Artículos de revistas: "Sanitation"

1

Chandler, Timothy D. "Sanitation privatization and sanitation employees’ wages". Journal of Labor Research 15, n.º 2 (junio de 1994): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685726.

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Dasi, Idharsyah Termanu, Agus Setyobudi y Mustakim Sahdan. "Study of Sanitation Levels of Passenger Ships Boying at Tenau Port". Cross Current International Journal of Medical and Biosciences 4, n.º 3 (19 de julio de 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijmb.2022.v04i03.003.

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Ship sanitation is one of the efforts at environmental risk factors on ships to break the chain of disease transmission in order to maintain and enhance health status .Poor ship sanitation will cause many problems in terms of physical, health, aesthetics and human survival The aim of this study is to know the description of the sanitation conditions on passenger ships that docked at the Kupang Tenau Port in 20 22. The type of this study is descriptive. Population in this study is all passenger ships that dock at the Port of Tenau Kupang from 4 to 17 March 2022 totaling 8 vessels. Accidental Sampling is a technuque for taking sample in this study (which is coincidenceany) totaling 8 ships. Instrument in this study used form of sanitation inspection from Health Office shipport. The results showing that on deck sanitation aspect there are 2 (25%) ships no fulfil condition on aspect cleanliness and good was neatly arranged and 6 (75%) ships fulfil terms. On aspect sanitationof crew member's room and passenger's room there are 5 (62.5%) not fulfil condition on aspect cleanliness and 3 (37.5%) ships fulfil terms. On aspect sanitation bathroom and tailet 8 (100%) boats no fulfil condition on aspect no smells fierce, 1 (12.5%) no fulfil condition on aspect good function and 8 (100%) ships fulfil condition on aspect cleanliness, not a place to store goods and there are no insects. On aspect sanitation kitchenof the 4 ships made inspection whole boat no fulfil condition on aspect wash equipment with hot water and 3 (75%) ships not have trash cover. On aspect sanitation room cooler thera are 4 (100%) vessels full conditions (100%). On aspect sanitation warehouse supply boat there are 1 (25%) ship no fulfil condition on aspect cleanliness and 3 (75%) ships fulfil terms. On aspect sanitation handler food there are 4 (100%) ships fulfil conditions (100%). On aspect sanitation clean water supply there are 8 (100%) vessels full conditions (100%). Conclusion from 8 (100%) ships ther

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3

Reynolds, A. "Food Sanitation". Food Control 1, n.º 2 (abril de 1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(90)90096-u.

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4

Stephenson, Joan. "Poor Sanitation". JAMA 300, n.º 7 (20 de agosto de 2008): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.7.782-d.

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5

S, Lukkumanul Hakkim. "Environmental Health and Sanitation". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (30 de abril de 2019): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23107.

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6

Malkov, I. S. y E. K. Salakhov. "Laparoscopic sanitation of the abdominal cavity in complex treatment of patients with generalized peritonitis". Kazan medical journal 93, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2012): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2310.

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Aim. To develop a method of programmed laparoscopic sanitation in patients with generalized forms of peritonitis with the use of low-frequency ultrasound energy. Methods. Conducted was an analysis of results of treatment of 211 patients with generalized peritonitis admitted to the surgical department of the City Clinical Hospital №7 from 2000 to 2010. The main group comprised 37 patients in whom laparoscopic sanitation with the use of low-frequency ultrasound was performed. The control group included 174 patients who underwent conventional relaparotomy due to progression of the pathological process in the abdominal cavity. Results. The proposed method of laparoscopic sanitation helped to reduce mortality by 12%, and the development of postoperative complications by 8% compared with control group in patients of the II stage of severity of peritonitis according to the Mannheim peritoneal index. Conclusion. The developed method of programmed videolaparoscopic sanitations of the abdominal cavity with the use of low-frequency ultrasound in patients with generalized peritonitis has a pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect.

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7

Munamati, Muchaneta, Innocent Nhapi y Shepherd N. Misi. "Monitoring sanitation performance: unpacking the figures on sanitation coverage". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, n.º 3 (13 de julio de 2015): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.180.

