Tesis sobre el tema "Sanitary landfills – Management"

Esta dissertação apresenta uma revisão dos principais estudos relacionados à disposição final de resíduos sólidos das mais variadas origens em aterros sanitários ou aterros sanitários industriais. Considerando-se estes estudos, foi e laborada uma planilha para avaliação e gerenciamento ambiental de um aterro sanitário industrial, abordando os principais elementos necessários à caracterização do meio físico, biológico, sacio-econômico, além da avaliação dos critérios de projeto, classificação dos resíduos e programas de monitoramento e controle ambiental. As planilhas foram aplicadas na avaliação dos estudos de impacto ambiental EIA/relatório de impacto ambiental RIMA de 3 aterros sanitários industriais. O critério de avaliação foi baseado no atendimento aos itens da planilha adotando-se um sistema de pontuação para análise final dos estudos. A avaliação final mostrou as deficiências dos estudos apresentados nos EIA/RIMA elaborados para a obtenção do licenciamento ambiental e aprovação das áreas para instalação dos empreendimentos.
This dissertation presents a revision of the current researches on solid waste disposal, that comes from a great variety of domestic waste or industrial waste landfills. Concerning to this research, it was proposed a spreadsheet for environmental assessment and management of sanitary industrial landfills, comprising the most important features for the global environment, besides the evaluation of project criteria, waste classification, monitoring programs and environmental control. This spreadsheet have been applied to evaluate the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of three sanitary industrial landfills. The assessment criteria were based on ranking the elements that attend the spreadsheet items. As final results, it can be demonstrated the deficiencies of the current ElA studies that have been proposed for obtaining environmental licenses and permissions to sites for enterprising purposes.

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A operação de um aterro sanitário é primordial para a gestão dos resíduos que o mesmo recebe, pois trata-se da fase de destinação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os impactos dos resíduos sólidos urbanos que estão sendo depositados em um aterro sanitário de um município no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para atingir o objetivo proposto a presente pesquisa foi dividida em três artigos distintos. O primeiro artigo visou analisar por meio do índice de qualidade de resíduos (IQR-V) se a gestão do aterro sanitário encontra-se em conformidade com a metodologia implementada pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) e de acordo com os propósitos ambientais estabelecidos para a implantação do aterro. Foi possível concluir que diante da aplicação dos questionários padronizados onde são avaliadas as características locais, operacionais e estruturais das instalações deste aterro sanitário, o mesmo encontra-se em condições ambientais inadequados. O segundo artigo teve como objetivo analisar a composição física dos resíduos depositados neste aterro por meio da análise gravimétrica dos resíduos, que consistiu na representação da composição física dos resíduos sólidos em porcentagens, relacionando as diversas frações dos materiais que compõem os resíduos sólidos urbanos em relação ao peso total da amostra. Neste estudo verificou-se que 72,94% dos resíduos depositados no aterro sanitário possuem potencialidades para outras atividades econômicas, tais como compostagem e reciclagem/reaproveitamento. No potencial econômico da fração reciclagem, os resultados demonstraram que cerca de R$ 2.700,00 ao mês estão sendo desperdiçados pelo município com a disposição de resíduos sólidos que poderiam estar sendo encaminhados à reciclagem. O terceiro artigo objetivou analisar o perfil da concentração de metais potencialmente tóxicos e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos de risco à saúde humana em solo de aterro sanitário. Essa é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a possível presença de contaminantes oriundos do descarte inadequado dos resíduos bem como auxiliar no gerenciamento dos descartes e no controle da contaminação ambiental. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de solo em diferentes locais e profundidades para analisar cádmio, chumbo, níquel, arsênio, mercúrio, que são elementos potencialmente tóxicos e os hidrocarbonetos aromáticos benzeno, etilbenzeno, o-xileno, m,p-xileno. Os resultados de metais potencialmente tóxicos e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos presentes no solo do aterro sanitário se apresentaram abaixo dos valores orientadores da Resolução do CONAMA nº 420, na qual dispõe de critérios e valores da qualidade de solo quanto à presença de substâncias químicas para o Brasil. Com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se considerar que os baixos teores encontrados podem estar relacionados ao tempo de atividade do aterro sanitário ou ao perfil da população do município, que é predominantemente agrícola baseada na agricultura familiar.
