation

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12

Chen, Haotian. "Effets à long terme d'apports répétés de produits résiduaires organiques en agriculture sur la production agricole et la fertilité des sols : apports des résultats de deux essais au champ de longue durée en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB030.

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Les engrais minéraux jouent un rôle crucial pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Cependant, la production de ces engrais est fortement tributaire de ressources non renouvelables, et leur utilisation excessive peut entraîner divers problèmes environnementaux et sanitaires. Le recyclage des produits résiduaires organiques (PRO) en agriculture peut améliorer la fertilité des sols et substituer les engrais minéraux. Ce travail de thèse vise à évaluer les impacts à long terme d'applications répétées de PRO en agriculture sur la production agricole et la fertilité du sol, ainsi que les déterminants de ces effets. À cette fin, nous avons mobilisé les résultats de deux essais au champ de longue durée situés en France et qui testent différents PRO représentatifs de ceux fréquemment utilisés en zone périurbaine (composts urbains, fumier bovin, boue d'épuration), dans deux conditions de sol, climat et système de culture différentes. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié i) la dynamique des rendements des cultures et des propriétés des sols, ii) les facteurs déterminants des changements dans les rendements des cultures et les propriétés des sols, et iii) les différences d'effet entre les différents types de PRO et les sites. Dans l'ensemble, notre étude a montré les avantages et les limites potentiels de l'utilisation de PRO en agriculture. Les applications à long terme de PRO améliorent principalement la fertilité chimique du sol, sans avoir d'impact négatif sur l'activité biologique du sol. L'amélioration des propriétés du sol par les PRO peut être limitée dans les sols qui sont déjà très fertiles. Une substitution partielle des engrais minéraux par les PRO est possible sans diminuer les rendements. Cependant, l'application de PRO seuls aux doses réglementaires européennes peut ne pas être suffisante pour atteindre des rendements optimaux. De plus, l'influence de l'application de PRO sur les propriétés du sol et le rendement des cultures dépend fortement de plusieurs facteurs, notamment des flux d'apport de carbone et de nutriments dépendant eux-mêmes du type de PRO et de la dose d'application, et des propriétés initiales du sol. Néanmoins, l'intégration du recyclage des PRO dans un plus large éventail de pratiques agricoles durables peut constituer une stratégie judicieuse pour renforcer la fertilité des sols et améliorer la productivité des cultures
Fertilizers play a crucial role in ensuring global food security. However, mineral fertilizer production relies on non-renewable resources, and their excessive use result in environmental and health issues. Recycling organic waste (OW) in agriculture can improve soil fertility and substitute mineral fertilizers. This work aims to assess the long-term effects of repeated applications of OW in agriculture and their driving factors. We used two French long-term field experiments testing various OW representative of frequently used OW in periurban agriculture (urban composts, farmyard manure and sewage sludge) with two different cropping system, soil and climate conditions. Specifically, we investigated i) the dynamics of crop yields and soil properties, ii) the driving factors behind changes in crop yields and soil properties, and iii) the differences of the effects between the different types of OW and the two sites. Overall, our study has shown the potential benefits and limitations of using OW in agriculture. Long-term applications of OW mainly improve soil chemical fertility without negatively impacting soil biological activity. The extent to which OW can improve soil properties may be constrained in soils that are already fertile. A partial substitution of mineral fertilizers is possible without decreasing crop yields. However, applying OW alone at European regulatory rates may not be sufficient for achieving optimal yields. Additionally, the influence of OW application on soil properties and crop yield heavily depends on several factors, especially on the input fluxes of carbon and nutrients related to the type of OW and to the application rate, and on the initial soil properties. Nevertheless, integrating OW recycling into a wider range of sustainable agricultural practices can be a judicious strategy for enhancing soil fertility and improving crop productivity

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13

Reboul, Lucie. "La construction de parcours de travail en santé et en compétences : le rôle des régulateurs dans la médiation des parcours de travail des personnels au sol d'une compagnie aérienne". Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAC016.

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Cette recherche se déroule auprès des personnels au sol et de leur encadrant dans une compagnie aérienne. Elle vise à rendre compte, dans une approche ergonomique, des processus de fragilisation ou de construction des parcours de travail de ces salariés dans un contexte de transformations multiples et continues (digitalisation de la relation de service des agents de service au client, flexibilités interne et externe des équipes de bagagistes, vieillissement démographique d’ensemble, etc.). Cette thèse poursuit l’hypothèse que le travail des régulateurs (encadrant de premier niveau en charge de l’affectation des tâches sur les plannings des personnels au sol) est médiateur dans la construction des relations santé/travail des personnels au sol en étant vecteur de parcours-usure ou de parcours-construction. Elle mobilise des outils méthodologiques propres à la démographie du travail et à l’ergonomie de l’activité, en combinant des approches diachronique (mise au jour de temporalités multiples ayant des dimensions individuelle, collective et gestionnaire) et synchronique (articulation ou tension entre ces temporalités dans l’activité). Les résultats révèlent la multiplicité des indicateurs de santé et leurs temporalités que mobilisent les régulateurs pour organiser le travail, les stratégies de prévention individuelles et collectives élaborées au fil de leur expérience et le rôle des contraintes temporelles dans les possibilités de les mettre en œuvre
This research is carried out with ground staff and their supervisors in an airline company. It aims to report, from an ergonomic approach, on weakening or construction’s processes of these employees’ work paths in a context of multiple and continuous transformations (digitalization of the service relationship of customer service agents, internal and external flexibility of baggage handler teams, overall demographic ageing, etc.). This thesis pursues the hypothesis that the work of regulators (firstlevel managers in charge of assigning tasks to ground staff schedules) mediates the construction of health/work relations between ground staff by being a vector of the path wear and tear or path construction. It mobilizes methodological tools specific to the demography of work and the ergonomics of the activity, by combining diachronic (revealing multiple temporalities with individual, collective and managerial dimensions) and synchronic (articulation or tension between these temporalities in the activity) approaches. The results reveal the multiplicity of health indicators and their temporalities mobilized by regulators to organize work, the individual and collective prevention strategies developed in the course of their experience and the role of temporal constraints in the possibilities of implementing them

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14

Gallon, Gilmary. "Développement de microparticules hybrides à base d'huiles végétales réticulées par voie sol-gel pour la libération de molécules thérapeutiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT184.

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La formulation de médicaments regroupe des technologies innovantes où l'usage de matières premières naturelles émerge du fait de contraintes environnementales grandissantes. Les huiles végétales par exemple sont plébiscitées grâce à leurs propriétés remarquables en terme de solubilisation de principes actifs, de biocompatibilité et de biodégradabilité. Afin d'élargir leurs applications, notamment pour la libération prolongée de principes actifs, la solidification de ces huiles par réticulation a été envisagée à l'aide d'une chimie douce, c'est-à-dire respectueuse des principes de la chimie verte. La silice a été choisie pour réaliser la réticulation par réaction sol-gel d'huiles végétales et ainsi obtenir des matériaux hybrides inorganique/organique d'origine naturelle. L'étude a consisté à fonctionnaliser des huiles végétales à l'aide de précurseurs silylés en utilisant une chimie sans solvant ni catalyseur, pour obtenir des huiles réticulables par voie sol-gel. Deux voies chimiques de fonctionnalisation ont été employées. La première, difficilement contrôlable, été basée sur une réaction époxy-amine où des huiles de lin ou de soja époxydées ont été utilisées. La seconde reposait sur la valorisation d'huile de ricin porteuse d'un groupement hydroxyle via une réaction hydroxy-isocyanate. Les excellents résultats obtenus ont permis de poursuivre l'étude par la formulation de l'huile de ricin silylée grâce à un nouveau procédé d'émulsion huile/eau thermo-stabilisée. Simple et robuste, ce procédé a rendu possible de façon concomitante la mise en forme et la solidification de microparticules hybrides. Les microparticules présentent des distributions de taille homogènes (20 à 200 µm), sont sphériques et capables de piéger des molécules lipophiles. Ainsi une molécule modèle, a été encapsulé avec des rendements très satisfaisants et sa libération a été totale après 8h en milieu physiologiques simulé. En modifiant la composition des microparticules (ratio inorganique / organique), il a été possible de prolonger les cinétiques de libération et de réduire significativement « l’effet burst ». La biocompatibilité de ces microparticules a été démontrée in vitro. Enfin dans l’optique de correctement caractériser la réaction sol-gel, différentes techniques analytiques ont été explorées pour l’étude in situ de la réticulation et l’identification d’un catalyseur biocompatible. Ces travaux ont permis de détailler les mécanismes des réactions d’hydrolyse et de polycondensation et ont ouvert la voie à un meilleur contrôle des cinétiques de réticulation des microparticules. De plus, il est apparu que la maîtrise de cette réaction semble être indispensable afin d'obtenir des objets "stabilisés " aux propriétés identiques et aux cinétiques de libération reproductibles. En conclusion, il a été démontré que la chimie sol-gel appliquée aux huiles naturelles offre des possibilités d’innovation en formulation galénique tout en respectant les contraintes environnementales et de santé et a permis le développement de matériaux originaux aux propriétés modulables
Drug formulation is gathering innovative technologies where the use of natural products for the preparation of drug delivery systems is getting more and more considerations because of environmental concerns. For instance, vegetable oils get increasingly used because of their outstanding properties in terms of drug solubilization, biocompatibility and biodegradability. For expanding their application, to drug sustained-release for instance, oils have to be hardened under mild conditions with respect to green chemistry principals. The silica condensation was therefore chosen as cross-linking reaction by the mean the sol-gel reaction which when applied to vegetable oils led to biosourced hybrid organic/inorganic materials. To do so, oils were functionalized with alkoxysilanes precursors without solvent nor catalyst in order to obtain cross-linkable systems. Two chemical paths were studied. The first one, based on an epoxy-amine reaction between epoxydized linseed or soybean oils and the alkoxysilane precursor ended up with an uncontrolled reaction and a triglyceride disruption. The second, used castor oil as an hydroxylated raw material and was based on the hydroxy-isocyanate reaction. Valuable results were obtained and this silylated oil was formulated thanks to a new oil/water thermo-stabilized emulsion process. Simple and robust, this process allowed to simultaneously shape and harden hybrid microparticles. Ranging between 20 and 200 µm in diameter, hybrid microparticles were spherical, homogeneously distributed and were capable of entrapping and releasing lipophilic molecules. As a model, ibuprofen was efficiently encapsulated and was fully released over 8 hours in a simulated buffer. Furthermore, by changing the composition of hybrid microparticles (inorganic/organic ratio), it was also possible to extend release kinetics and significantly reduce the burst effect. Then, biocompatibility of those hybrid microparticles was demonstrated in vitro and an innovative study of the cross-linking reaction was performed. This study aimed to properly understand hydrolysis and polycondensation mechanisms and took the form of an in situ the sol-gel reaction monitoring. It allowed to identify an alternative biocompatible catalysts and gave an insight on how those reactions can be controlled to reach “stabilized" hybrids with constant properties and exhibiting robust and reproducible drug sustained-releases. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the sol-gel chemistry applied to vegetable oils for the synthesis of original and tunable hybrid materials with concerns to environmental and health issues, opened the gate towards innovations in drug formulation

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15

Barraza, Castelo Fiorella. "Evaluation de l'exposition humaine liée aux activités pétrolières en Equateur : de la surveillance de la qualité de l'air à l'étude du transfert des contaminants métalliques dans le continuum sol-plante". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30168/document.

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L'Équateur est le 5ème pays producteur de pétrole en Amérique du Sud. Les étapes d'extraction et de raffinage génèrent des déchets contentant des métaux co-émis avec les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs), connus pour leurs effets cancérogènes et toxiques chez l'homme. Dans ce contexte et dans le cadre du programme ANR MONOIL, le premier objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer la distribution des métaux dans l'environnement sur les provinces d'Orellana et Sucumbíos (zones d'extraction du pétrole en Amazonie, " NAR ") et dans la ville d'Esmeraldas (raffinerie, sur la côte Pacifique," NPC "). Le 2ème objectif était d'étudier le transfert des métaux depuis le sol ou l'air vers les cacaoyers, largement cultivés en Equateur, et d'en déterminer les impacts sur la santé après ingestion. Enfin, le 3ème objectif était de surveiller la qualité de l'air (PM10) afin d'évaluer l'impact des activités anthropiques et le potentiel oxydatif des particules. Des sols et des cultures ont été collectés dans 31 fermes entre 2014 et 2016. Des échantillons d'air ont été prélevés mensuellement sur 3 sites, à proximité des plateformes pétrolières et de la raffinerie. La composition chimique (teneurs en métaux, carbone organique et élémentaire, ions, sucres, polyols, HAPs) a été déterminée dans les PM10. L'évaluation des risques sanitaires a été réalisée via 3 voies d'exposition. Les effets non cancérogènes et cancérogènes ont été quantifiés à l'aide de l'Indice de Risque (HI) et du Risque Total de Cancer (TCR). La bioaccessibilité du Cd par ingestion a été déterminée avec le test BARGE dans les pâtes et fèves de cacao. La formation d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) a été quantifiée par spectrophotométrie en utilisant 3 essais acellulaires: DTT, AA et DCFH. Les résultats montrent que dans 72% des sites, les concentrations en Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, V et Zn dans les sols dépassent les limites de la législation équatorienne. Pour la plupart des cultures, les concentrations en métaux sont inférieures aux limites de détection, sauf pour le Cd dans le cacao et le Pb dans le manioc, qui dérogent aux normes de qualité alimentaire. Les cacaoyers accumulent le Cd dans les feuilles, les cabosses et les fèves. Comme la teneur en Cd du pétrole est inférieure à la limite de détection, les produits agrochimiques et les intrants organiques peuvent être incriminés. Près de 100% de la teneur totale en Cd dans les pâtes et fèves de cacao est bioaccessible par ingestion. Le risque pour la santé après consommation de chocolat oscille entre faible et élevé, selon la quantité ingérée. Dans les PM10, le Ba et le Mo, traceurs spécifiques des activités pétrolières, ont montré des valeurs beaucoup plus élevées que celles enregistrées dans les sites industriels. Les ratios OC/EC étaient plus élevés en Amazonie, suggérant des émissions biogéniques plus importantes. La teneur en HAPs est plus élevée sur la côte, cependant les niveaux de BaP étaient inférieurs aux limites de l'UE. Les résultats du potentiel oxydatif ont montré que les composés émis par l'industrie pétrolière (HAPs, Ba, Ni, Zn), par la combustion de la biomasse (sucres) dans le NAR ainsi que les traceurs industriels dans le NPC (As, Ba, Ni, NH4+) corrèlent avec la génération de ROS. Les principales voies d'exposition aux métaux sont l'ingestion et l'inhalation et, dans une moindre mesure, le contact dermique avec le sol. Les enfants tout comme les adultes sont vulnérables aux effets toxiques de ces composés. Enfin, d'autres facteurs comme la déforestation, l'agriculture et les émissions naturelles (volcans) dans le NAR mais aussi les industries dans le NPC contribuent également aux dégâts environnementaux constatés et aux effets néfastes sur la santé
Ecuador is the 5th crude oil producer country in South America. Oil extraction and refining generate toxic waste containing metals co-emitted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naturally present in crude oil or added during production, and known for their carcinogenic and toxic effects in humans. In this context and as a part of the ANR MONOIL program, the first aim of this PhD research was to determine the distribution of metal(loid)s in the environment in the provinces of Orellana and Sucumbíos (oil extraction, North Amazon " NAR ") and the city of Esmeraldas (oil refining, North Pacific Coast, " NPC "). The second aim was to determine if there was a transfer of toxic metals, such as Cd, from soil or air to cacao crops, widely cultivated in Ecuador, and if the consumption of cacao-based products could imply risks for human health. Finally, the third aim was to monitor air quality over 2 years in both areas to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities and the oxidative burden of particulate matter (PM10). Soils and local crops were collected in 31 small-scale farms, between 2014 and 2016. Monthly PM10 samples were collected in 3 sites, in the vicinity of oil platforms close to the refinery. PM10 chemical composition (contents in metals, organic and elementary carbon (OC, EC), ions, sugars, polyols, PAHs) was determined. Human health risk assessment was performed taking into account ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Non carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects were quantified using the Hazard Index (HI) and the Total Cancer Risk (TCR). Bioaccessibility of Cd after ingestion was determined by the BARGE in vitro test in cacao beans and liquors. In aerosols, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was quantified using 3 acellular assays: DTT (dithiothreitol), AA (ascorbic acid) and DCFH (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein). Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, V and Zn concentrations in 72% of the study soils exceeded the limits of the Ecuadorian legislation. For most of the crops, elements were below the limits of detection but, Cd in cacao and Pb in manioc were above the international standards for food quality. Cacao trees accumulate Cd in leaves, pod husks and beans. Because Cd contents in crude oil were below the detection limits, agrochemical products and natural inputs may also be important sources. Almost 100% of the total Cd content in cacao beans and liquor was bioaccessible by ingestion. The health risk after chocolate consumption was low to high, depending on the ingestion rate and the cacao liquor percentage. In PM10, As, Cd, Ni and Pb were below the EU thresholds. However, Ba and Mo, specific tracers of oil activities, used as weighting agents or catalyzers during drilling and refining, showed values much higher than those recorded in other urban-industrialized sites. PM10 composition depended on oil activity. OC/EC ratios were higher in the NAR (oil extraction) than in the NPC (oil refining), suggesting that biogenic emissions were more important in the Amazon area. PAHs contents were higher in the NPC, but levels of benzo-a-pyrene were below the EU limits. Oxidative potential results showed that compounds emitted by oil industry (PAHs, Ba, Ni, Zn) and by biomass burning (sugars) in the NAR as well as industrial tracers in the NPC (As, Ba, Ni, NH4+) were correlated with ROS generation. Regarding residential exposure, the main routes of exposure to metal(loid)s were first ingestion, inhalation and in a small extent soil dermal contact, being both children and adults vulnerable. Finally, the oil Ecuadorian environment is not only contaminated by oil activities. Other factors like deforestation, agriculture and natural emissions (volcanos) in the NAR and industries in the NPC also contribute to environmental damages and may lead to adverse health effects

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Mahjoub, Olfa. "Caractérisation de micropolluants organiques dans les eaux usées traitées et diagnostic du transfert vers le sol et la nappe : Cas de la région de Oued Souhil, Nabeul, Tunisie". Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13518.