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An understanding of the sanitation situation is crucial for planning and evaluating effectiveness of sanitation interventions. Such knowledge is gained through monitoring sanitation performance. At the international level, sanitation monitoring is done by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The JMP tracks progress made towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) sanitation target using information collected from household surveys. This article critically describes and reviews the JMP sanitation monitoring approach based on information from literature. The paper argues that while JMP methods have been useful in reporting sanitation progress, it has a number of weaknesses which have led to questions being raised on the sanitation coverage figures. Specifically, the JMP has been criticized for its usage of the term ‘improved’ sanitation and the technology-based sanitation ladder. It is argued that this approach does not monitor other components of sanitation systems such as storage, transport, treatment and disposal and/or re-use of human excreta. In addition, the sustainability of the sanitation systems is also overlooked. All these factors have led to an overestimation of sanitation coverage. A monitoring approach which considers the function of sanitation and sustainability of sanitation systems is therefore recommended.

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8

Langergraber, Günter y Elke Muellegger. "Ecological Sanitation—a way to solve global sanitation problems?" Environment International 31, n.º 3 (abril de 2005): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.006.

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9

Susanti, Rina, Rifardi Rifardi y Yoskar Kadarisman. "Peran Masyarakat dalam Pencapaian Target Sustainable Development Goals Desa Layak Air Bersih dan Sanitasi". Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 3, n.º 3 (3 de marzo de 2021): 1253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i3.535.

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The article aims to analyze the forms of role of community in the efforts to support the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals Village of clean water and sanitation. The study used perspective review over community participation by Keith Davis to take an approach over the problem. The data were collected through documentation and filling in the questionnaires by 158 households of Talontam village. The data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive approach. The result of the study showed that to attain the sixth of Sustainable Development Goals village community who did not have access to clean water and sanitation participated in the forms of labor, idea, goods, and money that were executed in a form of saving money to build shallow borehole, hand-washing facilities, standard enclosed septic tanks and sanitations; building rainwater tanks; purchasing water filter; relocating septic tank; reusing used containers for hand washing; and participating in health counseling. The community group made efforts to maintain the sustainability of access to clean water and sanitation in the forms of conserving water and infrastructure maintenance, also preserve river area.

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10

Barreto, Tobias Ribeiro, Betânia Muniz Pedrosa Rabelo, Henrique Rego Monteiro da Hora y Milton Junior Erthal. "SANITATION PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT". RINTERPAP - Revista Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Aplicadas 2, n.º 1 (24 de marzo de 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47682/2675-6552.v2n1p67-78.

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Decision-making in sanitation projects is complex, which is why it is necessary to analyze multiple factors for the efficient planning, control and management of water resources. The aim of this study is to apply a multicriteria method known as AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to aid decision making in sanitation projects management. applying the AHP to define the best basin for the implementation of the sewage system in a neighborhood in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, considering multiple factors.in a private company in the sanitation sector. The goal of this study was accomplished once the use of the method was successful and indicated the most preferable basin for the implantation.

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11

Lenart, Kate. "Bacteriology and Sanitation:". Delaware Journal of Public Health 4, n.º 2 (marzo de 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32481/djph.2018.03.015.

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12

Funamizu, Naoyuki. "Sanitation Value Chain". Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 31, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2020): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.31.87.

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13

Rheinländer, Thilde, Flemming Konradsen, Bernard Keraita, Patrick Apoya y Margaret Gyapong. "Redefining shared sanitation". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93, n.º 7 (28 de abril de 2015): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.14.144980.

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14

Hoshino, Toshiaki. "Food Sanitation Act". Japanese Journal of Pesticide Science 39, n.º 2 (2014): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.w14-12.

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15

Walczak, David. "The Sanitation Imperative". Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 38, n.º 2 (abril de 1997): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049703800226.

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16

Adukia, Anjali. "Sanitation and Education". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2017): 23–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150083.

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I explore whether the absence of school sanitation infrastructure impedes educational attainment, particularly among pubescent-age girls, using a national Indian school latrine construction initiative and administrative school-level data. School latrine construction substantially increases enrollment of pubescent-age girls, though predominately when providing sex-specific latrines. Privacy and safety appear to matter sufficiently for pubescent-age girls that only sex-specific latrines reduce gender disparities. Any latrine substantially benefits younger girls and boys, who may be particularly vulnerable to sickness from uncontained waste. Academic test scores did not increase following latrine construction, however. Estimated increases in enrollment are similar across the substantial variation in Indian district characteristics. (JEL H75, H76, I21, I25, J16, O15, O53)

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17

Narain, Sunita. "Sanitation for all". Nature 486, n.º 7402 (junio de 2012): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/486185a.