The operation of a landfill is essential for the management of waste, since it is the final disposal phase of municipal solid waste. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the impacts of urban solid waste being deposited in a sanitary landfill of a municipality in the interior of the State of São Paulo. To reach the proposed goal this research was divided into three distinct articles. The first article aimed to analyze by means of the waste quality index (IQR-V), if the management of the landfill is in accordance with the methodology implemented by the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB) and according to the environmental purposes established for the landfill. It can be concluded that in the application of the standardized questionnaires that evaluated the local, operational and structural characteristics of the facilities of this sanitary landfill, it is in inadequate environmental conditions. The second article had as objective to analyze the composition of the residues deposited in this landfill by means of the gravimetric analysis of the residues, which consists of the representation of the physical composition of the solid residues in percentages, relating the different fractions of the materials that compose the urban solid waste in relation to the total weight of the sample. In this study it was verified that 72.94% of the residues deposited in the landfill have potential for other economic activities, such as composting and recycling / reuse. In the economic potential of the recycling fraction, the results showed that around R $ 2,700 per month are being wasted by the municipality with the disposal of solid waste that could be sent to recycling. The third article aimed to analyze the concentration profile of potentially toxic metals and aromatic hydrocarbons of human health risk in landfill land. This is an important tool to evaluate the possible presence of contaminants from inappropriate disposal of waste as well as assist in the management of discards and control of environmental contamination. Therefore, soil samples were collected at different locations and depths to analyze cadmium, lead, nickel, arsenic, mercury, that are potentially toxic elements and aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene , p. The results of potentially toxic metals and aromatic hydrocarbons present in the soil of the landfill were below the guideline values of CONAMA Resolution 420, which has criteria and values of soil quality for the presence of chemical substances in Brazil. Based on the results found, it can be considered that the low levels found may be related to the time of activity of the landfill or to the profile of the population of the municipality, which is predominantly agricultural based on family agriculture.

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A crescente geração de resíduos sólidos e a destinação final inadequada ocasionam diversos problemas ambientais na maioria das cidades brasileiras e que afetam a qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. O depósito de resíduos sólidos urbanos em lixões ainda é a prática mais utilizada para a destinação final, principalmente, nos municípios de pequeno porte. O município de Estiva Gerbi, no interior do Estado de São Paulo, área de estudo, tem uma população estimada de 10.223 habitantes (IBGE, 2006) e gera, diariamente, 4,4 toneladas de resíduos sólidos urbanos, dos quais 32,8% representam materiais recicláveis. A coleta regular municipal atende 99% dos domicílios, porém, desde 1993, os resíduos são depositados inadequadamente em uma área caracterizada como passivo ambiental, de antiga cava de mineração de argila. A situação agrava-se com a presença de catadores que efetuam a triagem de recicláveis no local. Não há controle dos resíduos depositados, nem do acesso à área (pessoas ou veículos), ocorrendo, inclusive, o lançamento clandestino de resíduos industriais (não inertes) no local. Além das dificuldades financeiras, administrativas e técnicas, o município tem sido autuado pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) por não atender às exigências mínimas de controle na área. A situação atual dos resíduos sólidos nesse município foi levantada como base de estudos para a apresentação de diretrizes específicas. Foram analisadas as características das unidades geológico-geotécnicas quanto às restrições e potencialidades à implantação de um aterro sanitário e selecionaram-se critérios geoambientais de orientação à pré-seleção de áreas com tal finalidade. São apresentadas, ainda, alternativas tecnológicas simplificadas, de fácil operação e manutenção, sanitariamente adequadas... .