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La présence de micropolluants organiques (MPO) traces dans les eaux usées traitées (EUT) réutilisées risque, à terme, de contaminer l’environnement. Peu de travaux sont menés sur la contamination des sols et des eaux souterraines. Dans notre étude, nous avons caractérisé des MPO dans les EUT réutilisées sur une zone agricole irriguée et un site de recharge artificielle, ainsi que dans les sols et la nappe. Le recours aux outils analytiques et bioanalytiques a montré que les EUT réutilisées pour l’irrigation de deux parcelles agricoles renferment des molécules capables de se lier aux récepteurs aux oestrogènes (ER), à la dioxine (AhR) et au Pregnane X (PXR). Les composés recherchés dans les eaux d’irrigation et les sols étaient des alkylphénols et des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques. Sur les sols des bassins d’infiltration, les activités ER et AhR retrouvées après recharge dénotent de l’apport récent de leurs ligands par les EUT. Toutefois, ils ne semblent pas être persistants. Sur le sol de la parcelle agricole suivi au cours de l’irrigation, une activité AhR légèrement croissante a été détectée témoignant d’un apport probable de ligands AhR par les EUT. Dans ces sols, l’activité ER qui n’a été détectée que 4 mois après démarrage de l’irrigation. Dans la nappe, la présence d’activité ER indique la présence de ligands probablement issus de l’application des EUT (recharge et irrigation). La carbamazépine, médicament proposé comme traceur de contamination par les EUT est présente dans les eaux d’irrigation. Egalement indicateur du transfert de certains MPO, ses concentrations sont, cependant, dix fois plus faibles dans les eaux de nappe
Occurrence of trace organic micropollutants (OMP) in reused treated wastewater (TWW) may eventually contaminate the environment. Few studies were carried out on soil and groundwater contamination. In our study, we have characterized OMP in TWW reused in an irrigated area and an artificial recharge site, and in soil and groundwater. Resorting to analytical and bioanalytical tools has demonstrated that TWW reused for irrigation of two irrigated areas contains compound likely to bind to estrogen (ER), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and Pregnane X (PXR) receptors. Investigated compounds found in irrigation water and soils were alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ER and AhR activities detected on infiltration basin soils indicated recent load of their ligands by TWW. Nevertheless, they do not seem to be persistent. During the irrigated area soil monitoring, slight increasing AhR activities were registered indicating likely load of ligands by TWW. Estrogenic activities were detected only 4 months after irrigation start. In groundwater, detected ER activities indicate occurrence of their ligands brought probably by spread TWW (recharge and irrigation). Carbamazepine, a pharmaceutical suggested as TWW contamination tracer, was detected in irrigation water. As an indicator of OMP transfer, registered concentrations in groundwater were about 10 fold lower

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Rios, Mora Juan Sebastian. "Optimisation de la gestion de l’impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l’air intérieur". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS035.

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Les sites pollués (sol ou eaux souterraines) représentent un potentiel de risque pour la santé humaine et l’environnement. Il existe des outils d’aide à la gestion, en complément des mesures in-situ, qui permettent d’estimer rapidement et à moindre coût les risques sanitaires associés à l’exposition des polluants gazeux du sol dans les espaces intérieurs afin d’établir des mesures de prévention et/ou correction. Cependant, et malgré leur intérêt, il a été montré dans la littérature qu’il existe des différences importantes entre les concentrations intérieures mesurées et les estimations des outils existants. Ces incertitudes reposent principalement sur trois aspects : une mauvaise caractérisation du site, une modélisation incomplète des voies et mécanismes de transfert, ou bien du fait de négliger l’influence de certains paramètres sur le transfert. Par exemple, le fait de négliger la latéralité de la source reste une explication plausible des limites des modèles classiques de transfert. Les auteurs conviennent que la migration latérale joue un rôle important sur l’atténuation de la concentration intérieure en polluant, contrairement aux scénarios de source homogène ou continue, où les vapeurs migrent uniquement de manière verticale vers le bâtiment. Ainsi, lorsque la source est latéralement décalée vis-à-vis du bâtiment, les vapeurs vont migrer préférentiellement vers l’atmosphère et moins vers le bâtiment générant une atténuation plus importante de la concentration intérieure. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de ces travaux de thèse est la contribution à l’amélioration des outils d’aide à la gestion afin d’élargir leur plage d’application. Pour ce faire, des nouveaux modèles ont été développés permettant de tenir compte de la latéralité de la source dans l’estimation de la concentration intérieure en polluant. Le développement de ces modèles est réalisé à partir de l’expérimentation numérique et l’analyse adimensionnelle sur la base des outils existants (modèles semi-empiriques construits en considérant une source continue). La combinaison de ces deux approches permet d’une part, de garder la capacité des modèles source continue de tenir compte des propriétés physiques du sol (perméabilité, coefficient de diffusion, …) et des caractéristiques du bâtiment (typologie de soubassement, dépression, volume, …), et d’une autre part, de mieux préciser la position de la source dans le sol en considérant l’influence de sa latéralité dans les estimations. Ces nouveaux modèles ont été issus d’une analyse comparative permettant de vérifier la cohérence et la précision des estimations vis-à-vis d’un modèle numérique (CFD), de données expérimentales et de modèles existants dans la littérature. Finalement, ces expressions ont été intégrées dans un code de ventilation (MATHIS-QAI) permettant de mieux préciser les caractéristiques des environnements intérieurs (système de ventilation, perméabilité à l’air de l’enveloppe, volume du bâtiment, …) et de réaliser des estimations des niveaux de concentration en fonction des variations temporelles (vitesse du vent, température extérieure, …) au cours du temps. À partir d’une étude paramétrique il a été montré que malgré l’impact non-négligeable des caractéristiques du bâtiment, l’influence de la latéralité de la source sur l’atténuation de la concentration intérieure en polluant reste prédominante (atténuation de plusieurs ordres de grandeur quand la source est décalée latéralement du bâtiment en comparaison à une source continue). Cependant, préciser les caractéristiques du bâtiment (soubassement, système de ventilation, perméabilité à l’air de l’enveloppe,…), ainsi que les conditions météorologiques uniques de chaque projet de construction, permet d’augmenter la précision des estimations en évitant la mise en œuvre de solutions extrêmes ou bien encore, de mesures inadaptées
Polluted sites and most precisely vapor intrusion represents a potential risk for human health and its environment. Various screening-level and analytical models have been proposed in order to evaluate vapor intrusion and provide assessment tools for exposure risk. However, some in situ investigations show significant differences between predicted and measured indoor concentrations leading eventually to misleading conclusions and inappropriate solution implementations. These uncertainties are mainly associated with a poor characterization of the site, an incomplete modeling of transfer pathways and mechanisms, or by neglecting certain influencing parameters on this transfer. For example, ignoring the lateral source/building separation may serve as possible explanation of the uncertainties presented by the conventional models based on a homogeneous source distribution assumption. The authors agree that lateral migration plays an important role in the attenuation of the indoor concentration. In homogeneous or continuous source scenarios vapors may migrate mainly vertically towards the building. However, lateral source may promote lateral migration to the atmosphere and less into the building generating a greater attenuation of the indoor concentration. In this context, the main objective of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the assessment and management risk tools in order to improve the accuracy of their estimations and increase their range of application. To do this, new vapor intrusion models are developed considering the lateral source/building separation. These models are built on a numerical experimentation and dimensionless analysis based on existing models (semi-empirical models considering a homogeneous source distribution). The combination of these two approaches allows, on the one hand, to maintain the aptitude of the existing models to consider the physical properties of the soil (permeability, diffusion coefficient, …) and the characteristics of the building (type of construction, building depression, volume,…), and on the other hand, to better precise the position of the source in the soil taking into account the influence of the lateral source/building separation in the estimations. From a comparative analysis, the accuracy of these new expressions is verified comparing to the proposed numerical model (CFD), experimental data and existing models in the literature. Finally, the proposed expressions were coupled with a ventilation code (MATHIS-QAI) allowing to better specify indoor characteristics (ventilation system, air permeability of the envelope, volume of the building, …) and estimate indoor air concentration levels as a function of environmental variations (wind speed, outside temperature, …) over time. From a parametric study it was shown that despite the significant impact of the characteristics of the building, the influence of the lateral source/building separation remains predominant on the attenuation of the indoor concentration (attenuation of several orders of magnitude when the source is laterally offset of the building compared to a homogeneous source). However, specifying the characteristics of the building (construction type, ventilation system, air permeability, …) and weather conditions may increase the accuracy of the estimation avoiding the implementation of extreme solutions or insufficient actions

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18

Ghorbel, Ben Abid Manel. "Contamination métallique issue des déchets de l'ancien site minier de Jebel Ressas : modélisation des mécanismes de transfert et conception de cartes d'aléa post-mine dans un contexte carbonaté et sous un climat semi-aride : évaluation du risque pour la santé humaine". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU30120.

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Une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrée a été proposée pour étudier le transfert de la contamination métallique depuis les déchets de l'ancien site minier à Pb-Zn de Jebel Ressas, jusqu'à l'être humain. Nous avons pris en considération à la fois les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de la source, les conditions climatiques et la topographie pour hiérarchiser les vecteurs de la dispersion des métaux à partir des déchets de laverie de l'ancienne mine de Jebel Ressas. Le vecteur éolien est le principal agent capable de disperser les métaux dans toutes les directions, avec des quantités variables pouvant dépasser les normes de la qualité des l'air pour Pb et Cd sur plusieurs centaines de mètres loin de la source. Le transfert hydrique particulaire est assez limité à cause de la topographie douce au tour des terrils de déchets. Le transfert en solution est négligeable grâce à l'environnement carbonaté. L'investigation sur le risque des métaux pour la santé humaine au village de Jebel Ressas montre d'abord que, d'une part l'environnement carbonaté et d'autre part le pH neutre des fluides physiologiques dans le corps humain, limitent le passage en solution des métaux et leurs quantités bioaccessibles. Toutefois, Pb et Cd présentent un risque surtout pour les enfants en plus d'un effet cancérigène probable pour toute la population
An integrated multidisciplinary method was proposed to study the transfer of metallic contamination from the waste of the old mining site (Pb-Zn) of Jebel Ressas, to Humans. We considered the physico-chemical characteristics of the source, the climate conditions and the topography to rank the dispersion vectors of metals from the treatment wastes to the environment. The wind is the main agent of scattering metals in all directions, with variable quantities which may exceed the standards of air quality for Pb and Cd up to several hundreds of meters far from the source. The particle hydric transfer is limited because of the soft topography around the waste dumps. The transfer in solution is negligible thanks to the carbonated environment. The risk assessment for human health at the village of Jebel Ressas show that carbonated environment and the neutral pH of physiological fluids in the body, limits metals dissolution and their bioaccessible amounts. However, Pb and Cd may induce a risk especially for children as well as a probable carcinogenic for the entire population

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19

Ghorbel, Ben Abid Manel. "Contamination métallique issue des déchets de l'ancien site minier de Jebel Ressas : modélisation des mécanismes de transfert et conception de cartes d'aléa post-mine dans un contexte carbonaté et sous un climat semi-aride. Evaluation du risque pour la santé humaine". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760685.

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Une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrée a été proposée pour étudier le transfert de la contamination métallique depuis les déchets de l'ancien site minier à Pb-Zn de Jebel Ressas, jusqu'à l'être humain. Nous avons pris en considération à la fois les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de la source, les conditions climatiques et la topographie pour hiérarchiser les vecteurs de la dispersion des métaux à partir des déchets de laverie de l'ancienne mine de Jebel Ressas. Le vecteur éolien est le principal agent capable de disperser les métaux dans toutes les directions, avec des quantités variables pouvant dépasser les normes de la qualité des l'air pour Pb et Cd sur plusieurs centaines de mètres loin de la source. Le transfert hydrique particulaire est assez limité à cause de la topographie douce au tour des terrils de déchets. Le transfert en solution est négligeable grâce à l'environnement carbonaté. L'investigation sur le risque des métaux pour la santé humaine au village de Jebel Ressas montre d'abord que, d'une part l'environnement carbonaté et d'autre part le pH neutre des fluides physiologiques dans le corps humain, limitent le passage en solution des métaux et leurs quantités bioaccessibles. Toutefois, Pb et Cd présentent un risque surtout pour les enfants en plus d'un effet cancérigène probable pour toute la population.

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20

Lapointe, Marise. "Actualisation de soi, santé et mortalité". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/MQ46764.pdf.

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Segat, Julia Corá. "Avaliação ecotoxicológica do uso de dejetos de suínos em solos de Santa Catarina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-13082012-102026/.

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O Brasil ocupa a quarta posição entre os maiores produtores mundiais de carne suína. Destaque nacional deve ser dado ao estado de Santa Catarina, que detém 25% da produção do Brasil. Em Santa Catarina, a intensificação da produção em pequena área territorial gera um grande aporte anual de dejetos de suínos por unidade de área agrícola. Isso se deve ao fato de que a alternativa mais utilizada para descarte desses resíduos é a sua aplicação como fertilizante agrícola, prática que tem gerado um dos maiores problemas de poluição ambiental, especialmente na região Oeste Catarinense. Poucos trabalhos com intuito de avaliar a toxicidade desse material aos organismos edáficos e sua interação com diferentes classes texturais de solos podem ser encontrados. Para avaliação desta toxicidade, uma ferramenta utilizada internacionalmente, e cada vez mais frequentemente no Brasil, é a ecotoxicologia terrestre. Esta técnica é utilizada para avaliar efeitos de substâncias que, quando adicionadas aos solos, causam impactos em organismos, mensurando as respostas de alterações na taxa de letalidade, reprodução, desenvolvimento e comportamento de organismos edáficos padronizados. Desta maneira, este estudo objetivou avaliar por meio de testes ecotoxicológicos os efeitos de doses crescentes de dejeto de suínos (D0: 0 m3 ha-1; D1: 25 m3 ha-1; D2: 50 m3 ha-1; D3: 75 m3 ha-1 e 100 m3 ha-1), em diferentes tipos de solo (Argissolo Vermelho Eutrófico S2; Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico S3 e Neossolo Quartzarênico S4 e Solo Artificial Tropical S1) na sobrevivência, reprodução e comportamento de minhocas (Eisenia andrei) e colêmbolos (Folsomia candida), através de metodologias padronizadas internacionalmente. Os resultados das avaliações com Eisenia andrei mostraram que no solo com menor teor de argila a toxicidade do dejeto causou letalidade de 100% dos indivíduos nas duas maiores doses testadas. Para os testes de toxicidade crônica, avaliando o potencial reprodutivo, as doses testadas em Neossolo Quartzarênico tiveram efeitos negativos em Eisenia andrei, mas nos outros solos não ocorreu efeito perceptível. Os resultados obtidos para testes com Folsomia candida mostraram toxicidade em todas as doses testadas, causando letalidade significativa dos indivíduos na menor dose de dejeto aplicada e, baseado nessa resposta, doses menores foram usadas para avaliar efeito crônico e no comportamento (0 m3 ha-1, 10 m3 ha-1, 15 m3 ha-1, 20 m3 ha-1 e 25 m3 ha-1). Os efeitos das doses usadas para o teste de reprodução foram significativamente diferentes dos observados no controle causando redução no número de juvenis gerados em todos os solos testados. As doses D3 e D4 no S2, assim como todas as doses no S3 causaram significativa fuga de colêmbolos para o solo não contaminado. Os resultados obtidos revelam a importância da utilização de solos naturais de diferentes texturas e diferentes organismos na avaliação de toxicidade de dejetos de suínos e também mostram que nesse caso os resultados dos testes com solo artificial tropical não podem ser extrapolados para solos naturais.
Brazil occupies the fourth place worldwide among the largest swine producers. National highlight should be given to Santa Catarina State, which stands for 25% of this production. In this state, the intensification of the production in a small area leads to a yearly huge supply of swine manure per unit of agricultural area. This is due to the fact that the most used methods to dispose swine manure is its application as a fertilizer on soils, which has been causing one of the largest environmental pollution problems, especially in the Western region of Santa Catarina State. Very few studies are available aiming to evaluate swine manure toxicity on edaphic organisms and its interaction with different textural classes of soil. To evaluate this toxicity ecotoxicology has been used around the world, and increasingly in Brazil. This technique is used to assess the effects of substances that, when applied on soil, cause impacts on the organisms, measuring their responses with regard to mortality rates, reproduction, development and behavior of soil organisms. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate, by means of ecotoxicological tests the effects of increasing swine manure doses (D0: 0 m3 ha-1; D1: 25 m3 ha-1; D2: 50 m3 ha-1; D3: 75 m3 ha-1 e 100 m3 ha-1) in different types of soil (Ultisols - S2; Oxisol S3 and Entisols S4) and in an Tropical Artificial Soil S1, on the survival, reproduction and behavior of earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and springtails (Folsomia candida), using standard international methodologies. The results of Eisenia andrei evaluations showed that, in sandy soils, swine manure toxicity caused 100% mortality of the organisms at the two largest doses tested. For chronic toxicity tests, evaluating the reproductive potential, there were negative effects of tested doses on Eisenia andrei in Entisols, but for the other soils there was no perceptible effect. The results of Folsomia candida tests showed toxicity for all the tested doses, causing significant mortality of the organisms even at the smallest dose applied. Therefore, smaller doses were used to evaluate chronic and behavioral effects (0 m3 ha-1, 10 m3 ha-1, 15 m3 ha-1, 20 m3 ha-1 e 25 m3 ha-1). The effects of applied doses for the reproduction test were highly different from those observed in the control treatment, always causing reduction in the number of produced juveniles for all types of soil tested. The D3 and D4 doses for S2, as well as, all the doses for S3, showed significant avoidance of springtails towards the uncontaminated soil. These data show the importance of the usage of natural soils with different textural classes and also different organisms in the evaluation of swine manure toxicity. Also, they show that the results for artificial tropical soils cannot be extrapolated to natural soils.

