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GORDIENKO, D. V. "ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE "STRATEGIC TRIANGLE" COUNTRIES RUSSIAN FEDERATION – PRC – USA (PART 4): PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA, RUSSIA AND THE USA". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, n.º 4 (2021): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.02.015.
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The paper analyzes the prospects of economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the United States in the context of economic relations of this strategic triangle. An approach is proposed to analyze the prospects for cooperation between Russia and China in the framework of global integration projects, as well as trade and investment cooperation between Russia and the United States. These relationships determine the interdependence of the national economies of these countries. An attempt is made to forecast the development of economic relations between the countries of the strategic triangle. The results of the work can be used to justify recommendations to the leadership of our country.
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Aroul, Ramya Rajajagadeesan y Peggy E. Swanson. "Linkages Between the Foreign Exchange Markets of BRIC Countries—Brazil, Russia, India and China—and the USA". Journal of Emerging Market Finance 17, n.º 3 (25 de octubre de 2018): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652718800081.
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The past decade has witnessed increasing trade and capital flow movements between BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and the USA indicating a need for a better understanding of currency linkages between these countries. This article examines long-run and short-run relationships between foreign exchange markets of BRIC countries and the USA. Long-run results indicate that, over a period beginning January 2000 and ending November 2013, the currency markets of China, India and the USA are tied together, implying that from the perspective of the US investor, the markets of Brazil and Russia provide the greater diversification benefits. Further, the USA is found to be the source of the common trend (CT), suggesting that it leads the three (cointegrated) markets towards the long-run equilibrium relationships. Brazil and India share no short-run lead-lag relationship with the USA. JEL Classification: F31, G15
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Supyan, V. "USA and Russia: World Economic Positions and Prospects for Economic Relationships". World Economy and International Relations, n.º 7 (2008): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2008-7-14-23.
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Supyan, V. "USA and Russia: World Economic Positions and Prospects for Economic Relationships". World Economy and International Relations, n.º 7 (2008): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2008-7-14-23.
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Solov’ev, E. "Russian-US Relationships in Pre-Electoral Context". World Economy and International Relations, n.º 6 (2012): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-6-52-58.
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Lately, despite successful interaction between Russia and the USA on a number of issues, both in Moscow and across the pond a discussion on the bilateral relations perspectives is launched increasingly. Serious questions of the mutual trust level arise. The toughening of rhetoric and demonstrative political actions is evident from both sides. Obviously, the outlined regressive trend has pre-elective nature. However, in prospect, the situation can take on its internal development logic. The author examines the possible roadmap of Russia-U.S. cooperation continuance, in particular touches the question of the "restart" fortune.
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Richardson, Kayliegh y Ana Speed. "Two Worlds Apart: A Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Domestic Abuse Law and Policy in England and Wales and the Russian Federation". Journal of Criminal Law 83, n.º 5 (24 de junio de 2019): 320–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018319858478.
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In 2015, s 76 of the Serious Crime Act 2015 introduced the new criminal offence of ‘controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship’. This is just one of many steps the UK government have taken in recent years to acknowledge the different forms of domestic abuse and power imbalances that can be present in intimate relationships. In contrast, in February 2017, the Russian government passed an amendment to the Russian Criminal Code to decriminalise some forms of assault, a step which many human rights activists have opposed. This article will compare the seemingly dichotomous approaches to domestic abuse adopted by England and Wales and Russia and will examine the effectiveness of both approaches in deterring domestic violence, providing adequate support for victims and meeting state obligations under international law. There has been extensive commentary on the approach to domestic abuse in England, the USA and Australia. In comparison, consideration of the approach in the Russian Federation is limited. This is in part due to the approach taken in Russia to dealing with domestic abuse as a private issue and the associated lack of available data. This article seeks to go behind closed doors to explore the Russian approach to tackling domestic abuse in a way that it has not previously been considered.
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Deniskova, Tatiana, Ali Esmailizadeh, Arsen Dotsev, Olga Koshkina, Mohammad Ali Farahvashi, Mortaza Mokhtari, Mozhdeh Moosanezhad Khabisi, Feng-Hua Lv y Natalia Zinovieva. "A Search for Eurasian Sheep Relationships: Genomic Assessment of the Autochthonous Sheep Breeds in Russia and the Persian Plateau". Diversity 14, n.º 6 (2 de junio de 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060445.
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Genomic assessment of local sheep breeds is relevant to the reconstruction of post-domestication migrations and to filling in gaps in the developmental history and contemporary phylogeographic-differentiation patterns in Eurasia. In this study, we aimed to reveal possible genetic relationships between local sheep breeds in Russia and the Persian Highlands (Iran) based on high-density SNP genotypes. All samples (n = 395) from 11 Iranian and 10 Russian sheep breeds were genotyped by using the Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Principal Component Analysis, maximum-likelihood assessment, and Neighbor-Net graph analysis demonstrated a clear differentiation between Russian sheep breeds of European ancestry from the Iranian local cluster and Russian breeds of Asian origin. Admixture analysis revealed a shared ancestral background, which was detected in several Iranian-local and Russian-local fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep breeds. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the pattern of historic admixture, which is present in the genomes of many Eurasian sheep breeds.
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Solarz, Marcin Wojciech, Małgorzata Wojtaszczyk, Maciej Zych y Anna M. Solarz. "What does the European Union Think about the USA, Russia, the PRC, Germany and Itself?" European Review 28, n.º 2 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000413.