The growing generation of solid waste and its final inadequate destination cause several environmental problems in the majority of the Brazilian cities which affect the quality of life of its inhabitants. Dumping solid urban waste in dumps is the most used practice as a final destination, especially in small cities. The city of Estiva Gerbi, located in the countryside of the State of São Paulo, a study area, has a population of approximately 10.223 inhabitants (IBGE, 2006) and generates daily, 4.4 tons of solid urban waste, from which 32,8% represent recyclable materials. Regular municipal collection attends 99% of the dwellings, however since 1993; the waste is deposited inadequately in an area characterized as environmental liability, from old clay mining. The situation becomes more serious with the presence of scavengers who sort out the recyclables in the area. There is no control of the waste deposited, nor of the access to the area (people and vehicles), also having the dumping of clandestine industrial waste (not inert) in the place. Besides the financial, administrative and technical difficulties, the city has suffered constant bookings by the CETESB (Environmental Agency) for not fulfilling the minimal control requirements in the area. The current situation of the solid waste in this city has been raised as basis for study for the presentation of specific guidelines. The Geological Geotechnical characteristics of the units were analyzed as to the restrictions and potentiality of implanting a sanitary landfill and geoenvironmental criteria of orientation and pre-selection of areas for this purpose. Still, simplified technological alternatives are presented, of easy operation and maintenance, sanitarily adequate to the final disposition of the solid waste... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: José Eduardo Zaine
Banca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez
Banca: Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira Reix
Resumo: A crescente geração de resíduos sólidos e a destinação final inadequada ocasionam diversos problemas ambientais na maioria das cidades brasileiras e que afetam a qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. O depósito de resíduos sólidos urbanos em lixões ainda é a prática mais utilizada para a destinação final, principalmente, nos municípios de pequeno porte. O município de Estiva Gerbi, no interior do Estado de São Paulo, área de estudo, tem uma população estimada de 10.223 habitantes (IBGE, 2006) e gera, diariamente, 4,4 toneladas de resíduos sólidos urbanos, dos quais 32,8% representam materiais recicláveis. A coleta regular municipal atende 99% dos domicílios, porém, desde 1993, os resíduos são depositados inadequadamente em uma área caracterizada como passivo ambiental, de antiga cava de mineração de argila. A situação agrava-se com a presença de catadores que efetuam a triagem de recicláveis no local. Não há controle dos resíduos depositados, nem do acesso à área (pessoas ou veículos), ocorrendo, inclusive, o lançamento clandestino de resíduos industriais (não inertes) no local. Além das dificuldades financeiras, administrativas e técnicas, o município tem sido autuado pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) por não atender às exigências mínimas de controle na área. A situação atual dos resíduos sólidos nesse município foi levantada como base de estudos para a apresentação de diretrizes específicas. Foram analisadas as características das unidades geológico-geotécnicas quanto às restrições e potencialidades à implantação de um aterro sanitário e selecionaram-se critérios geoambientais de orientação à pré-seleção de áreas com tal finalidade. São apresentadas, ainda, alternativas tecnológicas simplificadas, de fácil operação e manutenção, sanitariamente adequadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrõnico abaixo).
Abstract: The growing generation of solid waste and its final inadequate destination cause several environmental problems in the majority of the Brazilian cities which affect the quality of life of its inhabitants. Dumping solid urban waste in "dumps" is the most used practice as a final destination, especially in small cities. The city of Estiva Gerbi, located in the countryside of the State of São Paulo, a study area, has a population of approximately 10.223 inhabitants (IBGE, 2006) and generates daily, 4.4 tons of solid urban waste, from which 32,8% represent recyclable materials. Regular municipal collection attends 99% of the dwellings, however since 1993; the waste is deposited inadequately in an area characterized as environmental liability, from old clay mining. The situation becomes more serious with the presence of scavengers who sort out the recyclables in the area. There is no control of the waste deposited, nor of the access to the area (people and vehicles), also having the dumping of clandestine industrial waste (not inert) in the place. Besides the financial, administrative and technical difficulties, the city has suffered constant bookings by the CETESB (Environmental Agency) for not fulfilling the minimal control requirements in the area. The current situation of the solid waste in this city has been raised as basis for study for the presentation of specific guidelines. The Geological Geotechnical characteristics of the units were analyzed as to the restrictions and potentiality of implanting a sanitary landfill and geoenvironmental criteria of orientation and pre-selection of areas for this purpose. Still, simplified technological alternatives are presented, of easy operation and maintenance, sanitarily adequate to the final disposition of the solid waste... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Mestre

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A disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos é um dos sérios problemas enfrentados pela sociedade moderna. Uma alternativa para esta disposição de forma ambientalmente adequada são os aterros sanitários. Desta forma, o município de Pombal - PB juntamente com outros municípios circunvizinhos buscam a implantação de um aterro sanitário consorciado tendo em vista o atendimento a legislação em vigor. Objetivou-se, portanto, realizar um estudo para identificar, por meio de geoprocessamento, áreas aptas para a implantação de um aterro sanitário no município de Pombal - PB, observando critérios ambientais,sociais e econômicos. Foi estimado o tamanho da área necessária a implantação do aterro. Posteriormente foram avaliadas três áreas, seguindo critérios preestabelecidos e atribuição de nota. Quanto ao tratamento de dados espaciais utilizou-se o Qgis 2.18. Com isso, selecionou-se preliminarmente a Área 1 como possível área para implantação do aterro sanitário, haja vista ter sido a que melhor atendeu aos critérios estabelecidos.
