Literatura académica sobre el tema "Same sex mariage"

RÉSUMÉUne étude qualitative, dans la perspective du parcours de vie, a exploré la transition vers le mariage pour les couples de même sexe au milieu ou plus tard dans la vie. Vingt personnes (soit 11 couples) ont été intérrogées – 12 lesbiennes, sept hommes gais, et une homme bisexuel. Au moment de leurs mariages, les participants avaient de 42 à 72 ans (âge moyen: 54), et avaient vécu avec leurs partenaires entre six mois à 19 ans (moyen: 7,5 ans). Trois thèmes soulignent la manière dont les expériences de ces couples de même sexe, en décidant de se marier, ont été influencés par les expériences dans leurs parcours de vie. Premièrement,l’intégration: les individus ont dû integrer le mariage dans leur psychisme. Deuxièmement,la justification: ils ont dû demander pourquoi ils se marient avec leurs partenaires spécifiques. Le troisième thème étaitla déliberation: les participants à l’étude ont demontré comment leurs expériences de planification de mariage et les caractéristiques de leurs noces etaient impregnées à la suite de leurs expériences conscientes de vie en ce qui concerne l’homophobie et/ou l’hétérosexisme.

Abstract: Questions relating to same-sex marriages, registered partnerships, and statutory cohabitations are increasingly present in legislature and case law. Since 1989, when Denmark allowed the first same-sex registered partnership, eight European countries have adapted their marriage acts to include same-sex couples, and more than 16 European countries provide rules for same-sex and/or opposite-sex registered partnerships. The European Court of Human Rights had to (re-)interpret the right to marry (Article 12 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)), the prohibition of discrimination (Article 14 ECHR), and the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 ECHR) in the light of the desire of an Austrian same-sex couple to wed. The Court of Justice of the European Union decided that it is direct discrimination to treat a German life partner differently from a married person with regard to a supplementary retirement pension. In this context, the present article focuses on the problem of international non-recognition of registered relationships that have already been validly established in another state. In addition to moral and political considerations, the recognition of foreign registered relationships might be legally required in view of recent case law on human rights and the fundamental freedoms of the EU. In this regard, the adoption and design of a future EU regulation on the law applicable to registered relationships as a well-suited instrument to ensure efficient recognition is discussed. Although non-recognition is not an issue, which is limited to the European Union, an EU perspective is employed throughout the article for reasons of practicability. Résumé:Questions relatives aux mariages homosexuels, aux partenariats enregistrés et aux cohabitations légales sont de plus en plus présentes dans la législation et la jurisprudence. Depuis 1989, lorsque le Danemark a permis le premier partenariat enregistré, huit pays européens ont adapté leur lois de mariage pour y inclure les couples de même sexe, et plus de 16 pays européens ont fourni des régles concernant un partenariat enregistré pour les personnes de même sexe et/ou de sexe opposé. La Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme devait (re-)interpréter le droit au mariage (article 12 Convention Européenne des Droits de l'Homme (CEDH)), l'interdiction de discrimination (article 14 CEDH) et le droit au respect de la vie privée et familiale (article 8 CEDH) en vertu d'un couple Autrichien de même sexe qui voulait se marier. La Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne décidait qu'un traitement différent d'un partenariat de vie et d'un mariage quant á une pension de retraite complémentaire peut constituer une discrimination.Dans ce contexte, le présent article élabore le probléme de la non-reconnaissance internationale des partenariats et des mariages homosexuels qui ont déjá été établis valablement dans un autre Etat. Outre les considérations morales et politiques, la reconnaissance de ces relations familiales est probablement meme légalement demandée compte tenu de la jurisprudence récente sur les droits de l'homme et les libertés fondamentales de l'UE. Un réglement de l'UE sur le droit applicable aux relations familiales enregistrées représente un instrument bien adapté pour assurer la reconnaissance et est donc ébauché en plus amples détails. Une perspective européenne est employée pour des raisons de praticabilité, bien que la non-reconnaissance soit un probléme mondial.

The debate about the same sex marriage bill in France has launched a significant sequence of politicization and assertion in the streets for the conservative Catholics. Though mobilization declined after the law was passed, these initiatives still arouse differentiated appropriation of public urban space. Relying on ethnographic work, this article analyses two logics of action emerging complementarily and organizing these post-‘Mariage pour tous’ demonstrations in Paris. In both cases there is a real ‘place-taking/place-making’ at work. Extending the study of recent Catholic mobilizations to the different activists still active after ‘La Manif Pour Tous’ makes it possible to understand how central the issue of drop in status seems in order to analyze these protest repertoires and their evolutionary inscription in the city, especially in the direction of the ‘peripheries’.

Résumé. Cet article étudie les lieux investis par les activistes LGBT durant les mobilisations en faveur de l'ouverture du mariage civil aux couples de même sexe en France, en Espagne et en Belgique. Il montre que l'articulation entre les niveaux étatique et infraétatiques ne résulte pas uniquement des variations institutionnelles de la structure des opportunités politiques ou, à l'image du scale-jumping, de considérations stratégiques. Elle s'inscrit aussi dans des phénomènes plus vastes : la culture politique, l'histoire et l'organisation des mouvements LGBT dans chacun des pays analysés. Ce texte discute ainsi certaines observations de Miriam Smith (et de John Grundy) sur la déconnexion des niveaux d'action au sein du mouvement LGBT canadien.Abstract. This article examines the places invested by LGBT activists while advocating the opening-up of civil marriage to same-sex couples in France, Spain and Belgium. It shows how the articulation between state and sub-state levels does not only result from institutional variations of the political opportunities structure or, as for scale-jumping, from strategic concerns. It also ensues from broader phenomena: political culture, as well as the history and organisation of LGBT movements in each of the countries under study. This text also discusses some of Miriam Smith (and John Grundy)'s observations on the disconnections of action levels within the Canadian LGBT movement.

Nowadays the meaning of marriage has changed as found in various phenomena of exiting from state regulations and laws, religion, customs and norms in society. The research aims at finding interaction model and group communication leading to changes of meaning of marriage among inter-generation of middle-class groups in in DKI Jakarta. This research refers to Alfred Schutz teories of symbolic interactionism, group-communication, and social phenomenology. Qualitative research method is used to analyze data completed by depth interview and FGD as data collection technique. The results shows that interaction model on mariage meaning is influenced by the way people grow, interact, and communicate within their group. The meaning of marriage symbols which is exchanged in the interaction of a group has changed from one generation to the next generation. Marriage is perceived as destiny, the unity between man and woman as a way of preserving human beings, justifying sexual intercourse and holding religious order. The research also fond contradictive phenomenon of marriage meaning between marriage meaning with the sacred law of marriage, whether it is in state regulations, customs and norms of society, such as same-sex marriage phenomenon (gay/lesbian), swinging behavior, samen leven, and free sex.

Lejos de trascender la historia, la verdad de las ciencias sociales se despliega en ella. Sin embargo, dicha historicidad no las condena al relativismo. En cambio, lleva a distinguir la antropología social de la antropología religiosa, la cual propone una verdad trascendente. Debido a que el Vaticano se inquieta por los cuestionamientos al orden sexual, para proteger la naturaleza del matrimonio de las parejas del mismo sexo, el Papa propone actualmente una “ecología humana” opuesta a lo que puede llamarse “democracia sexual”. Eso es, correr el riesgo de confundir a Dios y a la Naturaleza, o lo que es lo mismo, al universalismo de la ley natural y a la universalidad de las leyes de la naturaleza.Abstract: Far from transcending history, the truth of the social sciences unfolds historically. This does not necessarily lead to relativism; however, it forces to distinguish between social anthropology and religious anthropology, which offers a transcendent truth. For the Vatican worries about the changes of the sexual order: so as to protect the nature of marriage from same-sex couples, the pope today advocates a “human ecology” in opposition to what can be called “sexual democracy” at the risk of confusing God and Nature, or the universalism inherent in nature law with the universality of the laws of nature.Résumé : Loin de transcender l’histoire, la vérité des sciences sociales s’y déploie. Cette historicité ne les condamne pourtant pas au relativisme ; en revanche, elle amène à distinguer l’anthropologie sociale de l’anthropologie religieuse, qui propose une vérité transcendante. Car le Vatican s’inquiète des remises en cause de l’ordre sexuel : pour protéger la nature du mariage contre les couples de même sexe, le pape propose aujourd’hui une « écologie humaine » opposée à ce qu’on peut appeler « démocratie sexuelle ». C’est risquer de confondre Dieu et la Nature - soit l’universalisme de la loi naturelle et l’universalité des lois de la nature.

Abstract.The gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered (GLBT) population is a good example of a demographic group that has been understudied because it is difficult to develop a subsample of sufficient size from typical national samples. Here we exploit the extraordinary size of a 2006 online election day survey (with about 35,000 respondents) to examine how the GLBT community behaves politically. While it will surprise no one that this community bestowed little support on Stephen Harper's Conservative party in the 2006 federal election, the factors behind such a consistent vote pattern are not adequately understood. In order to shed more light on the voting behaviour of the GLBT electorate, we develop a socio-demographic profile of the group, and explore three explanatory angles: 1) salience of issue campaign dynamics, given that the same-sex marriage issue was prominent in 2006; 2) ideological and attitudinal proclivities; and 3) strategic considerations.Résumé.La population gaie, lesbiennes, bisexuels et transgenres (GLBT) est un exemple d'un groupe démographique qui a été peu étudié, car il est difficile de développer un sous-échantillon de taille suffisante à partir d'échantillons nationaux. Ici, nous exploitons la taille extraordinaire d'une enquête enligne du jour du scrutin fédérale du 2006 (avec environ 35.000 répondants) d'examiner comment la communauté GLBT se comporte politiquement. Bien qu'il ne surprendra personne que cette communauté accordé peu d'appui sur Parti conservateur de Stephen Harper lors de l'élection fédérale de 2006, les facteurs qui expliquent un tel motif ne sont pas bien compris. Afin de jeter plus de lumière sur le comportement de vote de l'électorat GLBT, nous développons un profil sociodémographique de cette groupe, et d'explorer trois angles explicatives: 1) pertinence de la question du mariage de même sexe, 2) tendances idéologiques, et 3) des considérations stratégiques.

