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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Santalum album"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

P, Kamalarajan, ,. Amalraj y M. F. Valan. "Phytochemistry and Hepatoprotective Activity of Chloroform Extract of NKC Ingredient in Santalum album Against D-Galactosamine Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, n.º 4-A (30 de agosto de 2019): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-a.3288.

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Objective: Nilavembu Kudineer Chooranam is the combination of nine plant materials. The nine components are Nilavempu (Andrographis paniculata), Vettiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), Vilamiccamver (plectranthus vettiveroides), Santanam (Santalum album), Peyputtal (Trichosanthes dioica), Koraikkilanku (Cyperus rotandus), Cukku (Zingeber officinale), Milaku (Piper nigrum), Parpatakam (Mollugo cerviana). All these plants are used conventionally in the treatment of fever, inflammation, arthralgia, arthritis, gastric ulcer, jaundice, and general weaknes Methods: About 500gm of dried fine powder of Santalum album were soaked in the extractor and macerated for 30 hrs with petroleum ether. On the 22ndday after overnight fast the blood was collected from retro- orbital After the separation of serum from the blood assay of ALT, AST, ALP, γGT and bilirubin were done using standard methods and enzyme assay tests. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the Chloroform extract of Santalum album reveals the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, coumarin, and tannin. The pretreatment of chloroform extract of Santalum album at a dose of 200mg and 400mg/kg (group IV and V) appeared to significantly prevent the galactosamine toxicity as revealed by the hepatic cells which were preserved in cytoplasms. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that chloroform extract of Santalum album at both doses possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity, which is evidenced by lowered serum hepatic marker enzyme activities. Among the two dosages tested, 400 mg/kg/body weight showed more promising hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity, and is comparable to the standard drug Silymarin. Keywords: Nilavembu Kudineer Chooranam, Chloroform extract of Santalum album, preliminary phytochemical analysis, Hepatoprotective activity, D-Galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

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2

Rani, Arti, Puja Ravikumar, Manjunatha Damodara Reddy y Anil Kush. "Molecular regulation of santalol biosynthesis in Santalum album L." Gene 527, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2013): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.080.

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3

Nisha Poudel, Ram Asheshwar Mandal, Ajay B. Mathema y Kailash Timilsina. "Growth performance of Santalum album its income potentiality: A study from Pyuthan District, Nepal". World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research 1, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2021): 026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2021.1.1.0115.

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The Santalum album is becoming a popular income generating tree species in Nepal but its growth performance has not been assessed so far yet. Thus, this study was objectively conducted to assess mean annual increment, income from Santalum album and value chain analysis. The Private plantation of Pyuthan district was selected for the study site. The diameter and height of 450 plants were measured and their age was recorded. Total fifteen key informant interviews, forty five farmers’ interviews and one focused group discussion were conducted to collect primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics .Mean annual increment, price of Santalum album and contribution of Santalum album in total income were analyzed. The result showed that the highest mean annual diameter increment was 51.94 cm and lowest mean annual increment was 28.25cm, the highest mean height increment was 6.39 m and the lowest mean annual height increment was4.47m and the highest mean volume increment was 0.678 m3but the lowest mean annual volume increment was 0.134 m3. The estimated maximum range of annual income from Santalum album was US$ 221-530 which was 10-15% contribution in farmers annual income while minimum range of this was US$ 194-265 and it contributes<10%.The difference of the price of Santalum album between the farmers and users in Kathmandu was2200 times more.

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4

Matsuo, Yukiko y Yoshihiro Mimaki. "α-Santalol derivatives from Santalum album and their cytotoxic activities". Phytochemistry 77 (mayo de 2012): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.007.

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5

Xin-Hua, Zhang, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva y Guo-Hua Ma. "Karyotype analysis of Santalum album L." Caryologia 63, n.º 2 (abril de 2010): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2010.10589719.