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18

Reid, Matthew. "Sanitation and climate". Nature Climate Change 10, n.º 6 (junio de 2020): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0787-z.

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19

Edberg, Stephen C. "Environmental Sanitation Microbiology". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.1.127.

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20

Edberg, Stephen. "Environmental Sanitation Microbiology". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.251.

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21

Mackenbach, J. P. "Sanitation: pragmatism works". BMJ 334, suppl_1 (6 de enero de 2007): s17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39044.508646.94.

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22

Mara, Duncan, Jon Lane, Beth Scott y David Trouba. "Sanitation and Health". PLoS Medicine 7, n.º 11 (16 de noviembre de 2010): e1000363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000363.

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23

Himes, Marie, Hiller Spires, Erin Krupa y Cameron Good. "Water and Sanitation". Science Teacher 88, n.º 2 (noviembre de 2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00368555.2020.12293569.

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24

Mehta, Meera y Dinesh Mehta. "City sanitation ladder: moving from household to citywide sanitation assessment". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n.º 4 (18 de julio de 2013): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.134.

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Monitoring sanitation has generally focused on basic access with its implicit links to health impacts. The new thinking on urban sanitation monitoring goes beyond the household level facilities to encompass wider dimensions of equity, public health and natural environment. This requires an assessment of the full value chain from the user interface to storage, conveyance, treatment and disposal or reuse. In developing country context, this also necessitates incorporating other sanitation dimensions beyond excreta management, especially management of greywater, storm water and solid waste as these are often interlinked on the ground. In this context, it is important to revisit the concept of the sanitation ladder, widely used by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), which has focused on household access. This paper suggests a framework for outcome-based citywide assessment of the full sanitation value chain across different sanitation sub-sectors. The ladder is redefined using a city sanitation score to assess city level performance. The suggested outcome-based assessment for different components of the value chain also provides a basis for city level monitoring of overall sanitation performance.

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25

Budge, Sophie, Argaw Ambelu, Jamie Bartram, Joe Brown y Paul Hutchings. "Environmental sanitation and the evolution of water, sanitation and hygiene". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 100, n.º 04 (1 de abril de 2022): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.21.287137.

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26

Hughes, Mark. "The Victorian London sanitation projects and the sanitation of projects". International Journal of Project Management 31, n.º 5 (julio de 2013): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.009.

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Exley, Josephine L. R., Bernard Liseka, Oliver Cumming y Jeroen H. J. Ensink. "The Sanitation Ladder, What Constitutes an Improved Form of Sanitation?" Environmental Science & Technology 49, n.º 2 (6 de enero de 2015): 1086–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es503945x.

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Murdani, Ihsan, Zakiyuddin Zakiyuddin, Jun Musnadi, Muhammad Iqbal Fahlevi y Maiza Duana. "The Relationship Of Hygine Sanitation, Sanitation Facilities and Exchanger Actions With Fly Density Levels in Dining House in Meulaboh City". Journal of Nutrition Science 1, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jns.v1i2.2766.

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It is known that the number of restaurants in the city of Meulaboh there are 66 restaurants. After observing the eating houses in the town of Meulaboh, can be in the know that sanitation eat less qualified home health such as ownership of the means of waste disposal, garbage disposal facilities, hand-washing facilities, washing facilities appliance. The purpose of this study is the relationship Sanitati:ion Hygiene, sanitation facilities, and action handlers Density With Flies On Eating In the city of Meulaboh. This research is an analytic method with cross sectional design. This research was conducted in the city of Meulaboh implemented Johan Pahlawan sub-district of West Aceh on 7 November to 5 December 2016, with a population of 66 homeowners and their eating of food handlers, the sampling technique is used total sampling method and analyzed by univariate and bivariate using chi-test square.The results showed that there is significant correlation between sanitation hygiene factors (P.Value = 0.006 <α = 0.05), sanitary facilities (P.Value = 0.025 <α = 0.05), action handlers (P.Value = 0.026 <α = 0.05 ) with the density of flies in the restaurant in the city of Meulaboh. It was concluded that there is significant correlation between the factors of hygiene sanitation, sanitation facilities, action handlers with the density of flies in the restaurant in the city of Meulaboh. with the density of flies in the restaurant in the city of Meulaboh to achieve a state of healthy foods that are not exposed to flies and protected from various diseases caused by flies.