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Every year, Gallup Inc. surveys the societal relationships that EU countries have with the USA, Germany, Russia and the PRC as well as the EU itself. The respondents furnish information on Europeans’ views regarding designated international political entities as international community leaders. This article examines the attitude of the European Union’s citizens to the above indicated potential and real leaderships in 2014–2016.
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Khudoliy, Anatoliy. "Geopolitical and regional considerations: US, China and, Russia: partners or competitors?" Acta de Historia & Politica: Saeculum XXI, n.º 02 (15 de enero de 2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/ahpsxxi2020.02.055.
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The article deals with the policy of the United States of America, Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) and the Russian Federation in the Asia-Pacific Region. Leadership ambitions of the countries became evident in political, economic, military, technological and space spheres especially over the last few years.
The purpose of the article is to analyze American-Chinese and Russian-Chinese relationships in the Asia-Pacific and identify reasons for their foreign policy course. Both countries, China and the USA are eager to play leader’s part in the regional politics. The relationships between the PRC and the United States significantly deteriorated, especially during D. Trump presidency.
The author draws attention to the US policy and its attempts to strengthen its own positions in the region as well as to China’s economic activity reflected in transport projects, for instance – One Belt, One Road initiative, perceived by Washington as a challenge to its leader’s position. Tensions between two countries increased due to aggressive regional policy of China which claimed sovereignty over few small islands in the South China Sea. Beijing and Washington compete for leadership in the sphere of technology where China is ahead of the USA.
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Ovakimyan, E. K. "Opportunities for improving the insider laws: A comparative analysis of the practice in the USA and Russia". Finance and Credit 26, n.º 4 (28 de abril de 2020): 796–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.4.796.
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Subject. The article examines the laws regulating insider trading. Objectives. The study outlines recommendations for refining Law On Countering the Illegal Use of Insider Information and Market Manipulation and Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation, № 224-ФЗ of July 27, 2010. Methods. The methodological framework includes a general dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, induction and deductions, and some specific methods, such as comparative and formal logic analysis to specify the definition of insider information, structural logic and functional analysis to improve the mechanism for countering insider trading and market manipulation. Results. We discovered key drawbacks to be addressed so as to improve the business environment in Russia. Although the Russia laws mainly mirror the U.S. laws, they present a more extended list of terms concerning the insider information. I believe the legislative perfection should be continued. Conclusions and Relevance. The study helps apply the findings to outline a new legislative regulation or amend the existing ones, add a new mention on the course of financial markets to students’ books, develop new methods for detecting and countering and improving the existing ones. If all parties to insider relationships use the findings, they will prevent insider trading crimes in financial markets and (or) reduce the negative impact of such crimes on the parties.
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Oltedal, Siv. "Close but not too close. Distant but not too distant". Journal of Comparative Social Work 4, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2009): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v4i1.46.
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In this explorative and comparative article a suitable social distance in the client-social worker relationship will be in focus. When do clients need a social worker “as if she is a friend” and when do they appreciate a professional “as if she is a stranger”? How does context have an impact on what we see as legitimate relationships? We will be listening to voices on these issues from poor single mothers and social workers in five countries – Australia, USA, Canada, Russia and Norway.
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Iori, Elisa, Matteo Masotti, Luca Falasconi, Enzo Risso, Andrea Segrè y Matteo Vittuari. "Tell Me What You Waste and I’ll Tell You Who You Are: An Eight-Country Comparison of Consumers’ Food Waste Habits". Sustainability 15, n.º 1 (27 de diciembre de 2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010430.
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Using an original survey conducted in eight countries in 2021 (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, the UK, and the USA), this study explored the relationship between household food waste and dietary habits through a cross-country comparative perspective. In total, 8000 questionnaires were recorded from samples representative of the adult population of each country through an online survey conducted between the 13th and the 24th of August. The questionnaires were developed from the Waste Watcher International Observatory on Food and Sustainability, an international study of the social, behavioral, and lifestyle dynamics behind household food waste. The relationships between the per capita self-reported amount of food waste (expressed in kilocalories) and self-declared dietary habits (traditional, healthy and sustainable, vegetarian, smart, and confused) were estimated using multiple linear regression models. The results showed that smart diets are associated with higher values of food waste in Canada, Spain, the UK, and the USA. Vegetarian diets are associated with lower food waste values in China, Germany, the UK, and the USA, but not in Italy, Russia, and Spain. The share of the population adopting a smart diet was, on average, 2.7% of the sample; therefore, interventions for food waste reduction should focus on these specific types of consumers, who are often associated with larger amounts of food waste.
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Svanidze, Miranda y Ivan Đurić. "Global Wheat Market Dynamics: What Is the Role of the EU and the Black Sea Wheat Exporters?" Agriculture 11, n.º 8 (22 de agosto de 2021): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080799.
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Over the last two decades, three countries in the Black Sea Region—Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan—became global leaders in grain production and trade, and replaced the USA and France as the most previous largest wheat exporting countries. In this study we investigate world wheat price linkages and identify the current “price leaders” of the global wheat market. This empirical analysis is focused on the price relationships between eight of the largest wheat exporting countries and uses a cointegration framework and a vector error-correction model. The results show that, regarding price formation on the world wheat market, the French price is more important for transmitting price signals to other wheat export markets compared to the USA. Furthermore, our results indicate that, despite being leaders in wheat export volumes, the Black Sea wheat prices in Russia and Ukraine adjust to price changes in France, the USA, and Canada. Albeit unrealistic in the short run, the creation of the futures market in the Black Sea region might significantly improve the participation of Black Sea markets in price formation of the global wheat market.
