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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Santalum spicatum"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 31 de enero de 2023

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1

Brand, JE. "The effects of management regime and host species on Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) recruitment near Paynes Find Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 22, n.º 2 (2000): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000243.

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Natural recruitment of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) is generally low in pastoral regions of the Midwest and Goldfields, Western Australia. Harvesting of S, spicatum for the aromatic timber occurs in these regions, creating a need to develop management strategies to conserve the species. This paper examines sandalwood recruitment over three years within a natural stand of 32 ha, near Paynes Find, Western Australia. Santalum spzcatum recruitment success was compared between three establishment treatments, and between two fencing treatments (+I-). At age three years, mean survival of S. spicatum seedlings planted next to host trees (25%) was significantly higher than those planted at harvesting spots (2%) and beneath parent trees (0%). In the unfenced treatment, there was evidence of grazing and S, spicatum survival and growth were significantly lower than in the fenced treatment. However, fencing alone did not improve S. spicatum recruitment because natural seed dispersal was poor and survival beneath parent trees was low. De-stocking, combined with seed enriching host trees is recommended to dramatically improve S, spicatum recruitment in the Paynes Find region. Santalum spicatum seedling performance was compared growing next to three N2-fixing species (Acacia burkittii, A. tetragonophylla and A. ramulosa) and one non N2-fixing species (Hakea recurva). At age three years, S. spicatum survival was significantly higher next to A. burkittii (33%) than A. tetragonophylla (1 7%). Santalum spicatum survival next to A. ramulosa and H. recurva was 24-26%. Fencing improved S. spicatum survival next to A. burkittii, and to a lesser extent next to A. tetragonophylla and A. ramulosa. In contrast, survival of S, spicatum seedlings next to H. recurva was unaffected by fencing. Santalum spicatum growth next to each host species was slow and significantly higher in the fencing treatment. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K and Ca were the same across 5'. spicatum treatments, but the concentration of Mg varied. The foliar K:Ca ratio was also similar between S. spicatum treatments, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0. Key words: Santalum spicatum, recruitment, seed enrichment, host species, foliar nutrients

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2

STRUTHERS, R., B. B. LAMONT, J. E. D. FOX, S. WIJESURIYA y T. CROSSLAND. "Mineral Nutrition of Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)". Journal of Experimental Botany 37, n.º 9 (1986): 1274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/37.9.1274.

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3

Moniodis, Jessie, Michael Renton, Christopher G. Jones, E. Liz Barbour y Margaret Byrne. "Genetic and environmental parameters show associations with essential oil composition in West Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)". Australian Journal of Botany 66, n.º 1 (2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17116.

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Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC is a West Australian sandalwood species highly valued for the sesquiterpene-rich oil in mature heartwood. The oil composition, particularly levels of the valuable sesquiterpenoids α- and β-santalol and the allergenic E,E-farnesol, are known to vary across its natural distribution. Our study investigated associations of oil characteristics in 186 S. spicatum trees in semiarid and arid regions of Western Australia with genetic structure, environmental parameters and morphological features. We found associations between oil composition and genetic structure, as well as between oil composition and environmental factors. Analysis of individuals using STRUCTURE revealed two major genetic clusters (K = 2), comprising trees from the arid north clustered together, and the semiarid south-west clustered separately. Mantel tests revealed a significant association between oil characteristics and genetic distance (r = 0.129, P = 0.02). There was considerable variation in the growing environment of S. spicatum. An Adonis test showed a significant association between oil composition and provenance (P = 0.001) and between oil composition and soil type (P = 0.002) but not oil composition and other environmental characters. Soil type was significantly related to santalol and E,E-farnesol content. No significant associations between oil composition and morphological features were identified.

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4

Brand, JE. "Ecology of Sandalwood (Santalum Spicatum) Near Paynes Find and Menzies, Western Australia: Size Structure and Dry-Sided Stems." Rangeland Journal 21, n.º 2 (1999): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990220.