The inadequate disposal of solid waste is one of the serious problems faced by modern society. An alternative to this provision in an environmentally appropriate manner is landfills. In this way, the municipality of Pombal - PB together with other surrounding municipalities, seek the implementation of a consortium sanitary landfill in order to comply with current legislation. The objective of this study was to identify, through geoprocessing, suitable areas for the implantation of a sanitary landfill in the city of Pombal - PB, observing environmental, social and economic criteria. The size of the land required for the landfill was estimated. Subsequently, three areas were evaluated, following pre-established criteria and note assignment. As for spatial data processing, Qgis 2.18 was used. With this, it was preliminarily selected Area 1 as a possible area for landfill implantation, since it was the one that best met the established criteria.

Os resíduos sólidos podem poluir e contaminar as águas superficiais e subterrâneas, pela migração de lixiviado gerado em aterros e lixões, o que pode colocar em risco a saúde pública e o ambiente. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na bacia hidrográfica Tietê-Jacaré, pertencente a 13a Unidade de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI-13) do Estado de São Paulo, bem como verificar a sua influência na qualidade dos recursos hídricos da região, por meio de coletas de água superficial (14 pontos) e subterrânea (20 pontos), localizados nos municípios de Araraquara, Bauru, Brotas, Jaú, Ribeirão Bonito e São Carlos. Para a realização deste trabalho foram coletadas quatro amostras de água subterrânea em quatro poços de monitoramento, um a montante e três a jusante, de cinco aterros. Também foram coletadas quatro amostras de água em dois pontos de sete córregos na área de influência de aterros e lixões. As coletas foram realizadas durante 2004 e 2005. As amostras foram submetidas a análises físico-química, microbiológica e ecotoxicológica. O nível d´água, bem como os parâmetros pH, condutividade elétrica, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura foram obtidos in situ. Durante o monitoramento realizado foi constatado alteração das características naturais dos recursos hídricos, indicando poluição e contaminação em alguns pontos. Com base nas visitas realizadas e nas informações obtidas, o estudo permitiu concluir que não há gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos na bacia Tietê-Jacaré, salvo avanços em alguns municípios. Os aterros municipais estão melhorando gradativamente, a fim de atenderem às exigências dos órgãos ambientais, porém constatou-se que as medidas são emergenciais e corretivas. Falta investimento da administração pública no que se refere à prevenção dos impactos negativos.
Solid waste can pollute and contaminate superficial and groundwater, through the migration of sanitary landfills and dumps leachate, which can endangers the public health and the environment. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the urban solid waste management at Tietê-Jacaré basin, which belongs to the São Paulo State 13th Water Resources Management Unit (UGRHI-13), and to verify its influence to the regional water resources quality by sampling superficial water (14 points) and groundwater (20 points) at Araraquara, Bauru, Brotas, Jaú, Ribeirão Bonito and São Carlos. Four groundwater samples were collected at four wells, one upstream and three downstream, at five landfills. Four water samples were also collected at two points from seven streamlets of the landfills influence area. The sampling occurred on 2004 and 2005. The samples were submitted to physic-chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicologycal analysis. Water table, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and temperature were achieved in situ. During the monitoring, alteration of the natural characteristics of the water resources was verified, indicating pollution and contamination at some points. Based on the surveys and the information, this study could conclude that there is not an integrated management of solid wastes at Tietê-Jacaré basin, excepting improvements at some municipalities. The municipal landfills are being improved gradually, following environmental agencies requests, but the measures are emergent and correctives. There is lack of investment from governments for negative impacts prevention.