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J Balamurugan, J. Balamurugan, M. Ravichandran M Ravichandran y P. T. Nithiya P T Nithiya. "Ecological Sanitation and Green Economy". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, n.º 10 (1 de junio de 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/57.

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Seymour, Zakiya A., Eugene Cloete, Margaret McCurdy, Mira Olson y Joseph Hughes. "Understanding values of sanitation users: examining preferences and behaviors for sanitation systems". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, n.º 2 (11 de enero de 2021): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.119.

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Abstract Sanitation policy and development has undergone a paradigm shift away from supply-driven toward behavioral-based demand-driven approaches. This shift to increase sanitation demand requires multiple stakeholders with varying degrees of interest, knowledge, and capacity. Currently, the design of appropriate sanitation technology disconnects user preference integration from sanitation technology design, resulting in fewer sanitation technologies being adopted and used. This research examines how preferences for specific attributes of appropriate sanitation technologies and implementation arrangements influence their adoption and usage. Data collected included interviews of 1,002 sanitation users living in a peri-urban area of South Africa; the surveyed respondents were asked about their existing sanitation technology, their preferences for various sanitation technology design attributes, as well as their perspectives on current and preferred sanitation implementation arrangements. The data revealed that user acceptability of appropriate sanitation technology is influenced by the adoption classification of the users. Statistically significant motives and barriers to sanitation usage showed a differentiation between users who share private sanitation from those who use communal sanitation facilities. The user acceptability of appropriate sanitation systems is dependent on the technical design attributes of sanitation. The development of utility functions detailed the significance of seven technical design attributes and determined their respective priorities.

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31

Seymour, Zakiya y Joseph Hughes. "Sanitation in developing countries: a systematic review of user preferences and motivations". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, n.º 4 (7 de julio de 2014): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.127.

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Empirical research on sanitation in emerging regions has shown that user preferences and behaviors do influence usage of sanitation technologies. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing literature investigating user preferences and perceptions on sanitation, with particular focus on satisfaction and motivation for usage. The scope was limited to research that provided detailed statistical information about the sample population and sanitation technologies examined. Selected literature is summarized into four areas: descriptive studies about sanitation user satisfaction; comparative work analyzing preferences for sanitation technologies; perspectives on sanitation usage and ownership; and importance of factors driving household sanitation installation. Our results indicate that the implementation of improved sanitation is not indicative of overall higher user satisfaction levels. In addition, motivations for usage of sanitation systems vary by technology and geographical setting.

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32

Rary, Emma, Sarah M. Anderson, Brandon D. Philbrick, Tanvi Suresh y Jasmine Burton. "Smart Sanitation—Biosensors as a Public Health Tool in Sanitation Infrastructure". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 14 (16 de julio de 2020): 5146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145146.

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The health of individuals and communities is more interconnected than ever, and emergent technologies have the potential to improve public health monitoring at both the community and individual level. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed and gray literature from 2000-present was conducted on the use of biosensors in sanitation infrastructure (such as toilets, sewage pipes and septic tanks) to assess individual and population health. 21 relevant papers were identified using PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CDC Stacks and NexisUni databases and a reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Biosensors are being developed for a range of uses including monitoring illicit drug usage in communities, screening for viruses and diagnosing conditions such as diabetes. Most studies were nonrandomized, small-scale pilot or lab studies. Of the sanitation-related biosensors found in the literature, 11 gathered population-level data, seven provided real-time continuous data and 14 were noted to be more cost-effective than traditional surveillance methods. The most commonly discussed strength of these technologies was their ability to conduct rapid, on-site analysis. The findings demonstrate the potential of this emerging technology and the concept of Smart Sanitation to enhance health monitoring at the individual level (for diagnostics) as well as at the community level (for disease surveillance).

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33

Ushijima, Ken, Naoyuki Funamizu, Takako Nabeshima, Nowaki Hijikata, Ryusei Ito, Mariam Sou, Amadou H. Maïga y Neni Sintawardani. "The Postmodern Sanitation: agro-sanitation business model as a new policy". Water Policy 17, n.º 2 (abril de 2015): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.093.