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Population size structure of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) was studied on four pastoral leases near Paynes Find and Menzies, in semi-arid Western Australia. Stem diameter, height, height to crown and the orientation of dry-sided stems were recorded for 1017 individual sandalwood. Populations of S. spicatum at Paynes Find contained only mature trees, indicating no successful recruitment for at least 30 years. In contrast, populations of S, spicatum at Menzies had a high proportion of seedlings and saplings. Crown measurements of mature S. spicatum trees indicated high grazing intensity at Paynes Find: mean height to crown at Paynes Find (147-148 cm) was significantly higher than Menzies (92-94 cm). Dry-side percentage differed significantly between directional faces, consistent with sun damage. Highest mean dry-side percentages were on stem sides facing the sun between midday and late afternoon: west, north-west, south-west and north. This directional pattern was the same between pastoral leases, and there was no interaction between pastoral lease and dry-side direction. Mean percentage of mature trees with a dry-sided stem was also significantly higher at Paynes Find (76-82%) than at Menzies (42-46%). Significantly less foliage low to the ground on mature trees at Paynes Find may have exposed the stems to more sun damage. Land systems did not significantly influence dry-side direction on Burnerbinmah or Goongarrie. No S. spicatum seedlings or saplings had a dry-sided stem. Key words: Santalum spicatum, size structure, dry-sided stems

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5

Moniodis, Jessie, Christopher Jones, Michael Renton, Julie Plummer, E. Barbour, Emilio Ghisalberti y Joerg Bohlmann. "Sesquiterpene Variation in West Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)". Molecules 22, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2017): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060940.

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6

St Jack, Dylan, Dianne C. Hesterman y Andrew L. Guzzomi. "Precision metering of Santalum spicatum (Australian Sandalwood) seeds". Biosystems Engineering 115, n.º 2 (junio de 2013): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.03.004.

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7

Woodall, G. S. "Cracking the woody endocarp of Santalum spicatum nuts by wetting and rapid drying improves germination". Australian Journal of Botany 52, n.º 2 (2004): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03007.

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Seeds of many plant species, including those of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC., Santalaceae), are surrounded by a fruit endocarp that is hard and woody (this structure hereafter referred to as a 'nut'). The woody endocarp of S. spicatum provides a physical barrier to germination. This study investigated how this barrier is removed and the mechanism(s) controlling it. Field trials demonstrated that the endocarp cracked naturally and that the time of harvest and the presence of the epicarp affected the percentage of endocarps that were cracked. An investigation of the influence of wetting period and rate of drying on endocarp cracking showed that the rate of drying was most critical in inducing cracking and that the process was not heat-dependent. Field and pot studies showed that germination of sown nuts was improved when the woody endocarp was fractured. Results suggest that a simple wetting and rapid drying procedure can be used to crack large amounts of sandalwood nuts prior to sowing in the field. Results are discussed in relation to S. spicatum seed ecology. The relevance of weakening the woody endocarp of other non-Santalum species through endocarp wetting and rapid drying is discussed.

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8

Brand, J. E. y P. J. Jones. "The influence of landforms on sandalwood (Santalum spicatum (R.Br) A.Dc.) size structure and density in the north-eastern goldfields, Western Australia". Rangeland Journal 24, n.º 2 (2002): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02012.

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The density of Santalum spicatum was compared between 'land systems' and between 'land surface types' on four sheep stations in the north-eastern Goldfields: Yakabindie, Tarmoola, Glenorn and Minara. S.A spicatum density was recorded in 4–6A ha transect plots, with a total of 14,090 ha surveyed. Within each transect plot, the S. spicatum were divided into five groups based on stem diameter at 150A mm: < 25 mm, 25–74 mm, 75–124 mm, 125–174 mm and > 174 mm. The proportion of S. spicatum in each of the five size categories was similar between land surface types and between land systems, with the majority in two groups: 75–124 mm and 125–174 mm. S. spicatum recruitment was low, with less than 1.5 % seedlings (< 25 mm) and 7.9 % saplings (25–74 mm). Total density of S. spicatum on hills and ridges (0.65 stems/ha) was significantly higher than any other land surface type. The sandplains (0.05 stems/ha) supported the least. Within land systems, Laverton and Bevon (both hills and ridges) had the highest S. spicatum density. Yakabindie supported higher densities of S. spicatum than the other stations.