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Deloné, Brunise. "Alternatives agro-écologiques à l’usage d’intrants chimiques dans les bananeraies plantains : Le cas de deux régions de la Caraïbe : Guadeloupe et Haïti". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0758/document.

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La banane plantain (Musa paradisiaca) est l’aliment de base de millions de personnes dans le monde et sa culture génère des revenus permanents pour un grand nombre d’agriculteurs, dans des plantations de taille petite ou moyenne. Comme dans d’autres régions tropicales, la culture du plantain en Guadeloupe et en Haïti est soumise à de fortes contraintes parasitaires aussi bien telluriques (i.e. du sol : nématodes phytoparasites et charançon du bananier) qu’aériennes (Cercosporiose noire notamment). Les moyens de lutte conventionnels reposent sur l’usage de produits de synthèse dont les effets néfastes sur l’environnement (sols, eaux, animaux) comme sur la santé humaine ne sont plus supportables. Il est donc urgent de réfléchir à des solutions agro-écologiques permettant de rétablir les équilibres biologiques, de maintenir une bonne qualité des sols et une production optimale dans les systèmes de culture plantains. C’est le but de ce travail de thèse qui couple la réalisation d’un diagnostic agro-écologique dans des parcelles paysannes, et le test d’alternatives agro-écologiques en milieu semi-contrôlé. Pour ce faire, une typologie des systèmes de culture plantains a été réalisée à l’issue d’une enquête agro-environnementale dans les deux zones d’étude. Elle a permis de sélectionner 23 parcelles en Guadeloupe et 12 en Haïti dans lesquelles un diagnostic agro-écologique a été conduit. Sur la base de ce diagnostic et de la recherche d’alternatives agro-écologiques à l’usage des produits chimiques, une expérimentation au champ a été mise en place en Guadeloupe en station de recherche, permettant le test de trois pratiques culturales innovantes pour le plantain (seules et combinées), à savoir : i) l’introduction d’une plante de service Paspalum notatum pour la gestion des adventices et la réduction de l’utilisation d’herbicides ; ii) l’apport de vermicompost pour le contrôle des nématodes phytoparasites inféodés au bananier plantain et la fertilisation de celui-ci ; iii) l’utilisation de plants sains PIF (Plants Issus de Fragments de tiges) indemnes de nématodes et de larves de charançon du bananier. La typologie des systèmes de culture plantains révèle que : i) en Guadeloupe les précédents : jachère, ananas et banane plantain sont prédominants avec un niveau d’intensification faible (apports d’intrants chimiques faibles et peu fréquents) ou élevé (apports d’intrants chimiques élevés et plus fréquents) ; ii) en Haïti, les précédents : jachère, banane plantain et manioc prédominent avec un niveau d’intensification faible ou nul (apport d’intrants inexistant). Les résultats du diagnostic agro-écologique montrent que, i) lorsque le niveau d’intensification est faible, les bananeraies plantains pérennes et le précédent-ananas permettent de maintenir une bonne qualité du sol et une bonne régulation des parasites telluriques ; ii) lorsque le niveau d’intensification est fort, les populations d’ingénieurs du sol diminuent drastiquement, alors que le cortège parasitaire tellurique augmente sans que cela n’affecte l’obtention de bons niveaux de rendement instantannés (parcelles précédées d’ananas ou d’une jachère principalement) ; iii) en absence totale de fertilisation, il résulte une diminution de l’activité biologique du sol mais aussi du rendement du plantain, exacerbé par le choix des précédents-culturaux (manioc ou banane plantain) en lien avec les contraintes pédoclimatiques et la maladie des raies noires (Cercosporiose noire) causée par Mycosphaerella fijiensis, notamment au sein des parcelles Haïtiennes ; iv) la succession plantain/plantain est la plus pénalisante vis-à-vis de la culture du plantain, car quelque soit le niveau d’intensification, le rendement reste relativement faible, en lien avec une dégradation de l’état sanitaire, comparativement aux autres précédents
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is the staple food of millions of people worldwide and its cropping generates ongoing revenues for many farmers who are planting small or medium size areas. As in other tropical regions, plantain cultivation in Guadeloupe and Haiti is under heavy parasitic constraints terrestrial (plant-parasitic nematodes and banana weevil) as well as aerial (black Sigatoka in particular). Conventional means of control based on the use of synthetic products which adverse effects on the environment (soil, water, animals ...) as on human health are not bearable any more. It is thus urgent to think about agroecological solutions allowing to restore the biological balances, to maintain good soil quality and optimal plantain cropping systems.This is the ultimate goal of this thesis which couples the realization of an agroecological diagnosis in peasants’ plots, and the test of agroecological alternatives in semi-controlled conditions. To do this, a typology of plantain cropping systems was carried out from an agrienvironmental survey in the two study areas. It allowed to select 23 plots in Guadeloupe and 12 in Haiti in which an agroecological diagnosis was implemented. Based on this diagnosis and the research of agroecological alternatives to the use of chemicals, a field experiment was set up in Guadeloupe, in an experimental station allowing the test of three innovative practices for plantain cultivation (alone and combined), namely : i) the introduction of a cover-crop Paspalum notatum for weed control while reducing the use of herbicides ; ii) the input of worms’ compost to control plant-parasitic nematodes specific to plantain and to fertilize it ; iii) the use of healthy “PIF” plants (plants issued from stem fragments) free from telluric pests (nematodes and weevil’s larvaes).The typology of plantains cropping systems shows: i) in Guadeloupe the previous crops are: fallow pineapple and plantain predominate with a low level of intensification (low and infrequent chemical inputs) or high (high and frequent chemical inputs); ii) in Haiti, the previous crops are: fallow, plantain and cassava predominate with a low level or no intensification at all (no inputs). The results of the agroecological analysis show that : i) when the level of intensification is low, perennial plantain and pineapple as previous crops help maintaining a good soil quality and a good regulation of the telluric pests ; ii) when the level of intensification is strong, the soil engineers drastically reduce, while the density of telluric parasites increases without affecting good levels of instantaneous yields (plots where the previous crop is pineapple or mostly fallow) ; iii) when the fertilization is totally missing, it decreases the biological activity of the soil furthermore the plantain yields, exacerbated by the choice of the previous crop (cassava or plantain), in connection with soils and climate constraints and the black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, especially in the Haitian plots ; iv) the crop succession plantain/plantain is the most critical regarding the plantain’s cropping, because whatever the level of intensification, the yields remain relatively low in connection with a degradation of the health state, compared to other previous crops.The driving of an experiment in a research station shows that on the scale of one year, the three tested innovative practices allow maintaining a good soils quality. Healthy plants "PIF" have a better health state (absence of plant parasitic nematodes in the roots) which helps a significant increase of the yields. Cover-crop P. notatum helps the weeds and the soil pests control and favors the improvement of soil biological activity and plantain yields. Worms’ compost contributes to the maintenance of a better soils quality while allowing the regulation of the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes of the plantains

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23

Crasset, Olivier. "La santé des artisans au fil du parcours professionnel : de l'acharnement au travail au souci de soi". Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT3032.

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La santé des artisans a été peu étudiée jusqu'ici. Cette thèse met en évidence le rapport singulier qui existe entre le travail et la santé dans cette population. Il s'agit de répondre à des questions laissées en suspens par l'épidémiologie en examinant comment les artisans construisent, utilisent et convertissent leur capital corporel. L'étude inclut une analyse secondaire de SIP 2006 et des entretiens approfondis. Elle s'appuie sur une enquête ethnographique et sur 15 ans d'activité professionnelle dans l'artisanat. L'échantillon compare des artisans d'origine populaire avec d'autres issus de la classe moyenne. Au fil du parcours professionnel, la façon dont un artisan s'engage physiquement dans le travail varie. Au départ, il s'appuie sur ses compétences physiques, quitte à malmener son corps, pour s'insérer dans le marché économique et dans des réseaux où circulent les offres d'ouvrage. Puis, quand il vieillit, le capital social, économique et spécifique permet de maintenir l'activité en prenantle relais d'une santé devenue plus fragile. Dans un premier temps, la santé est mise au service de l'entreprise, puis la relation s'inverse. L'artisan peut d'autant mieux préserver sa santé que son investissement en capital corporel a porté ses fruits. Les artisans créateurs, qui disposent au départ un capital culturel plus élevé que les hommes de métier, renforcent leur avantage dans ce domaine, alors que ces derniers développent surtout un capital social pour trouver du travail de bonne qualité. L'enquête montre l'existence d'un collectif de travail qui intervient dans la reproduction du groupe, la circulation des offres d'ouvrage, des risques et des savoir-faire de prudence
The health of craftsmen is an area that has been little investigated so far. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this thesis seeks to highlight the relationship between work and health in this population. The aim is to answer questions left open by epidemiology by examining how artisans build, use and convert their physical capital. The study includes a secondary analysis of the 2006 Santé et Itinéraire Professionnel survey and indepth interviews. It is also based on several months of ethnographic fieldwork and the author's 15 years work experience in craft. The survey's sample compares craftsmen of working-class origin with others from the middle class. Over the course of their careers, how artisans physically engage in their work varies. Initially, the craftsman uses his physical skills, even abusing his body in order to fit into the economic market and cooperation networks in which job offers circulate. Then when he gets older, it is the social,economic and specific capitals that allow him to maintain his occupation by taking over his health, wich has become more fragile. In short, at first health is put at the service of business and then the relationship is reversed. The craftsman may all the better preserve his health if his investment in physical capital has borne fruit. Creative craftsmen, who initially have a higher cultural capital, further enhance their advantage in this area. Working-class craftsmen mostly develop a social capital that allows them to access good quality work. The study demonstrates the existence of a work collective that influences the reproduction of the group, the circulation of job offers, risks and caution skills

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24

Belazi, Nader. "Estimation de l'état de charge (SOC) et de l'état de santé (SOH) d'une batterie Lithium-Ion utilisée pour les voitures électriques". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2012. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/967/1/BELAZI_Nader.pdf.

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Faire de l’énergie propre est devenu un défi pour tout le monde. Parmi ces énergies propres, il y a l’utilisation des voitures électriques et hybrides. D’après plusieurs statistiques, les voitures traditionnelles polluent de plus en plus de l’atmosphère. Mais le plus grand souci est le stockage de l’énergie dans des grosses batteries utilisées pour les voitures électriques. Delà l’idée est venue pour étudier le comportement de ces batteries. Plusieurs techniques de stockage d’énergie sont utilisées pour bien exploiter, gérer et surveiller cette quantité électrique dans les batteries, et qui affecte la performance des voitures électriques. Il existe plusieurs types d'accumulateurs comme Lead-Acide, Lithium-Ion etc. Afin de bien comprendre le comportement des accumulateurs et des batteries dans les voitures électriques, nous ferrons appel à des modèles électriques capables de gérer et de surveiller le comportement des batteries ainsi de prédire et de simuler, en temps réel, son fonctionnement. Nous devrons donc prendre en considération les phénomènes électrochimique et dynamique de la batterie qui se manifestent pendant son fonctionnement. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier et de mettre en évidence un modèle qui peut suivre les changements et les phénomènes électrochimique de la batterie Lithium-Ion, de proposer un modèle électrique plus proche du modèle chimique et de prédire, surtout, l’état de charge et l’état de santé de la batterie Lithium-Ion. En premier lieu le modèle proposé est appliqué à une batterie Lead-Acide, afin de le comparer avec les travaux déjà réalisés. Par la suite, il sera appliqué aux batteries de type Lithium-Ion, utilisés dans les voitures électriques. A chaque étape de l’étude, nous tiendrons compte, dans le modèle proposé, d’autres paramètres dans le but de donner plus de précision sur l’état de charge SOC et l’état de santé et de vieillissement SOH de la batterie. La question qui se pose est celle-ci : Pourquoi estime-t-on surtout l’état de charge ? La capacité de la batterie d’une voiture électrique est inaccessible par mesure directe. C’est pourquoi l’utilisation d’une estimation basée sur le Filtre de Kalman est primordiale pour réussir à l’obtention de l’information sur l’état de charge de la batterie à n’importe quel moment.

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25

Casaril, Camila Elis. "Fauna edáfica em sistemas de produção de banana no sul de Santa Catarina". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2017. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2493.

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Banana is an important crop for Brazil and for Santa Catarina. However, questions about the quality of the edaphic environment and how the management of the crop can affect the soil, are still little studied. The objective was to evaluate the effects of banana production on edaphic fauna in function of the different cultural practices, management and soil’s chemical and physical aspects. The study areas corresponded to two banana trees with different management characteristics and cultural practices (banana 1 and banana 2), as well as a native forest area (reference). In each area, 12 sampling points were established, forming a sample area of 2,100 m², three collections of fauna were carried out by the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility monolith and Pitfall Traps methods at different times: august/15, december/2015 and april/16. In laboratory, the organisms sampled were identified at the level of taxonomic groups/orders. At the collection of the month of april/16 soil samples were also collected, near the points of fauna collection, for the evaluation of the aspects of soil chemistry and physics. For the analysis of the data, the relative frequency in percentage of the edaphic fauna groups was evaluated. The degree of alteration of the abundance of the fauna groups was verified, in relation to the implantation of banana cultivation, through the index of change. Data on mean abundance of organisms were submitted to analysis of variance. Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou equability were calculated and the total richness of groups was evaluated. In the multivariate analysis, the principal component analysis was carried out with the objective to evaluate the distribution of the edaphic fauna groups of each study area. In order to select a set of soil chemistry and physics variables with influence on fauna, a redundancy analysis was performed. The variables of soil chemistry and physics selected by the redundancy analysis were submitted to analysis of variance. In total, 18 taxonomic groups were found in banana 1 and 19 in native forest and banana 2. The groups with the highest relative frequency in the study areas were Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Acari and Oligochaeta. The index of change showed an inhibitory effect of abundance for Coleoptera, Diptera and Oligochaeata and for the stimulation of Collembola, Acari and Hymenoptera in the areas of banana production when compare them with the native forest. There were statistical differences in the abundance of organisms in the evaluation of the areas among each other and in the evaluation of sampling times within the same area. Banana 1 presented higher richness and Shannon-Wiener indexes and Pielou equability in most of the evaluations performed. Through the principal component analysis, it was verified that the banana trees presented a distribution of different edaphic fauna groups of the native forest. The attributes of soil chemistry and physics that show relationship to fauna in the redundancy analysis were pH, Mg+2, Ca+2, Al+3, Fe+3, Zn+2, soil density and macroporosity. The study showed that the cultural and management practices of banana cultivation have influence on edaphic fauna
A banana é uma importante cultura para o Brasil e para Santa Catarina. No entanto, questões sobre a qualidade do ambiente edáfico e como o manejo da cultura pode afetar o solo, ainda são pouco estudadas. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da produção de banana sobre a fauna edáfica em função das diferentes práticas culturais, manejos e aspectos químicos e físicos do solo. As áreas do estudo corresponderam a dois bananais de diferentes características de manejo e práticas culturais (bananal 1 e bananal 2), além de uma área de mata nativa (referência). Em cada área estabeleceram-se 12 pontos de amostragem, formando uma área amostral de 2.100 m², realizaram-se coletas de fauna pelos métodos do monólito Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility e Pitfall Traps em épocas: agosto/2015, dezembro/2015 e abril/2016. Em laboratório os organismos amostrados foram identificados em nível de grupos taxonômicos/ordens. Na coleta de abril/2016 também coletaram-se amostras de solo, próximo aos pontos de coleta de fauna, para a avaliação dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo. Para a análise dos dados, avaliou-se a frequência relativa em porcentagem dos grupos de fauna edáfica. Verificou-se o grau de alteração da abundância dos grupos da fauna, com relação à implantação do cultivo de banana, através do índice de mudança. Submeteram-se os dados de abundância média de organismos à análise de variância. Calcularam-se os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e equabilidade de Pielou e avaliou-se a riqueza total de grupos. Na análise multivariada, realizou-se a análise de componentes principais com objetivo de avaliar a distribuição dos grupos da fauna edáfica de cada área de estudo. Com objetivo de selecionar um conjunto de variáveis químicas e físicas do solo com influência sobre fauna, foi realizada a análise de redundância. As variáveis da química e física do solo selecionadas pela análise de redundância foram submetidas à análise de variância. No total foram encontrados 18 grupos taxonômicos no bananal 1 e 19 na mata nativa e bananal 2. Os grupos de maior frequência relativa nas áreas de estudo foram: Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Acari e Oligochaeta. O índice de mudança demostrou efeito de inibição de abundância para Coleoptera, Diptera e Oligochaeata e de estimulação para Collembola, Acari e Hymenoptera nas áreas de produção de banana quando comparadas a mata nativa. Houve diferenças estatísticas na abundância de organismos na avaliação das áreas entre si e na avaliação das épocas de amostragem dentro de uma mesma área. O bananal 1 apresentou maior riqueza e índices de Shannon-Wiener e equabilidade de Pielou na maioria das avalições realizadas. Através da análise de componentes principais verificou-se que os bananais apresentaram uma distribuição dos grupos de fauna edáfica diferente da mata nativa. Os atributos químicos e físicos do solo que demostram relação com a fauna na análise de redundância foram pH, Mg+2, Ca+2, Al+3, Fe+3, Zn+2, densidade do solo e macroporosidade. O estudo demostrou que as práticas culturais e de manejo da cultura da banana tem influência sobre a fauna edáfica

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26

Adamiec, Camille. "Devenir sain : morales alimentaires, pratiques de santé et écologie de soi". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG035.