RésuméCet article explore comment les arguments juridiques en faveur de la reconnaissance des mariages entre personnes de même sexe, aux Etats-Unis et au Canada, sont représentés dans deux documentaires récents:Tying the Knot: The Union That's Dividing America(États-Unis, 2004) etThe End of Second Class(Canada, 2006). Je m'intéresse notamment aux manières dont ces films présentent les contestations judiciaires à leurs auditoires. Comme les litiges, ces documentaires sont construits sur des stratégies représentationnelles qui ont pour but d'avoir un impact maximal sur leurs auditoires. Ainsi,Tying the KnotetThe End of SecondClass reproduisent les arguments juridiques et les stratégies de litige utilisés par les défenseurs des mariages entre personnes de même sexe. J'analyse, plus particulièrement, comment les deux films présentent ces procès à l'aide de trois thèmes récurrents: (1) les droits évoluent avec le temps; (2) les droits sont comparatifs; (3) les droits représentent des indicateurs d'une appartenance nationale. Je soutiens qu'en fonction de ces idées,Tying the KnotetThe End of Second Classréintroduisent inconsciemment certaines notions dominantes de ce que signifie avoir une appartenance nationale pleine et égale et, par conséquent, délimitent ce que veut dire être un « bon » citoyen sexuel.

Abstract.Public support for legal recognition of same-sex marriage increased markedly in Canada over the course of the 1990s. The argument of this paper is that a sequence of Supreme Court decisions in the realm of same-sex relationship recognition—and the legislative activity that followed as a result—played a pivotal role in shaping public opinion on this issue. It is argued that the impact of these institutions was twofold. First, by framing the issue as one of equal rights, the courts and legislatures induced many Canadians to weigh equality-related considerations more heavily in the formation of opinions on same-sex marriage. Second, legal recognition of same-sex relationships directly persuaded many Canadians that such recognition was legitimate. The paper uses data from the Canadian Election Studies for 1993, 1997 and 2000.Résumé.Durant les années 1990 le soutien populaire aux mariages entre conjoints de même sexe s'est clairement renforcé. La thèse principale de cet article avance qu'une série de décisions de la Cour suprême portant sur les relations entre conjoints de même sexe, de même que les décisions adoptées par les pouvoirs législatifs en réponse à ces jugements, jouèrent un rôle crucial dans la formation de l'opinion publique sur ces questions. D'abord, en formulant le débat en termes d'égalité devant la loi, les appareils judiciaire et législatif ont amené les Canadiens à accorder plus de poids aux arguments liés à l'égalité dans leurs réflexions sur le sujet. En second lieu, la reconnaissance légale des unions entre conjoints de même sexe a persuadé les Canadiens de la légitimité de cette reconnaissance. Les conclusions de ce texte s'appuient sur les données des éditions d'Étude électorale canadienne de 1993, 1997 et 2000.

La Encuesta Intercensal 2015, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEGI), permite realizar un análisis estadístico detallado de las estructuras de familia en el estado de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, México. Para tal fin, utilizamos un enfoque multidimensional que considera cinco componentes fundamentales: dinámicas de autoridad, marco normativo de derechos y obligaciones, vínculos de parentalidad, procesos de estabilidad o transición, y sistemas básicos y complementarios de relaciones sociales. Al aplicar esta perspectiva analítica, encontramos cuatro tipos principales de hogares familiares en Veracruz, según estén encabezados por parejas casadas, parejas en unión libre, jefas y jefes de familia solos, divididos en 22 subtipos diferentes. En conjunto, abarcan 88.16% de los hogares de la entidad federativa, a lo que debemos sumar un 10.71% de hogares de personas solas, además de otro grupo pequeño conformado por cuatro tipos de hogares: corresidentes, de probable poligamia, parejas del mismo sexo y no especificados (1.13% en conjunto). También se hace un análisis comparativo con respecto a los resultados de los Censos de Población y Vivienda de 2000 y 2010.Palabras clave: Estructuras de familia, México, Matrimonio, Cohabitación, Padres solos Family structures in Veracruz, 2015. Organization and dynamics of changeAbstractThe Intercensal Survey 2015, from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEGI), allows for a detailed statistical analysis of family structures in the state of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Mexico. For this purpose, a multidimensional approach is used- This approach considers five fundamental components: authority dynamics, regulatory framework of rights and obligations, parenthood links, stability or transition processes, and basic and complementary systems of social relations. When applying this analytical perspective, four main types of family homes in Veracruz are found, as they are headed by married couples, couples in union, single female heads and male heads of families, divided into 22 different subtypes. Together, they comprise 88.16% of households in the state, to which we must add 10.71% of households of single people, in addition to another small group consisting of four types of households: co-residents, of probable polygamy, same-sex couples and unspecified (1.13% as a whole). A comparative analysis is also made with respect to the results of the Population and Housing Censuses of 2000 and 2010.Keywords: Family structures, Mexico, Marriage, Cohabitation, Single parents Les structures de famille à Veracruz, 2015. Organisation et dynamiques de changementRésuméL’Enquête Intercensitaire 2015, de l’Institut National de Statistique et Informatique (INEGI par ses sigles en espagnol) permet de réaliser une analyse statistique détaillé des structures de famille à l’État de Veracruz d’Ignacio de la Llave, Mexique.Dans ce but, nous utilisons une approche multidimensionnelle qui considère cinq composants fondamentaux : dynamiques d’autorité, cadre normatif de droits et obligations, liens de parentalité, processus de stabilité ou transition, et systèmes basiques et complémentaires de relations sociales.Appliquant cette perspective analytique, nous trouvons à Veracruz quatre principaux types de foyers familiaux, selon leur entêtement, par couples mariés, couples en union libre, chefs de famille hommes ou femmes tous seuls, divisés en 22 différents sous-types.Dans l’ensemble, ils couvrent le 88,16% des foyers de l’État, à cette quantité il faut ajouter un 10,71% des foyers de personnes seules, outre un autre petit groupe constitué par quatre types de foyers : Co-résidents, de possible polygamie, couples du même sexe et non spécifiés (1,13% dans son ensemble). On fait aussi une analyse comparative en ce qui concerne les résultats des Censéments de Population et Habitation de 2000 et 2010.Mots clés: Structures de famille, Mexique, Mariage, Cohabitation, Parents seuls

This thesis contains four chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of the current situation concerning same-sex parent families in France. This involves discussions of the PACS (Pacte civil de solidarité), adoption, and marriage, as well as the societal influences that caused the massive negative response to the Taubira law. The second chapter goes into more detail concerning portrayals of homosexuality in French media throughout the years. There is a focus, however, on one of the earliest portrayals of lesbianism in French literature: The Nun by Diderot. Lastly, the third chapter involves further explanation of the history of homosexuality and same-sex parent families. This chapter explores these ideas specifically in the context of French history, as well as how conditions for same-sex parent families have changed in recent years. The fourth and final chapter presents conclusions of the research.

Comment et pourquoi les décideurs, en France et aux États-Unis, mobilisent-ils différentes formes de « savoir » lors des débats législatifs et judiciaires sur la reconnaissance des couples homosexuels et de l'homoparentalité ? qui sont les « experts » qui présentent ce savoir, pourquoi interviennent-ils dans les débats, et que pensent-t-ils de leurs rôles ? Pour répondre a ces questions, cette thèse utilise cinq types de données se concentrant sur les débats publics entre 1990 et 2013 : 1) 14 000 pages d'archives législatives et judicaires ; 3) 2 335 articles parus dans Le Monde et the New York Times ; 4) l'observation participante de congrès et colloques scientifiques et publiques ; 5) 72 entretiens avec des individus auditionnés par des tribunaux et assemblées législatives ainsi qu'avec des élus et avocats ayant fait appel à eux. Définissant « l'expertise » de façon inductive comme la parole de toute personne interrogée par les institutions décisionnelles, ce travail analyse le savoir véhicule non seulement par des professionnels et universitaires mais aussi des religieux, des militants, et des citoyens ordinaires. On observe que certains savoirs, comme l'économie aux États-Unis et la psychanalyse en France, sont présents dans un contexte, mais absents dans l'autre. De plus, certains types d'experts utilisent des savoirs différents selon le pays. Par exemple, les représentants religieux américains font appel aux textes sacrés alors qu'en France ils mobilisent les sciences sociales. On peut attribuer ces différences aux conditions nationales de la production du savoir ainsi qu'aux logiques institutionnelles qui favorisent des experts ayant des savoirs spécifiques
This dissertation asks how and why american and french decision-makers—and those striving to persuade them-use specific kinds of "experts" and "expertise" when debating if same-sex couples should have the right (or not) to marry and found families. To answer these questions, I analyze archival, interview, and ethnographic data to study "expertise"—conceived broadly—in media, legislative, and judicial debates on the U. S. State, U. S. Federal, french, and european levels from 1990 to 2013. I find that, despite addressing the same issues, decision-makers draw on divergent categories of "experts" mobilizing types of knowledge that follow systematic cross-national patterns. For instance, french institutions hear professors and intellectuals who discuss gay family rights in the abstract while U. S. Institutions hear ordinary citizens whose lived experiences ground academic testimony. Furthermore, some "expertise", such as economics in the U. S. Or psychoanalysis in France, is pervasive in one context but absent in the other. I argue that nationally specific patterns in "expertise" are due to embedded institutional logics, legal structures, and knowledge production fields that impact how information is produced, made available, and rendered legitimate nationally and historically