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Cid, Clément A., Francine Abiola y Markus Starkl. "Can International Nonsewered Sanitation Standards Help Solve the Global Sanitation Crisis?" Environmental Science & Technology 56, n.º 2 (4 de enero de 2022): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03471.

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35

Jo, Jeongeun. "Sanitation or Profit : Urban Sanitation and Water Supply of Modern Shanghai". Critical Review of History 126 (28 de febrero de 2019): 300–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.38080/crh.2019.02.126.300.

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Mhaskar, Bhupali. "Making Sanitation a Clean Habit: A School Sanitation Project in India". ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, n.º 1 (19 de septiembre de 2013): 4866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.o-1-23-04.

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37

Sidjabat, Filson M. y Michelle Gunawan. "Evaluation of Community-based Sanitation Program Implementation in Central and East Java". Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 5, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/alard.v5i2.849.

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Goal 6 of the SDGs has a target for clean water and sanitation, by 2030 the UN has a target of providing universal access to sanitation. Safely managed sanitation can support the progress to supporting socioeconomic development and promoting equality. In developing countries, a majority of the general population does not have access to proper sanitation. Therefore, there are still many challenges faced for sanitation in developing country. Unmanaged sanitation has a negative impact to human health and the environment. In developing countries that has a lot of under developed and rural area, community-based sanitation program is one of the approach for educating and improving sanitation. This study has an objective to evaluate the current implementation of community-based sanitation programs in Indonesia. This study is a literature review that analyzed various sources in a systematical way to evaluate the implementation of community based sanitation programs in Indonesia. In conclusion, the implementation of community based sanitation programs yield a positive impact for the targeted community. The factors that has influence are community involvement, funding and enforcement of sanctions.

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Wulandari, Nita y Yusriani Sapta Dewi. "PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN SANITASI DAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH TERHADAP KUALITAS SANITASI MANDI CUCI KAKUS DI KAMPUNG BENGEK MUARA BARU". JURNAL TECHLINK 7, n.º 2 (6 de diciembre de 2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.59134/jtnk.v7i2.572.

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Sanitation in Kampung Bengek, which is located in the RW 17 Muara Baru area, Penjaringan, North Jakarta, will be a portrait that needs to be considered for alleviating sanitation problems. Sanitation problems in Bengek Village in general can be seen from the low quality and level of sanitation services, especially the large number of residents who do not have private toilets, even though there are toilet and washing facilities (MCK) but their utilization and management are still not optimal. This study aims to determine the relationship between community knowledge about environmental sanitation and clean living behavior with the quality of MCK sanitation in Bengek Village, Muara Baru, North Jakarta. The method used is a survey method with variable X1 Knowledge of environmental sanitation, X2 Clean living behavior and variable Y Quality of MCK sanitation. Data was collected using a questionnaire instrument (questionnaire). The results of the study found a significant positive relationship between the three variables X1, X2, and Y between community knowledge about environmental sanitation and clean living behavior with the quality of MCK sanitation. In other words, the higher the level of public knowledge about environmental sanitation and the better the behavior of clean living, the better the condition of the quality of MCK sanitation.

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Chen, Ran, Ming Chen y Jian-hua Lyu. "Innovation Design and Empirical Research Based on Presentation of Lumbar Muscle Strain and Sanitation Products". MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823703012.

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This article takes the lumbar muscles of degeneration status of Chinese sanitation workers as the starting point, analyzed the waist health status of sanitation workers in China. The design conception of sanitation products for the lumbar muscles of degeneration of sanitation workers was obtained by analysis, and the design of today's sanitation products are rethought, use relevant research results to demonstrate that. With sanitation products as the design center, it integrates many research contents such as ergonomics, appearance, function, process and cost. To this article has designed tools that sanitation workers can use to protect their waists while working, It also provides a new idea for the wide design of sanitation products. It is conducive to maintaining the basic rights and interests of sanitation workers and promoting the urbanization process and the harmonious development of society.

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Appiah-Effah, Eugene, Godwin Armstrong Duku, Naziru Yakubu Azangbego, Ransford Kojo Aduafo Aggrey, Barbara Gyapong-Korsah y Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko. "Ghana's post-MDGs sanitation situation: an overview". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, n.º 3 (13 de junio de 2019): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.031.