This work presents a case study, containing the diagnosis of reverse logistics of the solid wastes existing in Ituiutaba (MG). It includes the main residues, who are the biggest collectors and buyers and which is the way taken by the residues. It still presents, a pro-active model for its environmental management. Model this, that induces the capacity to think, to project and to foresee a better future for the society of what is lived deeply today in the city. The qualitative analysis of the domiciliary residues disclosed the presence of 70% in weight of decaing organic substance. Five aspects are identified: costs of Iandfill maintenance , non senses, technique imperfections, administrative problems and lack of equipment in the current model of reverse logistics. There is a new perspective for the city of Ituiutaba (MG) to give a leap in order to improve its efficiency in environmental management. The way for the efficiency of the management of the residues is demonstrated, which must have as main precursor the municipal public power. So that the model can have effectiveness it will have to count on the support of the population, which will have to be informed of the new the proposal of reverse logistics for the urban residues. In relation to the compost produced from the humid residues, it can be evidenced that its composition presents good potential of use for production of varied plants and vegetables for presenting a good constitution of macro and micron nutrients. In relation to the balance of mass in the pro-active model there is a perspective of a shunting line of the residues from the landfills much bigger than nowadays. That is, the ambient reintegration of the residues makes a leap from current 19% to 82,8% in the proactive model of reverse logistics. This way it is possible to see a new age in the management of the solid residues for the city of Ituiutaba supported in reverse logistics. With the adoption of the pro-active model the municipal landfill will have to be used less for the covering and compacting of the recycleable residues and unwanted matter and more for the composting of the perishable organic residues. This way it is possible to prolong the useful life of the landfill, from 24 years to 99 years, with drastic reduction in the leachate generation. Soon, the study of the reverse logistics of the residues is a contribution to subsidize the city hall in the management of the solid residues, also serving, to increase the conscience of the population on the necessity of its participation in the discarding process and reusage of solid residues.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso, contendo o diagnóstico da logística reversa dos resíduos sólidos existentes em Ituiutaba (MG). Ele caracteriza quais são os principais resíduos, quem são os maiores catadores e compradores e qual é o caminho percorrido pelos resíduos. Apresenta ainda, um modelo pró-ativo para a sua gestão ambiental. Modelo esse, que induz a capacidade de pensar, projetar e antever um futuro melhor para a sociedade tijucana do que se vivencia hoje na cidade. A análise qualitativa dos resíduos domiciliares revelou a presença de 70% em peso de matéria orgânica putrescível. Identificam-se: custos de manutenção do aterro, contra sensos, falhas técnicas, administrativas e ausência de equipamentos no modelo atual de logística reversa. Abre-se a perspectiva para a cidade de Ituiutaba (MG) dar um salto a fim de melhorar a sua eficiência em gestão ambiental. O caminho para a eficiência da gestão dos resíduos é demonstrado, o qual deverá ter como principal precursor o poder público municipal. Para que o modelo possa ter efetividade ele deverá contar com o apoio da população, a qual deverá ser informada sobre a nova proposta de logística reversa para os resíduos sólidos urbanos. Em relação ao húmus produzido a partir dos resíduos putrescíveis, pode-se constatar que o composto apresenta bom potencial de uso para produção de variadas plantas e hortaliças e possui uma boa constituição de macro e micro nutrientes. Em referência ao balanço de massa no modelo pró-ativo abre-se uma perspectiva de um desvio dos resíduos do aterro sanitário bem maior do que se presencia hoje. A reintegração ambiental dos resíduos sólidos dá um salto dos atuais 19% para 82,8% no modelo pró-ativo da logística reversa. Destarte vislumbrase uma nova era na gestão dos resíduos sólidos para o município de Ituiutaba amparada na logística reversa. Com a adoção do modelo pró-ativo a área do aterro municipal deverá ser utilizada menos para o recobrimento e compactação dos resíduos recicláveis e rejeitos e mais para a compostagem dos resíduos orgânicos putrescíveis. Com isso, se vislumbra o prolongamento da vida útil do aterro, que passaria de 24 anos para 99 anos, com redução drástica na geração de chorume. O estudo do reverso da logística dos resíduos é uma contribuição para subsidiar a prefeitura na gestão dos resíduos sólidos, servindo também, para aumentar a consciência da população sobre a necessidade de sua participação no processo de descarte e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos.