Cette thèse prend pour objet les enjeux et les manifestations des résistances à la reconnaissance juridique de l'homoparentalité en France depuis 2012 à partir, notamment, de l'analyse d'entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec des personnes opposées à la loi « mariage pour tous » d'extension du mariage et de l'adoption aux couples homosexuels. Une majorité d'entre eux sont ou ont été mobilisés dans La manif pour tous (LMPT), une association née de l'opposition à la loi, auprès de laquelle une enquête par observations directes a également été menée. Si ce travail soulève l'existence d'une pluralité d'acteurs motivés par la critique d'une reconnaissance légale de l'homoparentalité, il observe néanmoins que l'expression publique du refus des mutations de la structuration familiale traditionnelle inscrit majoritairement ses raisons dans une matrice catholique. Ce sont en effet des croyants issus du pôle d'identité du catholicisme contemporain qui sont à l'origine de la création de LMPT et qui continuent de la constituer, plus de cinq ans après les premières manifestations de grande ampleur. Dans cette perspective, il s'agit aussi de montrer comment et pourquoi les enquêtés non catholiques sont restés aux marges du mouvement, ou l'ont progressivement quitté. Enfin malgré ce constat, les arguments employés par la direction de LMPT continuent d'être séculiers. La thèse - qui achève de s'inscrire dans une réflexion plus large sur la place du religieux dans l'espace public et politique laïque - se propose donc aussi de questionner l'inadéquation entre l'universalisme englobant du discours porté par ses dirigeants, et l'homogénéisation croissante de sa composition socioreligieuse
This thesis examines the process of legal recognition of same-sex parenting in France since 2012 and resistance to it in the country through a range of sources, including semi-structured interviews with individuals who opposed the 2013 "Mariage pour tous" bill granting same-sex couples the right to marry and adopt. The majority of them were or are activists within "La Manif pour tous" (LMPT), an association structured around opposition to the bill, which was also studied through direct observation. While this work considers the existence of a plurality of social actors motivated by hostility to the legal recognition of same-sex parenting, il also looks at the way Catholic beliefs have shaped the public expression of resistance to the evolution of traditional family structures. Believers who identify with contemporary Catholicism were instrumental in building LMPT and, over five years after the first large-scale demonstrations, continue to be a dominant force within it. The data gathered shows how and why non-Catholic interviewees remained on the margins of the movement or gradually left it. In spite of this, secular arguments remain at the heart of the discourse LMPT leaders have relied on. The place of religion in public and political spaces is thus explored along with the mismatch between the all-embracing universalism emphasized by LMPT leaders and the growing homogeneity of the movement's socioreligious makeup

La thèse propose une histoire politique renouvelée des droites nationales françaises à travers l’étude de ses principales ligues (Action Française, Croix-de-Feu, Ligue des Patriotes), de ses mouvements (Front National), journaux et penseurs majeurs. Elle entend étudier les continuités, les mutations et les ruptures de ce courant politique en analysant la genèse, les variations et les évolutions de son discours sur les homosexualités sur la longue durée : des débuts de la Troisième République, lesquels correspondent à l'apparition de la catégorie de « l'homosexuel » et à la naissance des premiers mouvements nationalistes, jusqu'au début des années 2010 avec les débats sur le Mariage Pour Tous et la « théorie du genre »
The thesis offers a renewed political history of the French national far right-wings through the study of its main leagues (Action Française, Croix-de-Feu, Ligue des Patriotes), its political movements (National Front), newspapers and major thinkers. It will study the continuities, transformations and breakings of this political trend while analyzing the genesis, changes and evolutions of its speech about homosexuality on a long time basis: from the beginnings of the Third Republic which match to the outbreak of the “homosexual” category and to the birth of the first national movements, until the early 2010s with the public debates about the Same Sex Marriage and the “gender theory”

En France, dans une société hétéronormative à domination masculine, quelles représentations les mères lesbiennes ont-elles du genre et de la socialisation de genre de leurs enfants ? L’hypothèse principale qui sous-tend la recherche est que la position particulière des lesbiennes dans le système du genre – à la fois dominées et transfuges de la classe des femmes – leur permet un point de vue critique des normes dominantes et les prédispose à transmettre des modèles qui remettent en cause l’ordre du genre. Dans un contexte français d’institutionnalisation progressive de l’homoparentalité marqué par un débat public très houleux (2012-2013), 36 entretiens semi-directifs longs ont été réalisés entre 2011 et 2014 avec des femmes lesbiennes ayant des enfants de moins de douze ans conçus en contexte lesboparental. Malgré une certaine homogénéité des profils qui classent les enquêtées parmi les catégories sociales privilégiées, on constate une hétérogénéité des représentations et des pratiques pour composer avec les normes dominantes. Les mères lesbiennes rencontrées me semblent être des « résistantes ordinaires » à la domination : sans adhésion idéologique aux normes qui les assujettissent, elles sont animées d’une volonté d’intégration. Pragmatiques dans leur lecture du contexte et du contrat social, elles sont attentives à se préserver et à préserver leur famille des effets de l’homophobie. Elles déploient leur résistance du côté de l’infrapolitique pour repousser les limites établies par le cadre contraignant
In the French heteronormative, male dominated society, what are French lesbian mothers’ representations of gender, and specifically of their children’s gender socialization? The main hypothesis is that being dominated as women and sex-class transfuges at the same time, lesbians have a particular position within the gender system, allowing them a critical point of view on the dominant norms. They are thus predisposed to transmit to their children gender models that challenge the gender system. In France, the gradual institutionalization of homosexual parenting is accompanied with a heated public debate (especially in 2012 and 2013). This research is primarily based on semi-structured interviews conducted between 2011 and 2014. The 36 interviewees are lesbian women with children under 12 years old, conceived within the frame of lesbian parenting. Despite the homogeneity of their social positions (middle and upper class), the interviewees have heterogeneous representations of the dominant norms. They also develop different sets of practices to face these norms. These lesbian mothers seem to develop ordinary forms of resistance to domination. While they show no ideological endorsement to heterosexist norms, they express a real will to be integrated within society. They interpret the context and social contract in a pragmatic way, and seek to protect themselves and their families from the effects of homophobia. Their resistance is mainly infra-political: pushing against the established limits of a framework that restricts them

Cette thèse étudie la reconnaissance des couples de personnes du même sexe en Droit International privé. L’on départ des rapports entre les conjoints ou partenaires, au niveau horizontal jusqu’au rapports entre les conjoints ou partenaires et ses enfants, au niveau vertical. L’on examine comment les partenariats et mariages sont reconnus comme valables ou non dans plusieurs États, pour faire une critique de l’étendue des effets reconnus dans d’autres juridictions. L’on explore la richesse du Droit International privé : ses principes, ses rattachements, le dépeçage; et aussi avec les figures spécifiques comme le renvoi, l’adaptation, les droits acquis au niveau international, la qualification, la question préalable, etc. L’on analyse l’application du principe de l’ordre public, comme un mécanisme de contrôle utilisé pour la reconnaissance ou non de ces rapports au niveau juridique, sans oublier que les couples de personnes du même sexe jouissent aujourd’hui de la liberté individuelle, de l’égalité entre le couples, du refus des discriminations fondées sur l’orientation sexuelle. L’on considère aussi la contribution de la coopération juridique multilatérale, de l’intégration régional dans l’Union Européenne et des systèmes régionaux de droits de l’Homme à l’égard des couples de personnes du même sexe.On veut examiner comment les partenariats et mariages sont reconnus comme valables ou non dans plusieurs pays, pour faire une critique de l’étendue des effets reconnus dans d’autres juridictions. On croit que certains effets seraient moins facilement acceptés que d’autres, comme par exemple, le mariage lui-même et la filiation. Quels seraient les meilleurs critères pour indiquer la loi ou la juridiction la plus appropriée aux couples de personnes du même sexe? On travaillera donc avec la richesse du droit international privé : ses principes, ses rattachements, le dépeçage; et aussi avec les figures spécifiques comme le renvoi, l’adaptation, les droits acquis au niveau international, la qualification, la question préalable, etc. On analysera l’application du principe de l’ordre public, comme un mécanisme de contrôle utilisé pour la reconnaissance ou non de ces rapports au niveau juridique, sans oublier que les couples de personnes du même sexe jouissent aujourd’hui de la liberté individuelle, de l’égalité entre le couples, du refus des discriminations fondées sur l’orientation sexuelle. On considère aussi des questions de coopération juridique multilatérale, d’intégration régional dans l’Union Européenne et des systèmes régionaux de droits de l’Homme à l’égard des couples de personnes du même sexe
This thesis studies the recognition of same-sex couples in private international law. It departs from the relations between the spouses or partners, at the horizontal level, to the relations between the spouses or partners and their children, at the vertical level.We examine how partnerships and marriages are recognized as valid or not in many countries, to criticize the extension of the effects recognized in other jurisdictions. We explore the richness of private international law : its principles, its connections, the dépeçage; as well as some specific points such as the renvoi, the adaptation, the vested rights at an international level, the qualification, the previous question, etc. We analyze the application of the principle of public policy as a mechanism of control used to recognize or not these relationships at a legal level, without disregarding that same-sex couples joy nowadays individual freedom, similar status with other couples and prohibition of discrimination based upon sexual orientation. We also consider the contribution of multilateral juridical cooperation, regional integration in the European Union and human rights regional systems in regard of same-sex couples.We want to examine how partnerships and marriages are recognized as valid or not in many countries, to criticize the extension of the effects recongized in other jurisdictions. We believe that certain effects would be more easily accepted than others, for example, marriage itself and filiation. Which would be the best criteria to determine the most appropriate law or jurisdiction for same-sex couples? We will explore the richness of private international law : its principles, its connexions, the dépeçage; as well as some specific points such as the renvoi, the adaptation, the vested rights at an international level, the qualification, the previous question, etc. We will analyze the application of the principle of public policy as a mechanism of control used to recognize or not these relationships on a juridical level, without disregarding that same-sex couples joy nowadays individual freedom, similar status with other couples and prohibition of discrimination based upon sexual orientation. We also consider some matters such as multilateral juridical cooperation, regional integration in the European Union and human rights regional systems in regard of same-sex couples
Se quiere examinzar cómo las uniones y casamientos son reconocidos como válidos o no en muchos países, para elaborar una crítica de la extensión de los efectos reconocidos en otras juridicciones. Se cree que algunos efectos serán menos fácilmente acceptados que otros, como por ejemplo, el casamiento mismo y la filiación. ?Cuáles serán los mejores criterios para indicar la ley o la juridicción más apropriada a las parejas de personas del mismo sexo? Se trabajará así con la riqueza del derecho internacional privado : sus principios, sus conexiones, el dépeçage; así como también con las figuras específicas como el reenvío, la adaptación, los derechos adiquiridos en el nivel internacional, la calificación, la cuestión previa, etc. Se analizará la aplicación del principio del orden público, como un mecanismo de control utilizado para el reconocimiento o no de estas relaciones en el nivel jurídico, sin olvidarse de que las parejas de personas del mismo sexo disfrutan hoy de la libertad individual, de la igualdad entre parejas, de la prohibición de discriminación basada en la orientación sexual. Se consideran tambíén cuestiones de cooperación jurídica multilateral, de integración regional en la Unión Europea y de los sístemas regionales de derechos humanos, respecto a las parejas de personas del mismo sexo