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Abstract This paper presents an overview of Ghana's sanitation situation post-Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It specifically examines why the MDG target on sanitation was missed, Ghana's preparedness towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) sanitation target, potential barriers and opportunities for the sanitation sector. An eight step policy analysis framework guided the review. The findings indicate that the low sanitation has largely been driven by rather complex economics, institutional and sociocultural factors including inadequate financial commitment, poor implementation of policies, bad attitude and perception towards sanitation and extensive use of shared and public toilets. Nevertheless, it was found that recent reforms and programmes in the sanitation sector such as the creation of new Sanitation and Water Resource Ministry, National Sanitation Authority (NSA), introduction of sanitation surcharges included in property tax, and programmes such as the Greater Accra Municipal Assembly sanitation and water project put Ghana in a better position to rapidly increase its coverage. However, efforts would have to be accelerated by forging partnerships with the private sector to provide efficient and low-cost technologies, financial schemes, human and technical resources for improved service delivery.

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41

Mertely, J. C., C. K. Chandler, C. L. Xiao y D. E. Legard. "Comparison of Sanitation and Fungicides for Management of Botrytis Fruit Rot of Strawberry". Plant Disease 84, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2000): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.11.1197.

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To determine the effects of sanitation on yield and incidence of Botrytis fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea) in annual strawberry, replicated experiments were conducted during the 1995-96, 1996-97, and 1998-99 seasons. Leaf sanitation (removal of senescent and necrotic leaves) and fruit sanitation (removal of unmarketable fruit from alleys between beds) were compared to a standard fungicide control program (weekly applications of captan plus four bloom applications of iprodione) and combined sanitation and fungicide treatments. Leaf sanitation reduced Botrytis fruit rot incidence from 12.6 to 8.2% over the entire 1996-97 season, and from 17.6 to 11.8% during the latter half of the 1998-99 season, compared to untreated controls. However, sanitation did not increase marketable yield. Supplementing fungicides with leaf sanitation or leaf and fruit sanitation did not improve disease control and frequently reduced yield. Fruit sanitation had no significant effect on Botrytis incidence or yield. Losses to Botrytis fruit rot in the sanitation treatments were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than in the fungicide treatments each season; marketable yields were significantly lower in 1996-97 and 1998-99. Under Florida conditions, fungicides control Botrytis fruit more effectively and economically than does sanitation.

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Daramola, Oluwole, Oluwaseun Olowoporoku y David Mobolaji. "BITING THE BULLET: THE CASE OF HOUSEHOLDS’ RESILIENCE TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEFICIT IN NIGERIA". Environmental Problems 8, n.º 1 (2023): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2023.01.037.

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This study conceptually assesssed household resilience to water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria. It expressed water supply and sanitation situation in Nigeria in terms of historical background and organisation structure of water supply and sanitation and highlighted cases of water supply and sanitation across states and geopolitical zones to reflect the precarious water supply and sanitation condition in Nigeria. Coping strategies that households have adopted in addressing water supply and sanitation deficit were categorised into four: enhancing or supplementing available quantity of water and quality of sanitation facilities; accommodating unreliable water supply supplies and lack of sanitation facilities; improving water and sanitation quality; and collective action and voice. These coping strategies are determined by household socioeconomic status and location (urban or rural) and the extent of unreliability of supply service and their adoption places serious health, financial and social implications on the households. The study concluded that inadequate water supply and sanitation impose significant coping burdens on households, making the household resilience a case of biting the bullet and proffered recommendations that aimed at mitigating water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria and other countries with similar background.

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Donacho, Dereje Oljira, Gudina Terefe Tucho, Wuhib Zeine Ousman, Thanyang Koang Both y Abebe Beyene Hailu. "Evidence-Based User Interface Sanitation Technology Selection for Urban Slums: A Multi-Criteria Analysis; The Case of Jimma Town, Ethiopia". Environmental Health Insights 16 (enero de 2022): 117863022211272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221127270.