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6

Yadav, Roshan. "Assessment of the Role of Environmental factors and Associated Plants for the Mass Cultivation of Santalum album L in Nepal and India". Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 3, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/016.

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Sandalwood (White Sandal) is the fragrant heartwood of some species of genus Santalum. The widely distributed and economically important Santalum genus belongs to the family Santalaceae which includes 30 genera with about 400 species, many of which being completely or partially parasitic (John, 1947). The word Sandal has been derived from Chandana (Sanskrit), Chandan (Persian), Savtador (Greek) and Santal (French). There are references of Sandalwood in Indian mythology, folklore and ancient scripts. ‘Chandana’ the Sanskrit name ascribed to Santalum album L. was known and used in India from the earliest historic times and is frequently mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit writings, some of which dated before Christian era. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (320 B.C.) considered Sandal as one of the important forest products to increase royal revenue.

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7

Kucharska, Malgorzata, Barbara Frydrych, Wiktor Wesolowski, Jadwiga A. Szymanska y Anna Kilanowicz. "A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard". Molecules 26, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2021): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082249.

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Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.

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8

Herawan, Toni, Mohammad Na'iem, Sapto Indrioko y Ari Indrianto. "Somatic embryogenesis of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)". Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 19, n.º 2 (22 de febrero de 2016): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.9311.

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Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is native species of Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara, is oneof the twenty two species of the genus Santalum in the world. Sandalwood is an important tree because it hashigh economic value can produce sandal oil these can be used for perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, andare often used in religious ceremonies. In vitro particularly somatic embryogenesis has been widely appliedin the propagation of sandalwood. The Objective of this research is to obtain regeneration of sandalwoodthrough somatic embryogenesis using leaves explant from various clones. Medium for embryo induction is MS(Murashige and Skoog, 1962) solid medium containing treatment of 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)at various concentrations. To the media 0,15 mg /l kinetin, 40 g/l sucrose, and 2,5 g/l gelrite were added.Culture were incubated in the dark. Medium for Embryo development (maturation) is MS solid mediumcontaining treatment of BAP (Benzyl-amino-purine) at various concentrations. To the media 0,01 mg /l NAA(Napthalene-acetic-acid), 40 g/l sucrose, and 2,5 g/l gelrite were added. Culture were incubated in the light. Tostudy the specifi c structure of sandalwood somatic embryo early detection was conducted using histologicalanalysis. Results of anova showed that the clones, media, and interaction between clones with media did notsignifi cantly affect the development of sandalwood callus percentage. Results of anova showed that the clonesand BAP concentration signifi cantly effect to the embryo development of sandalwood.

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9

Ma, Guo-Hua, Eric Bunn, Jing-Feng Zhang y Guo-Jiang Wu. "Evidence of Dichogamy in Santalum album L." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48, n.º 3 (marzo de 2006): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00201.x.

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10

Peeris, MKP y WTPSK Senarath. "In vitro propagation of Santalum album L." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 43, n.º 3 (24 de septiembre de 2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v43i3.7954.

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11

Tennakoon, Kushan U. y Duncan D. Cameron. "The anatomy of Santalum album (Sandalwood) haustoria". Canadian Journal of Botany 84, n.º 10 (octubre de 2006): 1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-118.

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Structural attributes of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood) haustoria have been long overlooked in the literature. This is surprising since successful haustorial formation is key to the survival of individuals of this ecologically and economically important plant. We investigated the morphology of haustoria formed by S. album attached to one of its principal hosts Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray. The bell-shaped mature haustoria were composed of a peripheral hyaline body and a centrally located penetration peg. The parasite penetration peg can penetrate the host by means of direct pressure and the secretion of cell-wall-degrading enzymes when forming a successful graft union. The latter mechanism is supported by this study as we observed no evidence of collapsed host cells as the result of parasite applied pressure. Upon reaching the xylem tissue of the host root, the penetration peg formed a thin ellipsoidal disc and the host–parasite interface was almost entirely composed of parenchymatous tissue. Luminal continuities were absent between the xylem conducting tissues of the partners, thus suggesting mass flow of solutes is unlikely to occur in this association. High densities of contact parenchyma were found at the host–parasite interface; thus it is probable that these are the principal structures formed by the parasite that facilitate the acquisition of host-derived xylem resources. This study therefore concludes that haustorial anatomy of S. album supports cross membrane (potentially selective) uptake of host-derived solutes as opposed to mass flow via vascular continuity.