L’influence libérale en droit de la famille et l’essor de l’idéologie individualiste ont provoqué un pluralisme des formes de conjugalité et ont considérablement accru la diversité des règles et des méthodes applicables aux couples en droit international privé contemporain.L’analyse des couples en droit international privé nous a alors conduit à repenser le droit international privé du couple. La déconstruction de la matière met en lumière l’inadaptation actuelle de la méthode conflictuelle classique et l’insuffisance de la méthode de la reconnaissance. En effet, l’actuel droit international privé du couple ne permet pas de garantir la continuité internationale du lien conjugal, pas plus qu’elle ne permet d’assurer un traitement juridique cohérent des problèmes auxquels sont confrontés les couples internationaux. Une réflexion quant à une possible évolution méthodologique de la matière était donc nécessaire. Cette étude vise à démontrer qu’une adaptation de la méthode conflictuelle classique à l’aune des objectifs de la méthode de la reconnaissance et fondée sur un raisonnement en termes de conflit d’autorités est possible. Elle apporterait aux règles de droit international privé du couple une meilleure cohérence tout en assurant aux rapports conjugaux internationaux une réelle stabilité
The liberal influence in Family Law and the rise of individualist ideology have led to a multiplication of conjugal life forms and considerably increased the diversity of laws and methods applicable to couples in International Private Law. To analyse couples under International Private Law leads us to rethink the International Private Law of the Couple. Deconstructing this subject brings to light the current non-adaptation of the classic conflict of laws method and the insufficiency of the recognition approach. In fact, current International Private Law as it pertains to couples neither guarantees the international recognition of theconjugal bond nor ensures a coherent legal treatment of legal problems faced by international couples. It is therefore necessary to examine a possible methodological evolution of thesubject. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to adapt the classic conflict of lawsmethod by taking into account the objectives of the recognition approach whilst founding iton the lex auctoritas rule. This would not only bring better coherence to International Private Law of the Couple but it would also assure a real legal stability for international conjugal relationships

L’exploration des océans devient de plus en plus accessible, notamment grâce aux avancées en robotique. Les applications pour les robots sous-marins sont nombreuses. Dans cette thèse, on s’intéresse particulièrement à la recherche d’épaves, telle que celle de La Cordelière, qui a coulé dans la Rade de Brest en 1512. Le système robotique proposé consiste à tracter un magnétomètre susceptible de détecter les matériaux ferromagnétiques de l’épave. Le capteur ne peut pas être directement embarqué car il est sensible aux perturbations du robot. C’est pourquoi il est déporté. Deux problématiques sont alors étudiées pour appréhender ce système. La première est liée au contrôle de la position du magnétomètre alors que l’on ne peut agir que sur le robot tractant. Une méthode de linéarisation par bouclage est alors utilisée pour construire un contrôleur. Ce contrôleur est ensuite validé sous certaines contraintes d’état en utilisant des outils d’analyse par intervalles. La seconde problématique concerne la localisation sous l’eau de manière fiable. Sont alors étudiés des moyens d’appréhender les incertitudes et les données aberrantes collectées par un capteur acoustique. L’analyse par intervalles permet d’obtenir des premiers résultats, et la logique floue vient compléter l’approche en donnant plus de souplesse dans la priorisation des contraintes. Finalement, des expérimentations sont présentées avec différents robots, et notamment la localisation d’un ROV dans une piscine
The oceans’ exploration becomes more and more reachable, especially thanks to robotics progress. Applications for underwater robots are plentiful. In this thesis, we particularly focus on the search of wrecks, as the Cordelière, which sank in the Bay of Brest (France) in 1512. The proposed robotic system consists of towing a magnetometer likely to detect the ferromagnetic materials of the wreck. The sensor cannot be directly embedded because it is sensitive to the perturbations from the robot. This is why it is deported. Two issues are studied to approach this system. The first one is linked to the control of the magnetometer’s position, whereas we can only act on the towing robot. A feedback linearization method is used to design a controller. Then, this controller is validated under some state constraints by using tools from interval analysis. The second issue relates to underwater localization in a reliable manner. Ways to approach uncertainties and outliers gathered by acoustic sensors are studied. The interval analysis allows to obtain first results, and the fuzzy logic completes the approach by giving more suppleness in the prioritization of the constraints. Finally, some expérimentations are presented with different robots, and especially the localization of a ROV in a pool

Östersjön omfattas av en stor mångfald marina ekosystemtjänster som livnär närliggande samhällen. Deras funktion är hotad av en mängd terrestra och akvatiska aktiviteter som har förorenat havet, vilket kräver en långsiktig hållbar förvaltning. Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra med kunskap om och förstå utmaningar och möjligheter i att uppnå en god ekologisk status i Östersjön. Studien baseras på en granskning av förvaltningsmetoder hos länsstyrelser och kommuner i två områden som är skyddade av den regionala överenskommelsen Helsingforskonventionen; Höga Kusten i Västernorrland och S:t Anna-Missjö i Östergötland. Till grund för det analytiska ramverket ligger Havs- och vattenmyndighetens rapport, som beskriver ekosystemtjänster som Östersjön bidrar med, samt även tjänsternas status, åtgärder och utmaningar som uppstår vid förvaltning. Resultatet baseras på kvalitativa metoder för att samla in data, genom att specifikt studera dokument samt intervjuer med lokala tjänstemän. Den insamlade empirin har blivit kategoriserad och analyserad i linje med Havs- och vattenmyndighetens rapport, därefter har innehållet diskuterats. Resultatet visar att mest fokus lades på hantering av övergödning, ohållbart fiske och reglering av föroreningar, samt deras trade-off- och synergieffekter som påverkar förvaltningen av just dessa ekosystemtjänster. Följaktligen, är det nödvändigt för tjänstemän att samverka med lokalbefolkningen för att uppnå en hållbar förvaltning av de skyddade områdena och deras ekosystemtjänster. Generella utmaningar ansågs vara tid, resurser och kunskap för förvaltning av marina miljöer. Dock genomsyrar myndighetens ramverk om ekosystemtjänster stora delar av länsstyrelserna och kommunernas arbete med marin förvaltning på Höga Kusten och S:t Anna-Missjö. Ekosystemtjänsternas status och funktioner är integrerade i länens och kommunernas förvaltningsmetoder av de skyddade områdena. Ekosystemtjänster som begrepp är däremot frånvarande och inte explicit nämnt i arbetet.
The Baltic Sea offers a diversity of marine ecosystem services which is providing support to nearby human communities. Their functions are jeopardized by terrestrial and aquatic activities which have heavily polluted the sea, necessitating long-term sustainable management. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to provide a scientific contribution to understanding the challenges and opportunities for reaching a good ecological status in the Baltic Sea, as well as insight into the ongoing management practices of Swedish county administrative boards and municipalities. Practices that involve conserving ecosystem services in two different marine protected areas the High Coast and St. Anna-Missjö, both of which have been designated important by a regional convention; the Helsinki Commission. Therefore, the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management has adopted a report on which ecosystem services the Baltic Sea provides, and the status of the services in different parts of the sea. This study is based on qualitative methods to gather data by a thorough reading of documents written by the counties and semi-structured interviews of local officials. The data has summarily been categorised and analysed in line with the national agency’s report, then discussed afterwards. The results show that the management practices were heavily emphasised on dealing with activities that lead to eutrophication, unsustainable fishery as well as regulation of polluting substances; where trade-offs and synergy-effects converge that impacts the management of other marine ecosystem services. Hence, it is necessary for officials to network with locals to have sustainable management of the protected areas and their ecosystem services. The officials pointed to the presence of a lack of time, resources and expertise in managing marine environments. Although the agency’s perspective on marine ecosystem services permeates large parts of county administrative boards and municipalities' work with marine management in the High Coast and St. Anna-Missjö. The status and functions of ecosystem services are integrated in their management practices of the protected areas. However, the concepts themselves are more absent and not mentioned explicitly.

AbstractThe preparation of seawater sea-sand recycled concrete (SSRAC) by combining seawater, sea-sand and recycled coarse aggregate is of great significance for the utilization of marine resources and environmental protection in China. The sulfate corrosion test in this paper uses dry wet cycle to simulate the alternating dry wet environment, and compares the ordinary concrete (OC) and freshwater river sand recycled concrete (RAC) to study the mechanical property deterioration characteristics of SSRAC in dry–wet cycle (30d, 60d, 90d, 120d). The results show that with the increase of the dry–wet cycle, the apparent damage of SSRAC gradually extends from the diagonal to the periphery, and finally the cracks spread all over the whole. The mass, strength and strength corrosion resistance coefficient of SSRAC show the same law as OC and RAC, which increase first and then decrease. The resistance of SSRAC to sulfate attack is lower than OC and slightly higher than RAC, and the strength corrosion resistance coefficient is lower than 75% at 120 times of dry–wet cycle.