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Devenir sain est un cheminement dynamique traversé par les événements, les paradoxes et les contradictions du quotidien. Les normes pour prendre soin de soi et de sa santé se redéfinissent à l’aune des investissements alimentaires et, inversement, les plaisirs et les restrictions de la chair génèrent une redéfinition du corps sain, vulnérable et malade. La construction d’une alimentation-santé passe par une pensée globale de l’individu et de ses actions, la création d’une écologie de soi qui touche tous les domaines de la vie et donne l’illusion d’une maîtrise et d’un contrôle sur l’avenir. Cette recherche qualitative se fonde sur des entretiens individuels et collectifs, et des observations au long cours afin de recueillir récits et pratiques en matière d’alimentation-santé. Par une posture critique continue, les mangeurs révèlent les conséquences d’une société réflexive, où l’incertitude devient le maître mot du rapport à la connaissance et aux institutions. Leurs dissidences soulèvent le caractère à la fois conflictuel et créatif de leurs pratiques et de leurs réflexions. Ils expriment les exigences de la société orthorexique et cherchent à les transcender
Becoming wholesome is a dynamic way crossed by events, paradoxes and contradictions of everyday life. Norms to take care of yourself and your health are redefined in terms of food investments and the pleasures and limitations of flesh generate a redefinition of healthy, vulnerable and illness bodies. The construction of a health-food requires global individual thinking, conflict and creative obligations and generate an ecology of self. It affects all areas of life and gives the illusion to control the future. This qualitative research is based on individual and group interviews, as well as observations, collected stories and eaters practices. These eaters reveal the consequences of reflexive society where uncertainty defines the relation to knowledge and institutions. They express the requirements of orthorexic society and seek to transcend them

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27

Effgen, Teóphilo André Maretto. "Atributos do solo em função de tratos culturais em lavouras de cafeeiro conilon no sul do estado do Espírito Santo". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6597.

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The work had as objective to evaluate, in different sampling site, the attributes of soils cultivated with conilon coffee trees crops under different management in the South of Espírito Santo State. Soil samplings were taken in the depths of 0.00 0.20 m and 0.20 0.40 m at the upper side of the canopy projection of the coffee plants, in relation to the land slope (down hill). It was used in this study representative crops of the South of the Espírito Santo State, which have the same soil unit (Haplustox, mountainous fort), with the following management: M1 - irrigation for leak, liming of each two years, manuring, cleared and use of the coffee straw; M2 - manuring, cleared and weedings; M3 - weedings and cleared. Within of each management it was also evaluated the following soil sampling sites: UT - upper third, MT - medium third; LT - lower third, along to the slope (down hill). The variables were analyzed considering the randomized completely design, using the split-plot scheme, with five repetitions. The experimental data were submitted to the variance analysis and thereafter the test of Tukey (5%), for data means comparison, was applied. The results demonstrated that most of the attributes of the studied soils was influenced by the management and sampling site, showing to be an important indicator of changes in the quality of the soil. The manuring practices and liming, associated to the management, promoted effects in the attributes of the soil, mainly in the chemical ones. The physics and chemical analyses of the soils, for evaluation of the real conditions of the soils cultivated with conilon coffee trees are procedures very important to the rational use of balanced limestone and fertilizers. For evaluation of attributes of the soil, in conditions of wavy and mountainous strong relief, it is necessary the division of the areas in parts (upper, medium and lower third), in function to the differences associated to the soils, which exist along the slope. The improvement of the conditions of the soils cultivated with coffee crops and, consequently, of the yield of the coffee crop it is associated to the use of practices of management conservationists, mainly in places with high slopes as is the case of South of Espirito Santo State.
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em diferentes sítios de amostragem, os atributos de solos cultivados com lavouras cafeeiras sob distintos tratos culturais no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram realizadas amostragens nas profundidades de 0,00 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m, na parte superior da projeção da saia do cafeeiro, em relação ao sentido de declive do terreno. Foram utilizadas, para o estudo, lavouras, representativas da região Sul do Estado Espírito Santo, apresentando a mesma unidade de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, relevo forte ondulado), tendo os seguintes tratos culturais: M1 - irrigação por gotejamento, calagem a cada dois anos, adubação, roçadas e uso da palha de café; M2 - adubação, roçadas e capinas; e M3 - capinas e roçadas. Dentro de cada trato também foram avaliadas os seguintes sítios de amostragem: TS - terço superior, TM - terço médio; e TI - terço inferior, ao longo do declive. As variáveis em estudo foram analisadas considerando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância e, posteriormente, aplicação do teste de Tukey a 5%, para comparação entre as médias. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos atributos dos solos estudados foi influenciada pelo trato cultural e sítio de amostragem, apresentando-se como importantes indicadores de mudanças na qualidade do solo. As práticas de adubação e calagem, associadas aos tratos, promoveram efeitos nos atributos do solo, principalmente nos químicos. As análises física e química, para avaliação das reais condições dos solos cultivados com cafeeiro conilon, são práticas muito importantes visando à utilização racional e equilibrada de calcário e adubos. A divisão das áreas em segmentos (terço superior, médio e inferior) faz-se necessária, para avaliação de atributos do solo em condições de relevo forte ondulado, em função das diferenças associadas aos solos, existentes ao longo do declive. A melhoria das condições dos solos cultivados com lavouras cafeeiras e, conseqüentemente, da produtividade da cultura está associada à utilização de práticas de manejo conservacionistas, principalmente quando se trata de áreas declivosas, como a região do Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo.

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Silva, Jucirema Ferreira da. "Estudos etnopedológicos em neossolos sob diferentes usos agrícolas no assentamento Santa Agostinha, RN". Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/430.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In Brazil, investigations performed for the purpose of classification and characterization of soil attributes that take into account the knowledge of the local community are still scarce, perhaps this condition is explained by the challenges of ethnopedological approach that anthropological factors dialogue like this way of understanding spaces of production and reproduction of life. In this context, this study aimed to characterize and classify agricultural soils through morphological, physical and chemical analyzes using the Ethnopedological studies and infer about the methods and their importance to the agricultural production of the Settlement Project Santa Agostinha, Caraúbas, RN. The five units defined for the study were: 1) cashew; 2) capineira; 3) consortium; 4) and agroforestry; 5) preserved forest (reference). Participatory workshops were held, emicista exchanges and classification and ethicist and analysis of morphological attributes, physical and chemical soil in the units studied in layers 0.0-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 m their diagnostic profiles. The samples were sent to the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid for processing thin dry land to air (TFSA) and subsequent analysis of the physical and chemical properties. Was used to interpret the results multivariate statistics. The results of the ethicist rating based on the interpretation of the analyzed attributes were as follows, according to the units: Neosol Quartzarenic and Neosol Regolitic showed a close relationship with emicista rating. The consortium agricultural unit had physical limitations, when the drainage, waterproof layer, which favors the accumulation of water in subsurface stimulating agricultural production in other units as the chemical solódico character, masked fertility. The experiences of the peasants in participatory workshops and exchanges provided exchange of popular and scientific knowledge, as well as new prospects for coexistence with the semiarid region
No Brasil, pesquisas realizadas para fins de classificação e caracterização do solo que levam em conta o conhecimento da comunidade local ainda são escassos, talvez essa condição seja explicada pelos desafios da abordagem etnopedológica em que os fatores antropológicos dialogam como esse modo de compreender os espaços de produção e reprodução da vida. Neste contexto, este estudo se propôs a caracterizar e classificar os solos na paisagem utilizando os estudos Etnopedológicos e inferir sobre os métodos e sua importância para a produção agrícola do Projeto de Assentamento Santa Agostinha, Caraúbas, RN. As cinco áreas definidas para o estudo na relação solo paisagem foram: 1) cajueiro; 2) capineira; 3) consórcio; 4) agrofloresta e; 5) mata preservada (referência). Foram realizadas oficinas participativas, intercâmbios e classificação emicista e eticista e análise dos atributos morfológicos, físicos e químicos do solo nas áreas em estudo nas camadas 0,0-0,10; 0,10- 0,20; 0,20-0,30 m e em seus respectivos perfis diagnósticos. As amostras foram encaminhadas a Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido para o beneficiamento em terra fina seca ao ar (TFSA) e posterior análises dos atributos físicos e químicos. Os resultados da classificação eticista com base na interpretação dos atributos analisados foram as seguintes, conforme as áreas de estudo: NEOSSOLO quartzarênico Latossólico (cajueiro); NEOSSOLO Regolítico eutrófico (capineira); NEOSSOLO Quartzarênico Órtico fragipânico (consórcio); NEOSSOLO Quartzarênico órtico típico (agrofloresta); e NEOSSOLO Quartzarênico hidromórfico típico apresentou nos horizontes diagnósticos estreita relação com classificação emicista. A área agrícola do consórcio apresentou limitação física, quando a drenagem (fragipã), camada impermeável, o que favoreceu o acúmulo de água em subsuperfície estimulando a produção agrícola. Nas demais áreas quanto à química o caráter solódico, mascarou a fertilidade, mesmo com as restrições apresentadas, o manejo adotado pelos camponeses contribui para melhoria da capacidade produtiva do solo, em função da diversidade de plantas e cobertura da superfície. As experiências vivenciadas pelos campesinos nas oficinas participativas e intercâmbios entre assentamentos proporcionaram troca de saberes popular e científico, bem como, novas perspectivas de convivência com o semiárido

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Kublik, Cristiane. "ENSAIOS DE PLACAS EM SOLO LATERÍTICO NA CIDADE DE SANTO ÂNGELO". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7758.

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This thesis presents a study of the behavior of a soil profile typical of the Santo Ângelo city, the board is tested. This study aimed to investigate the behavior of natural soil, waterlogged, compacted and with addition of cement for their application in shallow foundations. The load tests were conducted in an area next to the building of the laboratories of the Civil Engineering Course, at Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões , URI, in Santo Ângelo. The geotechnical characterization tests were conducted in disturbed and undisturbed samples collected from trenches and pits during the test plate. Pedologicaly soil consists of a thick surface horizon (horizon A and B) classified as Typic. This texturally soils were classified as silty clays and silty clays, sandy, porous and unsaturated. In terms of resistance of these soils show a cohesion of 10 kPa and a friction angle of 32 degrees. These values are reduced as flooded, mainly in relation to cohesion. The flooding also reduces the strength parameters, causes a collapse that was assessed by means of direct shear tests and compression tests contained doubles. The collapse of values measured was between 1% and 3%. The effect of flooding there was also confined compression tests, with the stress reduction of pre-densification and increased compressibility. In plate tests verified the influence of flooding on the deformability and strength of these soils. Flooding increased deformability and reduced the resistance, but it was found that a natural rain prior to testing in natural soil was more effective than a process of artificial flooding. For tests on compacted soil and soil-cement had decreased deformability and increased resistance of these soils. This increased rigidity and resistance was more intense in the soil-cement. Therefore, the use of compression techniques and the addition of cement increases the load capacity of soils for use in shallow foundations.
Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo do comportamento de um perfil de solo típico da cidade de Santo Ângelo, submetido a ensaios de placa, cujo principal objetivo é verificar o comportamento do solo natural, inundado, compactado e com adição de cimento visando a sua aplicação em fundações superficiais. As provas de carga foram realizadas numa área ao lado do prédio dos laboratórios do Curso de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai das Missões (URI), na cidade de Santo Ângelo. Os ensaios de caracterização e geotécnicos foram realizados em amostradas deformadas e indeformadas, coletadas em trincheira e cavas durante os ensaios de placa. Pedologicamente o solo é constituído por um espesso horizonte superficial (horizonte A e B), classificado como Latossolo. Texturalmente esse solos foram classificados como argilas siltosas e argilas siltoarenosas, porosas e não saturadas. Em termos de resistência, eles apresentam uma coesão de 10 kPa e um ângulo de atrito de 32º. Esses valores são reduzidos tanto quanto inundados, principalmente em relação à coesão. A inundação, além de reduzir os parâmetros de resistência, ocasiona um colapso que foi avaliado por meio dos ensaios de cisalhamento direto e ensaios de compressão confinada duplos. Os valores de colapso medidos situaram-se entre 1% e 3%. O efeito da inundação verificou-se também nos ensaios de compressão confinada, com a redução da tensão de pré-adensamento e o aumento da compressibilidade. Nos ensaios de placa, verificou-se a influência da inundação na deformabilidade e resistência desses solos. A inundação aumentou a deformabilidade e diminuiu a resistência, mas verificou-se que uma chuva natural, anterior ao ensaio, no solo natural, foi muito mais efetiva que um processo de inundação artificial. Nos ensaios realizados no solo compactado e solo-cimento, ocorreu uma diminuição da deformabilidade e aumento da resistência desses solos. Esse aumento de rigidez e resistência foi mais intenso no solo-cimento. Portanto, a utilização de técnicas de compactação e adição de cimento aumenta a capacidade de carga de solos para utilização em fundações superficiais.

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Cardozo, Fernanda Esteves. "Análise integrada de topossequência aplicada para o conhecimento do solo e adequação ao uso (PDS Santa Helena, São Carlos-SP) /". Rio Claro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/167567.