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Slums are urban areas with insufficient public services and access to sanitation. Evidence-based selection of sustainable sanitation options is critical for addressing the sanitation crisis in slums. This mixed methods study was conducted in Jimma Town, southwest Ethiopia, to assess sanitation status and prioritize sustainable sanitation options for slums. The study was done in 2 phases: quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative cross-sectional household survey aimed to assess sanitation status and the qualitative exploratory method to explore alternative sanitation options and prioritize sustainable alternatives. A total of 310 households were chosen using systematic random sampling methods, of which 302 participated. Data was gathered through interviews, which were supplemented with questionnaires and observation checklists, and 2 focus group discussions (FGD) were held. First, FGD was with expertise in the sanitation sector, and the second was with community members. The state of sanitation was summarized, and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was used to prioritize sustainable sanitation options. According to our findings, 68% of households had access to improved facilities, and 22.5% didn’t have any form of toilet facility. About 7 off-site and on-site user interface sanitation technology options were considered in the selection of alternative sanitation technologies, and each option was evaluated against 17 health, economic, social, technical, and environmental criteria. In the final analysis, the options with the highest scores for the setting were flush to septic tanks, compost toilets, and biogas toilets. Mobilizing such a promising sanitation option is recommended for future interventions.

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Joshi, P. C. y Prashant Khattri. "On Gandhi and Sanitation". Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 68, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2019): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x19881247.

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It was Gandhi who gave centrality to the debate on sanitation from the perspective of bio-power. The category of sanitation for him was not something to be used as a form of control but an instrument for transforming the structural caste-based hierarchy. Gandhian idea on sanitation resonates well with the anthropological notion of holism. He has visualised sanitation across the domains of soma, polis and psyche. Sanitation for Gandhi is not limited by its technical definition requiring only technical solutions but in its expansion that assumes a metaphorical significance. For Gandhi, swaraj (self-rule) in political sphere can only be achieved if there is a collective sense of sanitation and hygiene. The field of sanitation, therefore, can be seen as a testing ground for the ability and preparedness to achieve political swaraj. Sanitation reforms for him are based on reforming the collective sense of social self. This kind of reformation leads sanitation into the domain of the ‘moral-political’ that invoke collective and municipal efforts from the state to address insanitation. It is within these contexts that the article tries to understand the Gandhian philosophy on sanitation that traverses through the conceptions of bio-power, caste hierarchies, colonialism, scientism, nationalism and morality.

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Malusha, James Mwashembe. "EFFECTS OF IMPROVING SANITATION THROUGH COMMUNITY LED SANITATION APPROACH IN PREVENTING DISEASES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4771.

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In recent years there has been heightened adoption of CLTS approach to improve community sanitation in order to prevent or reduce diseases. This review article examines the effects of uplifting sanitation by way of community led sanitation (CLTS) methodology in addressing prevention and reduction of sanitation and hygiene related diseases in rural communities, especially in developing countries. Systematic review was performed by searching existing literature. Several articles were retrieved for this purpose. Most articles reviewed reported aspects of prevention and reduction of sanitation related diseases by improving sanitation through implementation of CLTS implying that it’s an effective approach. Further research is needed to compare effects of improving sanitation using other approaches or technologies in preventing or reducing diseases associated with low or poor sanitation. This will contribute to identifying cost-effective approaches for delivery of essential package of sanitation for promoting health and preventing diseases.

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Vogel, Wren, Christina D. Hwang y Sangchul Hwang. "Gender and Sanitation: Women’s Experiences in Rural Regions and Urban Slums in India". Societies 12, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12010018.

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Without adequate sanitation facilities, environmental, social, and health risks are common and worsen as the state of sanitation stagnates. Vulnerable groups, specifically women, are unequally affected by poor sanitation. Attitudes towards and perceptions of gender and menstruation have created a health and social discrepancy between women and men. Women must undergo additional obstacles when practicing proper sanitation and managing menstruation. This article utilizes the sanitation insecurity measure to assess the lived experience of women in rural and urban India. This article also discusses accounts of women’s experiences managing menstruation in both the rural regions and urban slums of India and discusses the social implications of the state of sanitation. Examining the issue of sanitation by focusing on menstruation and the dichotomy of men’s and women’s experiences with sanitation and hygiene will indicate that achieving gender equity requires sanitation to be viewed as a human rights, social justice, and education issue.