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9

Woodall, G. S. y C. J. Robinson. "Natural diversity of Santalum spicatum host species in south-coast river systems and their incorporation into profitable and biodiverse revegetation". Australian Journal of Botany 51, n.º 6 (2003): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02118.

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The commercially valuable root hemiparasite Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC. (sandalwood) once grew throughout the medium- to low-rainfall areas of the south-western agricultural region of Australia; however, this resource has been exhausted by over-exploitation and clearing for agriculture. There has been growing interest from the farming community and other investors in the development of a plantation Santalum spicatum industry in southern Western Australia. This study investigated the distribution of remnant S. spicatum within the Pallinup River catchment and assessed the risk of S. spicatum population decline due to salinity. The natural range of host species at different sites (river catchments) across the south coast was also investigated. Remnant populations of S.�spicatum within and adjacent to the Pallinup River catchment were small (1–70 trees) and highly fragmented. The risk of further population decline due to salinity was concluded to be small because remnant trees were generally growing in well drained, sandy soils that were elevated above (median 9 m) their immediate drainage line. Across the seven river catchments surveyed, S. spicatum occurred in a range of vegetation associations and parasitised numerous species (68) from a wide range of genera and families. The suite of species exploited varied within and between catchments. Thirty species, including most monocots and Myrtaceae, were not successfully parasitised. Remnant S. spicatum always occurred on well drained soil types that supported open-woodland or mallee–heath communities. Sandalwood plantations, supported by numerous individuals of a range of host species (10–40 species), were shown to be productive in terms of sandalwood growth. The scale of the developing sandalwood plantation industry is likely to be small and unlikely to cover large areas of catchments. Thus, this industry alone is unlikely to address the salinity crisis through broadscale recharge management. However, additional to on-site recharge reduction, biodiverse host plantations may improve the prospects for biodiversity and rivers in salinising landscapes through the protection and enhancement of natural biodiversity, creation of new habitat, conservation of plant species and by providing a commercial incentive to protect biodiversity.

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10

Liu, Yandi D., Robert B. Longmore, Michael R. Boddy y John E. D. Fox. "Separation and identification of triximenynin from Santalum spicatum R. Br." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 74, n.º 10 (octubre de 1997): 1269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0056-6.

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11

Chapman, Tamra F. "Reintroduced burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) scatter hoard sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) seed". Australian Journal of Zoology 63, n.º 1 (2015): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14090.

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Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) has been almost entirely removed from the agricultural regions of Australia. Remaining stands, in the rangelands of Western Australia, are characterised by poor recruitment due to grazing of seedlings and lack of seed dispersal. The aim of this study was to determine whether reintroduced burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) would disperse sandalwood seed as part of a rangeland-restoration project. The bettongs removed most of the experimental seed within two days, scatter hoarded and cached seed near potential host plants. No broad conclusions can be made from this short-term study, but it has established that burrowing bettongs carry out an important ecosystem service, because moving sandalwood seeds away from the parent plant and close to a host plant is the primary means of promoting recruitment.

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12

Rugkhla, A. y M. G. K. Jones. "Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet formation in Santalum album and S. spicatum". Journal of Experimental Botany 49, n.º 320 (1 de marzo de 1998): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.320.563.

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13

Rugkhla, A., J. A. McComb y M. G. K. Jones. "Intra- and Inter-specific Pollination of Santalum spicatum and S. album". Australian Journal of Botany 45, n.º 6 (1997): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96079.