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12

Nikam, T. D. y R. B. Barmukh. "GA3 enhances in vitro seed germination in Santalum album". Seed Science and Technology 37, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2009): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.2.02.

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13

Zhang, Xin Hua, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Yong Xia Jia, Jie Tang Zhao y Guo Hua Ma. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils from the Pericarps of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) by Different Extraction Methods". Natural Product Communications 7, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700132.

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The chemical composition of volatile compounds from pericarp oils of Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., isolated by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The pericarps yielded 2.6 and 5.0% volatile oil by hydrodistillation and n-hexane extraction, and they were colorless and yellow in color, respectively. A total of 66 volatile components were detected. The most prominent compounds were palmitic and oleic acids, representing about 40-70% of the total oil. Many fragrant constituents and biologically active components, such as α- and β-santalol, cedrol, esters, aldehydes, phytosterols, and squalene were present in the pericarp oils. This is the first report of the volatile composition of the pericarps of any Santalum species.

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14

Kim, Tae, Tsutomu Hatano, Keinosuke Okamoto, Takashi Yoshida, Hiroshi Kanzaki, Michiko Arita y Hideyuki Ito. "Antifungal and Ichthyotoxic Sesquiterpenoids from Santalum album Heartwood". Molecules 22, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2017): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071139.

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15

Yang, Dejun, Qiong Qiu, Linhong Xu, Yumei Xu y Yi Wang. "The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Santalum album". Mitochondrial DNA Part B 5, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2020): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1704199.

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16

Matsuo, Yukiko y Yoshihiro Mimaki. "Lignans from Santalum album and Their Cytotoxic Activities". CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 58, n.º 4 (2010): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.587.

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17

Burdock, George A. y Ioana G. Carabin. "Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.)". Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, n.º 2 (febrero de 2008): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092.

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18

Kumar, Pradeep, Madhu Kamle y Jagtar Singh. "Biochemical characterization of Santalum album (Chandan) leaf peroxidase". Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 17, n.º 2 (abril de 2011): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-011-0054-x.

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19

Jiao, Lichao, Tuo He, Eleanor E. Dormontt, Yonggang Zhang, Andrew J. Lowe y Yafang Yin. "Applicability of chloroplast DNA barcodes for wood identification between Santalum album and its adulterants". Holzforschung 73, n.º 2 (25 de febrero de 2019): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0047.

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AbstractThe East Indian sandalwood,Santalum albumL., is known for its fragrant heartwood and extractive oils. The increasing demand for the valuable sandalwood products has led to illegal and excessive logging, and there are otherSantalumspecies in the commercial market as substitutes (adulterants). Improved tools for the identification ofSantalumspecies are needed to control this situation. In this study, four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions were screened (matK,psbA-trnH,trnK andtrnL) on 35 vouchered specimens covering fiveSantalumspecies, i.e.Santalum acuminatum,S. album,Santalum lanceolatum,Santalum murrayanumandSantalum spicatum. The goal of this study was to test the species discrimination ability by means of both the TaxonDNA and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results indicate that the combination ofpsbA-trnH+trnK gave the best performance for discrimination (100%) of the studiedSantalumspecies concerning the discrimination ability and recovery rate. Meanwhile, six unvouchered wood specimens were retrieved and accurately identified at the species level based on the recommended DNA barcodes. The DNA barcode method is now ready for application in the monitoring of the trade of this valuable resource, and provides an effective approach for wood species identification and product authentication.