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Maletin, Nikolay P. y Natalia I. Khokhlova. "The Military-Technical Cooperation Factor in the Bilateral Relations of Indonesia with the World Countries". South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, n.º 3 (48) (2020): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-3-48-074-091.
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The article analyzes the modern cooperation of Indonesia with the leading countries of the world and the ASEAN countries in the field of military-technical cooperation. Indonesia maintains military-technical ties with the Russian Federation, the USA, China, Europe, the countries of Southeast Asia and other countries of the world. Indonesia has repeatedly stated its desire to become a major center of power and a significant regional power, as a result of which the ruling circles of Indonesia try not to enter into defensive alliances with other states and avoid a strong rapprochement with the major powers of modern times: Russia, the United States and China. We can say that Indonesia, like a pendulum, balances between relationships that are beneficial to it, taking advantage.
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Зорина, Наталья, Natalya Zorina, Вадим Кортунов, Vadim Kortunov, Ольга Краснова, Olga Krasnova, Сергей Котов y Sergey Kokotov. "Socio-cultural and ideological origins of homophobia in Russia". Servis Plus 9, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14578.
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In 2013 the State Duma of Russian Federation adopted a Federal Law “banning propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations among minors». This law provoked great discussions between sexual minorities and their opponents in the media: the first began to criticize the Law as infringing upon their rights, others, after a long silence, resumed their attacks on the homosexuals. Due to such discussions Sociologists think that homophobia is reviving in Russia. According to the American psychological Association, only 16% of the population in modern Russia can accept homosexuality as the norm (against 60% in USA and 80% in Europe). This is the public opinion in Russia. And only such cautious, squeamish attitude toward those people as not quite healthy pones allows sociologists to talk about a revival of homophobic attitudes in our country. In the article authors make an attempt to understand the arguments of opponents of sexual orientation and to trace the ideological origins of “Russian homophobia”. For this, the authors of the research are trying to answer the questions: is it correct to justify homosexuality as normal behavior, referring to the homosexual behavior of animals, how is homosexuality caused by norms of Russian culture, what is its contribution to the arts, what do world religions say about same-sex relationships, what is its impact on the development of the society, what does the modern medicine think about this phenomenon. There is an attempt to reproduce the logic of homophobic arguments, so common today in Russia, to understand its origins and ideological Foundation. This is done only for the purpose of finding compromises and developing balanced, tolerant positions on both sides. The authors hope that considerations expressed in the article will be useful in resolving such an important social and cultural issue as a confrontation between homosexuals and heterosexuals, and will make the contribution to the guarantees of rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation.
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J. Burke, Ronald, Marina Astakhova y Parbudyal Singh. "Time affluence, material affluence and work experiences of professional women in Russia". Employee Relations 36, n.º 6 (30 de septiembre de 2014): 642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-11-2013-0166.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of time affluence (TA) and material affluence (MA) in work and extra-work experiences of a sample of professional women working in Russia. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected form 168 women using anonymously completed questionnaires. Measures included personal demographic and work situation characteristics, work outcomes, indicators of work investment and extra-work outcomes. Findings – TA and MA were significantly and positively correlated (r=0.22), with women indicating similar levels of TA and MA. Women reporting higher levels of MA generally indicated more favorable work outcomes (higher job satisfaction, lower intent to quit). Women reporting lower levels of TA generally indicated higher levels of work investment. However, neither TA nor MA predicted family satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – This study highlights the importance to take steps to increase TA and MA of Russian women to positively influence their work and extra-work experiences. Originality/value – These findings replicate and extend earlier USA, Egyptian and Turkish results to Russia. Unlike previous studies, the authors simultaneously included TA and MA constructs, thus providing important comparisons of their relationships with different outcomes. The authors also respond to the call to study TA and MA in different cultural contexts.
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S. Gusakova, Yuliya, Tatyana L. Adrianovskaya, Valentina V. Chuksina, Aleksej N. Nifanov y Michael V.Presnyakov. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LABOR RELATIONS CONCEPTS IN VARIOUS FOREIGN NATIONS". Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 34, S2 (14 de junio de 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol34ns2.878.
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This study tries to provide a comparative features of labor relations notions in some foreign nations. This study examines the legal laws and regulation of labor relationships, splitting states into 2 classifications. The initial incorporates Germany, Russia, France, and several other European nations. In the next - the USA, Australia, Great Britain, and other nations of the Anglo-Saxon legal systems. The comparative examination of various states’ legislation and formal-logical and functional methods are used to gratify the study’s objectives. The conclusion is made that the borrowing of the experience of the nations’ adhering to the Anglo-Saxon pattern is not acceptable for Russia because, in them, the contract of labor is demonstrated not as a means able to guarantee the workers’ rights but as a legal means to generate circumstances able to infringe on their benefits.
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Volkova, Elena N., Anna Yu Akimova y Oksana M. Isaeva. "Assessment of the Psychological Well-Being of Russian Youth With the PERMA-Profiler". Changing Societies & Personalities 6, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/csp.2022.6.4.206.
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This article presents the results of a survey of the psychological well-being of Russian youth based on the Russian version of the PERMA-Profiler. The survey was conducted at the beginning of 2021 and covered 11,811 respondents (males = 29.2%, females = 70.8%) aged 18–35 (49.2%, aged 18–22; 22.3%, aged 23–30; and 28.5%, aged 31–35) living in the central part of Russia. The survey’s results indicate that the country perform properly in terms of youth well-being. The scores of Russian respondents are significantly higher than the results reported by Butler and Kern for the UK, Greece, Korea, Italy, and the USA in their study of 2016 (this sample is referred to as a total sample). The Russian respondents scored higher compared to the total sample in the scales of Positive emotions and Relationships. The research data show different indicators of well-being in groups differing by gender, age, education, social, marital and parental status, living conditions, and income level. We also found some peculiar age- and gender-related differences regarding well-being in the Russian sample, which also distinguishes it from the total sample. The research results can be used in programs intended to improve the psychological well-being of Russian youth.