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The flower morphology, receptivity and sexual compatibility between genotypes and species were determined in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) and Indian sandalwood (S. album). The results showed that the stigma of both species became receptive at anthesis and reached a peak at 3 or 4 days after anthesis. Pollen tubes took 2 days to grow to the ovary when pollinated at anthesis, and 1 day when pollinated 2 or 3 days after anthesis. The egg apparatus matured at least 2 days after pollination and varied between genotypes. Fertilisation occurred 2 or 3 days following cross pollination. Although 10–40% of ovules were fertilised following intra-specific crosses of both species, the average initial fruit set was much lower: 4% in S. spicatum and 19% in S. album. Most immature fruit (75–80%) abscised following intra-specific pollination. The number of pollen tubes that grew in styles after self-and inter-specific pollination was lower than that for intra-specific pollination. Following self and inter-specific pollination, growth of pollen tubes was arrested in the style, ovary and around the embryo sac; a few penetrated the embryo sac. Initial fruit set was low and developing fruit abscised prematurely. The results indicated that pre- and post-fertilisation mechanisms control self-incompatibility and inter-specific incompatibility between the sandalwood species.

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14

Jiao, Lichao, Tuo He, Eleanor E. Dormontt, Yonggang Zhang, Andrew J. Lowe y Yafang Yin. "Applicability of chloroplast DNA barcodes for wood identification between Santalum album and its adulterants". Holzforschung 73, n.º 2 (25 de febrero de 2019): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0047.

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AbstractThe East Indian sandalwood,Santalum albumL., is known for its fragrant heartwood and extractive oils. The increasing demand for the valuable sandalwood products has led to illegal and excessive logging, and there are otherSantalumspecies in the commercial market as substitutes (adulterants). Improved tools for the identification ofSantalumspecies are needed to control this situation. In this study, four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions were screened (matK,psbA-trnH,trnK andtrnL) on 35 vouchered specimens covering fiveSantalumspecies, i.e.Santalum acuminatum,S. album,Santalum lanceolatum,Santalum murrayanumandSantalum spicatum. The goal of this study was to test the species discrimination ability by means of both the TaxonDNA and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results indicate that the combination ofpsbA-trnH+trnK gave the best performance for discrimination (100%) of the studiedSantalumspecies concerning the discrimination ability and recovery rate. Meanwhile, six unvouchered wood specimens were retrieved and accurately identified at the species level based on the recommended DNA barcodes. The DNA barcode method is now ready for application in the monitoring of the trade of this valuable resource, and provides an effective approach for wood species identification and product authentication.

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15

SPAFFORD, HELEN, ANDREW JARDINE, SCOTT CARVER, KATE TARALA, MARY van WEES y PHIL WEINSTEIN. "LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF EFFICACY OF A SANTALUM SPICATUM EXTRACT FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL". Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2007): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[304:ldoeoa]2.0.co;2.

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16

Brand, J. E., N. Robinson y R. D. Archibald. "Establishment and growth of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in south-western Australia:Acaciahost trials". Australian Forestry 66, n.º 4 (enero de 2003): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2003.10674924.

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17

Smith, P. "Stimulation of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments". Australian Forestry 83, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1728470.

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18

Liu, Yandi, Robert B. Longmore y Stanley G. Kailis. "Proximate and fatty acid composition changes in developing sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) seeds". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 75, n.º 1 (septiembre de 1997): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199709)75:1<27::aid-jsfa832>3.0.co;2-5.

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19

Muir, K., M. Byrne, E. Barbour, M. C. Cox y J. E. D. Fox. "High Levels of Outcrossing in a Family Trial of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)". Silvae Genetica 56, n.º 1-6 (1 de diciembre de 2007): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2007-0033.

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Abstract The mating system of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) was investigated in seed collections from a family trial. The mean outcrossing rate was high (95.2%) although there was variation among families and one family showed particularly low outcrossing, high bi-parental inbreeding and high correlated paternity. Variation in flowering time between this family and others in the trial was the most likely cause of the high inbreeding and low number of fathers contributing to the seed crop in trees from this family. The high level of outcrossing in the rest of the families indicated that S. spicatum has a preferentially outcrossed mating system, but that it is capable of selfing when conditions are unsuitable for outcrossing. The seedling progeny showed no influence of inbreeding on seedling height at 4 months. Analysis of genetic diversity revealed high levels of genetic diversity have been captured in the seed crop from the trial, and this diversity is comparable to that identified in a previous study of natural populations from throughout the range of the species. These results indicated that production of seed through seed orchards will be a successful means of deployment of breeding gains in the species, however it is essential to ensure overlap in flowering times among different families planted in a seed orchard.