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Orientador: Vania Silvia Rosolen
Banca: Maria Bernadete Sarti da Silva Carvalho
Banca: Oldair Vinhas da Costa
Resumo: O uso e conservação dos solos está relacionado intimamente ao conhecimento das propriedades e características das coberturas pedológicas. A perda de solo fértil é uma das principais causas de insegurança alimentar, pobreza e instabilidade social e política nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a avaliação integrada entre as características e funcionamento da cobertura pedológica e a Avaliação Rural Participativa (PRA), no assentamento PDS Santa Helena (São Carlos, SP), visando a identificação de problemas e um possível direcionamento na gestão da terra na escala de topossequência. O estudo de campo seguiu a proposta de Análise Estrutural da Cobertura Pedológica com a definição das propriedades macromorfológicas in situ. Análises micromorfológicas foram realizadas para melhor detalhamento dos processos pedológicos. Análises físicas (teor de umidade e granulometria) e químicas (complexo sortivo) foram feitas adicionalmente para avaliação de fertilidade. Por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, caminhadas transversais e reuniões, realizou-se a Avaliação Rural Participativa (PRA), que constituiu a parte etnopedológica da avaliação integrada da topossequência. O resultado foi a elaboração de uma legenda integrativa entre os sistemas de estudo local e científico. O uso da abordagem participativa neste trabalho revelou a capacidade analítica, conhecimento prévio e sensibilização aos manejos ecológicos por parte dos agricultores. O estabelecimento de uma comun... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The use and conservation of soils is closely related to the knowledge of the properties and characteristics of the soil coverages. Loss of fertile soil is a major cause of food insecurity, poverty and social and political instability in developing countries. The objective of this research was the integrated evaluation between the characteristics and functioning of the pedological cover and the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), in the PDS settlement of Santa Helena (São Carlos, SP), aiming to identify problems and a possible direction in land management on the toposequence scale. The field study followed the proposal of Structural Analysis of Pedological Coverage with the definition of macromorphological properties in situ. Micromorphological analyzes were performed to better detail the pedological processes. Physical analyzes (moisture content and granulometry) and chemical (sortative complex) were additionally done for fertility evaluation. Through semi-structured interviews, transect walks and meetings; the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was carried out, which constituted the ethnopedological part of the integrated toposequence analysis. The result was the elaboration of an integrative legend between the systems of local and scientific study. The use of the participatory approach in this work revealed the analytical capacity, prior knowledge and awareness of the farmers' ecological management. The establishment of efficient communication between these systems is fun... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Jesus, Giselli Ventura de. "Dinâmica socioespacial do distrito de Santo Antônio de Lisboa (Florianópolis/SC)". Florianópolis, SC, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/95796.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Florianópolis, 2011
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A partir da realização de bosquejo histórico, a presente dissertação objetiva analisar o conjunto de transformações socioespaciais processadas na porção territorial correspondente ao atual Distrito de Santo Antonio de Lisboa. Além disso, procura-se entender as conjunturas de surgimento, ascensão e decadência da pequena produção mercantil até a atualidade, quando o uso e a ocupação do solo apresentam uma nova configuração. Para tanto, partimos de uma perspectiva teórica alicerçada na compreensão da inter-relação dos elementos naturais, econômicos, sociais e políticos, o que se viabiliza principalmente por meio da aplicação das noções de "combinações geográficas" (CHOLLEY, 1948) e de formação socioespacial (SANTOS, 2002). Utilizou-se como suporte duas periodizações. A de Bastos (2000), em nível regional, refere-se à pequena produção mercantil, pedra angular da compreensão da área de estudo, em decorrência de sua vigorosa base agrícola minifundiária, que fez com que o distrito de Santo Antônio de Lisboa exercesse um forte papel na cidade. A localidade contava com um porto com Posto de Alfândega, um dos mais modernos sistemas de abastecimento de água da região e comerciantes que atuaram no Centro de Desterro. A segunda periodização é a de Rangel (1981), centrada na dualidade brasileira, que apresenta a relação entre as forças internas brasileiras e o contexto externo (mundial). O primeiro processo de urbanização coincidiu com a primeira dualidade brasileira. É o momento em que surgem os pequenos produtores mercantis submetidos ao capital comercial português. Já no segundo processo de urbanização, inserido no contexto histórico da segunda dualidade, a vinda de imigrantes no século XIX para os Vales Atlânticos resulta na ascensão da pequena produção e no surgimento de novos comerciantes. O terceiro momento, tanto do processo de urbanização como da dualidade brasileira, caracteriza-se pela decadência da pequena produção açoriana, em decorrência das políticas adotadas a partir de 1930, que determinam investimentos em estatais e em infraestrutura. Intensificadas a partir dos anos de 1950, tais políticas acabarão por estimular os moradores locais a sair em busca de seu espaço na cidade. Por fim, na década de 1980, estabelece-se uma nova conjuntura local, com a inserção de novos moradores e uma supervalorização da terra, processo que avança de modo crescente a partir dos anos de 1990 e estende-se até o presente.
From the historical sketch of achievement, this paper aims to analyze the set of socio-spatial transformations in the processed portion corresponding to the current territorial district of Santo Antonio de Lisboa. In addition, we seek to understand the scenarios of the emergence, rise and decay of small commodity production until today, when the use and occupation of land have a new configuration. To this end, we start from a theoretical perspective grounded in the understanding of the interrelationship of natural elements, economic, social and political, which makes possible mainly through the application of the terms "geographical combinations" (CHOLLEY, 1948) and socio-training (SANTOS, 2002). Was used to support two periodization. The Bastos (2000), at the regional level, refers to small commodity production, the cornerstone of understanding of the study area, due to its strong smallholder agricultural base that made the district of Santo Antonio de Lisboa exert a strong role in the city. The town had a port with Customs Tour, one of the most modern systems of water supply in the region and traders who worked at the Center for Exile. The second is that of periodization Rangel (1981), focusing on the duality of Brazil, which shows the relation between internal forces and the world external environment. The first process of urbanization coincided with the first Brazilian duality. It is the moment they arise small market producers submitted to the commercial capital of Portuguese. In the second process of urbanization, placed second in the historical context of duality, the arrival of immigrants in the nineteenth century to the Valleys Atlantic results in the rise of small production and the emergence of new merchants. The third time, both the process of urbanization as the duality of Brazil, characterized by the decay of the small Azorean production as a result of policies adopted since 1930, which determine state and investments in infrastructure. Intensified from the 1950s, such policies will eventually encourage local residents to leave in search of his room in the city. Finally, in the 1980s, it establishes a new local situation, with the inclusion of new residents and an overvaluation of land, a process that moves increasingly from the 1990s and extends to the present.

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Arsandaux, Julie. "L’estime de soi chez les étudiants à l’université : liens avec les comportements de santé et les problèmes de santé mentale et physique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0424.

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L’estime de soi est définie par le « sentiment que chacun a de sa propre valeur ». Elle se construit dans l’enfance puis évolue avec l’environnement social et les évènements de vie. Les études universitaires correspondent généralement à la période de jeune adulte et constitue une période développementale particulière en raison des modifications de l’environnement social et des problèmes fréquents de santé mentale et de consommation de substances. C’est aussi une période de vulnérabilité pour l’estime de soi. Les études universitaires pourraient donc représenter une période intéressante pour investiguer les liens spécifiques entre l’estime de soi et la santé. Cette thèse d’université avait pour objectif de mener des études épidémiologiques afin d’estimer les liens entre l’estime de soi et les comportements liés à la santé, la santé physique et la santé mentale chez des étudiants à l’université.Tout d’abord, une revue systématique de la littérature a permis de synthétiser les données empiriques sur les relations entre l’estime de soi et les comportements liés à la santé (i.e. consommation de substances, comportement sexuel, activité physique et nutrition). Une haute estime de soi était associée à une activité physique plus élevée et moins de comportements extrêmes liés à la santé (consommation extrême d’alcool, utilisation de préservatifs). Cependant, des résultats mixtes concernant la consommation d’alcool et nombre de partenaires sexuels et un manque de recherche pour la consommation de tabac, de drogues et la nutrition ont été mis en évidence. Ensuite, deux études ont été menées sur un sous-échantillon de la cohorte i-Share ; une étude française prospective longitudinale suivant près de 15000 volontaires étudiants à l’université depuis 2013. Ainsi, la deuxième étude de cette thèse avait pour objectif d’estimer l’association entre l’estime de soi et la santé perçue par l’étudiant un an après. Sur les 1011 participants inclus dans l’étude, 20% déclaraient avoir une santé moyenne ou mauvaise. Les étudiants avec une estime de soi plus élevée avaient une probabilité plus importante d’avoir une meilleure perception de leur santé (Rapport de côtes=1,4, intervalle de confiance à 95%=1,2 à 1,7). Une troisième étude avait pour objectif d’investiguer le rôle de médiateur de l’estime de soi dans le lien entre les symptômes du TDA/H et les pensées suicidaires. Parmi les 2631 participants inclus dans l’étude, 17% avaient déclaré avoir eu des pensées suicidaires lors du suivi à un an. Les symptômes du TDA/H étaient associés aux pensées suicidaires (béta=0,2, intervalle de confiance à 95%=0,1 à 0,2). L’estime de soi médiait 44% de l’effet total et était impliquée dans 60% de l’effet total quand la dépression était également médiateur.L’estime de soi est un facteur d’intérêt dans le cadre de la santé des jeunes et des recherches interventionnelles pourraient cibler ce facteur psychologique. D’autre part, le concept d’estime de soi étant complexe et la population d’étude étant spécifique, des recherches pourraient être menées afin de confirmer ces résultats avec des échelles de mesure de l’estime de soi différentes (notamment pour capter l’aspect multidimensionnel) et sur des populations représentatives
Self-esteem is defined by the « feeling of self-appreciation ». It is built in childhood then evolves with the social environment and life events. College years corresponding generally to the period of young adulthood and is a particular developmental period due to changes in the social environment and frequent problems of mental health and substance use. It is also a period of vulnerability for self-esteem. College years could therefore be an interesting period to investigate the specific links between self-esteem and health. The purpose of this thesis was to conduct epidemiological studies to estimate the links between self-esteem and health behaviors, physical and mental health among university students.First, a systematic review of the literature synthesized empirical evidence on the relationships between self-esteem and health-related behaviors (i.e. substance use, sexual behavior, physical activity, and nutrition). High self-esteem was associated with more physical activity and less extreme health-related behaviors (extreme alcohol consumption, use of condoms). However, mixed results regarding alcohol consumption and number of sexual partners and a lack of research for smoking, drug use and nutrition have been highlighted. Next, two studies were conducted on a sub-sample of the i-Share cohort; a prospective French longitudinal study following nearly 15,000 volunteers studying at the university since 2013. Thus, the second study of this thesis aimed at estimating the association between self-esteem and self-rated health one year after. Of the 1,011 participants included in the study, 20% reported having average or poor health. Students with higher self-esteem were more likely to have a better perception of their health (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 1.7). A third study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-esteem in the link between ADHD symptoms and suicidal thoughts. Of the 2,631 participants included in the study, 17% reported having suicidal thoughts at one-year follow-up. ADHD symptoms were associated with suicidal thoughts (beta = 0.2, 95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.2). Self-esteem mediated 44% of the total effect and was involved in 60% of the total effect when depression was also a mediator.Self-esteem is a factor of interest in youth health and interventional research could target this psychological factor. Furthermore, because the concept of self-esteem is complex and the study population was specific, further researches could be conducted to confirm these results with different measurement tools of self-esteem (especially to reveal multidimensional aspect) and representative populations

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Brito, Emilia. "Estimativa da produção de sedimentos da Bacia do Rio Santa Maria da Vitória – Espírito Santo através do modelo matemático Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)". Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, 2015. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6793.

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In order to measure the flow and sediment yield to the basin of the river Santa Maria da Vitoria this study used the mathematical model Soil and Water Assessments Tools (SWAT) entering the program peculiar data to this river basin, such as the Numerical Model (DEM) types and land uses and climate data. The result of modeling for the analyzed period were compared to monitored data, and through the modeled parameters sensitivity analysis was identified those who most influenced the results, which in turn have been calibrated by SWAT-CUP program. Calibrated, the program was retested and its effectiveness was statistically evaluated with the efficiency coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe (COE), Trend Percentage (PBIAS), Mean Square Error (MSE) and the coefficient of determination (R²). Observed that the basin in question has different slopes and two reservoirs, the calibration was performed for two sub-basins: one downstream and the other upstream of the reservoir. The modeling results have upstream to downstream best results, although both and illustrating the tendency of the basin for the yield of water and sediments.
Com o objetivo de estimar a produção de água e sedimentos para a Bacia do rio Santa Maria da Vitória, este trabalho utilizou como ferramenta o modelo matemático Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), inserindo no programa dados peculiares a esta bacia hidrográfica, tais como o Modelo Numérico do Terreno (MNT), os tipos e usos do solo e dados climatológicos. Os resultados da modelagem para o periodo analisado foram comparados com dados monitorados, e através da análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros modelados, identificou-se aqueles que mais influenciavam os resultados, que por sua vez foram calibrados através do programa SWAT-CUP. Uma vez calibrado, o programa foi novamente testado e sua eficácia foi avaliada estatisticamente com o Coeficiente de Eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (COE), Tendência Percentual (PBIAS), Erro Quadrado Médio (EQM) e o Coeficiente de Determinação (R²). Observado que a bacia em questão possui dois reservatórios, a calibração foi realizada para duas sub-bacias: uma a jusante e outra a montante destes. Os dados da modelagem à montante tiveram melhores resultados que a jusante, embora ambos ilustrem bem a tendência da bacia para produção de água e sedimentos.

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Santos, Marcielli Aparecida Borges dos. "Diversidade morfológica de Collembola em sistemas de uso do solo no leste de Santa Catarina". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2017. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2494.

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The springtails (Collembola) are edaphic organisms with enormous morphological diversity and are affected by physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the land-use influences the morphological diversity of springtails and to relate with the occurrence of these physical, chemical and microbiological soil attributes. Samples were collected in the eastern region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, involving three municipalities: Joinville, Blumenau and Timbó in the land-use systems (LUS) of native forest (NF), Eucalyptus plantation (EP), pasture (PA), integrated crop-livestock (ICL) and no-tillage crops (NT). The soil samples for determination of the edaphic attributes and the installation of Pitfall traps were carried in winter and summer, in the same points, from a sample grid of 3×3 points. The springtails captured were counted and morphotyped, observing characteristics such as: presence or absence of ocelli and fur, pigmentation, antenna length and furcula. For each one of these characteristics a score was assigned and by summing these values the morphotype and its adaptation to the soil were defined. The data were analyzed using abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou uniformity index (J), morphotypes richness and Margalef index, and modified Soil Biological Quality Index (QBS). Abundance was submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) to verify the relationship between morphotypes and LUS, using edaphic attributes as explicative environmental variables. The richness of springtails morphotypes was higher in NF and ICL, while the abundance was higher in ICL and PA in winter. The H' e Margalef indexes were higher in winter in the LUS where the intensity of use is lower (NF). In the summer, only H' differed significantly between LUS and was higher in NF. In all systems, the QBS index was higher in the summer season, with the exception of PA. The PCA showed a distinction between the seasons and the LUS, in which the occurrence of morphotypes was more related to microbiological attributes in the winter: microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration and metabolic quotient; and chemical: potential acidity, organic matter and magnesium/potassium ratio. While in the summer, the morphotypes were explained by physical attributes: total porosity, biopores, soil moisture and macroporosity; and soil chemistry: organic matter and carbon/nitrogen ratio. The morphological diversity of springtails was influenced by conditions found in each LUS, showing sensitivity to changes in land-use, and thus can be considered a good tool for evaluation the biological quality of soil
Os colêmbolos (Collembola) são organismos edáficos com enorme diversidade morfológica e são influenciados pelas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o uso do solo influencia na diversidade morfológica de colêmbolos e relacionar a ocorrência destes com atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos do solo. Foram coletadas amostras na região do Leste Catarinense, envolvendo três municípios: Joinville, Blumenau e Timbó nos sistemas de usos do solo (SUS) de floresta nativa (FN), reflorestamento de eucalipto (RE), pastagem perene (PA), integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e plantio direto (PD). As coletas de solo para determinação dos atributos edáficos e a instalação de armadilhas de solo (Pitfall traps) foram realizadas no inverno e verão, nos mesmos pontos, em grade amostral de 3×3 pontos. Os colêmbolos capturados foram contados e morfotipados, observando características como: presença ou ausência de ocelos e pelos, pigmentação, comprimento de antenas e tamanho de fúrcula. Para cada uma destas características se atribuiu uma pontuação e por meio da soma desses valores definiu-se o morfotipo e a sua adaptação ao solo. Os dados foram analisados por meio da abundância, diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H’), uniformidade de Pielou (J), riqueza de morfotipos e de Margalef, e Índice de Qualidade Biológica do Solo (QBS) modificado. A abundância foi submetida à análise de componentes principais (ACP) para verificar a relação entre os morfotipos e os SUS, usando os atributos edáficos como variáveis ambientais explicativas. A riqueza de morfotipos de colêmbolos foi mais elevada em FN e ILP, enquanto a abundância de colêmbolos foi maior em ILP e PA, no inverno. Os índices H’ e Margalef foram maiores no inverno no SUS em que a intensidade de uso é menor (FN). No verão, somente H’ diferiu significativamente entre os SUS e foi maior em FN. Em todos os SUS estudados o índice QBS foi mais elevado na época do verão, com exceção da PA. A ACP mostrou distinção entre as épocas e os SUS. No inverno a ocorrência de morfotipos esteve mais relacionada aos atributos microbiológicos: carbono da biomassa microbiana, respiração microbiana e quociente metabólico; e químicos: acidez potencial, matéria orgânica e relação magnésio/potássio. Enquanto no verão, a ocorrência dos morfotipos foi mais explicada pelos atributos físicos: porosidade total, bioporos, umidade e macroporosidade; e químicos do solo: matéria orgânica e relação carbono/nitrogênio. A diversidade morfológica de colêmbolos foi influenciada pelas condições encontradas em cada SUS, mostrando sensibilidade às alterações no uso do solo, e desta forma, pode ser considerada uma boa ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade biológica do solo

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FUKUNAGA, D. C. "Estimação de vazão em bacias hidrográficas do Sul do Espírito Santo usando o SWAT". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4990.

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O aumento da atividade econômica e do número de habitantes no mundo, juntamente com o uso não sustentável dos recursos hídricos, os despejos de efluentes sem tratamento no ambiente e o manejo inadequado das bacias hidrográficas, têm contribuído para diminuição da disponibilidade de água no planeta. Apesar de ser um recurso natural renovável, a água que retorna da atmosfera não ocorre de maneira uniformemente distribuída, nem no espaço geográfico, nem no tempo, tornando a sua boa gestão essencial para diminuição das consequências desastrosas dos eventos extremos de cheia e de escassez. Mas, uma gestão exitosa requer, além de profissionais qualificados, o uso de ferramentas para suporte à tomada de decisão. Neste contexto, a utilização de modelos hidrológicos pode auxiliar no planejamento e avaliação de práticas conservacionistas de solo e água e de manejo de bacias hidrográficas. Do exposto, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a aplicabilidade do SWAT para a estimação de vazões em bacias hidrográficas no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram estudadas: a microbacia do córrego Jaqueira (MBJ), com aproximadamente 22,6 ha, e a sub-bacia do rio Itapemirim, à montante da estação fluviométrica de Rive (BIMR), com aproximadamente 2.237 km². Devido ao alto número de falhas e ao curto período de monitoramento hidrológico, não foi possível calibrar e verificar a aplicabilidade do modelo para a MBJ. Para a BIMR, na análise das vazões médias, estimou-se 45,5 m³ s-1 antes da calibração, e 32,6 m³ s-1 após a calibração, muito próxima da vazão média monitorada de 36,9 m³ s-1. Para o período de validação, a vazão média monitorada foi 22% maior (45,0 m³ s-1), enquanto a estimada foi de 33,9 m³ s-1, permanecendo próxima da vazão média estimada calibrada. Em análise gráfica, observou-se que, antes da calibração, as vazões mínimas estimadas ficaram abaixo das observadas, porém as vazões de pico eram superestimadas. Após a calibração, as vazões mínimas tiveram melhores correlações, enquanto as vazões de pico foram subestimadas. Na análise dos índices estatísticos, o R² passou de 0,74 para 0,76 após a calibração, mas foi reduzido para 0,63 no período de validação. Para o coeficiente de Nash Sufcliffe, houve uma melhora significativa do valor após a calibração, passando de -0,38 para 0,75, permanecendo com um valor aceitável de 0,57 no período de validação. O SWAT foi capaz de simular vazões em bacias hidrográficas do Sul do Espírito Santo, desde que não houvesse muitas falhas nos dados monitorados, sendo capaz inclusive de simular dados de outros períodos para os quais os parâmetros não foram ajustados.