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Korshunov, Ilya A., Natalia N. Shirkova y Maxim S. Miroshnikov. "Export of Continuing Education Programs: Skills and Technology (Case Study of Agricultural Universities)". Integration of Education 23, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 518–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.097.023.201904.518-540.
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Introduction. Development of the economy via the introduction of new technologies stimulates the transfer of competencies through the expansion of exports of educational services in various professional sectors. The study of current skills and competences in the agricultural complex was carried out to identify the most competitive educational programs for adults’/continuing education on regional labor markets, which could be successfully exported by Russia to other countries. We also identified innovative educational products required by the agricultural sector in Russia. The purpose of this article is to study the process of implementation of adult/continuing education and training in Russian agricultural universities in international educational markets. Materials and Methods. Results of a questionnaire survey of higher education institutions under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation concerning the implementation of short-term continuing educational programs exported to other countries were used here. Content analysis of popular skills was carried out to determine the most competitive strategies of exports to international educational markets (the case of Kazakhstan, Russia, and USA). The study was conducted on regional job search databases. The sampling scope involved above 3,000 current vacancies. Results. Theoretical and empirical results showed that countries purchase more complex skills if there is a demand for them in the country, and their own continuing education programs are not available. The acquisition of such skills is in demand in countries using a similar model of development of this industry. The increase in exports of Russian life-long education programs to international markets can be achieved by the transfer of high technologies in the agro-industrial sector. Potential countries for the export of continuing/ life-long education include those building cultural, political and socio-economical relationships with the Russian Federation. Discussion and Conclusion. This article is useful for heads of adult education departments of universities to determine the most perspective strategies for exporting continuing education services to international markets.
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Ryzhanova, Alla y Nanuli Potomkina. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THE PREVENTION OF YOUTH INTERNET DEPENDENCE". Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, n.º 194 (junio de 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2021-1-194-51-56.
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The article analysis the world experience of the negative impact of Internet on young people. Summarizing foreign experience of Internet dependence prevention, we note that the most dangerous impact of Internet dependence on the socialization of young people in the world are: deteriorating relationships with family and friends, mood swings, aimless cyber surfing, «toxic communication», virtual shopping and virtual shopping. In turn, the analysis and further systematization of foreign experience of preventive and corrective measures in different countries and regions of humanity that first entered the information society, gave grounds to identify such areas as: preparation of the social environment for preventive work (national preventive and educational approach (USA, Japan); creation of specialized centers for comprehensive prevention through professional information, counseling social institutions and establishments that are forced to participate in prevention (USA, Netherlands, Taiwan), preparation for prevention of the family, which is perceived as capable of overcoming or, accordingly, preventing Internet addiction in all its manifestations (Japan, Taiwan), preparation for prevention Teachers of schools (Russia) Direct prevention of Internet addiction of young people, which is realized through the general development of human personality, spiritual improvement, intellectual dynamics, psychological education for self-regulation of youth, diversification of leisure (Canada, Netherlands, Russia, Taiwan).
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Stolbov, Mikhail. "How are interbank and sovereign debt markets linked? Evidence from 14 OECD countries, the Euro area and Russia". Panoeconomicus 61, n.º 3 (2014): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403331s.
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The paper explores causal linkages between interbank and sovereign bond markets in 14 OECD countries, the Euro area and Russia during the 2008-2009 crisis and post-crisis period. The analysis has been carried out for individual countries and in a multivariate framework. It enables to identify systemically important countries in both markets. The USA, Switzerland, Australia, South Korea and Russia are of particular significance in the interbank lending market. Switzerland, the UK, Poland, Australia and Canada play a pivotal role in the public debt market. The analysis under the multivariate framework reveals substantial heterogeneity in the network structure of both markets. Only 12% of causal relationships coincide, which may fuel financial contagion. Volatility spillovers underlie the causal linkages. They are estimated by means of dynamic volatility indices based on rolling correlation matrices and help identify the transformation of the international banking turmoil into the sovereign debt crisis.
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Kossov, Valéry. "Le droit et l’idée. Le transfert et le fonctionnement des concepts juridiques occidentaux en Russie contemporaine". Chroniques slaves 1, n.º 1 (2005): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/chros.2005.856.