Mestre em Geografia

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The increase in the world?s population, the current rate of consumption and, consequently, generation of waste, implies an unsustainable use of the planet's resources for the production of goods. Solid waste is continuously generated in all steps of the production chain, and even after consumption, since their disposal requires the use of large areas, causing a double impact on the environment. Aiming to contribute for the quality of municipal solid waste management, the present study proposed the following scenarios to simulate waste generation: i) Scenario 1, which considers the current situation of Feira de Santana, without the use of recycling rates for dry and moist waste; ii) Scenario 2, where the recycling of materials based on PLANARES is applied; iii) Scenario 3, which adopts the recycling targets set forth in the PMGIRS; iv) Scenario 4A, with recycling targets proposed by PLANARES, together with the reduction of generation per capita and increase of the collection rate; v) Scenario 4B, with recycling targets proposed by the PMGIRS, combined with the reduction of generation per capita and increase of the collection rate; and, vi) Scenario 5, which allows for bold recycling targets, combined with the decrease in per capita production and growth of the collection rate. Based on these simulations, the impacts of each scenario were evaluated on increasing the life expectancy of the municipal landfill, and saving energy by recycling materials that are no longer being sent to the landfill. The results showed that: i) Increase in the useful life of the Feira de Santana landfill by 11, 17, 18 and 26 years, according to scenarios 2, 3, 4A and 4B, respectively. For scenario 5, the useful life of the municipal landfill does not end until the final analysis year (2075); (ii) The results obtained may also specify the mass quantity of waste that will no longer be sent to the landfill over the simulated years, namely: 77,000 t, 119,000 t, 92,000 t, 136,000 t, 212,000 t according to scenarios 2, 3, 4A, 4B and 5, respectively; iii) Can be saved in Feira de Santana in 2050 for scenario 5, the most expressive, approximately 1027 GWh, enough to supply close to 2.1 million households, considering the monthly consumption of 163 KWh and a average of 3 people per residence; (iv) Dry waste is 98% more economical than wet waste, since the potential of both was 202 GWh and 10 GWh respectively in 2050; v) Plastic stands out as the dry material with the greatest potential for energy savings. According to scenario 5, this material could save about 749 GWh, enough to supply approximately 1.5 million households; vi) The simulations presented in this paper, related to the use of material recycling rates and other management options, have proved to be more efficient in relation to the goals established by scenario 5 for all analysis parameters.Taking into account that the assessment and simulation were limited to secondary data due to the lack of consistent local information, it can be inferred that there was a reduction of environmental impacts for Feira de Santana with the adoption of municipal recycling goals. Through their implementation, it will be possible to extend the life expectancy of the municipal landfill, as well as provide energy savings and gains for the municipality.
O aumento da popula??o mundial, acrescida da atual forma de consumo, e, consequentemente, da gera??o de res?duos, implica o aumento do uso das reservas do planeta. Para se obter a mat?ria-prima bruta, em todos os passos at? sua transforma??o em bens de consumo, s?o continuamente produzidos res?duos, inclusive ap?s o consumo, uma vez que, os bens dur?veis foram fabricados para serem usados e descartados, o que caracteriza, portanto, um impacto dobrado, observando-se ainda que, al?m do uso das reservas, s?o demandados locais para depositar esses materiais ap?s utiliza??o. Visando auxiliar no tocante ? qualidade da gest?o dos res?duos, no presente trabalho foram propostos os seguintes cen?rios metodol?gicos: i) Cen?rio 1, que considera a situa??o atual de Feira de Santana, sem emprego de taxas de reciclagem para res?duos secos e ?midos; ii) Cen?rio 2, onde se aplica a reciclagem de materiais com base no PLANARES; iii) Cen?rio 3, que adota as metas de reciclagem previstas no PMGIRS; iv) Cen?rio 4A, com metas de reciclagem propostas pelo PLANARES, aliadas ? redu??o da gera??o per capita e aumento da taxa de coleta; v) Cen?rio 4B, com metas de reciclagem propostas pelo PMGIRS, aliadas ? redu??o da gera??o per capita e aumento da taxa de coleta; e, vi) Cen?rio 5, que admite metas de reciclagem arrojadas, aliadas ? diminui??o da produ??o per capita e crescimento da taxa de coleta. A partir dessas simula??es, foram avaliados os impactos de cada cen?rio no aumento de vida ?til do aterro sanit?rio municipal, e tamb?m na economia e gera??o de energia por meio da reciclagem de materiais que deixam de ser encaminhados ao aterro. Os resultados obtidos revelam: i) Aumento da vida ?til do aterro sanit?rio de Feira de Santana por 11, 17, 18 e 26 anos, de acordo com os cen?rios 2, 3, 4A e 4B, respectivamente. Para o cen?rio 5, a vida ?til do aterro municipal n?o se encerra at? o ano final de an?lise (2075); ii) Os resultados obtidos tamb?m podem precisar a quantidade em massa de res?duos que deixar? de ser encaminhada ao aterro sanit?rio ao longo dos anos simulados, a saber: 77 mil t, 119 mil t, 92 mil t, 136 mil t, 212 mil t de acordo com os cen?rios 2, 3, 4A, 4B e 5, respectivamente; iii) Podem ser poupados em Feira de Santana, em 2050, para o cen?rio 5, o mais expressivo, aproximadamente 1027 GWh, o suficiente para abastecer perto de 2,1 milh?es de resid?ncias, considerando-se o consumo mensal de 163 KWh e uma m?dia de 3 pessoas por resid?ncia; iv) Os res?duos secos possuem uma economia 98% maior em rela??o aos res?duos ?midos, j? que o potencial poupado por ambos para o ano de 2050 ?, respectivamente, 602 GWh e 10 GWh; v) O pl?stico destaca-se como o material seco de maior potencial de economia de energia. De acordo com o cen?rio 5, esse material poderia poupar cerca de 749 GWh, o suficiente para abastecer, aproximadamente, 1,5 milh?o de resid?ncias; vi) As simula??es apresentadas neste trabalho, relativas ao emprego de taxas de reciclagem de materiais e outras op??es de gest?o, mostraram-se mais eficientes em rela??o ?s metas estabelecidas pelo cen?rio 5 para todos os par?metros de an?lise. Levando-se em considera??o que as an?lises desenvolvidas neste trabalho se limitaram a dados secund?rios por falta de dados locais consistentes, pode-se inferir que houve redu??o dos impactos ambientais para Feira de Santana com a ado??o de metas de reciclagem, uma vez que, por meio dessas metas ser? poss?vel estender a vida ?til do aterro sanit?rio, bem como proporcionar economias e ganhos energ?ticos para o munic?pio em quest?o.