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Vasconcellos, Noeli Júlia Schussler de. "Cianobactérias heterocitadas e euglenas vermelhas em lavoura de arroz irrigado por inundação em planossolo háplico, Santa Maria, RS". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3323.

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Oxyreduction reactions resulting from the soil flood promote lighest availability of nutrients from fertilizer application, soil solution. Although the management of drainage, necessary to improve plant establishment contributes to the loss of fertility in these agroecosystems, events such as leaching, runoff and leakage of water from the blocks with the rains keep this ecosystem enriched and pro- development of phytoplankton. Euglenoids and cyanobacteria are favored by these conditions to grow excessively (blooms) and causing environmental impacts that are applicable to the water bodies receiving drainage waters. Moreover, many of cyanobacteria that develop in these environments also contribute to the maintenance of soil fertility. Within this context, with this work, to characterize populations of heterocytous cyanobacterias that contribute to soil fertility and euglenas red blooms forming in agroecosystem of flooded rice. To achieve these objectives, samples of water and soil in three experimental blocks of rice, and conducted two separate studies: culture, isolation and morfomolecular characterization of heterocytous cyanobacteria and cultivation, morphological characterization, monitoring on site and location of blooms cysts of resistance in the soil, forming euglenas pigmented red blooms. Morphological analysis allowed the characterization of four genera of heterocytous cyanobacteria that contribute to soil fertility: Nostoc, Anabaena, Cilindrospermum and Calotrix. Sequencing of 16S RNA gene was only positive for a strain of the genus Nostoc (Nostoc linckia) which, by phylogenetic analysis showed to be a lineage close to Nostoc sp. TH1S01 e Nostoc piscinale. The results obtained in experiments that were aimed at location of the cysts of resistance suggested that such cysts are found at a depth 0-5 cm of soil, however, focuses more on the surface. For euglenoids there was no evidence of the location of the cysts of resistance even at the surface. Monitoring the appearance of blooms of red euglenas shows that the absence of turbulence in water depths, influenced by wind velocity, and water temperature, influenced by atmospheric temperature and solar radiation are key factors for development. It follows from this work, the dynamics of both populations of cyanobacteria as euglenoids in crop irrigated rice is controlled by many biotic and abiotic making knowledge of their diversity and behavior, in practice very difficult having to therefore, the need to employ different methodologies and continuous monitoring and prolonged. It follows further that the use of in vitro culture, while contributing to the research morfomoleculares, promotes populations changes and further complicates the charactrization of the species.
As reações de oxiredução decorrentes da inundação em lavoura de arroz irrigado promovem uma maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, oriundos da aplicação de fertilizantes, na solução do solo. Embora o manejo de drenagem inicial, necessário para o melhor estabelecimento das plântulas, contribua para a perda de fertilidade nesses agroecossistemas, eventos como a lixiviação, o escorrimento superficial e o extravasamento de água das quadras com as chuvas mantêm esse tipo de ecossistema enriquecido e favorável ao desenvolvimento do fitoplâncton. O campo de arroz irrigado é um ambiente aquático temporário sujeito a grandes variações quanto a isolação, temperatura, pH, concentração do oxigênio dissolvido e estado nutricional devido a perturbações freqüentes através de práticas como o uso de agrotóxicos (WHATANABE e ROGER, 1985). Cianobactérias e euglenofíceas são favorecidas por essas condições crescendo excessivamente (florações) e causando impactos ambientais que são extensivos aos corpos d`água receptores das águas de drenagem. Por outro lado, muitas das cianobactérias que se desenvolvem nesses ambientes também contribuem para a manutenção da fertilidade do solo. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com esse trabalho, caracterizar populações de cianobactérias heterocitadas que contribuem para a fertilidade do solo e euglenas vermelhas formadoras de florações em agroecossistema de arroz irrigado por inundação. Para atingir esses objetivos, foram coletadas amostras de água e solo em três quadras experimentais de arroz irrigado e conduzido dois estudos distintos: cultivo, isolamento e caracterização morfomolecular de cianobactérias heterocitadas e cultivo, caracterização morfológica, monitoramento in loco das florações e localização dos cistos de resistência no solo, de euglenas pigmentadas formadoras de florações vermelhas. A análise morfológica permitiu a caracterização de quatro gêneros de cianobactérias heterocitadas que contribuem para a fertilidade do solo: Nostoc, Anabaena, Cilindrospermum e Calotrix. O sequenciamento da região 16S do rDNA foi positivo apenas para uma linhagem do gênero Nostoc (Nostoc linckia) que, pela análise filogenética, está no mesmo grupo de Nostoc TH1S01 e Nostoc piscinale. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos que visaram a localização dos cistos de resistência evidenciaram que estes se encontram numa profundidade de 0 a 5 cm do solo, porém, concentrando-se mais na superfíce. Para as euglenofíceas não houve comprovação da localização dos cistos de resistência nem mesmo na superfície. O monitoramento do surgimento das florações de euglenas vermelhas mostra que a ausência de turbulência na lâmina d`água, influenciada pela velocidade dos ventos, e a temperatura da água, influenciada pela temperatura atmosférica e radiação solar, são fatores-chave para o desenvolvimento. Conclui-se que a dinâmica das populações tanto de cianobactérias como de euglenofíceas em lavoura de arroz irrigado por inundação é comandada por muitos fatores bióticos e abióticos os quais tornam o conhecimento da sua diversidade e comportamento, na prática, muito difícil havendo, para tal, a necessidade de se empregar metodologias variadas e monitoramento continuo e prolongado. Conclui-se, ainda, que o emprego de cultivo in vitro permite a investigação morfomofológica, promove alterações das populações e dificultam ainda mais a identificação das espécies.

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Tremblay, Sara. "L'insatisfaction corporelle selon une approche de santé globale". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28044.

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L'insatisfaction corporelle est une problématique complexe qui influence grandement la qualité de vie de nombreux individus. L'approche de santé globale Health At Every Size (HAES) encourage la diversité dans les tailles corporelles et mise sur l'acceptation de soi. Les interventions issues du HAES font la promotion de la santé globale en ciblant des variables alimentaires et psychologiques. Au Québec, le programme « Choisir de Maigrir ? » (CdM ?) s'adresse à des femmes préoccupées par leur poids et leur apparence corporelle et met l'accent sur un corps en santé et une vie équilibrée. Le présent mémoire doctoral a pour objectif d'approfondir les connaissances scientifiques sur l'insatisfaction corporelle suite à une intervention basée sur l'approche HAES. Les résultats démontrent une amélioration significative de l'insatisfaction corporelle des 216 participantes suite au programme de même qu'un maintien des améliorations un an suivant la fin du programme. Chez les 110 femmes du groupe contrôle, une amélioration significative de l'insatisfaction corporelle est aussi notée entre le début du programme et un an suivant sa fin. Les résultats indiquent aussi que les femmes qui améliorent le plus leur insatisfaction corporelle sont celles qui démontrent une plus grande diminution de la restriction alimentaire, des symptômes dépressifs et de l'indice de masse corporelle, ainsi qu'une augmentation de l'alimentation intuitive. Puisque plusieurs de ces variables sont directement ciblées par l'intervention CdM?, les femmes qui améliorent le plus leur image corporelle pourraient aussi être celles qui bénéficient le plus du programme. La recherche sur l'insatisfaction corporelle doit être poursuivie notamment pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au maintien de l'amélioration de l'insatisfaction corporelle à plus long terme.

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Vicherat-Stoffel, Béatrice. "Le soin de soi : apprenance et agentivité en santé au mitan de la vie". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100050/document.

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Notre système de santé subit des pressions constantes pour réduire et rationnaliser ses dépenses. Dans un tel contexte, modifier durablement les comportements individuels constitue un enjeu de taille. Plus que jamais, l’individu est invité à devenir acteur de sa santé en s’autorégulant tout au long de sa vie. Pour autant, c’est dans un monde complexe où les univers de référence s’effritent, qu’il doit désormais être en capacité d’agir. Ces dernières années, Internet a investi le champ de la santé, modifiant le rapport au savoir médical. Le médecin n’est plus perçu comme le seul détenteur de savoir et de pouvoir. Chacun souhaite dorénavant prendre une part active dans la gestion de sa santé, brouillant ainsi les lignes de partage entre savoir profane et savoir expert.Notre travail de recherche interroge la capacité des individus à exercer un contrôle sur leur santé. Notre objectif est de comprendre comment ce pouvoir d’agir sur soi se construit au fil du temps puis se déploie au gré des évènements biographiques. Notre démarche vise donc la compréhension du phénomène de l’autorégulation de la santé, dont il s’agit de rendre intelligible le fonctionnement. De ce fait, ce sont des entretiens biographiques qui ont été menés auprès de vingt-quatre individus au mitan de leur vie. Cette enquête a permis de mettre en lumière un modèle d’analyse et de compréhension des comportements de santé et surtout de poser des hypothèses de recherche que nous avons pu éprouver sur une population plus importante dans le cadre d’une deuxième enquête quantitative portant sur 451 individus. Grâce à cette double approche méthodologique nous sommes en mesure de constater que les comportements de santé peuvent s’analyser en considérant conjointement trois facteurs que sont le rapport de l’individu au savoir, son rapport au médecin et son rapport à la fatalité
Our healthcare system is under constant pressure to reduce spending. In such a context, more than ever, bringing about lasting change to individuals' behavior is a key issue. In this regard, all individuals are urged to become lifelong, self-regulated contributors to their own health maintenance. However, the context in which people are encouraged to take on this role is extremely complex. Internet has become part of the healthcare scene and changed the way people think about healthcare and gain access to medical knowledge. Doctors are no longer believed to be the only people who possess knowledge and power in the field. Everyone now wants to have an active hand in managing their own health, which blurs the boundaries between lay and expert knowledge. Our research explores people's ability to exercise control over their own health. Our objective is to understand how this self-determining power develops over time and is exercised in accordance with life events. Our approach thus aims to understand the self-regulation of health as an intelligible phenomenon. Biographical interviews were conducted with twenty-four middle-aged individuals. This survey not only provides a model of analysis and understanding of health-related behavior, but also puts forward hypotheses that were tested on a larger population as part of a second quantitative study involving 451 participants. Given this two-pronged methodological approach, we observe that people's healthcare-related behavior can indeed be analyzed in light of three joint factors, namely the individual's relationship to knowledge, doctors, and fatality

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Soares, Sarah Vervloet. "A obscuridade protestante: os aspectos sócio-políticos e as marginalidades em O sol no céu da boca, de Fernando Tatagiba". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/3276.

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O sol no céu da boca, obra de Fernando Tatagiba, apresenta-se em contos que se aproximam das temáticas do Fantástico, do Estranho, do Maravilhoso, do Absurdo, enfim, daquilo que é sobrenatural. Percebe-se, a partir disso, o Insólito Ficcional como elemento importante para a estruturação conteudístico-formal dos contos tatagibianos. Por meio desse recurso, o autor elabora sua estratégia textual, a fim de estabelecer paralelos entre essas realidades. Faz-se pertinente ao trabalho, ainda, compreender como se constroem os discursos a partir do olhar assumido por Fernando Tatagiba, que se faz na direção do marginalizado, do subalterno, do excluído socialmente. Dessa forma, a investigação dos recursos utilizados para subverter ficção, linguagem, sistemas de pensamento, normas culturais, ocorre com análises de uma escrita híbrida, da escolha de personagens tanto anti-heroicas como seres sobre-humanos, da apropriação de espaços complexos ou mesmo inóspitos, da capacidade de crítica social e de descompromisso com a tradição. A combinação desses elementos dá o contorno da obra em foco, tendo sempre em vista o insólito como fio condutor dessas nuances encontradas nos contos de Tatagiba.
O sol no céu da boca, œuvre littéraire de Fernando Tatagiba, est présentée par les récits qui s'approchent de thématiques du Fantastique, Étrange, Merveilleux, Absurde, enfin, ce qui est surnaturel. Il peut être vu de cela le “Insolite Fictif” comme un élément important pour structurer le contenu et la forme de récits tatagibianos. Grâce à cette fonctionnalité, l'auteur développe sa stratégie textuelle afin d'établir des parallèles entre ces “réalités”. Il est pertinent au travail, encore, comprendre comment les discours sont construits à partir de l'aspect pris en charge par Fernando Tatagiba, qui est vers les marginalisés, les subalternes, les exclus. Ainsi, la recherche des ressources utilisées pour subvertir la fiction, la langue, la pensée systémique, les normes culturelles, se produit avec l'analyse d'une écriture hybride, le choix aussi de caractères anti-héroïques que des êtres surhumains, l'appropriation des espaces complexes, voire hostile, la capacité de la critique sociale et le manque d'engagement de la tradition. La combinaison de ces éléments donne les grandes lignes du travail au point, toujours en vue du fil insolite que ces nuances trouvés dans les récits de Tatagiba.

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Silva, Fábio Krueger da. "Ensaios dilatométricos - DMT em solos de Santa Catarina". Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91917.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil.
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É crescente a demanda mundial pela realização de ensaios geotécnicos de campo. Com os atuais avanços tecnológicos os ensaios geotécnicos têm sido rigorosamente indicados pelos projetistas para investigação do subsolo. O ensaio Dilatômetro de Marchetti (DMT) vem sendo amplamente utilizado em todo mundo, com diferentes finalidades. Neste trabalho pioneiro com o DMT em Santa Catarina foram realizadas comparações entre os resultados obtidos no DMT (Dilatometer test) com resultados de ensaios SPT (Standard Penetration Test) e CPT (Cone Penetration Test), já usuais no meio geotécnico. O DMT foi realizado em cinco locais diferentes do estado de Santa Catarina.Nas campanhas de sondagens foram realizados ensaios CPT e DMT e, quando disponível, foram obtidos laudos SPT próximos aos locais estudados. Num local existe um laudo de Sondagem Mista. As campanhas de sondagens foram realizadas nas cidades de Urussanga, Florianópolis, Tijucas e Antonio Carlos todas no Estado de Santa Catarina. Procurou-se com esta abrangência de solos analisar a consistência dos dados colhidos com a execução do Dilatômetro de Marchetti comparados com os resultados do Ensaio CPT e do Ensaio SPT. Este trabalho consiste na coleta, análise e interpretação dos dados obtidos com o ensaio DMT. Estes resultados são validados através de confrontações com resultados de ensaios SPT e CPT nos solos estudados. Ao final desta pesquisa conclui-se que o ensaio DMT é um ensaio promissor para pesquisa geotécnica em solos brasileiros, apresentando dados consistentes na avaliação de perfis estratigráficos e na busca de parâmetros geotécnicos dos solos. Busca-se introduzir comercialmente o ensaio DMT na rotina de prospecção geotécnica aliado ao ensaio CPT. A união em campo destes ensaios dispõe aos projetistas resultados mais completos, permitindo um maior entendimento das condições do maciço e assim, definir parâmetros geotécnicos mais adequados às condições impostas pelo projeto. The world-wide demand for the accomplishment of geotechnical in situ tests is increasing. With th rigorously indicated by the designers for a subsoil identification. The testing method Marchetti Dilatometer (DMT) has being widely used in the world, with different purposes. In this pioneering work with the DMT in Santa Catarina, comparisons between (Standard Penetration Test) and CPT (Cone Penetration Test), already usual in the geotechnical area, had been carried through. The DMT was performed in five different places of Santa Catarina. In the sounding campaigns, CPT and DMT had been carried through and, when available, SPT reports were obtained near the studied places. There is a Mixed-mode Sounding in one place. The soundings campaigns had been performed in the cities of Urussanga, Florianópolis, Tijucas and Antonio Carlos, all of them in the State of Santa Catarina. The attemption of this extention of soils was to analyze the consistency of the collected data by the Marchetti Dilatometer compared with the results of CPT and SPT . This work consists of the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data obtained with the DMT . These results are validated through confrontations with results SPT and CPT in the studied soils. At the end of this research, the conclusion is that the DMT is a promising in situ method to geotechnical research in the Brazilian ground presenting consistent data in the evaluation of estratigraphic profiles and in the search for geotechnical soil parameters. It`s pursuit to introduce commercially the DMT method in the routine of the geotechnical prospection allied to the CPT. The union in field of these in situ tests assorts the devisors more complete results, allowing a bigger agreement of the bulk conditions and thus, define more adequate geotechnical parameters to the conditions imposed by the project.