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Le Droit et l’Idée : How were the Legal Concepts borrowed from the West and How they Work in Contemporary Russia. Since the 1990s, Russia has been transformed particulary be the influence of a liberal ideology ; economic determinism has replaced former political determinism. The new radicalism, tinted with a certain form of Bolshevism, had the same utopian goal, «pull to pieces» the old system and rebuild a better world. «The miracle recipe» consisted in transferring to Russia the western liberal experience as had occured in Germany. The 1993 Constitution was inspired by the Constitutions of the USA, France and Germany with a main ambition : to differ from Soviet law which put the emphasis on collective interests to the prejudice of individual rights and to make a reference to concepts borrowed from the 1789 universal Declaration of the rights of man and citizen. But the application of the decisions taken by constitutional justice remains unsettled. As regards elections, the applications of principles is confronted to the political reality of the country. While being independent, justice is influenced by the executive power and in particular, the ministers so-called «reinforced» (siloviki). The confrontation between the legislature and the executive in October 1993, enabled to enhance in the Constitution the institution of a strong presidential power, using USA and French models. The only counterbalance to this institution is the possibility of destitution by the Federation Council. The English word «impeachment» has even been adopted. However, the procedure remains heavy and difficult to start. The pupil has excelled his master in the subjects which were of interest to him, especially powers. After Eltsine’s departure, the word «vertical» inspired by the American system of unity of the executive power, created no suspicion. Russia adopted a federal model, on the model of «symmetrical» German or American federations, but having inherited the asymmetrical and complex Soviet organisation, it could not do without the use of Soviet notions. The attempt to establish symmetrical relations comes up against reality. Being a promoter of a constitutional state V. Putin keeps asserting that social life is based on the law. Wass the messianic role assigned to western juridical concepts by liberal politicians in the 1990s not wholly utopian ? But do Russian people understand human rights in the same way as in the West ? More than a lexical mistake, it is a semantic and cultural error. In this context of the gap of cultures, isn’t «the legalistic discourse» of the Russian president a way to value the law as a repressive instrument ? Any juridical system has repressive elements. From their balanced use depends social relationships.
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Prusova, Irina S. y Olga A. Gulevich. "News About Terrorism and Attitudes Toward Countries: The Role of Mortality Salience and Intergroup Threat". Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 14, n.º 2 (2021): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/pir.2021.0207.
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Background. Media reports on armed fights or terror attacks introduce reminders of death into people’s daily lives. When people feel non-specific threats (mortality salience) or specific threats (intergroup threats), they may demonstrate unfavorable attitudes toward national outgroups. The issue is mostly analyzed today in line with Terror Management Theory and Intergroup Threat Theory. Objective. To examine such threats in the Russian context, and the impact of mortality salience (MS) on attitudes toward national outgroups that induced different levels of perceived intergroup threat. Design. In two studies, participants watched films and completed questionnaires about social distance, social thermometer, and trust toward “more or less threatening” countries. In Study 1, 120 Russian students were assigned to six groups via experimental design: 3 (MS: terrorist attacks in Europe, terrorist attacks in Russia, or a control group watching a video about dental treatment) x 2 (country: Ukraine and Belarus). In Study 2, 122 participants were similarly divided into six groups, evaluating attitudes toward the USA and China. Results. Study 1 showed that MS mostly increased unfavorable attitudes toward a country perceived as more threatening (Ukraine) than toward one perceived as less threatening (Belarus). Study 2 indicated the same effect on attitudes toward both more (the USA) and less (China) threatening outgroups. Conclusion. The results identified contradictory tendencies in MS effect, in line with Terror Management Theory and Intergroup Threat Theory. The findings could be used in improving relationships from an international perspective.
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Shutov, Vladimir, Robert E. Gieck, Larry D. Hinzman y Douglas L. Kane. "Evaporation from land surface in high latitude areas: a review of methods and study results". Hydrology Research 37, n.º 4-5 (1 de agosto de 2006): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2006.022.
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Evaporation (ET) from land surfaces in high latitudes is examined on a circumpolar perspective based upon the study results obtained in various environments, from boreal forest (taiga) to the high Arctic desert. Direct and indirect methods of evaporation measurement are reviewed, as well as numerous computational techniques. We have focused upon methods conveniently adopted for calculating evaporation when detailed information on meteorological conditions within the surface boundary layer is not available. These methods range from complicated ones, such as eddy correlation, energy balance and Penman equations, to empirical relationships between ET and incoming solar radiation. Great attention was paid to the principles of each method, especially those developed in Russia as they differ from most of the methods utilized internationally. For example, the Budyko–Zubenok empirical scheme is based upon the principle of potential evaporation, which is affected by soil moisture (SM). This relationship between ET and SM, expressed in terms of the field capacity, has been found to be non-linear; a complication that is not typically accounted for in traditional approaches. This paper also contains a brief review of a number of evaporation case studies including Alaska (USA), north-western Russia and Siberian taiga, Yukon basin (Canada), mountainous forest on Hokkaido Island (Japan), Canadian Arctic and glacierized basins of Greenland.
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Kojić, Milena, Petar Mitić y Jelena Minović. "Gold and Sustainable Stocks in the US and EU: Nonlinear Analysis Based on Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis and Granger Causality". Fractal and Fractional 7, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2023): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7100738.
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Geopolitical risks and conflicts wield substantial influence on the global economy and financial markets, fostering uncertainty and volatility. This study investigates the intricate relationship between gold and representatives of green and sustainable stocks in the US and EU during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, employing multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) and nonlinear Granger causality. MF-DCCA reveals significant multifractal properties and nonlinear cross-correlations across all time series pairs. Notably, conflict weakened the multifractal cross-correlations between US stocks and gold, except for the TESLA/gold pair. A similar significant change in the EU market’s multifractal properties was observed during the conflict. In conjunction with MF-DCCA, Granger causality tests indicate bidirectional nonlinear relationships between gold and green/sustainable stock markets in the USA and EU. Gold’s past movements significantly influence changes in all the considered green and sustainable stocks, enabling predictions of their behavior. These findings shed light on multifractal dynamics during geopolitical crises and emphasize the bidirectional relationships between gold and green and sustainable stock markets. This comprehensive analysis informs investors and policy makers, enhancing their understanding of financial market behavior amid geopolitical instability.
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Sekimoto, Shigeyuki, Taketo Uehara y Takayuki Mizukubo. "Characterisation of populations of Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in Japan and their phylogenetic relationships with closely related species". Nematology 19, n.º 5 (2017): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003067.