AbstractLead-based cooled reactors in most countries and some small reactors at sea use helical tube steam generators. Compared with U-tubes, the convection heat transfer coefficient in the spiral tube is higher, the structure is more compact, and the secondary flow is generated under the action of centrifugal force and gravity, which can achieve the effect of wetting the inner wall of the tube. However, due to the importance of the steam generator in the reactor and the complexity of the flow and boiling in the helical tube, the aggregation behavior of bubbles, the distribution of the two-phase interface and the secondary flow in the tube will significantly affect the heat transfer characteristics, so the gas-liquid phase in the tube is studied. Distribution, changes in heat transfer coefficients, and fluid flow characteristics are very important.In order to study the boiling heat transfer characteristics of helical once-through steam generators under static and marine conditions to provide safe and reliable energy supply for offshore facilities such as marine floating, this study uses STAR-CCM+ software, VOF method and Rohsenow boiling model to study the heat transfer capacity and flow characteristics of flow boiling in a helical tube under swaying and tilting conditions. The gas-liquid phase distribution characteristics, secondary flow variation characteristics and convective heat transfer coefficient of the fluid under different swing functions and inclined positions are obtained by numerical calculation, and the law of physical parameters changing with the cycle is found. The research results show that the secondary flow and heat transfer capacity in the tube change with the cycle, and the change is most obvious at the tube length of 0.8m. 5% of the normal condition; when the inclination angle is 45°, the maximum increase of the convection heat transfer coefficient is 16.8%, and the maximum decrease is 6.6%.

AbstractScience is clear in showing that we are facing two existential challenges: a climate emergency and a species extinction crisis. These challenges are rooted in the extractive and linear economic model we have globally adopted, in which economic development is intertwined with the destruction of nature. Europe has recently responded politically by adopting the European Green Deal with a set of policies aimed at transforming the EU economy envisaging a future with no net carbon emissions and where economic growth is decoupled from resource use. Despite the dire state of the ocean and the urgency to implement effective solutions, we continue to witness the loss of nature and, with it, the loss of current and future economic and social value. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one of the most effective solutions to address these challenges. There is, however, the need to clarify what these area-based management tools are, how they can provide benefits, what conditions must be met to ensure they are effective, and how a strategy can be adopted to increase the breadth, speed and success of efficient MPAs to save what is left in the ocean, allow ecosystems to recover, and build sustainable jobs and economic growth.

Abstract This chapter focuses on three recovered stories of same-sex desire among women that were developing independently of each other around the year 1820: the secret diaries of the wealthy Yorkshire lesbian Anne Lister; the Edinburgh libel case brought by two teachers, Jane Pirie and Marianne Woods, accusing concerned parents of ruining their reputation and livelihood; and the marriage in all but name of two Vermont women, Charity Bryant and Sylvia Drake. Reading across these stories helps us recognize different lesbian identities in formation decades before sexology posited the modern homosexual, but it is also to see the fissures and faultlines in that identity. If collectively these stories suggest something other than a singular narrative of sexual identity, their conjunction around 1820 helps to identify a diversity of models for conceptualizing same-sex desire in the early-nineteenth century and a set of questions that underpin LGBT Victorians as a whole. How might emergent sexual identities have grounded themselves in older forms of gender transitivity, and how might they not? How were sexual practices thought to have been scripted on the body, or to reshape the bodies involved? How does a gendered binary of masculine/feminine reconfigure or obscure other relational inequities that had their basis in factors like age, class, or education?

This chapter attends to nineteenth-century texts where the sea lurks in the background—as the context for a sojourn or a crossing or a memory, or as a figurative element. The first part of the discussion shows how the Victorian novel’s sprawl and supposed formlessness were sometimes negotiated through marine objects, experiences, and metaphor. Particular attention is paid to a sea-shell metaphor used by George Eliot. The other sections examine three canonical Victorian novels: William Makepeace Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield, and Charlotte Brontë’s Villette. These texts reveal a set of authors who were to varying degrees attracted by the sea, unsure about the depth of their commitment to it, and interested in making imaginative use of that same irresolution. The chapter also contains a short discussion of Victorian sea-poetry, in which the more rigorous formal structures of verse discipline marine vagueness.

This chapter discusses the importance of museum specimens and samples. Natural history collections are archives of biodiversity, snapshots that provide a way to physically retrieve an individual specimen and through it track changes in populations and species across repeatable surveys in time and space. Growing international awareness of the potential effects on humanity due to the loss of biodiversity and the ensuing erosion of ecosystem services has reinforced the value of natural history collections, museums, and herbaria worldwide. The chapter summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of natural history collections for repeated surveys and other historical studies that require replication. Through a case study of the historical surveys and resurveys of the taxonomic exploration of the marine biota of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, it highlights the relevance of collections for ecology and conservation. Finally, it discusses prospects for future uses of natural history collections in the context of replicated research.

This chapter discusses the notion of reproduction, dispersal, and migration as fundamental processes that enable living populations to grow and exploit new habitats. It explains that on the one hand dispersal is the undirected movement of an individual to a new place, while on the other hand, migration involves directed movement between specific places. The adaptive value of sex is the maintenance of genetic diversity, which increases adaptability to disease and other challenges. Meanwhile, nonsexual reproduction permits the same genetic type to increase rapidly in an open environment. The chapter also explains that genetic variation can be used to identify barriers to coastal zone dispersal.

As offshore activities in the Arctic constitute a relatively new field with only a handful of relevant operations to draw experience from, and since full-scale trials are extremely expensive, there is an expressed need for much more extensive, detailed and cost-efficient analysis of concepts based on numerical simulations. However, until recently simulation tools of sufficient quality to perform such numerical analysis have not existed. The only verification available has been through a limited set of experiments in ice model basins. Today, this has changed, partly through the efforts at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) hosting SAMCoT (Centre for Research-based Innovation - Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology), laying the foundation of a versatile and highly accurate high-fidelity numerical simulator for offshore structures in various ice conditions such as level ice, broken ice and ice ridges. Arctic Integrated Solutions AS (ArcISo) is a spin-off company from NTNU established in 2016 with the vision of increasing the technology readiness level of SAMCoT’s numerical models to become a professional software package for the analysis of sea ice actions and action effects on Arctic offshore and coastal structures. This software package is called Simulator for Arctic Marine Structures (SAMS) and it was first released in 2017. This paper introduces the software implementation and the theoretical basis of SAMS, and it discusses the use of full-scale data to validate the simulator.

The Inland Sea (Seto Nai Kai) is a sea area with many cross-sea bridges and a very high level of sea traffic. There is concern regarding the adverse impacts of such illumination sources as road lighting, up-lighting and cable illumination for a number of cross-sea bridges on the operation of fishing boats and large liners. The possible effects of bridge illumination on the safety of sea traffic have been discussed by the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority since the planning stage for bridges linking Honshu Island and Shikoku Island over the Inland Sea and detailed investigations and experiments have been repeatedly conducted. This study was initiated based on the belief that it is of crucial importance to verify the propriety of the standards for bridge illumination set by the Authority for fishermen and ship operators navigating around and under these bridges as some 10 years have now passed since the completion of all of the planned bridges. A questionnaire survey with fishermen and ship operators was conducted under the study to evaluate the effects of bridge illumination. As a result, it was found that bridge illumination poses no problems for the safe navigation of ships, proving the propriety of the road lighting standards set by the Authority.

Abstract Over the last thirty years the oil and gas industry has implemented high environmental standards to reduce its impact on the environment. Notably, the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico areas have put more stringent regulations in place to protect marine environments. Drilling and completion fluids services are one of the main components in drilling operations. Since the 1990's environmental performance has become a key aspect in the drilling fluids design. Specific to North Sea environmental regulations, every chemical compound in the drilling fluid formulation must be evaluated before approval for use. One of these additives is uintaite, a naturally occurring asphaltite found exclusively in the Uinta Basin, Utah, USA; recognized globally under the trademark brand name, Gilsonite®. The benefits of using uintaite in drilling fluids benefits include fluid loss and shale swelling control, lost circulation prevention, and minimizing formation damage. However, uintaite use is limited in deep-water projects due to the misconception that it is the same as other asphaltic additives – referred to as "black powders" – and is harmful if discharged into marine environments. Not only is uintaite not a "black powder", it has also been proven in previous and current studies that uintaite passes all US EPA (Environmental Protection Act) environmental tests for deep-water discharge. Most recently, uintaite has been evaluated as per Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, (OSPAR) to determine its eligibility for unrestricted use in the Norwegian section of the North Sea. While uintaite falls under the exempt category of Europe's REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) as a naturally occurring product, OSPAR has further requirements to prove a product is environmentally safe. A comprehensive set of tests dictated by OSPAR guidelines was carried out in specialized and certified laboratories to determine uintaite's ecotoxicological performance in marine environments. The test results from these requirements are detailed in this paper and demonstrate that uintaite is not toxic to marine species, is environmentally inert, and does not bioaccumulate. The findings allowed uintaite to be classified as a Green Product per the OSPAR requirements in 2021. Once the environmental performance of uintaite was clearly understood – and given its well-known use in the most challenging drilling conditions – a series of formation damage tests were carried out to have a comprehensive set of tests on all performance aspects of this unique material. The rationale behind the specific formation damage tests is to provide data points to discuss the paradigm in the industry that uintaite will create formation damage, the same as other asphaltic additives. The rock-fluid interactions results indicate that uintaite is a safe additive for sensitive ecosystems with an innocuous effect on reservoirs. The study that led to these findings includes the use of Berea sandstone with a standard synthetic base fluid to replicate downhole drilling fluids behavior.