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20

Butaud, Jean-François, Vincent Gaydou, Jean-Pierre Bianchini, Robert Faure y Phila Raharivelomanana. "Dihydroxysesquiterpenoids from Santalum insulare of French Polynesia". Natural Product Communications 2, n.º 3 (marzo de 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200303.

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Two new dihydroxysesquiterpene derivatives, elvirenol (1) and elvirol (2), along with five known compounds, (Z)-2β-hydroxy-14-hydro-β-santalol (3), (Z)-2α-hydroxyalbumol (4), (Z)-campherene-2β,13-diol (5), bisabola-2,10-dien-7,13-diol (6) and 2R-(Z)-campherene-2,13-diol (7) were isolated from the n-hexane extract of Santalum insulare (Santalaceae) from French Polynesia. Elvirol and elvirenol have a new sesquiterpene skeleton named elvirane. The structures were determined by extensive NMR studies. Compounds with antibacterial and antifungal activities identified in S. album heartwood were also present in S. insulare and may contribute to the recognized activities of this material in Polynesian traditional medicine.

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21

kumar, Yadav Roshan, Mukhopadhyay Subrata y Tah Jagatpati. "A Short Review on White Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)". International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews 08, n.º 04 (2019): 73–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.37794/ijsrr.2019.8408.

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22

Rimbawanto, Anto, AYPBC Widyatmoko y Purnamila Sulistyowati. "DISTRIBUSI KERAGAMAN GENETIK POPULASI Santalum album BERDASARKAN PENANDA RAPD". Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 3, n.º 3 (junio de 2006): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpht.2006.3.3.175-181.

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23

Baskorowati, Liliana. "IMPLIKASI BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI TERHADAP KONSERVASI GENETIK JENIS Santalum album". JURNAL PEMULIAAN TANAMAN HUTAN 5, n.º 1 (30 de julio de 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2011.5.1.1-11.

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24

Krishnakumar, N. y K. T. Parthiban. "Flowering Phenology and Seed Production of Santalum album L." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, n.º 5 (10 de mayo de 2017): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.106.

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25

Kim, Tae Hoon, Hideyuki Ito, Tsutomu Hatano, Junko Takayasu, Harukuni Tokuda, Hoyoku Nishino, Takahisa Machiguchi y Takashi Yoshida. "New antitumor sesquiterpenoids from Santalum album of Indian origin". Tetrahedron 62, n.º 29 (julio de 2006): 6981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.04.072.

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26

Bhaskar, V. "Pollination biology and fertilization in Santalum album L. (Santalaceae)". Flora 187 (1992): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)32207-7.

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27

Barrett, DR y JED Fox. "Early Growth of Santalum album in Relation to Shade". Australian Journal of Botany 42, n.º 1 (1994): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940083.

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Morphological features of the hemi-parasite Santalum album Linn. (Indian sandalwood) were examined on tree seedlings raised under different shade treatments. Treatment levels were full sun and 32, 50, 70 and 80% shade. The level of shade significantly affected many morphological characteristics. Leaf area was least in full sun and greater under all shade levels. Leaves were thicker, shorter and narrower in full sun than in 80% shade. Leaf length/width ratio was greater when shade exceeded 50%. Petioles were shorter in 50% and more shade. Leaves in 80% shade had more chlorophyll and were of greater weight. Stomatal numbers were higher and internodes longer in 80% shade than in full sun. None of the following showed significant differences: plant heights, leaf numbers, crown widths and stem diameters. Chlorophyll concentrations are within the range of those possessed by non-parasitic land plants. On balance 80% shade plants had adaptive attributes more favourable to growth than plants from less shade. Survival was least in full sun.

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28

Kim, Tae Hoon, Hideyuki Ito, Kikuyo Hayashi, Toshio Hasegawa, Takahisa Machiguchi y Takashi Yoshida. "Aromatic Constituents from the Heartwood of Santalum album L." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 53, n.º 6 (2005): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.641.