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The Japanese populations of the clover cyst nematode,Heterodera trifolii, were characterised morphologically, morphometrically and molecularly. The morphology and morphometrics of six Japanese populations ofH. trifoliiwere in congruence with those of previous descriptions of this species from Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, The Netherlands, UK and USA. The results of the phylogenetic analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene and theCOImtDNA gene sequences discriminatedH. trifoliifrom most of the other closely related species of theSchachtiigroup. The intraspecific sequence differences in theSchachtiigroup were much higher inCOIthan in D2-D3. TheH. trifoliipopulations displayed very low levels of intraspecific variations (up to 0.3%) in theCOImtDNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic relationships ofH. trifoliiwith otherHeteroderaspecies, as inferred from the analyses of the ITS rRNA gene, D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene andCOImtDNA gene sequences, were determined.
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Turgel, I. D., K. D. Bugrov y A. D. Oykher. "Russian University Cities: Expectations vs. Reality". Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 32, n.º 5 (20 de mayo de 2023): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2023-32-5-89-111.
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This article proposes an approach to the analysis of the role of universities in the socioeconomic ecosystem of their host city, which makes it possible to pinpoint the specifics of the university city phenomenon in modern Russia. The study uses the theory of functional specialization of complexly organized spatial systems as its underlying methodology. To address specific research questions, methods of comparative, evolutionary and economic-statistical analysis are used. As a result of the study, the authors establish the specifics of the spatial distribution of universities in Europe, the USA and the Russian Federation; and substantiated the choice of Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg as the relevant research sample for the Russian Federation. The article proposes the methodology for assessing the role of universities in the socio-economic space of the city comprising: a set of calculated economic and statistical indicators; analysis of the established practice for deciding if to represent a particular city as a scientific and educational center in strategic management directives; and integral interpretation of the results obtained. The analysis of the leading scientific and educational centers in Russia stated above indicates that in no city the share of the university sector in the overall number of the city’s employees, or its population, reaches 20%–the key threshold for establishing the predominance of universities in the functional the structure of a city. At the same time, the economic dominance of Tomsk universities in their city (the total income of Tomsk universities exceeds the city’s budget, which is unique for Russia) became the basis for positioning the city as the “student capital city” of the country. Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk, which exceed Tomsk in absolute terms, such as number of universities and total number of students studying in the city, lag Tomsk in the sphere of symbolic representation. The article concludes that, due to the specifics of its genesis and evolution, the phenomenon of a university city in Russia receives a new significance, reflecting the diversity of relationships between a large city and a complex, hierarchical system of universities operating in the socio-economic space of a common territory.
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de Felice, Giulio, Nihal Tutal y Nicolina Sciaraffa. "Geopolitical aspects of COVID-19 vaccines distribution". European Journal of Environment and Public Health 7, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2023): em0132. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/12779.
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In December 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (China) reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a cluster of pneumonia cases with unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Province of Hubei, China. In March 2020, WHO declared a pandemic. So began the spread of Sars-Cov-2 and the race to possible countermeasures. This article analyses the commercial relationships of the sale and purchase of vaccines as a measure of influence between different regions of the world. Taking all vaccines with a degree of global diffusion into account (Sputnik V, Russia; Sinovac, China; Sinopharm, China; Covishield, Oxford/AstraZeneca formulation, India; Johnson & Johnson, USA; Oxford/AstraZeneca, UK; Pfizer/BioNTech, USA; and Moderna, USA), the article examines the specific regions of distribution. The paper has two aims: Firstly, to understand if the vaccines’ distribution mirrors the geopolitical <i>status quo</i>. Secondly, to identify the territories potentially more capable of causing important, regional or global, geopolitical frictions. In order to do that, the article highlights regions with unipolar and multipolar geopolitical influences. Limitations and further possible developments of the work will be commented on in the conclusions.
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Buzulukova, Ekaterina y Ekaterina Lobova. "Stimulating the growth of “silver” tourism through the development of relationships and the creation of targeted communications with travellers". Population and Economics 7, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2023): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.7.e110202.
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In the contemporary world, the population of older individuals is on the rise, bringing about a transformation in the profile of “silver” tourists. These individuals lead active lifestyles, with many still engaged in work, possessing a relatively high level of savings, and demonstrating a willingness to allocate those funds towards travel. The “silver” age tourism segment is experiencing annual growth, underscoring the importance of meticulously studying the requirements, preferences, and limitations of this demographic. Elderly travellers express a keen interest in fostering relationships with travel companies, emphasizing the need to pay attention to this expanding segment by crafting travel products tailored to their needs and leveraging pertinent communication channels. This article elucidates the distinctive features of “silver” age tourism, delving into the needs of these travellers and their preferred communication channels for relationship-building. The study encompasses a market overview spanning European countries, the USA, Asia, and Russia. The conducted survey and cluster analysis revealed the heterogeneity within the “silver” age tourist group, necessitating a meticulous approach in the formulation of marketing strategies by travel companies.
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Krivosheev, V. V., I. V. Kozlovsky y L. Y. Nikitina. "Vitamin D deficiency is an indicator of high mortality". Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), n.º 2 (29 de enero de 2024): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2402-05.