The Systems Availability Model (SAM) is a program designed to assess the Availability, Reliability and Maintainability (ARandM) characteristics of multiple systems used over operating scenarios that place varying demands upon those systems, such as that encountered in complex military, commercial shipping, industrial installations and deployed systems of systems. The unique ability of SAM to overlay system dependencies onto complex mission profiles makes it a uniquely powerful and flexible ARandM modelling tool. Mission profiles are built up from a variety of activities, each demanding use of different combinations of equipment, rather than a fixed time at risk approach adopted by many simpler modelling tools. This paper and associated presentation discusses: • The unique capabilities of SAM and, at a high level, how a SAM model is developed and its crossindustry applications; • The use of SAM to set system/equipment requirements, and understand the impact of equipment reliability on a fleet of ships undergoing complex operating scenarios; • Reflecting changes to mission requirements, and the knock-on effect of predicted performance; • How SAM can be used to understand the significance of individual systems during safety critical activities (e.g. replenishment at sea, close water navigation).

The Simulator for Arctic Marine Structures (SAMS) has emerged on the foundation of a number of scientific models developed at SAMCoT – Centre for Research-based Innovation - Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology hosted by NTNU – as a versatile numerical tool for the analysis of sea ice actions and action effects on Arctic offshore structures. The current capabilities of SAMS allow engineers to analyse icefloe impacts and ice loads on arbitrary marine structures in various environmental conditions; simulations may involve both fixed and floating structures, non-rigid multi floe interactions, ice breaking and ice rubbling, wind, current and propeller-flow effects on both structures and ice. All these capabilities can be combined to model also complex marine operations in the Arctic and subarctic regions. As SAMS can be applied in both full- and model scales, a number of available experimental case studies from the field and ice tanks can be reanalysed with the new simulator to ensure the high fidelity of the simulations and to establish a validation basis. This paper presents several of such case studies and discusses further validation possibilities.

Modern accumulative and deflation forms of a coastal eolian relief on the sea coast of Kuronian and Vistula Spits are considered. It is established that on coastal barriers there are at the same time processes of accretion and degradation of a dune ridge and leaned against it foredune. Alternation of stable and erosive sites of a dune ridge is revealed. The last has destruction signs as with sea (wave erosion), and from the land side where the whirls of a wind stream creating numerous deflation basins in dune ridge have great value.

Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.

The McMurdo shear zone (MSZ) is strip of heavily crevassed ice oriented in the south-north direction and moving northward. Previous airborne surveys revealed a chaotic crevasse structure superimposed on a set of expected crevasse orientations at 45 degrees to the south-north flow (due to shear stress mechanisms). The dynamics that produced this chaotic structure are poorly understood. Our purpose is to present our field methodology and provide field data that will enable validation of models of the MSZ evolution, and here, we present a method for deriving a local velocity field from ground penetrating radar (GPR) data towards that end. Maps of near-surface crevasses were derived from two annual GPR surveys of a 28 km² region of the MSZ using Eulerian sampling. Our robot-towed and GPS navigated GPR enabled a dense survey grid, with transects of the shear zone at 50 m spacing. Each survey comprised multiple crossings of long (> 1 km) crevasses that appear in echelon on the western and eastern boundaries of the shear zone, as well as two or more crossings of shorter crevasses in the more chaotic zone between the western and eastern boundaries. From these maps, we derived a local velocity field based on the year-to-year movement of the same crevasses. Our velocity field varies significantly from fields previously established using remote sensing and provides more detail than one concurrently derived from a 29-station GPS network. Rather than a simple velocity gradient expected for crevasses oriented approximately 45 degrees to flow direction, we find constant velocity contours oriented diagonally across the shear zone with a wavy fine structure. Although our survey is based on near-surface crevasses, similar crevassing found in marine ice at 160 m depth leads us to conclude that this surface velocity field may hold through the body of meteoric and marine ice. Our success with robot-towed GPR with GPS navigation suggests we may greatly increase our survey areas.

We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.

Os surtos de cólera têm vindo a aumentar na Região da África Oriental e Austral (AOA) desde Janeiro de 2023, com uma transmissão generalizada e alargada no Malawi e em Moçambique e surtos registados na Tanzânia, na África do Sul, no Zimbabué, no Burundi e na Zâmbia.1 Existe o risco de uma maior propagação causada pelos efeitos do ciclone Freddy, que atingiu Madagáscar, o Malawi e Moçambique em Março de 2023. Continuam a registar-se surtos na Somália, na Etiópia, no Quénia e no Sudão do Sul, onde os países estão a atravessar uma situação de seca após sucessivas estações chuvosas deficitárias.1 O contexto de resposta na AOA é complexo. Isto deve-se à escassez de recursos de saúde pública, incluindo a insuficiência de vacinas orais contra a cólera, e às múltiplas emergências de saúde pública e humanitárias simultâneas, incluindo a reemergência do poliovírus selvagem. O envolvimento da comunidade nas respostas ao surto de cólera é essencial, especialmente enquanto o impacto da COVID-19 ainda se faz presente na região, sobretudo no que tange à confiança na saúde pública e nos esforços de vacinação.2,3 O objectivo do presente guia de orientação é apoiar os Ministérios da Saúde, a UNICEF e outros parceiros de resposta na concepção e implementação de um envolvimento comunitário eficaz, centrado na comunidade e baseado em dados, para a resposta ao surto de cólera. Este guia de orientação foi redigido em abril de 2023 por Megan Schmidt-Sane e Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), com a colaboração de Stellar Murumba (Internews), Ngonidzashe Macdonald Nyambawaro (FICV), Eva Niederberger (Anthrologica), Santiago Ripoll (IDS), Nadine Beckmann (LSHTM), Mariana Palavra (UNICEF) e Rachel James (UNICEF). Este guia de orientação tem por base o trabalho anterior sobre a cólera da Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.

Les flambées épidémiques de choléra s’intensifient dans la région Afrique de l’Est et australe (ESAR) depuis janvier 2023, avec une transmission généralisée et étendue au Malawi et au Mozambique, ainsi que des flambées épidémiques signalées en Tanzanie, en Afrique du Sud, au Zimbabwe, au Burundi et en Zambie.1 Il existe un risque de propagation accrue causée par les effets du cyclone Freddy, qui a frappé Madagascar, le Malawi et le Mozambique en mars 2023. Les flambées épidémiques se poursuivent en Somalie, en Éthiopie, au Kenya et au Soudan du Sud, où les pays sont confrontés à la sécheresse suite à plusieurs saisons des pluies consécutives lors desquelles les précipitations n’ont pas été assez abondantes.1 Le contexte de riposte dans la région ESAR est complexe. Cela est dû aux ressources limitées en santé publique, y compris les pénuries de vaccins par voie orale contre le choléra, et aux nombreuses urgences sanitaires et humanitaires simultanées, y compris la réapparition du poliovirus sauvage. L’engagement communautaire dans les ripostes contre les flambées épidémiques de choléra est essentiel, en particulier lorsque l’impact de la COVID-19 continuent de se faire sentir dans la région, notamment en ce qui concerne la confiance dans la santé publique et les mesures liées à la vaccination.2,3 La présente note d’orientation a pour objectif d’aider les ministères de la Santé, l’UNICEF et d’autres partenaires de la riposte à concevoir et à mettre en œuvre un engagement communautaire efficace, axé sur la communauté et basé sur des données afin de répondre à la flambée épidémique de choléra. Cette note d’orientation a été rédigée en avril 2023 par Megan Schmidt-Sane et Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), avec la contribution de Stellar Murumba (Internews), Ngonidzashe Macdonald Nyambawaro (IFRC), Eva Niederberger (Anthrologica), Santiago Ripoll (IDS), Nadine Beckmann (LSHTM), Mariana Palavra (UNICEF), et Rachel James (UNICEF). Cette note d’orientation s’inspire de travaux antérieurs sur le choléra réalisés par la Plateforme Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP).

The worldwide market for ornamental saltwater invertebrates supplies the needs of millions of aquarium hobbyists, public exhibitions (i.e., zoos) universities and research institutions. With respect to reef building corals, it is estimated that more than half a million coral colonies/year from a total 93 genera, were exported globally during the period of 1985-1997. International value of retail sale of live coral trade alone is estimated as $78 million in 1997 (not including the illegally, widely smuggled material). The continuous, large-scale collection of marine organisms is responsible, in many places, for the destruction of coral reefs. The expected expansion of the trade further threatens these fragile habitats. While no true captive-bred corals are commercially available, our long-term goal is to develop ex situ inland farming of coral colonies that will circumvent the need for in situ collections and will provide domesticated specimens for the trade and for research. We simultaneously studied two model branching coral species, Stylophora pistillata (Pocilloporidae; in Israel) and Porites (Poritidae; in the US). The proposal included three specific aims: (a) To develop protocols for nubbins (small fragments, down to the size of a single polyp) usage in coral farming;(b) To address the significance of colony pattern formation to the coral trade; and (c) To develop the protocols of using nubbins in physiological and ecotoxicological assays (using oil dispersants, the expression of the stress protein HSP-70, household detergents, etc.). Ten scientific publications (published manuscripts, accepted for publications, submitted to scientific journals, in preparation), revealing results that were related to all three specific aims, originated from this BARD proposal. As a result of the work supported by the BARD, we have now, in hand, original and improved protocols for coral maintenance ex situ, proven expertise on manipulating coral colonies’ pattern formation and biological knowledge on island mariculture of reef corals (from Hawaii and from the Red Sea) amenable for the ornamental trade (for public and private aquaria use, for experimentation). At least one Israeli company (Red Sea Corals, Ltd., KibbutzSaar) is using our methodologies for further developing this new mariculture sector. We are now in the process of introducing the rationale and methodologies to Hawaiian private entities to expand dissemination of the research outcomes.