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29

Sankara Rao, K., N. K. Chrungoo y Amares Sinha. "Characterization of somatic embryogenesis in sandalwood (Santalum album L.)". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 32, n.º 3 (julio de 1996): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822754.

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30

Sanjaya, Bagyalakshmi Muthan, Thrilok Singh Rathore y Vittal Ravishankar Rai. "Micropropagation of an endangered Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.)". Journal of Forest Research 11, n.º 3 (junio de 2006): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-006-0207-x.

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31

Maia, Juliana, Abdul Qadir, Eny Widajati y Yohannes Aris Purwanto. "Ultrafine Bubbles Technology for Breaking Dormancy of Sandalwood Seeds (Santalum album L." Jurnal Perbenihan Tanaman Hutan 9, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/bptpth.2021.9.1.27-41.

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Sandalwood seed has two types of dormancy, namely physical dormancy and physiological dormancy which is a combination of the Two-part is called morphophysiological dormancy. There is for breaks dormancy in sandalwood for earlier embryo maturation and elongation also it has hard and impermeable skin. Its structure consists of layers of thick-walled palisade-like cells especially on the outermost surface and the inside has a waxy coating and curse material. The objective of this study was to break of seed dormancy with technology Ultrafine Bubbles (UFB) on the morphophysiological dormancy on sandalwood seeds. The experiments used a randomized complete block designed (RCBD) with 3 replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and will be continued using the DMRT test at the 5% level. The research was conducted from February - March 0f 2020. The results showed that immersion using UFB water with oxygen 20 ppm or either UFB free oxygen for 24 and 48 hours combined with physical scarification and chemical scarification could accelerate germination in 13 days after germination (appeared radicle), percentage of growth speed (GS) is 4.67%, maximum growth (MG) in 21 days after sowing is 66.67% with normal sprouts 2-4 leaves have grown.

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32

Birkbeck, Anthony A. "The Synthesis of Fragrant Natural Products from Santalum album L.: (+)-(Z)-α-Santalol and (–)-(Z)-β-Santalol". CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 71, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2017.823.

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33

Balasubramanian, A., C. N. Hari Prasath, S. Radhakrishnan y M. Sivaprakash. "Host-specific influence on early growth and physiological attributes of sandal (Santalum album) grown in farmlands". Journal of Environmental Biology 42, n.º 4(SI) (1 de julio de 2021): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/4(si)/mrn-1542a.

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Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the host- specific compatibility of sandal (Santalum album) for better root proliferation and boosting the growth of tree. Methodology: Sandal (Santalum album) was grown with 8 different leguminous and non-leguminous species at early stage to evaluate its biometric growth (height and basal diameter) and physiological (chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate) performance under field conditions. Results: Sandal grown with Sesbania grandiflora recorded highest biometric observations, chlorophyll, photosynthesis and transpiration rate followed by Sandal + Albizia lebbeck and sandal + Casuarina junghuhniana. The sandal grown with leguminous host showed superior growth performance than sandal grown with non-leguminous host. Interpretation: The present study recommended that Sesbania grandiflora can be grown as transit host for boosting the growth of sandal.

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34

Tyagi, Yogita y N. V. Satheesh Madhav. "SMART INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR DESIGNING FLUVOXAMINE LOADED BIO-NANOSUSPENSION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DEPRESSION". International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 11, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.28212.

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Objective: Design and evaluation of fluvoxamine loaded bio-nanosuspensions using biopolymer which was isolated from the wood of Santalum album used as the stabilizer.Methods: The main aim of the present investigation was to obtain an ocular drug delivery system with improved stability using biopolymer. The fluvoxamine loaded Bio-nanosuspension was prepared using novel biopolymer isolated from Santalum album by sonication solvent evaporation method with different ratios (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) and evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH stability studies, %entrapment efficacy, in vitro drug release, stability studies.Results: The prepared bio-nanosuspension was subjected to the best formulation based on the comparison of above-mentioned evaluation parameters, so Fb3 (3%) formulation was found to be the best formulation showing an R2 value of 0.9744, T50% of 31.3 h and T80% of 50.1 h respectively. According to the release kinetics, the best fit model was found to be Peppas Korsmeyer with Fickian Diffusion (Higuchi Matrix) as the mechanism of drug release. Santalum album provided excellent stability for the formulation, and resulting particle size for the best formulation was found to be 196 nm. The bio-nanosuspension had Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.19 with zeta potential of-20mV.Conclusion: The prepared bio-nanosuspension was found to be safe and compatible with the ophthalmic delivery for treatment of depression.