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Bija, Stephanie, Novi Luthfiyana, Andi Ramadani, Heni Irawati, Maslan Maslan, Anhar Rozi y Burhanis Burhanis. "PENERAPAN SANITATION AND HYGIENE DALAM PROSES PRODUKSI SAVORY CRABS DI UKM DesaKitara". Marine Kreatif 6, n.º 2 (22 de noviembre de 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmk.v6i2.6546.

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Savory crabs is a typical souvenir product of Tarakan city which was made from keraca crab raw materials. The processing of savory crabs must pay attention to sanitation and hygiene for producing safe products for consumption. Sanitation includes a clean and aseptic way of working, while hygiene is defined as the implementation of sanitation principles to maintain environmental health and cleanliness. The purpose of this activity was to know the implementation of sanitation and hygiene in the production process of savory crabs at UKM DesaKitara. The methods used were observation, interviews, socialization, evaluation and follow up. The aspects of sanitation and hygiene was observed include water safety, sanitation and hygiene of raw materials, sanitation and hygiene of workers, sanitation and hygiene of equipments, as well as sanitation and hygiene of end products. In addition, prevention of cross-contamination and waste handling are also observed.

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Kvarnström, E., J. McConville, P. Bracken, M. Johansson y M. Fogde. "The sanitation ladder – a need for a revamp?" Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2011): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.014.

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The sanitation ladder is a useful tool that is being used to monitor progress towards the sanitation target of the MDGs. This tool could be even more useful if it can be refined to be based on the functions of sanitation systems rather than on a hierarchy of predefined sanitation technologies. This paper presents a seven-rung function-based sanitation ladder where the functions can be broadly divided into health functions and environmental functions. The proposed ladder is intended as an inspiration for nations, and the JMP, to move towards a function-based rather than technology-based monitoring of sanitation progress. A functional approach to monitoring of e.g. the sanitation target of the MDGs would require some major shifts in the monitoring methods used but it is argued that such an approach would: (i) actually monitor the public good, which is desired from a sanitation system; (ii) stimulate donors, governments and municipalities to think beyond the provision of certain sanitation technologies; (iii) allow for local solutions to the sanitation problem to be developed; and (iv) spur innovation within the sector.

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Li, Xiaolong, Qihang Hu, Yanqing Miao, Wenjing Chen y Chunhui Yuan. "Household access to sanitation facilities in rural China". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, n.º 3 (13 de julio de 2015): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.141.

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Access to improved sanitation is a vital part of breaking the fecal-oral pathway and preventing diarrheal diseases. Because China is one of the largest developing countries, improving sanitation in rural China could greatly reduce the number of deaths that result from poor hygiene and sanitation worldwide each year. Therefore, our study on the situation of household access to sanitation facilities in rural China can be important for policy making on sanitation improvement. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 villages in three provinces in 2013. These three provinces were selected to represent the eastern, central, and western regions of China. A total of 790 respondents were interviewed. Most of the respondents (89.8%) reported having improved sanitation. Factors that influenced access to improved sanitation included the number of family members, annual per capita necessities expenditures, and subsidies for sanitation improvement. Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) also influenced sanitation improvement and healthy behaviors. Using the approaches of concentration index (CI) and concentration curve (CC), this study found that the equity of sanitation improvement in rural China was good (CI = 0.0292).

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Rosenqvist, Tanja, Cynthia Mitchell y Juliet Willetts. "A short history of how we think and talk about sanitation services and why it matters". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, n.º 2 (15 de febrero de 2016): 298–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.118.

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How we think and talk about sanitation services has changed. The very notion of a sanitation service has been transformed from one focused on technology to one focused on the sustainability of the wider sanitation system. This paper explores the transformation from technology to system by drawing from a review of more than 200 pieces of literature published between 1970 and 2015. Seven prevalent perspectives on sanitation service provision are introduced: sanitation services as a basic human need; increasing service coverage through appropriate technology; the emergence of community-participation and community-management; an interest in private-sector participation; the sanitation crisis being viewed as a crisis of governance; sanitation considered inherently political and the current focus on sustainable sanitation systems. These seven perspectives form a useful conceptual frame, which may guide the thinking of sanitation practitioners, policy-makers and academics as they begin to consider how to meet the water and sanitation Sustainable Development Goal by 2030. In this paper, four examples of how the conceptual frame might be used to support thinking are provided.

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