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Gasparin, Marilete, Lúcia Sevegnani, Edson Schroeder y Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e. Matemática. "Restinga em Santa Catarina sob a óptica da alfabetização científica /". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2012. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2012/350258_1_1.PDF.

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Orientador: Lucia Sevegnani.
Co-Orientador: Edson Schroeder.
Com: Apêndice: A restinga catarinense e seus diversos ecossistemas.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências Naturais e Matemática.

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Fabres, Tanira Marinho. "Classificação climática segundo Köppen e Thornthwaite e caracterização edafoclimática referente à região de Santa Maria, RS". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-24062009-091549/.

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O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de analisar a classificação climática segundo Köppen e Thornthwaite (comparando os valores de armazenamento de água no solo, evapotranspiração real, deficiência hídrica e excedente hídrico para realização do balanço hídrico cíclico mensal), e de propor uma caracterização edafoclimática referente à região mesoclimática de Santa Maria, RS utilizando uma série histórica de 35 anos (de 1969 a 2003). De acordo com os resultados, as seguintes conclusões podem ser apresentadas: (a) a classificação climática segundo Thornthwaite ou Köppen pode ser feita com base na classe mais freqüente ou utilizando os valores médios de temperatura e de chuva e a capacidade de água disponível de 50 mm; (b) classificação climática segundo Thornthwaite: A r B\'3 a\' (classe mais freqüente) ou B4 r B\'3 a\' (utilizando os valores médios de temperatura e de chuva); (c) classificação climática segundo Köppen: Cfga (classe mais freqüente) ou Cwga (utilizando os valores médios de temperatura e de chuva); e (d) A29/42S,53/42W,95,35,11,7,27,2,20,3,5,5,471,1/5,1235,2672,1802,20,953,887,915,50: caracterização edafoclimática proposta. Isso significa que a evapotranspiração real é pelo menos 90% da evapotranspiração potencial de referência (classe A de disponibilidade hídrica), a localização geográfica é de 29o42\' (latitude sul), 53o42\' (longitude oeste) e altitude de 95 m, e que a série histórica apresenta 35 anos, sendo as temperaturas mínima e máxima mensal de 11oC (julho) e 27oC (fevereiro), a temperatura média anual de 20oC, respectivamente, com coeficiente de variação de 3%, e as chuvas mínima e máxima mensal de 5 mm (maio) e 471 mm (janeiro/maio), as chuvas mínima, máxima e média anual de 1235 mm, 2672 mm e 1802 mm, respectivamente, com coeficiente de variação de 20%, valores médios anuais de evapotranspiração potencial de referência, evapotranspiração real e excedente hídrico de 953 mm, 887 mm e 915 mm, respectivamente, adotando uma capacidade de água disponível de 50 mm.
The present work was developed with the purpose of analyzing the climatic classification by Köppen and Thornthwaite (comparing the values of soil water holding, actual evapotranspiration, water deficit and water excess for cyclic water balance using monthly data), and of proposing an edaphoclimatic characterization related to the mesoclimatic region of Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using a historical series of 35 years (from 1969 to 2003). According to the results, the following conclusions can be presented: (a) the climatic classification by Thornthwaite or Köppen can be done based on the modal class or using the mean values of air temperature and rainfall and the soil water holding capacity of 50 mm; (b) the climatic classification by Thornthwaite is A r B\'3 a\' (modal class) or B4 r B\'3 a\' (using the mean values of temperature and rainfall); (c) the climatic classification by Köppen is Cfga (modal class) or Cwga (using the mean values of temperature and rainfall); and (d) A29/42S,53/42W,95,35,11,7,27,2,20,3,5,5,471,1/5,1235,2672,1802,20,953,887,915,50 is the proposed edaphoclimatic characterization. It means the actual evapotranspiration is at least 90% of the potential evapotranspiration (class A of soil water availability), the geographic localization is 29o42\' South (latitude), 53o42\' West (longitude) and altitude of 95 m, using a historic series of 35 years, being monthly minimum and maximum air temperatures of 11oC (July) and 27oC (February), the annual mean air temperature of 20oC, with coefficient of variation of 3%, and the monthly minimum and maximum rainfall of 5 mm (May) and 471 mm (January/May), the annual minimum, maximum and mean rainfall of 1235 mm, 2672 mm and 1802 mm, respectively, with coefficient of variation of 20%, and the annual mean values of potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration and water excess of 953 mm, 887 mm and 915 mm, respectively, using a soil water holding capacity of 50 mm.

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Galdeano, Larissa Ruas. "Fertilidade e mineralogia do solo sujeito à disposição de vinhaça de uma fazenda em Santa Cruz das Palmeiras /". Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182301.

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Orientador: Marcelo Loureiro Garcia
Resumo: Com a crescente produção de etanol no Brasil, houve o aumento da geração da vinhaça, que em certas condições pode ser utilizada para a fertirrigação de lavouras de cana-de-açúcar com o intuito de elevar a fertilidade do solo. A pesquisa consistiu na análise temporal e espacial de dados das características químicas e físicas dos solos de uma lavoura de cana-de-açúcar e da vinhaça aplicada, além da análise granulométrica, química e mineralógica de seis amostras de solo coletadas na área de estudo. A partir dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que elevados volumes de vinhaça foram calculados em 2014, sendo que os resultados indicaram baixas condições de fertilidade com altas concentrações de H+Al e de CTC total. A análise temporal de uma das glebas da fazenda demonstrou que, em dosagens previamente calculadas, a aplicação de vinhaça pode melhorar a fertilidade do solo e promover a redução da acidez e da toxicidade por alumínio. As análises granulométricas, químicas e mineralógicas caracterizaram o latossolo vermelho da área de estudo como um solo arenoso muito fino a médio com altas concentrações de silicatos e óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e alumínio com minerais de gibbsita, hematita, quartzo e argilominerais do grupo da caulinita. O estudo avaliou a possibilidade de lixiviação dos cátions de base e de concentração de íons H+ e Al3+ pela hidrólise total e parcial da caulinita e da gibbsita e da decomposição da Matéria Orgânica no período chuvoso, sendo que a fertirrigação repõe ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: As the ethanol production has been developing in Brazil, it resulted on the increase of vinasse generation, which under certain conditions can be used for fertirrigation of sugarcane plantations in order to increase soil fertility. The research consisted of temporal and spatial data analysis of chemical and physical characteristics of soils of the soils of a sugar cane yield and the applied vinasse, in addition to the granulometric, chemical and mineralogical analysis of six soil samples collected in the research area. From the results obtained, it was observed that high volumes of vinasse were calculated in 2014, as the results had also indicated low fertility conditions with high concentrations of H+Al and total CEC. The temporal analysis of the plot 15 demonstrated that, in controlled doses, the application of vinasse can improve soil fertility and promote reduction of acidity and toxicity by aluminum. The granulometric, chemical and mineralogical analyzes characterize the red latosol of the research area as a very fine to medium sandy soil with high concentrations of silicates and oxides and hydroxides of iron and aluminum with minerals of gibbsite, hematite, quartz and clay minerals of the kaolinite group. The research evaluated the possibility of leaching of base cations and concentration of H+ and Al3+ ions by total and partial hydrolysis of kaolinite and decomposition of Organic Matter (OM) in rainy season, with soil moisture restoring and reposition of macronutrients... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Silva, Marco Aurélio Souza da. "O controle social punitivo antigrogas sob a perspectiva da criminologia crítica". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/100513.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2012
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A presente dissertação investiga a possível relação funcional existente entre capitalismo neoliberal, sistema penal e criminalização das drogas no controle social punitivo e de que forma esse controle se materializa nas estatísticas criminais e nas decisões judiciais no Estado de Santa Catarina. A compreensão do controle social punitivo antidrogas implica conhecer como as sociedades se transformaram a partir do poder de controle exercido pelo capital, sua lógica de comportamento, as consequências sociais decorrentes de sua reprodução e expansão, bem como do poder exercido pelo sistema penal. Considerando que todo sistema de produção engendra formas punitivas específicas correspondentes às suas relações de produção, analisa-se o sistema capitalista do modelo agrário ao pós-fordista e a passagem do paradigma etiológico da Criminologia de corte positivista, que enfoca a violência individual, para o paradigma da reação social da Criminologia crítica, focalizando a violência institucional e estrutural. A pesquisa lança um olhar sobre a criminalização dos excluídos, centralizada na prisão, com a finalidade de conservar a ordem social necessária ao processo de reprodução do capital, fenômeno que se materializa e atinge seu ápice na heterogeneidade das decisões judiciais em Santa Catarina, prolatadas com a construção ideológica do traficante de drogas como estereótipo do inimigo e da criminalidade. Os efeitos devastadores do combate às drogas atendem aos objetivos de acumulação do capital e deixam visíveis as violências institucionais e estruturais. Nesse cenário, a análise, à luz da Criminologia crítica, permite constatar o impacto do proibicionismo das drogas ilícitas na sociedade catarinense e vislumbrar alternativas para a sua superação.

Abstract : This dissertation investigates the possible functional relationship between neoliberal capitalism, criminal justice system and criminalization of drugs in punitive social control and how this control is embodied in the crime statistics and the court decisions in the state of Santa Catarina. The understanding of antidrug punitive social control involves knowing how companies have turned from the power of control practiced by capital, its logic behavior, the social consequences of their reproduction and growth, as well as the power practiced by the criminal justice system. Whereas the whole system of production engenders specific punitive forms corresponding to their relations of production, I analyze the capitalist system of agrarian model to the postfordist and the passage from the etiological paradigm of positivist Criminology, which focuses on individual violence, to the paradigm of social reaction of critical Criminology, focusing on institutional and structural violence. The survey casts a glance at the criminalization of the excluded, centralized in prison, in order to preserve the social order necessary to the process of reproduction of capital, a phenomenon that materializes and reaches its apex in the heterogeneity of judgments in Santa Catarina, handed down with the ideological construction of the drug dealer as stereotype of the enemy and of criminality. The devastating effects of the war on drugs meet the goals of capital accumulation and make visible the institutional and structural violence. In this scenario, the analysis, in the light of critical Criminology, allows to see the impact of prohibition of illicit drugs in the society of Santa Catarina and envisions alternatives to overcome them.

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Jego, Maéva. "Améliorer la santé des personnes sans chez-soi : vers quelles innovations organisationnelles en soins primaires ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0211/document.

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Objectif : identifier de nouvelles formes d’organisation et adaptations à développer en soins primaires pour améliorer la prise en charge des personnes sans chez-soi (PSCS).Méthode : recherche mixte. une première phase a exploré les ressentis des médecins généralistes (MG) sur leur place dans la prise en charge des PSCS. La seconde phase a consisté à décrire, par une revue de la littérature, les principales composantes des programmes de soins primaires prenant en charge les PSCS, et identifier les plus pertinentes. La dernière phase a exploré le vécu et les représentations des PSCS vis-à-vis des soins premiers.Résultats : les médecins généralistes relevaient la complexité des prises en charge et le besoin d’une coordination médico-psycho-sociale renforcée. Dans la littérature, la quasi-totalité des programmes prenant en charge les personnes sans chez-soi privilégiaient cette approche pluridisciplinaire coordonnée. Les caractéristiques associées à des impacts positifs pour les PSCS étaient : la spécialisation dans leur prise en charge, l’accompagnement, les approches multidisciplinaires, l’implication d’infirmières dans la prise en charge, l’intégration de services d’aide sociale, et l’engagement dans la santé communautaire. Les entretiens auprès des PSCS ont relevé l’importance des attentes relationnelles : plus qu’une réponse médicale, ils souhaitent être écoutés, considérés et compris.Conclusion : les programmes de soins primaires souhaitant prendre en charge PSCS devraient privilégier une approche pluridisciplinaire et décloisonnée des soins de santé physique, mentale, et de la prise en charge sociale de ces patients, en privilégiant une approche centrée-patient
Aim: to identify new forms of organization and adaptations to develop in primary care to improve the care of Homeless People (HP).Method: research by mixed methods. In the first phase we explored the views of general practitioners (GPs) about how they can provide care to HP. In the second phase we led a literature review, to describe the main characteristics of the primary care programs that take care of homeless people, and to identify which could be most relevant. In the third phase, we explored the experience and views of HP about primary care.Results: GPs expressed the need to develop medical and psychosocial approach with closer relation with social workers. In the litterature, almost all homelessness programs developed a multidisciplinary approach and / or offered co-located mental health, physical health and social services. Some characteristics were associated with significant positive outcomes: tailored primary care organizations, clinic orientation, multidisciplinary team-based models which included primary care physicians and clinic nurses, integration of social support, and engagement in the community’s health. The interviews with HP showed central relational expectations of HP for their general practitioner. More than a medical response, they expected to be listened to, considered and understood.Conclusion: Primary care programs that wish to better care for HP should develop a multidisciplinary, medico-psycho-social approach. The patient-centered approach appears warranted to improve the care experience of these patients

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Lunardi, Neto Antônio. "Gênese de horizontes subsuperficiais escurecidos em Argis-solos de Santa Catarina e em Luvissolo da Campanha Gaúcha". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/588.

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In the south of Brazil, there are soils presenting darker subsurface horizons than those overly-ing ones, being more representative in Ultisols. Those ones are placed in well-drained areas and do not present sodium saturation. In dark subsurface horizon, these soils shows morpho-logical aspects similar to sombric horizons, initially related to Central Africa. This fact arise the possibility of these soils meet the sombric horizon, as related in Africa. The definition of sombric horizon showed in Soil Taxonomy has been the same for fifty years, without any important modification. In this definition the sombric horizon consists of iluvial humus not associated with aluminum or sodium. In WRB, its definition is almost the same of Soil Tax-onomy. This fact is due to the little research about the genesis of these horizons. In this re-search we analysed the profiles of three Ultisols of the State of Santa Catarina: 1.Typic Som-brihumults (PVa), in Içara, with the source material siltstones intercalated with sandstones; 2.Typic Sombrihumults (PAd), in Rancho Queimado, with the source material granites and granulites; 3. Typic Sombrihumults (PBACal), in Alfredo Wagner, with the source material argillites and siltites. It was also analyzed a profile of Alfisol (TCp) from Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, having as source material granites and gneisses. It was added to the study a Dy-strudepts (CH) from Bom Jardim da Serra, Mountainous Area of Santa Catarina, having as source material the basalt. This last soil does not present dark subsuperficial horizon, having been chosen in order to compare results from delta ¹³C analyses with the other soils, since it has grass vegetation for millennia. We carried out physical, chemical, mineralogical and mi-cromorphological analysis. Fractionation studies of the sand and mineralogy by X-ray diffrac-tion aimed to identify lithologic discontinuities. Micromorphological analysis aimed to identi-fy whether there was migration and accumulation of humic compounds in the dark subsurface horizons. Iron and aluminum selective dissolution aimed to identify whether there were pod-zolization processes. Studies of carbon isotopes were intended to examine whether climate change was involved in the genesis of the dark subsurface horizons. Studies were not con-cluded to TCp. For PAd and PBACal, results indicated buried soils. For PVa, results sug-gested the migration of clay-humic compounds. In Ultisols there was aluminum accumulation in the dark subsurface horizon. Results of carbon isotopes have not identified to be the organ-ic matter from different vegetation of the current. Soils did not attend the requests of classifi-cation from WRB and Soil Taxonomy to fit as sombric horizons. It is proposed to Soil Tax-onomy and FAO the requirement elimination of the humus-illuvial no-associated to aluminum occurrence as a criterion to fit those soils as sombric horizons. It is suggested its substitution by the evidence of humus-illuvial occurrence in sombric through thin slide analysis and through the evidence of lithology discontinuity absence along the toposequence and absence of agric horizon and isotopes of carbon results related to the same vegetation in surface and dark subsurface horizons. In addition, it is still proposed to Brazilian System of Soil Classifi-cation the inclusion of the sombric character, to be taken into consideration in Sub-Group level
Na região Sul do Brasil ocorrem solos que apresentam horizontes subsuperficiais mais escu-recidos que os horizontes sobrejacentes, notadamente na classe dos Argissolos. Estes solos estão situados em locais bem drenados e não apresentam saturação por sódio. Os horizontes subsuperficiais escuros assemelham-se aos horizontes sômbricos relatados inicialmente na África Central. A definição de horizonte sômbrico na classificação dos Estados Unidos é a mesma de há cinquenta anos, sem basicamente ter sofrido modificações. Nessa definição, o horizonte sômbrico é subsuperficial e constituído de húmus iluvial não associado ao alumínio ou sódio. Na classificação da FAO, tal definição basicamente incorporou a da classificação dos Estados Unidos, com pouca alteração. Isto se deve às poucas pesquisas a respeito da gê-nese desses horizontes. Neste trabalho de pesquisa analisaram-se três perfis de Argissolos do Estado de Santa Catarina: 1. O Argissolo Vermelho Alumínico (PVa), de Içara, tendo como material de origem siltitos com intercalação de arenitos; 2. OArgissolo Amarelo Distrófico (PAd), de Rancho Queimado, tendo como material de origem granitos e granulitos; 3. O Ar-gissolo Bruno-Acinzentado Alumínico (PBACal), de Alfredo Wagner, derivado de argilitos e siltitos. Também analisou-se um perfil de Luvissolo Crômico Pálico (TCp), de Bagé/RS que tem como material de origem granitos e gnaisses. Somou-se aos perfis relacionados um Cam-bissolo Húmico (CH) de Bom Jardim da Serra/SC, derivado de basalto. O CH é de região de altitude e sem horizonte subsuperficial escuro, tendo sido escolhido para servir como teste-munha nos resultados referentes às análises de delta 13C dos demais solos, de vez que apresen-ta vegetação de gramíneas há milênios. Efetuaram-se análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas e micromorfológicas. Estudos de fracionamento da areia e de mineralogia por difração de raios-X objetivaram identificar descontinuidades litológicas. Análises micromorfológicas ob-jetivaram identificar se houve migração e acúmulo de compostos húmicos nos horizontes sub-superficiais escuros. Análises de dissolução seletiva de ferro e alumínio objetivaram identifi-car se ocorreram processos de podzolização. Estudos de isótopos de carbono tiveram por fina-lidade analisar se houve mudanças climáticas implicadas na gênese dos horizontes subsuperfi-ciais escuros. Os resultados foram inconclusivos para o TCp. Para o PAd e para o PBACal indicaram tratar-se de horizontes A soterrados por ação coluvionar. Para o PVa sugeriram haver migração de compostos argilo-húmicos. Nos Argissolos houve acúmulo de alumínio nos horizontes subsuperficiais escuros. Resultados de isótopos de carbono não identificaram ser a matéria orgânica oriunda de vegetação diferenciada da atual. Os solos não enquadraram-se no tipo sômbrico. Propõe-se à classificação dos Estados Unidos e à FAO a eliminação do requisito da ocorrência de húmus iluvial não-associado ao alumínio nos sômbricos. Propõe-se substituir esse requisito pela comprovação da ocorrência de húmus iluvial no sômbrico atra-vés de análises em lâmina delgada e através de evidências de ausência de descontinuidade litológica e ausência de horizonte ágrico e resultados de isótopos de carbono relacionados ao mesmo tipo de vegetação nos horizontes superficial e subsuperficial escuro. Propõe-se ao Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos a inclusão do caráter sômbrico, a ser contemplado no nível de Sub-Grupo

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Barnabé, Gabriel Ribeiro. "Summi Pontificatus = as relações internacionais da Santa Sé sob Pio XII". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280912.