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35

Njurumana, Gerson N., Djoko Marsono M, Irham I. I y Ronggo Sadono S. "KONSERVASI CENDANA (Santalum album Linn) BERBASIS MASYARAKAT PADA SISTEM KALIWU DI PULAU SUMBA". Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 11, n.º 2 (24 de abril de 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.11.2.51-61.

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ABSTRAKCendana (Santalum album Linn) merupakan sumberdaya alam hayati yang memilikikandungan santalol, yaitu bahan aromatik bernilai ekonomi tinggi untuk berbagaipenggunaanya bagi manusia. Permintaan minyak cendana yang tinggi mendorongeksploitasi melebihi kapasitas lestarinya, sehingga pemulihannya memerlukan partisipasisemua pihak, terutama masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasiperan masyarakat dalam pelestarian cendana dan merumuskan strategipengembangannya pada sistem Kaliwu di Pulau Sumba. Metode penelitian dilakukansecara observasi, sedangkan analisisnya dengan deskriptif kualitatif dan SWOT.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran serta masyarakat dalam pengembangancendana sangat potensial. Hal ini dibuktikan bahwa sebanyak 30% responden melakukanpemeliharaan cendana secara swadaya dengan strategi memelihara pohon induk,menanam permudaan alam dan biji cendana, serta beberapa diantaranya memperolehbantuan bibit dari Dinas Kehutanan. Partisipasi masyarakat merupakan modal yangperlu difasilitasi melalui penguatan kapasitas masyarakat memelihara danmengembangkan cendana, mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan input program daripemerintah dan lembaga terkait untuk pemeliharaan cendana pada sistem Kaliwu, sertameningkatkan pengembangan dan produksi cendana untuk memenuhi kebutuhan duniainternasional.Kata Kunci : Cendana, Konservasi, Masyarakat, Sistem Kaliwu

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Sundharamoorthy, Susikumar, Nartunai Govindarajan, Arunachalam Chinnapillai y Ilavarasan Raju. "Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)". Pharmacognosy Journal 10, n.º 4 (15 de junio de 2018): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.4.122.

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Herawan, Toni, Mohamad Na'iem, Sapto Indrioko y Ari Indrianto. "KULTUR JARINGAN CENDANA (Santalum album L.) MENGGUNAKAN EKSPLAN MATA TUNAS". JURNAL PEMULIAAN TANAMAN HUTAN 9, n.º 3 (30 de noviembre de 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2015.3.177-188.

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38

Herawan, Toni, Mohammad Na'iem, Sapto Indrioko y Ari Indrianto. "KULTUR JARINGAN CENDANA (Santalum album L.) MENGGUNAKAN EKSPLAN MATA TUNAS". JURNAL PEMULIAAN TANAMAN HUTAN 9, n.º 3 (30 de noviembre de 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2015.9.3.177-188.

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39

Thinley, Pema, Jambay Jambay, Dhan Gurung, Tenzin Rabgay, Penjor Penjor, Manish Kumar, Karma Wangchuk, Monika Pradhan, Bishal Sitaula y Nani Raut. "Ecology of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) at Lingmethang, Eastern Bhutan". Bhutan Journal of Natural Resources and Development 7, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17102/cnr.2020.48.