Le recyclage des lixiviats accroit la cinetique de decomposition de la matiere organique et augmente considerablement le taux de bioconversion gazeux en seduisant correlativement la charge polluante vehiculee par les lixiviats

Integrated management of municipal and hazardous waste is one of the challenges facing the new municipalities in South Africa, especially those located in previously disadvantaged rural areas. However, much of the research on solid and hazardous waste management in South Africa has examined waste management problematics in urban areas, the majority of which are located within the jurisdiction of local governments which are comparatively effective in terms of providing adequate disposal services. By contrast, this study has examined the environmental risk assessment associated with unregulated landfill sites in the Albert Luthuli municipality, in the Mpumalanga province. The determination of the environmental risk was achieved by the use of questionnaire surveys and landfill analysis forms in selected study areas. The findings have highlighted a very high environmental risk, nearly four times and above, the threshold limits set by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT, 2005:15) for all of the landfill sites examined. Several exposure pathways stemming from associated environmental impacts have also been identified for the study. The higher environmental risk determined for the problem sites is ascribed to numerous factors, including their ill-planned location, the sensitivity and vulnerability of the natural environment and adjacent rural settlements, the lack of appropriate waste pre-treatment processes prior to disposal, and most significantly, the lack of regulatory and control measures to contain the myriad of environmental problems generated. In conclusion, it is recommended that several measures (including closure) should be taken in order to reduce and contain the magnitude of environmental risks involved.
Environmental Sciences
M.Sc.(Environmental Sciences)

MENVSC
Department of Ecology and Resource Management
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the strategic management of the Thohoyandou Block J landfill site. There are limited documented materials on strategic management of landfill sites in South Africa. As a result, this study sought to close this gap and expose new insights that it deemed to be of great importance in the management and operations of landfill sites. The capacity of a TBJ landfill site in terms of its efficiency in disposing waste, adherence to rules and procedures and the overall management of the site are the key areas of this study. The dominant types and sources of solid waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site, efficiency and effectiveness of operation of TBJ landfill site and operational challenges are the main areas covered in this study. The study adopted the mixed methods approach, involving both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Both primary and secondary data were acquired. Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire, an interview and field observation, using an observation checklist. Secondary data were obtained from ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2 and documented materials from the Thulamela Local Municipality and the TBJ landfill site, the Integrated Waste Management Plan, Integrated Development Plan, TBJ landfill site’s monthly report, audit report and landfill site’s operating plan. Basically, field observation and a questionnaire completed by the waste manager, landfill operator and supervisor, were used to collect data on the operational challenges of TBJ landfill site and to obtain data on the efficiency and effectiveness at which the TBJ landfill site is operating. Waste pickers were interviewed and field observation was undertaken, to identify the dominant types and sources of waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site. A questionnaire completed by TBJ landfill operator, ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2 for field measurement, reports of the amount of waste recorded and the municipality’s database, were utilized to elicit data regarding the determination of the capacity of TBJ landfill site. The results obtained revealed that the TBJ landfill site’s remaining capacity is 317 085 m3, which will be exhausted in the next 4 years. Plastics were found to be the dominant waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site, at 40%, followed by card-boxes, which constituted 32%. The dominant sources of solid waste generation in the TBJ landfill site were households, at 51%, followed by commercial, at 31% and industrial, at 11%. The absence of a weighbridge, to weigh loads of waste, frequent break down of equipment, lack of equipment required to operate the TBJ landfill site efficiently and the presence of fire hazards, were some of the
NRF

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter
This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
99
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the contamination of groundwater and the operation, maintenance, and appropriate management of landfill by analyzing the records of waste sanitary landfill groundwater wells. The results showed that landfill operations did affect groundwater quality, there were seven sits exceeded the monitoring limits, in the period of 2005-2007 years. The possible causes could be as follows: waterproof fabric damage, ineffective collection system, leachate delivery back system failure, inaccurate burying operation, dead animals inside, fertilizer pollution from surrounding farmland, and wastewater pollution from livestock .