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Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A pesquisa liga-se ao estudo das relações internacionais da Santa Sé. Considerando que essas se operam como relações entre a Igreja e o Estado, analiso, no primeiro capítulo, as principais teorias que as explicam. Primeiramente caracterizo as quatro propriedades da Igreja (una, santa, católica e apostólica), das quais se destaca a catolicidade, isto é, a universalidade, que a move em missão internacional por todo o mundo. Em seguida, comento a teoria da plenitudo potestatis papae, as analogias de Tomás de Aquino sobre o assunto, a teoria do poder indireto, cujo maior sistematizador foi o Cardeal Roberto Bellarmino, e a teoria da societas perfecta. No segundo capítulo, destinado a discorrer sobre a política concordatária da Santa Sé, trato do Código de Direito Canônico de 1917, da natureza jurídica das concordatas, da Lei das Garantias, do Tratado de Latrão e da Quas Prima, de Pio XI. O último capítulo dedico ao estudo da teoria e da prática de relações internacionais do Papa Pio XII, que participou do período em que a Santa Sé estabeleceu o maior número de concordatas e cujo pontificado ocorreu em uma das épocas mais dramáticas da história das relações internacionais. Inicialmente, apresento uma visão ampla dos principais acontecimentos históricos da primeira metade do século XX e também um estudo sobre o número de mortos em guerras e revoluções. Em seguida, analiso a encíclica Summi Pontificatus, de Pio XII, que se constitui como a principal referência de seu pensamento sobre a ordem internacional de sua época e também sintetiza o Magistério da Igreja e de seus doutores sobre a sociedade humana e as relações internacionais. Apresento, ainda, as mensagens de Natal de Pio XII, algumas das concordatas firmadas ou conduzidas por ele e as linhas mestras de sua grande contribuição para a Bioética. Na última seção, faço algumas considerações sobre as múltiplas imagens do mito de Pio XII. Concluo que embora a Igreja, em suas relações com os Estados, opere uma acomodação tensa, ela ao mesmo tempo reivindica tudo o que considera como seu campo de missão ética
Abstract: The research relates to the study of the international relations of the Holy See. Considering that these operate as relations between Church and State, throughout the first chapter I analyze the main theories that explain them. Firstly, I characterize the four main features of the Church (one, holy, catholic and apostolic), from which highlights the catholicity, that is, the universality, which moves it in international mission around the world. Afterwards, I comment on the theory of plenitudo potestatis papae, the analogies of Thomas Aquinas on said subject, the theory of indirect power, whose greatest systematizer was Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, and the theory of societas perfecta. On the second chapter, intended to develop on the concordist policy of the Holy See, I discuss the Code of Canon Law of 1917, the legal nature of the concordats, the Law of Guarantees, the Lateran Treaty and Pius XI's Quas Prima. The last chapter is devoted to the study of the theory and practice of Pope Pius XII's international relations, given he participated in the period in which the Holy See established the largest number of concordats and whose pontificate coexisted during the most dramatic times in the history of international relations. Initially, I present a broad overview of the major historical events of the first half of the twentieth century and also a study on the number of deaths in wars and revolutions. After, I examine the encyclical Summi Pontificatus of Pius XII, which is considered the main reference of his thinking on the international order of his time and also summarizes the Church's Magisterium as well as its doctors on human society and international relations. I also introduce Pius XII's Christmas messages, some of the concordats signed or conducted by him and the guiding lines of his great contribution to bioethics. In the last section, I present a few considerations about the multiple images of the myth of Pius XII. I conclude that although the Church in her States relations operates a tense accommodation, at the same time she claims everything she regards as being in her field of ethical mission
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Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia

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Wagner, Maria Nazaré. "O movimento trabalhista na UFSC sob a luz do novo sindicalismo no Brasil". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/106867.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Florianópolis, 2013.
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A influência do Novo Sindicalismo no Brasil sobre a organização política dos trabalhadores técnico-administrativos em educação (TTAEs) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina é o tema central deste estudo. A transição política lenta, gradual e ?irrestrita?: apresentada pelos militares do grupo do general Ernesto Geisel, presidente da República na época, criou a possibilidade para que as organizações de classe se organizassem em todo o Brasil. Contraditoriamente, nas universidades brasileiras, fóruns críticos de discussão sobre a política de repressão do regime militar e sobre a crise dos anos 1970/1980 e suas consequências sobre as condições de vida da classe trabalhadora, promoveu-se a obediência dos trabalhadores ao Estado, tanto nas relações de trabalho como nas relações políticas com a administração central da instituição. Essa administração, em obediência às duas primeiras máximas da abertura política, tomou uma atitude lenta e gradual, impedindo que mudanças maiores ocorressem no comportamento político dos TTAEs da UFSC. A persistência e a colaboração da administração da UFSC em não deixar que o grupo de oposição chegasse ao poder na Associação dos Servidores da UFSC (ASUFSC) e a transformasse em uma entidade de classe, política e autônoma em relação ao governo geraram o Movimento Alternativa Independente. O que diz respeito à luta por direitos e participação dos trabalhadores da UFSC na busca constante pela cidadania é o pano de fundo do movimento de resistência que chegou ao poder na ASUFSC apenas em 1989 e logo tratou de fundar o Sindicato dos Trabalhadores da UFSC (SINTUFSC).

Abstract : The central theme of this paper is the influence of the New Syndicalism in Brazil movement on the political organization of the education management workers (the TTAE's) at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC). The slow, step-by-step and ?boundless? political transition: presented by the military, along with General Ernesto Geisel, president of Brazil at the time, it created a nation-wide possibility for class organization. The brazilian universities, which had always been critical of the military's opressive statism and of the 1970's-80's crisis, along with its consequences on the working class living conditions, now promoted working class obedience towards the state, not only as in workplace relations but also political relations via the central management of the institution. This new administration, in accordance with the two maxims of Brazil's political opening, adopted a slow and gradual pacing, preventing greater changes from occurring in the political behaviour of the federal university's TTAE's. The persistance and collaboration within UFSC's administration applied to preventing the opposition from reaching power over the Servers' Association (ASUFSC), turning it into a class entity, political and autonomous towards the government, are the main causes that generated the Alternative Independent Movement. The plight for rights and active participation of UFSC employees in the constant seeking of social justice is the background of the resistance movement that finally reached power over the ASUFSC in 1989, and subsequently founded the Worker's Syndicate of UFSC (SINTUFSC).

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Zini, Junior Alaert. "Variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos de um Latosso vermelho-amarelo e de produção de laranja Var. folha murcha no sul do estado do Espírito Santo". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6606.

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The orange is among the agricultural crops of greatest importance to the Brazilian economy, bringing guarantee of income and subsistence, especially for small and medium rural producers. In view of the current state of nutritional management of culture adopted in the region, coupled to the low natural fertility of the soil and high nutritional exigency of the culture, there is need of new technologies to be aggregated to the production system and made available to the productive sector. This work had as objective the use of the geostatistics for the study of spatial variability of the chemical attributes of soil and the production of a Folha Murcha orange orchard. The work was conducted in an experimental area located in commercial farming in the district of Rive, municipality of Alegre-ES. The experimental area formed by a regular grid of approximately 0.2 hectares, totaling 80 points sample, spacialized 5 x 5 m. For each sampling point, four simple samples of soil in each depths (0-0,20 m and 0,20-0,40 m) were removed and homogenized resulting in a composite sample for determining of the chemical attributes of soil: pH in water, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H + Al, SB, T, V, t, m and total organic carbon. The production of the orchard was evaluated by the total number of fruit per plant, total mass of fruit per plant and fruit weight. For the evaluations, initially, was made an exploratory descriptive analysis without to consider the spatial position of the samples, making the identification of measures of position, dispersion and outliers and, subsequently, an exploratory spatial analysis, considering the position of the samples in the area to identify possible trends. The analysis of the spatial variability of the attributes studied was determined by standardized semivariograms. Through the adjustment of theoretical semivariograms values were estimated for the chemical attributes of soil studied in positions not sampled in the field, using the method of interpolation by ordinary kriging for making the maps that allowed the distinction of regions with lower and higher variability of attributes evaluated. With the results is possible to conclude that: using techniques of geostatistics is possible to identify different areas of management of the soil fertility; all attributes present structure of spatial dependence with degree of dependence varying between strong and moderate, with the most of the attributes adjusting to the spherical model, with exception of the chemical attribute of soil pH (0-0,20 m) and the attribute of production (fruit weight) that show pure nugget effect; the chemical attributes of soil Mg (0-0,20 m ) and SB (0-0,20 m) show linear model without landing; it is possible by the ordinary kriging, estimate the values of the chemical attributes of soil and of the production that present spatial dependence in the two depths; and the total organic carbon shows the same spatial distribution pattern with adjust in the spherical model and with the same ranges in the two depths
A laranja está entre as culturas agrícolas de maior importância para economia brasileira, trazendo garantia de renda e subsistência, principalmente para o pequeno e médio produtor rural. Tendo em vista a situação atual do manejo nutricional da cultura adotado na região, aliada à baixa fertilidade natural dos solos e elevada exigência nutricional da cultura, há necessidade de novas tecnologias a serem agregadas ao sistema de produção e disponibilizadas ao setor produtivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o uso da geoestatística para o estudo da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo e da produção de um pomar de laranja var. Folha Murcha. O trabalho foi conduzido numa área experimental localizada em lavoura comercial no distrito de Rive, município de Alegre-ES. A área experimental formada por uma malha regular de aproximadamente 0,2 ha, totalizando 80 pontos amostrais, espaçados 5 x 5 m entre si. Para cada ponto amostral, quatro amostras simples de solo nas profundidades 0-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m foram retiradas e homogeneizadas, dando origem a uma amostra composta para determinação dos atributos químicos do solo: pH em água, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H + Al, SB, T, V, t, m e carbono orgânico total (COT). A produção do pomar foi avaliada através do número total de frutos por planta (NFP), massa total de frutos por planta (MTF) e massa média do fruto (MMF). Para as avaliações, inicialmente, foi feita uma análise exploratória descritiva sem levar em consideração a posição espacial das amostras, fazendo a identificação das medidas de posição, dispersão e de pontos discrepantes (outliers), e, posteriormente, uma análise exploratória espacial, levando em consideração a posição das amostras na área para identificação de possíveis tendências. A análise da variabilidade espacial dos atributos estudados foi determinada pelos semivariogramas escalonados. Por meio do ajuste dos semivariogramas teóricos foram estimados valores para os atributos químicos do solo estudados, em posições não amostradas no campo, utilizando o método de interpolação por krigagem ordinária para confecção dos mapas que possibilitaram a distinção de regiões com menor e maior variabilidade dos atributos avaliados. Com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: utilizando técnicas da geoestatística é possível a identificação de zonas diferenciadas do manejo da fertilidade do solo; todos os atributos apresentam estrutura de dependência espacial com grau de dependência variando entre forte e moderado, com a maioria dos atributos ajustando-se ao modelo esférico, com exceção do atributo químico do solo pH (0-0,20 m) e do atributo de produção MMF que apresentam efeito pepita puro; os atributos químicos do solo Mg (0-0,20 m) e SB (0-0,20 m) apresentam modelo linear sem patamar; é possível pelo método de krigagem ordinária, estimar os valores dos atributos químicos do solo e da produção que apresentam dependência espacial, nas duas profundidades; e o carbono orgânico total apresenta o mesmo padrão de distribuição espacial com ajuste do modelo esférico e com o mesmo alcance nas duas profundidades

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Quaresma, Cristiano Capellani. "Reativação da rede de drenagem e processos erosivos na Bacia do Rio Santo Anastácio - SP/Brasil : contribuições à geomorfologia antrópica e ao entendimento das organizações espaciais". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287330.

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Orientador: Archimedes Perez Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Com base na Teoria do Equilíbrio Dinâmico e na abordagem sistêmica, formulou-se a hipótese de que a gênese e a aceleração de processos erosivos, identificados atualmente na bacia do Rio Santo Anastácio-SP/Brasil, resultam de rompimento do equilíbrio dinâmico, com conseqüente reativação da rede de drenagem. Tratam-se, portanto, de exemplos de processos e formas antropogeomorfológicos, tendo em vista que foram desencadeados pelo uso e ocupação das terras, que desrespeitaram fragilidades e dinâmicas naturais, bem como por alterações no nível de base local pela construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera. Assim, adotou-se método comparativo dos anos de 1962 e 2010 com base em 85 amostras circulares de 10km2, distribuídas a fim de abarcarem o maior número de canais de primeira ordem, bem como de diferentes elementos físicos. Na seqüência, para o ano de 1962, traçaram-se as redes de drenagem, a fim de comparar índices (Densidade de drenagem e Densidade hidrográfica), e elaborou-se mapa de uso e ocupação das terras, com base em fotointerpretação por estereoscopia de 332 fotografias aéreas e, para fins comparativos, o mesmo procedimento foi realizado para o ano de 2010, utilizando-se de 24 cenas - ALOS/ PRISM e AVNIR2. Os resultados foram confrontados com mapas pedológico, geológico e geomorfológico da área de estudo, os quais foram digitalizados e vetorizados. Além disso, a obtenção de dados de precipitações pluviométricas permitiu melhor entendimento dos padrões de precipitação da área, e trabalhos de campo possibilitaram o reconhecimento da área e a reambulação dos mapas produzidos. Os resultados permitiram verificar que a rede de drenagem encontra-se em estado de desequilíbrio, pelo menos, desde a década de 60. Este estado manifesta-se pela retomada erosiva acelerada da rede de drenagem, em busca do restabelecimento de perfis de equilíbrio, mais ajustados em relação ao aumento brusco de entrada de matéria e de energia, ocasionado, sobretudo pelo desmatamento nas primeiras décadas de ocupação
Abstract: Based on the Theory of Dynamic Equilibrium and systemic approach, formulated the hypothesis that the origin and acceleration of erosion, currently identified in the River Basin Santo Anastácio-SP/Brazil, result from disruption of the dynamic balance, with subsequent reactivation of the drainage network, examples of geomorphological processes and forms with anthropogenic genesis, considering that were triggered by the use and occupation of land, that disrespected weaknesses and natural dynamics, as well as changes in local base level for the construction of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant. Thus, the years 1962 and 2010 were compared, based on 85 samples with circular 10km2, distributed with the goal of straddling the largest number of first-order channels, and different physical elements. Subsequently, for the year 1962 were traced drainage networks to compare indexes Drainage density and Density hydrographic, and the map has been prepared for use and occupation of land, based on photointerpretation of 332 stereoscopic aerial photographs and, for comparative purposes, the same procedure was performed for the year 2010, using 24 scenes - ALOS / PRISM and AVNIR2. The results were compared with pedological, geological and geomorphological maps, which were scanned and vectorized. Furthermore, data from rainfall allowed better understanding of the patterns of precipitation in the area, and field work enabled the recognition of the area, and the correction of maps produced. Results showed that the drainage system is in a state of imbalance, at least since the 60s. This condition is manifested by erosions' reactivation of the drainage network, seeking the restoration of equilibrium profiles, more consistent with the new entry conditions of matter and energy, caused mainly by deforestation in the early decades of occupation
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Geografia

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Tesis sobre el tema "Santé du sol"

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