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A study was carried out at Lingmethang to find out the ecological requirement for the growth of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) trees in Bhutan. It also aimed to determine the preferred hosts of Sandalwood in the study site and to map its habitat suitability in the country. Plot size of 20 x 20 m2 for trees, 10 x 10 m2 for shrubs, and 5 x 5 m2 for regenerations and herbs were used. Soil samples were collected by digging soil to 25-30 cm depth from each plot. PC-ORD software was used for finding the relation of the variable with seedling abundance. A total of 19 tree species under 14 families and 40 undergrowth species under 24 families were recorded in the areas where Sandalwood is growing naturally. Mallotus philippensis and Albizia sikkimensis were the co-dominant tree species with chirpine as the dominant tree. Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) was the most preferred host species of the Sandalwood seedlings followed by Murraya koenigii. Mature Sandalwood tree was found parasitizing on Desmodium sp. (Fabaceae). Slope was one of the most determinant factors for the growth of Sandalwood (r = .951, p < .05), but rainfall had greater influence even though negative (r = -.943, p < .05) in the valley. Soil Nitrogen did not have much effect on the seedling abundance but mature trees prefered Fabaceae as hosts. A total of 16 dzongkhags are suitable for plantation of Sandalwood. Among these, Zhemgang Dzongkhag has the maximum potential area (469.62 km2) and Punakha Dzongkhag has the least (2.88 km2).

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Tripathi, M. K., D. Bele, G. Tiwari, R. P. Patel y Ashok Ahuja. "High frequency in vitro regeneration of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.)". Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries 9, n.º 3 (2017): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2017.00024.7.

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Jayawardena, MM Dileepa M., KMG Gehan Jayasuriya y Jeffrey L. Walck. "Confirmation of morphophysiological dormancy in sandalwood (Santalum album, Santalaceae) seeds". Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 43, n.º 3 (24 de septiembre de 2015): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v43i3.7949.

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Suma, T. B. y M. Balasundaran. "Isozyme variation in five provenances of Santalum album in India". Australian Journal of Botany 51, n.º 3 (2003): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02094.

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Santalum album L., the 'East Indian sandalwood', is among the oldest known perfumery material, highly acclaimed worldwide. Genetic diversity within and between five Indian sandal provenances, namely Marayoor (Kerala state), Bangalore, Mandagadde and Thangli (Karnataka state) and Javadis (Tamil Nadu state), was investigated by using metabolic enzymes, viz. peroxidase (PRX), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), glucophosphate isomerase (GPI), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and esterase (EST). Ten of the eleven resolved loci (90.9%) were found to be polymorphic at least in one of the individuals analysed. Observed heterozygosity, both at the locus and provenance level, was higher than the expected heterozygosity in Hardy–Weinberg expectations. The average rate of gene flow between the provenances was found to be very low (0.069). An examination of the partitioning of genetic diversity within and between provenances indicated that 78.3% of the observed variation occurred between provenances and the rest of the variation within provenances. The genetic relatedness of the five provenances was revealed by the UPGMA dendrogram, which comprised of mainly two clusters. Bangalore and Thangli were the most genetically similar and Marayoor and Mandagadde were the most diverse provenances. The low degree of genetic variability within Santalum album provenances might be due to the fragmentation of a previously large original population, resulting in loss of genetic variation, least amount of gene flow between provenances and differentiation of population due to random drift.

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Matsuo, Yukiko y Yoshihiro Mimaki. "ChemInform Abstract: Lignans from Santalum album and Their Cytotoxic Activities". ChemInform 41, n.º 37 (19 de agosto de 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201037218.

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NUROCHMAN, DEDEN, JUANG RATA MATANGARAN, GUNAWAN SANTOSA, DIDIK SUHARJITO y RITA KARTIKA SARI. "Autecology and morphological properties of sandalwood (Santalum album) in Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2018): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190207.