In 2021, recreation visits to National Park Service (NPS) sites rebounded from the COVID-19 pandemic-driven low visitation of 2020 and climbed to 297,115,406 recreation visits. This is an increase of 60 million recreation visits (+25.3%) from 2020 and a decrease of 30 million recreation visits (-9.3%) from 2019. Recreation visitor hours were 1,356,657,749 – a 28.6% increase from 2020 and a 5.1% decrease from 2019. Total overnight stays followed a similar pattern with 12,745,455 overnight stays – up 4.7 million (+58.5%) from 2020 and down 1.1 million (-8%) from 2019. Five parks were added to the reporting system in 2021: Alagnak Wild River in Alaska, Camp Nelson National Monument in Kentucky, Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument in Mississippi, Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument in Nevada, and World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. These parks were responsible for over 629,000 recreation visits in 2021. Factors influencing visits to National Park System units in 2021 include: continuing closures and limited capacities due to COVID-19 mitigation at some parks, temporary closures for wildland fires in 2021 (eleven parks), severe regional smoke/haze from ongoing wildland fires throughout the summer and early autumn affecting parks in the western half and northern tier of states in the continental U.S., two hurricanes in 2021 – both in August – impacted visitation: Hurricane Henri caused temporary closures of some parks in the northeast and Hurricane Ida caused temporary closures of parks along the Gulf Coast and generated some heavy flooding in the northeast, hurricanes and wildland fires in previous years resulting in lingering closures, most notably Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, the Carr and Woolsey Fires in 2018, Hurricane Dorian in 2019, the Caldwell, Cameron Peak, East Troublesome, and Woodward Fires in 2020, and Hurricane Sally in 2020. Forty-four parks set a record for recreation visits in 2021 and 6 parks broke a record they set in 2020. See Appendix A for a list of record parks. The number of reporting units with over 10 million recreation visits was the same as in recent years (3 parks) and 73 parks had over 1 million recreation visits. Twenty-five percent of total recreation visits occurred in the top 8 parks and fifty percent of total visitation occurred in the top 25 parks. Several parks passed annual visitation milestones including Capulin Volcano NM which passed 100,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, Big Bend NP and Devils Tower NM which each passed 500,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, and Zion NP which passed 5 million visits for the first time. Other parks passed milestones for accumulated recreation visits including Hamilton Grange NMEM (1968-2021) and Palo Alto Battlefield NHP (2003-2021) each passing 1 million total recreation visits, Voyageurs NP (1976-2021) passing 10 million total recreation visits, and Hot Springs NP (1904-2021) passing 100 million total recreation visits. Population center designations were updated in 2021 to reflect overlap of park boundaries with statistical areas from the 2020 U.S. Census. Many population center changes reflect increases in local population as indicated by parks changing from rural to outlying or from outlying to suburban. Other changes reflect increasing complexity in population density as parks changed from a single designation, such as rural or suburban, to a mixed designation. See the Definitions section for population center definitions and Table B.1 for previous and updated population center designations by park. In the pages that follow, a series of tables and figures display visitor use data for calendar year 2021. By documenting these visits across the National Park System, the NPS Statistical Abstract offers a historical record of visitor use in parks and provides NPS staff and partners with a useful tool for effective management and planning. In 2021, 394 of 423 NPS units...