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Studies in recent years indicate that vitamin D deficiency has a great impact on the overall health and life expectancy of a person, and vitamin D preparations can be successfully used to prevent and treat a wide range of diseases in adults and children. At the same time, in the Russian Federation, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and deficiency reaches 84 %. In this regard, statistical studies of the mortality of the population of Europe (including Russia), the USA and Canada, depending on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, have been conducted. The results showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the population of these countries is associated with statistically significant directly proportional relationships (p = 0.002‑0.03) with total mortality from non-communicable diseases, mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and COVID-19. In this regard, it seems absolutely necessary to radically change the attitude of the population, authorities, medical workers and the public to the problem of D-vitamin deficiency of the population of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to prepare and implement federal and regional programs for the D-vitaminization of the population of the Russian Federation, including a large-scale information campaign on the benefits of vitamin D, monitoring the level of vitamin D in the most vulnerable categories of the population and their treatment with vitamin D supplements, which will improve the health status and reduce premature mortality of the population of the Russian Federation.
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Andronov, Sergei, Andrey Lobanov, Elena Bogdanova, Andrei Popov, Alexander Yuzhakov, Olga Shaduyko, Dele Raheem y Irina Kobelkova. "The Relationships among Microelement Composition of Reindeer Meat (Rangifer tarandus) and Adaptation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Sustainability 14, n.º 3 (20 de enero de 2022): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031173.
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This systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA statements aimed to summarise the data on the chemical composition of reindeer meat depending on the region of the Rangifer tarandus. We searched SCOPUS, PubMed, Embase, CrossRef, Medline, Cochrane library, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka. A total of 3310 records published between January 1980 and December 2021 were screened. We identified 34 relevant studies conducted in Russia, Norway, the USA, Canada, and Finland for the synthesis. Overall, the consumption of reindeer meat reduces arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis due to many polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic) and vitamin C, which balances lipid fractions. Venison is an effective means of preventing obesity and adapting to cold due to the content of a complete set of essential trace elements, amino acids, and even L-carnitine. The high content of vitamin C and microelements (iron, zinc, copper) in reindeer meat is likely to increase the body’s antioxidant defence against free radicals and help prevent chronic non-infectious diseases. Thus, venison is an essential component of the adaptation mechanism for the Arctic population.
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Larina, Elena. "Comparative analysis of social practices in drug abuse prevention: Russian and international experience". Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika 11, n.º 3 (26 de septiembre de 2023): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2023.11.3.10.
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The increasing mortality rate due to drug abuse, including among minors, the rising number of registered individuals with narcotic dependency syndrome, and contemporary characteristics of drug use underscore the social need for analysing drug abuse prevention practices in Russia and other countries. The article presents the results of a review of specialised statistical data and information sources, examining both liberalrestrictive and repressive anti-drug preventive measures. An analysis of current prevention strategies in foreign countries is conducted, including the USA, European countries, China, Japan, and South Korea, along with an examination of anti-drug preventive measures in Russia. The study reveals the greater effectiveness of prevention programmes using a liberal-restrictive approach, which focus on developing protective social skills, stress coping mechanisms, promoting positive interpersonal interactions, and fostering healthy intra-family relationships, in comparison to the repressive approach. The social practices of the latter are based on stricter penalties and intimidation, leading to increased covert drug use, heightened fears of seeking specialised help, exacerbated harmful consequences for users’ health, and a lack of reliable statistical data. The conclusion is drawn that to enhance the effectiveness of drug abuse prevention in Russia, it is advisable to critically evaluate and utilise the experience of countries that emphasise a restrictive approach. The focus should shift from intimidating and harshly punishing drug users to developing positive social skills and creating differentiated support and educational programmes for various population groups.
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Volos, Aleksei A. "Principles of Contract Law in the Time of Digitalisation (On the Example of US Judicial Practice)". Zakon 19, n.º 7 (julio de 2023): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-7-157-167.
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The article is devoted to the role of the principles of contract law in the cases arises from economic disputes in connection with the use of current digital technologies by the parties of the contract. Based on the analysis of different US court decisions, the author makes several scientific proposals. The most fundamental of them is that the digitalisation of society and the emergence of new relationships does not prevent the application of the principles of contract law. At the same time, the principles might be filled with special content and understanding. In such circumstances, the interpretation of the principles of contract law is essentially vital. There is a good example of the successful attempt of this type of interpretation. Having examined the interface and design of the corresponding online platform, the court of the USA determined the fact of consent to the terms of the user agreement according to the principle contractual freedom. It is a very useful approach for the Russian practice as well. Based on the principles of contract law, the US courts formulate the substantive part of the decision. Furthermore, they do creatively approach the establishment of a model for regulating emerging relations in the digital economy. The creatively approach of courts should not be useful in Russia according to the traditions of the continental system of law. However, it should be used by the legislative power. In order to establish an affective regulatory model, it is necessary to take into account not only economic feasibility and technical features. First of all, we have to rely on the principles of law. Unfortunately, it is not always obvious in Russia.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, Larissa Ruban y Maksim Аnanjin. "The study of the relations between the countries of Southeast Asia and Russia by sociological methods". Science. Culture. Society 28, n.º 2 (27 de junio de 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2022.28.2.3.
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At the moment, major geopolitical changes are taking place in the world. In the East, a new sub-region of Indo-Pacifica is being formed instead of the Asia-Pacific region, initiated by the United States, Japan, India and Australia in order to confront China and its significance. Competition between the USA, China, India and Russia is growing in the region, this process is monitored by the authors using the methodology of system analysis, which allows us to give a comprehensive description of the current situation. Using sociological research methods, in particular expert surveys in the form of a 70% longitudinal study, the authors managed to obtain empirical data in 16 countries of the Asia-Pacific region, characterizing their relationships, inter-country hierarchy, the level of security in the region. The authors emphasize the conduct of representative research, the professionalism of the implementation of sociological surveys, the submission and processing of material, the correctness, objectivity and impartiality of the analysis of the data obtained and in-depth work with the text (based on the use of the Sorbonne method), as well as the content analysis of scientific publications and publications in the media.