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Nurochman D, Matangaran JR, Santosa G, Suharjito D, Sari RK. 2018. Autecology and morphological properties of sandalwood (Santalum album) in Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 406-412. IUCN Red List (1998) reported that Santalum album L. as an endangered species. Studies on autecology, association, and the utilization of sandalwood on its natural habitat becomes important to perform conservation of the species. This research was conducted in Teungku Dilaweung Village, Pidie District, Province of Aceh. Vegetation analysis was conducted to determine the population structures. Distribution pattern was analyzed using Morisita Index (Id) and Chi-square test, while interspecific association pattern was determined through contingency table, Jaccard Index (JI) and variance-ratio (VR) test. Observation and analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil, topography, and microclimate were done to identify ecological factors affecting the presence of sandalwood. The study showed that the highest abundance at tree level (IVI>100%) was obtained by Syzygium cumini with a density of 15 trees/ha. S. album was found to have clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 2.258 and ?2compute of 62.571. S. Album has an interspecific association with two species i.e.: Syzygium cumini (?2compute of 5.104 and JI of 0.846) and Ziziphus oenopolia (?2compute of 6.516 and JI of 0.833) with VR of 0.474. Interspecific association indicated that S. album has strongly associated with Syzygium cumini and Ziziphus oenopolia. Morphological characters and habitat properties of sandalwood in research site has a similarity to the Province of NTT.

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Matsuo, Yukiko, Hiroshi Sakagami y Yoshihiro Mimaki. "A Rare Type of Sesquiterpene and β-Santalol Derivatives from Santalum album and Their Cytotoxic Activities". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 62, n.º 12 (2014): 1192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c14-00457.

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Yan, Chong, Weiyang Liu, Jing Li, Yanlian Deng, Senhua Chen y Hongju Liu. "Bioactive terpenoids from Santalum album derived endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. YD-2". RSC Advances 8, n.º 27 (2018): 14823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02430h.

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Two new spiromeroterpenoids, namely fusariumin A (1) and B (2), along with four known terpenoids, asperterpenoid A (3), agathic acid (4), guignardone N (5), and trametenolic acid (6), were obtained from the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. YD-2, derived from the twigs of Santalum album.

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Janarthana, B. y E. Sumathi. "High Frequency Shoot Regeneration from Internodal Explants of Santalum album L." International Journal of Botany 7, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2011): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2011.249.254.

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Sumardi, Sumardi, Hery Kurniawan y Misto Misto. "GROWTH CHARACTERISTIC OF CENDANA (Santalum album Linn.) FROM SUMBA ISLAND POPULATION". Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 4, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2015): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2015.vol4iss2pp171-177.

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Rugkhla, A. y M. G. K. Jones. "Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet formation in Santalum album and S. spicatum". Journal of Experimental Botany 49, n.º 320 (1 de marzo de 1998): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.320.563.

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Rugkhla, A., J. A. McComb y M. G. K. Jones. "Intra- and Inter-specific Pollination of Santalum spicatum and S. album". Australian Journal of Botany 45, n.º 6 (1997): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96079.

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The flower morphology, receptivity and sexual compatibility between genotypes and species were determined in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) and Indian sandalwood (S. album). The results showed that the stigma of both species became receptive at anthesis and reached a peak at 3 or 4 days after anthesis. Pollen tubes took 2 days to grow to the ovary when pollinated at anthesis, and 1 day when pollinated 2 or 3 days after anthesis. The egg apparatus matured at least 2 days after pollination and varied between genotypes. Fertilisation occurred 2 or 3 days following cross pollination. Although 10–40% of ovules were fertilised following intra-specific crosses of both species, the average initial fruit set was much lower: 4% in S. spicatum and 19% in S. album. Most immature fruit (75–80%) abscised following intra-specific pollination. The number of pollen tubes that grew in styles after self-and inter-specific pollination was lower than that for intra-specific pollination. Following self and inter-specific pollination, growth of pollen tubes was arrested in the style, ovary and around the embryo sac; a few penetrated the embryo sac. Initial fruit set was low and developing fruit abscised prematurely. The results indicated that pre- and post-fertilisation mechanisms control self-incompatibility and inter-specific incompatibility between the sandalwood species.

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