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20

Höferl, Martina, Christina Hütter y Gerhard Buchbauer. "A Pilot Study on the Physiological Effects of Three Essential Oils in Humans". Natural Product Communications 11, n.º 10 (octubre de 2016): 1934578X1601101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601101034.

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In the present study, the physiological effects on 32 humans exposed to experimental stress provoked by inhalation of the essential oils of East Indian sandalwood ( Santalum album L.), Western Australian sandalwood ( Santalum spicatum R.Br.) and lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia MILL.) were investigated. During individual testing sessions, several saliva samples were collected, blood pressure was regularly measured and parameters of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, skin conductance response) were continuously monitored. Salivary cortisol, as an endocrine stress indicator, was determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Statistical analyses evidenced that the tested sandalwood essential oils significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, especially during the recreation phase. This finding corresponds with a distinct reduction of salivary cortisol levels during recreation in the Western Australian sandalwood oil compared with the control. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that essential oils can alleviate the physiological reactions to psychological stress and facilitate recovery after exposition to stress.

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21

Byrne, M., B. Macdonald y J. Brand. "Phylogeography and divergence in the chloroplast genome of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)". Heredity 91, n.º 4 (26 de septiembre de 2003): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800346.

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22

Moniodis, Jessie, Christopher G. Jones, E. Liz Barbour, Julie A. Plummer, Emilio L. Ghisalberti y Joerg Bohlmann. "The transcriptome of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in heartwood xylem of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)". Phytochemistry 113 (mayo de 2015): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.009.

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23

Sawyer, Benjamin. "Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) establishment in the semi-arid and arid regions of Western Australia". Rangeland Journal 35, n.º 1 (2013): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12088.

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Harvesting of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) occurs mainly from wild stands in the semi-arid and arid regions (typical annual rainfall 150–300 mm) of Western Australia. Regeneration of wild sandalwood in these regions is believed to be low since the occurrence of changes in land use associated with European settlement. This is thought to be due to factors including drought, poor seed dispersal and grazing. The objective of the study was to increase the germination and establishment of sandalwood through exploring seed response to rainfall. Additionally, the potential of soil-preparation techniques to utilise trace amounts of moisture was investigated. Two 25-ha plots were located either side of the semi-arid–arid divide. Into the plots 16 replicates of the control and 96 replicates of treatments were installed and sown with 11 200 seeds. Rainfall and other weather parameters were recorded at each site with an automated weather station. The study was replicated in 2008 and 2009. It was concluded from the study that there was a statistically significant relationship between germination and rainfall. It is proposed that the germination threshold is 264 mm per year which coincides with the long-term annual rainfall average of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship between germination and soil preparation was demonstrated. Ripping crust-forming soils before sowing and the construction of water-harvest banks had a positive effect. Information gained from these studies has led to the Western Australian State Government implementing a seeding program to increase sandalwood regeneration in the semi-arid region.

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24

Brand, J. E., P. C. Ryan y M. R. Williams. "Establishment and growth of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in south-western Australia: the Northampton pilot trial". Australian Forestry 62, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1999.10674760.

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25

Millar, M. A., M. Byrne y E. Barbour. "Characterisation of eleven polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) (R.Br.) A.DC. (Santalaceae)". Conservation Genetics Resources 4, n.º 1 (29 de junio de 2011): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9473-9.

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26

MURPHY, MARIE T., MARK J. GARKAKLIS y GILES E. St J. HARDY. "Seed caching by woylies Bettongia penicillata can increase sandalwood Santalum spicatum regeneration in Western Australia". Austral Ecology 30, n.º 7 (noviembre de 2005): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01515.x.

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27

Byrne, M., B. MacDonald, L. Broadhurst y J. Brand. "Regional genetic differentiation in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) as revealed by nuclear RFLP analysis". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 107, n.º 7 (26 de julio de 2003): 1208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1365-2.