Waste minimisation is implemented worldwide and has become an urgent priority in South Africa as evidenced in the promulgated National Environmental Management Waste Act (2008). The most common waste disposal method in South Africa is by landfill, which is unacceptable. Local municipalities have made little progress towards waste minimisation. The aim of this study was to present a solution to waste minimisation for the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM) by determining the feasibility of establishing composting facilities on landfill sites. One third of all municipal waste consists of green waste, which is compostable and can be converted on landfill sites. Nine municipal landfill sites were screened. The four most feasible sites were evaluated further by applying identified parameters that address physical, social and operational requirements. It is a possible to establish composting facilities on all four sites investigated, with Hatherley ranking as the most suited. The findings of this study clearly provided the basic parameters and requirements for constructing a composting facility and practical procedures applicable within a South African context. The evaluation method used can be applied as a model to evaluate similar studies in other municipalities to aid them in the decision-making process for waste minimisation.
Environmental Management
M.A. (Environmental Management)

碩士
國立中央大學
國際環境永續發展碩士在職專班國際專班
98
Solid waste management has become a major priority practice for many developing countries in order to secure the public health and environment while promoting justifiable economic and social development. In Belize, waste management is a multidimensional problem that has been aggravated by rapid urbanization and population growth rate. Therefore, the state environmental agencies are continuously faced with an increasing amount of solid wastes to handle. The goal of solid waste management is to minimize waste generation in the production process through the implementation of more appropriate collection systems for each situation and the employment of recovery and recycling, treatment, and refuse disposal processes and technologies. This paper highlights the need of constructing adequate sanitary landfill site in Belize City. Currently in Belize, there is an initiative to build a central sanitary landfill, and try to close all existing open-dump facilities for refuse disposal. The refuse open-dump method may have serious danger to public health with its breeding of terrible flies and rats, which can transmit lots of diseases. The uncontrolled leachate from the open-dump refuse site may also pollute surface and ground waters. This study aims at assessing the establishment of Fukuoka semi-aerobic landfill site with the comparison of open-dump sites in the measure of a benefit-cost analysis. The Fukuoka landfill site will service five major districts including San Pedro Town, Caye Caulker, Belize City, San Ignacio and Santa Elena. The municipal solid wastes generated from these five districts are estimated in this study to be 45,758 tons per year (125 tons per day) in 2030. The Fukuoka landfill site, which designed capacity is 125 tons/day, is assessed by benefit-costs analysis with three factors: the decreased costs of mortality and morbidity due to the reduction of sulphur dioxide from spontaneous burning and the lead emissions from open-dump sites and land use recycling. The results showed that, according to the designed conditions and economic assumption, the total construction cost of the Fukuoka sanitary landfill is US$4,312,895, and the total operation costs for 20-year duration is US$18,618,912. However, the total benefit is estimated to be US$US$142,879,624 that much surpasses the construction costs plus operation expenses. This study has estimated that there will have a benefit of US$131,113,792 getting from decreasing the damage costs of mortality and morbidity, that is because of the elimination of sulphur dioxide from spontaneous burning as well as the reduction of lead emissions from open-dump sites. The other benefit could be from restoring closed open-dump sites, and the restored land value to be US$11,765,832. According to the analysis with cash-flow sheet, the financial benefit of the Fukuoka landfill investment for 20-year duration is that the net present value (NPV) is US $ 2,241,594 and internal rate of return (IRR) is 19%.