8+fjordar-området är topografiskt väldigt varierande. Vattenutbytet är långsamt och tillförseln av näringsämnen stor. Största delen av näringsämnen stannar kvar i fjordarna. Mest i Havstens- och Hakefjordar där 40-50 % av den lokala näringstillförseln stannar kvar. Utsläppen från jordbruk och skogsbruk är stora i 8+fjordar-området. T.ex. står dessa för 62 % av kvävetillförseln och 69 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden. Men utsläpp från punktkällor direkt till havet är också betydande (21 % av kvävetillförseln och 19 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden). Man har genom en mängd olika tilltag de senaste decennierna försökt sänka utsläppen av kväve och fosfor och även om koncentrationerna av kväve och fosfor fortsatt är höga har halterna av främst kväve sjunkit i 8+fjordar-området. De stora utsläppen av näringsämnen ökar växtplanktonproduktionen och när denna sjunker till botten och bryts ner av bakterier orsakar det syrebrist och höga koncentrationer av giftigt svavelväte i de djupare delarna av fjordarna. I de grundare delarna av fjordsystemet finns grunda vikar med ålgräsängar, blåmusselbankar och klippkuster med tångskogar. Dessa biotoper har förändrats under de senaste decennierna med en ökande påväxt av fintrådiga alger. Den pelagiska miljön (de fria vattenmassorna) är främst påverkad av avrinning av sötvatten från älvar och åar och av inflöde av salthaltigt vatten från Skagerrak genom Marstrandsfjorden och norrut i fjordsystemet. Närsaltkoncentrationen är hög i hela vattenpelaren vilket ses speciellt för nitrat. Detta ger förhöjda klorofyllkoncentrationer även om dessa alltså har minskat betydligt under de senaste decennierna. 8+fjordar-området har länge haft höga koncentrationer av giftiga dinoflagellater, men de senaste decennierna har giftalgsblomningarna minskat betydligt. De flesta områden uppnår nu minst god ekologisk status avseende vinterkoncentrationer av totalt kväve med undantag för By-, Havstens-, Askerö- och Älgöfjordar. Status för växtplankton klassas som hög i nästan hela området. År 2006 kom den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi till svenska västkusten. Den är en effektiv predator på djurplankton och kan vissa år minska djurplanktonbiomassan avsevärt under hösten. Detta kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser för överlevnad av fisk och fisklarver som livnär sig på djurplankton. De allra flesta fiskarter livnär sig på djurplankton i larvstadiet. Den bentiska miljön innefattar livsmiljön från de djupa mjukbottnarna till tångskogarnas och ålgräsängarnas topp. 8+fjordar-områdets bentiska miljö kännetecknas av klippstränder med hårdbottnar beväxta med bland annat snärjtång, blåstång, sågtång, sockertång och fintrådiga alger, där blåmusslor och andra evertebrater lever och de djupare delarna täcks av fastsittande bentiska evertebrater som till exempel havsanemoner och havsnejlikor. De djupare sedimentbottnarna hyser grävande evertebrater som livnär sig på den biomassa som sjunker ner från pelagialen. Här dominerar havsborstmasken Scalibregma inflatum, slätbukig Sammanfattning trådormstjärna och pepparmussla. Vatten från Skagerrak strömmar in i 8+fjordarområdet söderifrån och de södra bassängerna inklusive Hake- och Askeröfjordar är normalt syresatta under hela året även i sina djupaste delar, medan de djupa delarna av de nordligare Kalvö-, Borgile-, Koljö- och Byfjordar samt även Havstensfjorden ofta präglas av långvarig syrebrist. I dessa områden försvinner bottenfaunan ofta helt eller befinner sig i någon fas av återkolonisering efter vattenutbyten. Den bentiska miljön hade bättre ekologisk status under 1980- och 90-talet än under det tidiga 2000-talet. De flesta åren därefter visar måttlig status i Hake-, Halse- och Havstensfjordar. I de grunda vikarna har mängden fintrådiga alger ökat betydligt sedan slutet på 1990-talet. Dessa alger bildar påväxt på ålgräs och tång och täta mattor av ruttnande alger på botten vilket försvagar ålgräs och tång och orsaker lokal syrebrist i ängarna. Dessa alger har ökat i biomassa delvis på grund av avsaknaden av betande evertebrater (t.ex. märlkräftor) som i sin tur har minskat i antal eftersom mesopredatorer som t.ex. strandkrabba och läppfiskar har ökat när deras predatorer, som t.ex. torsk, har fiskats bort. Utbredningen av ålgräs i 8+fjordar-området har minskat ganska dramatiskt de senaste decennier, speciellt kring Kungälv och Uddevalla där 80–85% av arean har försvunnit. Status för ålgräs och tång är otillfredsställande eller måttlig i nästan hela 8+fjordar-området. Fiskbestånden i 8+fjordar-området har varit överfiskade under lång tid och liksom i Västerhavets övriga kuststområden är förekomsten av större bottenlevande fisk, främst torskfiskar, mycket reducerad i 8+fjordar-området. Det fanns ett betydande fiske av torsk, näbbgädda, rödspotta, sill och skarpsill i området på 1960- talet men 2004–2008 hade de flesta fisken kollapsat med undantag av fisket på sill och skarpsill som fortfarande fiskas även on mängden landad sill har minskat betydligt från 2014 till 2021. Av alla fångster av sill och skarpsill fiskades i genomsnitt 14 % av sillen och 87 % av skarpsillen med lysfiske. SLU:s undersökningar visar dessvärre inte på någon återhämtning av fiskbestånden under de senaste 20 åren, trots att det riktade fisket efter flera av dessa arter stoppats och det införts ett fiskefritt område i Havstensfjorden. Genetiska studier visar dock att det fortfarande finns ett lokalt lekande bestånd av torsk i området och det har observerats bättre rekryteringar 2016 och 2019. Sportfisket efter havsöring är betydande, men störst är fisket efter makrill både med spö och med dörj. Det finns ingen officiell statistik på landningar men i Fiskeriverkets rapport från 1999 angavs att fritidsfiskets sammanlagda fångster översteg yrkesfiskets för lax och havsöring och vissa arter av plattfisk. Det finns en del vattenbruk i 8+fjordar-området. Företaget Scanfjord är störst, med blåmusselodlingar i yttre Stigfjorden, Havstensfjorden och Koljöfjorden. En rad andra aktörer har odlingar främst i norra delen av 8+fjordar-området och företaget Marine Taste odlar sjöpungar nära Stenungsund. Sjöfåglar är viktiga länkar mellan näringsvävar i havet och på land och de kan vara bra indikatorer på förändringar i de marina ekosystemen. Efter mitten av 1990- talet har ejderpopulationen minskat till hälften och arten är numera (2020) rödlistad som ”starkt hotad” (EN) i både Sverige och Europa. Strandskatan har minskat med omkring 40 % i Sverige de senaste 30 åren och är sedan 2020 rödlistad som "nära hotad" (NT). Troliga faktorer för dessa två arters minskning är minskad mängd och/eller kvalitet, inklusive vitaminbrist, på bytesdjur, ökad utbredning av syrefria bottnar, klimatförändringar, predation och sjukdom. Stora förändringar har också ägt rum hos många måsfågelbestånd de senaste 20–30 åren. Fisktärna och silltrut (på västkusten) har klarat sig bra, medan övriga måsfåglar minskat så kraftigt att de blivit rödlistade. Bestånden av grågås, kanadagås och vitkindad gås har ökat kraftigt de senaste 30 åren. Tillgången på höst- och vintergröna grödor har ökat genom ändrat jordbruk och varmare och snöfattigare vintrar vilket har gynnat gässen. Storskarven var tidigare utdöd i Sverige men under 1980- och 1990-talet spred sig skarven längs den svenska kusten och i 8+fjordar-området etablerades de första kolonier i början av 2000-talet. Det finns ingen regelbunden inventering av storskarv i Sverige men år 2021 räknades 1300 bon i 7 kolonier från Nordre Älvs mynning i söder till Havstensfjord i norr, absoluta majoriteten väster om OrustTjörn. I 8+fjordar-området är storskarvens vanligaste byten smörbult och plattfisk, men även andelen torskfisk och sötvattensfisk är betydande. Knubbsäl, gråsäl och tumlare förekommer i 8+fjordar-området. Knubbsäl och tumlare är de överlägset vanligaste marina däggdjuren medan antalet gråsälar är betydligt färre. Efter att jakten förbjöds och sälarna skyddades, samtidigt som mängden miljögifter minskade, började sälpopulationen längs västkusten återhämta sig under 1980-talet. Knubbsälpopulationen har ökat sedan dess även om virussjukdom (Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV) reducerade antalet betydligt år 1988 och 2002. Under 2010-talets senare hälft uppskattades antalet knubbsälar i Västerhavet till över 20 000 djur. I 8+fjordar-området vistas de flesta sälar på utsidan Orust och Tjörn med mycket färre sälar i själva 8+fjordar-området. Prover insamlade 2015-2016 visade att knubbsälens födoval är helt dominerat av plattfisk (viktandel >70 %) följt av sill, rötsimpa och vitling. Miljögifter finns i stora koncentrationer i vissa delar av 8+fjordar-området, främst i Byfjorden där föroreningar från hamnen länge har varit stora och kring Stenungsund där utsläpp från den kemiska industrin dominerar. Men inom 8+fjordar-området finns även ett stort antal mindre båtvarv och marinor som genom åren har bidragit till giftiga utsläpp främst från båtbottenfärg. I Byfjorden har bottensedimenten höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av olja, polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och PCB. Där är koncentrationerna av TBT, som tidigare användes i båtbottenfärg, och dess två nerbrytningsprodukter DBT och MBT mycket höga. Flera metaller så som zink, kadmium, koppar och nickel finns också i höga koncentrationer. Kvicksilver- och PBDE-halten i blåmusslor överskrider Vattendirektivets gränsvärde för fisk. Dessa föroreningar finns också i Havstensfjorden och Halsefjorden men i lägre koncentrationer. Kring Stenungsund är bottensedimentens halter av hexaklorbensen (HCB) höga eller mycket höga men det avspeglas dock inte i förhöjda HCB-halter i blåmusslor från samma område. Halterna av DBT och MBT är också höga här, medan halterna av TBT inte är förhöjda. Kopparhalten i sediment från Stenungsundsområdet är förhöjda och på en lokal är de långt över Vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Även koncentrationen av PBDE i blåmussla överstiger vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Blåstång från en lokal vid nordvästra Stenungsön har höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av kadmium, arsenik och koppar. I syrefria bottnar förekommer ingen omblandning av sedimentet av infauna såsom havsborstmaskar vilket gör att lagrade ämnen inte i så hög utsträckning frigörs till vattnet och miljögifter koncentreras som mest i dessa områden. Nedbrytningshastigheten av organiska miljögifter är också betydligt långsammare i en syrefattig miljö än i en syrerik och det kan ta många decennier att bryta ned gifterna. Om syrefria bottnar innehållande miljögifter åter syresätts och omblandningen sätts igång, är det därför risk för kontaminering av kringliggande vatten. Mikroplast som härstammar från den lokala plastindustrin finns i större mängder i bottensedimenten kring Stenungsund. En studie visade att minst 3 miljoner och i värsta fall 36 miljoner polyetylenpellets större än 2 mm, motsvarande 73–730 kg, släpps ut via Stenunge å årligen. När mindre fraktioner ner till 300 µm inkluderades i mätningarna var det totala partikelantalet hundrafaldigt högre. Dessa partiklar har direkt effekt på djur och växter i fjorden. Elfiskeundersökningar visade att 62 % av öring fångade i Stenunge å hade plastpartiklar i magen. Flera invasiva arter har etablerat sig i 8+fjordar-området de senaste decennierna. Den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi finns i stora mängder sensommar och höst under de flesta år. Under år med dessa maneter kan de äta upp största delen av djurplanktonbiomassan vilket skapar problem för fisklarver som livnär sig på detta plankton. Stillahavsostronet eller det japanska jätteostronet har observerats på stränder i hela 8+fjordar-området. Dessa ostron kan tränga undan blåmussla när det bildas stora ostronbankar och de europeiska ostronen kan smittas av nya typer av parasiter. Ostronens skal är också vassa och kan orsaka skador på människor som går på bottnen i grunda områden. Mellan 20 och 40 % av 8+fjordar-områdets kustlinje är bebyggd inom 100 meters avstånd till vattenlinjen. I Kungälv och på Tjörn och Orust har bebyggd kustlinje fördubblats på bara 10 år trots förbud mot uppförande av nya byggnader närmre än 100 meter från strandlinjen enligt strandskyddslagstiftningen. 20–25 % av kusten i dessa kommuner är nu bebyggd. Friluftslivet till sjöss har också ökat kraftigt under senare år. Intervjuundersökningar visar att det under 2004 uppskattningsvis fanns totalt 26 600 båtar på svenska västkusten men att antalet har fyrdubblats fram till 2010. Denna ökning av mänsklig närvaro stör på många olika sätt. Pirar eller bryggor kan störa djurs naturliga migrationsrutter längs kusten, speciellt i topografiskt komplexa områden som 8+fjordar-området och större strukturer som t.ex. brofästen eller bortsprängningar och utgrävningar kan ändra vattengenomströmningen. I 8+fjordar-området kan det ha extra stor effekt eftersom vattenutbytet är naturligt långsamt. Fåglar störs kraftigt av snabbgående båtar. Många fåglar undviker ofta platser med mycket trafik under ruggningen och på rastoch övervintringslokaler kan störningar från båtar leda till att de oftare tar till flykt med energiförluster som följd. Marint skräp är ett särskilt stort problem i Bohuslän där stora mängder makroskräp driver i land på grund av havsströmmarna (Jutska strömmen). Detta är faktiskt ett av Europas mest nedskräpade marina områden. 96 % av det marina skräpet längs stränderna i Bohuslän utgörs av plastartiklar, och det vanligaste är snören och linor som till allra största del kommer från fisket. Effekter av skräp på det marina djurlivet är väldokumenterade, t ex insnärjning av marina djur och intag av skräpföremål av fåglar, fiskar och evertebrater. Förlorade tinor, garn och ryssjor utgör också en betydande del av skräpet. Efter intervjuundersökningar uppskattades antalet förlorade hummertinor till 3900 per år på västkusten bara från fritidsfisket. Förlorade fiskredskap fiskar vidare och studier har visat att så mycket som 163 800 humrar och krabbtaskor fångas per år på västkusten i detta spökfiske. Klimatförändringarna leder till att haven runt Sverige blir allt varmare, att kustnära vatten utsötas när nederbörden ändras och att haven försuras när ökade mängder koldioxid tas upp i havet. Varmare vatten tar upp mer plats så havsnivån stiger med stigande temperatur och detta förvärras när polernas fastlandsisar smälter. I 8+fjordar-området ökar ytvattentemperaturen fyra gångar så snabbt som den globala medeluppvärmningen och enligt SMHI har temperaturen ökat med 3,5 °C sedan 1960. Salthalt och skiktning förändras i kustnära miljöer när nederbörden varierar. I svenska kustnära marina miljöer har saliniteten minskat under perioden från 1992, då mätningarna började, fram till ca 2010, men under de senare åren har den ökat så mycket att den nu är tillbaka på samma nivå som 1990. En tredjedel av den koldioxid som släpps ut absorberas av världens hav där den bildar kolsyra. Under industrialiseringen har det globala medel-pH minskat från cirka 8,11 till 8,06, en minskning som motsvarar en ökning i surhet med 30 %. Det finns ingen marin övervakning av pH i 8+fjordar-området men data från danska fjordar visar en försurning som är dubbel så snabb som globala medelvärdet. Av alla belastningar relaterade till klimatförändringarna är det temperaturökningen som har störst effekt på djur och växter i havet. Först och främst förflyttas utbredningsområden för djur och växter mot norr. Torsken i Skagerrak/Kattegatt föredrar temperaturer som är låga jämfört med de medeltemperaturer de upplever i området i dag och den temperaturökningen vi ser i 8+fjordar-området minskar därför torskens lekmöjlighet i området. Ålgräs påverkas också av ökande temperaturer och studier visar att en 5 °C ökning minskar ålgräsets skottäthet. Havsförsurning påverkar främst bottnens kalcifierande arter som kräftdjur, blötdjur och tagghudingar. Till exempel har det visat sig att sjöborrelarvers utveckling försämras av även mycket små minskningar i pH och bottensamhällen påverkas så att både artrikedom och antal individer minskar under försurning.