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28

McLellan, R. C., K. Dixon y D. M. Watson. "Prolific or precarious: a review of the status of Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum [R.Br.] A.DC., Santalaceae)". Rangeland Journal 43, n.º 4 (2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj21017.

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Across its entire range in Australia’s western and southern rangelands, Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum [R.Br.] A.DC.) is on a path towards ‘extinction in the wild’––the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s penultimate category of conservation risk. Sandalwood populations have substantially diminished or become locally extinct, predominantly a consequence of land clearing for agriculture, introduced grazers, disruption of key ecological processes (e.g. seed dispersal, fire regimes) and 175 years of intensive commercial exploitation for its fragrant, high value timber. The status of the world’s last wild-harvested species of sandalwood is significant to both conservation and rangeland management, and the implementation of a science-based sustainable yield approach to management of this species is vital. By highlighting the scale and precipitous rate of decline and identifying key drivers affecting mortality and recruitment, this review outlines the conservation and restoration needs of the species in situ to conserve remaining wild populations, and the need to transition to science-based resource management actions such as farm-based plantation production.

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29

Braun, Norbert A., Manfred Meier, Birgit Kohlenberg, Claudia Valder y Michael Neugebauer. "Santalum spicatum(R. Br.) A. DC. (Santalaceae)—nor-Helifolenal and Acorenol Isomers: Isolation and Biogenetic Considerations". Journal of Essential Oil Research 15, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2003): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9698617.

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30

Brand, J. E., D. S. Crombie y M. D. Mitchell. "Establishment and growth of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in south-western Australia: the influence of host species". Australian Forestry 63, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2000.10674814.

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31

Murphy, Marie, Kay Howard, Giles E. St J. Hardy y Bernard Dell. "When losing your nuts increases your reproductive success: sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) nut caching by the woylie (Bettongia penicillata)". Pacific Conservation Biology 21, n.º 3 (2015): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14924.

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To regenerate sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) stands in south-western Australia it is necessary to understand the complex relationship between woylies (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) and sandalwood. Sandalwood requires a seed disperser for successful recruitment and in the past the critically endangered woylie played an important role in dispersing and caching seeds, but it is not clear whether this mutualistic and antagonistic relationship is beneficial to regeneration efforts. An enclosure in a woodland and 46Scandium-labelled seeds, enabled study of the in situ predation of seeds, caching, the fate of cached seeds, the detection of cached seeds and predation of germinated seeds. Woylies preferentially cached sandalwood, then S. acuminatum seeds, before any interest was shown in Acacia acuminata and Gastrolobium microcarpum seeds, which were virtually all eaten in situ. Of a further 500 radiolabelled and individually numbered sandalwood seeds deployed, 42.2% were eaten in situ, 20.8% had an unknown fate and 37% were cached, with some seeds being recached up to four times. After nine months, only four cached seeds remained undisturbed. Olfaction appeared to be the primary method of cache detection. To examine the recruitment rate of cached seeds, the fate of 89 transplanted sandalwood seedlings at two study sites was followed. After one month 38% were intact and growing, but half of the transplanted seedlings were dug up and the remaining endosperm was eaten in situ or taken away. The results highlight the potential of providing seed supplies, including sandalwood seeds and seeds of their hosts, to seed-dispersal marsupials for passive ecosystem repair.

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Brand, Jonathan E., Benjamin Sawyer y David R. Evans. "The benefits of seed enrichment on sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) populations, after 17 years, in semi-arid Western Australia". Rangeland Journal 36, n.º 5 (2014): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14026.

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Initially, the size-class structure of 1067 natural sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) trees and seedlings, growing in populations at three semi-arid sites (Burnerbinmah, Ninghan and Goongarrie) in Western Australia, was measured during 1996–97. These same populations, and any new sandalwood seedlings and small trees that had established after 1996–97, were measured again after 17 years (2013). Size-class structure was assessed by measuring over-bark stem diameter at 150 mm above the ground. Populations of sandalwood trees at the Burnerbinmah and Ninghan sites failed to regenerate and, after 17 years, they contained only 0–3% small trees and 0–2% seedlings. Their overall population size declined by 21–24% and, combined with recruitment failure, these natural stands of sandalwood may largely disappear within 50–60 years. At the Goongarrie site, the proportion of large trees within the natural population increased from 58% to 82%. The proportion of small trees was constant at 13–16%, while seedlings declined from 29% to 2%. The population reduced by 35%, mainly due to high seedling mortality. Although the population was in decline, there appeared to be enough small trees and seedlings to maintain the population longer than at both the Burnerbinmah and Ninghan sites. In a second study, 16 640 sandalwood seeds were sown at the same three sites during 1996–97, and then assessed for germination, survival, growth and fruit production over 17 years. Sandalwood germination and growth were compared between locations, fencing treatments and land systems. Seed enrichment was successful at each site with 27–45% germination and 6–20% survival (from germinated seeds) after 17 years. The overall seedling survival rates (from total seeds sown) ranged from 2.1% to 5.2%. Mean stem diameter of seedlings was significantly larger at Goongarrie (37 mm) than at both Burnerbinmah and Ninghan (20–22 mm) sites. Grazing significantly affected the performance of sandalwood seedlings at an age of 17 years at the Ninghan site. At this site, seedling survival (from germinated seeds) was 16% in the fenced plots compared with only 6% in the unfenced plots. Mean stem diameter in the fenced plots (24 mm) was also significantly greater than in the unfenced plots (11 mm). Land systems did not affect survival of sandalwood seedlings at the Burnerbinmah site but had a significant impact at the Goongarrie site after 17 years. Seedling survival was significantly greater on the hills and ridges than those growing on the plains with granite and red sand plains. Seed-enrichment programs are recommended to improve long-term regeneration and sustainability of sandalwood trees.

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Brand, Jonathan E. y Grant M. Pronk. "Influence of age on sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil content within different wood grades from five plantations in Western Australia". Australian Forestry 74, n.º 2 (enero de 2011): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2011.10676356.

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Brand, J. E. y L. J. Norris. "Variation in oil content and tree size between six geographically separate Santalum spicatum families, established near Narrogin, Western Australia". Australian Forestry 80, n.º 5 (2 de octubre de 2017): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2017.1395552.

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Brand, Jonathan E. "Effect of different Acacia acuminata variants as hosts on performance of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in the northern and eastern Wheatbelt, Western Australia". Australian Forestry 72, n.º 4 (enero de 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2009.10676297.

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Nardoni, Simona, Silvia Giovanelli, Luisa Pistelli, Linda Mugnaini, Greta Profili, Francesca Pisseri y Francesca Mancianti. "In Vitro Activity of Twenty Commercially Available, Plant-Derived Essential Oils against Selected Dermatophyte Species". Natural Product Communications 10, n.º 8 (agosto de 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000840.

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The in vitro activity of twenty chemically defined essential oils (EOs) obtained from Boswellia sacra, Citrus bergamia, C. limon, C. medica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare, Helichrysum italicum, Illicium verum, Litsea cubeba, Mentha spicata, Myrtus communis, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. vulgare, Pelargonium graveolens, Rosmarinus officinalis, Santalum album, Satureja montana, and Thymus serpyllum was assayed against clinical animal isolates of Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. erinacei, T. terrestre and Microsporum gypseum, main causative agents of zoonotic and/or environmental dermatophytoses in humans. Single main components present in high amounts in such EOs were also tested. Different dermatophyte species showed remarkable differences in sensitivity. In general, more effective EOs were T. serpyllum (MIC range 0.025%-0.25%), O. vulgare (MIC range 0.025%-0.5%) and L. cubeba (MIC range 0.025%-1.5%). F. vulgare showed a moderate efficacy against geophilic species such as M. gypseum and T. terrestre. Among single main components tested, neral was the most active (MIC and MFC values ≤ 0.25%). The results of the present study seem to be promising for an in vivo use of some assayed EOs.

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"Santalum spicatum". CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (7 de enero de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.50400.

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Sawyer, B. "Research into sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) regeneration establishment in the semi-arid and arid regions of Western Australia". Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium 16 (10 de abril de 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v16i0.90.

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