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Bayram Soylu, Özgür. "Panel Granger causality analysis of relationships between tourism and economic growth in the top eight tourist destinations". Ekonomski pregled 71, n.º 4 (2020): 407–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.71.4.5.
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The tourism has economic, social and political effects and contributes to the economic development of many countries. Interaction levels of national economies increase with tourism through globalization. This study aims to test the causality relationship between the components of the tourism and economic growth. The causality relationship between the components of the tourism and economic growth by using panel causality analysis method. The findings indicate a bi-directional causality relationship between growth and tourism expenditures and tourism revenues. Tourism expenditures, tourism receipts and number of international arrivals are parameters of the tourism. Real gross domestic product ratio is used as a growth indicator. The top eight tourist destinations are analyzed; Spain, Italy, Russia, Turkey, France, China, USA, UK. In this context; A panel dataset was created for the top eight tourism countries over the period 1995–2017. The arrivals of tourists, expenditure levels of tourists and tourism receipts are important indicators for the national economies. The positive effects of these indicators on the balance of payments, being a source of foreign exchange, employment creation, triggering investment in infrastructure and superstructure and creating a revitalizing effect in other sectors, have an important place in the region and country economy with their socio-cultural reflections.
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Zhu, Xu. "Strategic triangle ‘Russia — India — China’: Structure and problems of interaction". Lomonosov World Politics Journal 15, n.º 4 (12 de marzo de 2024): 107–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-4-107-141.
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A contemporary world order is based on an increasingly complex system of interstate relations, which implies the need to thoroughly consider the international context, even when analyzing bilateral interactions. From this point of view, the concept of a ‘strategic triangle’, developed during the Cold War and applied primarily to analyze the dynamics of relationships between the USSR, the USA and the PRC, appears to have significant epistemological potential. In current conditions, it is of particular interest to use this concept to study the logic of relations in the ‘Russia–India–China’ (RIC) triangle. This research pursues two interrelated goals. On the one hand, it is aimed at identifying specific features of this new ‘strategic triangle’, its inner structure and logic of interactions between its participants. On the other hand, it assesses the applicability of the theoretical models developed during the Cold War to the relations within the framework of the RIC strategic triangle. The author examines the history, general dynamics and contemporary features of interaction within each pair of bilateral relations in this ‘triangle’. The research has confirmed the hypothesis that the relations between Russia, India, and China, indeed, form a specific subsystem of international relations, which can be described as a ‘strategic triangle’. At the same time, unlike the Sino-American-Soviet ‘strategic triangle’, it is the logic of cooperation, rather than rivalry, which generally prevails within the framework of the RIC.However, the RIC ‘triangle’ can also be described as an inherently inconsistent system. While China and Russia maintain close strategic cooperation in almost all areas, in the case of India and Russia, economic cooperation does not match the achieved level of political contacts, and Sino-Indian relations, despite the generally positive dynamics during the recent years, remain at a low level. All this points to the need to develop a new theoretical and methodological framework for analyzing trilateral relations between Russia, India and China as a special subsystem of the contemporary world politics, one that will be free from Cold War stereotypes.
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Subbotin, Sergei A., Nicola Vovlas, Gregor W. Yeates, Johannes Hallmann, Sebastian Kiewnick, Vladimir N. Chizhov, Rosa H. Manzanilla-López, Renato N. Inserra y Pablo Castillo. "Morphological and molecular characterisation of Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 and related species (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) with a phylogeny of the genus". Nematology 17, n.º 1 (2015): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002850.
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Morphological identification of spiral nematodes of the genus Helicotylenchus is a difficult task because most characters used for their diagnosis vary within species. In this paper we provide morphological and molecular characterisations of several spiral nematodes, H. broadbalkiensis, H. digonicus, H. dihystera, H. microlobus, H. paxilli and H. pseudorobustus, collected in different geographical areas of USA, Switzerland, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, UK, South Korea and Russia. We suggest that H. microlobus and H. pseudorobustus are valid species separated from each other morphologically and molecularly. Seven species with distinct molecular characteristics are also distinguished, but are not ascribed morphologically to any specific taxon because of the low number of specimens available. Phylogenetic relationships of H. pseudorobustus with other Helicotylenchus species are given as inferred from the analyses of 154 sequences of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene and 37 sequences of ITS rRNA gene.
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Vorobiev, V. Y. "The Future of US-Chinese Relations under the Administration of Donald Trump". Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 9, n.º 6 (24 de julio de 2018): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2016-9-6-60-75.
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Long-standing objectives of U.S. foreign policy remain unaltered regardless of the person incumbent. The US elite unanimously see the purpose of maintaining its leading role in international relations. It is still possible that there will be some corrections the American foreign policy but they will not alter the general line. Donald Trump won the US presidential elections. He announced one of his strategic lines in foreign policy is to deter China. From the author's point of view, is to have complex consequences in economics, foreign-policy and defense strategies. The economic growth of China is declining, albeit for the past decades China became the second world power. The USA, at the same time, successfully overcame the consequences of financial crisis 2009. Nowadays, the GDP gap between considering countries is growing again and China is unlikely to reduce it in the short term. It is possible that during the diplomatic negotiations, the USA will reduce its influence in some world regions: they are ready to redistribute the spheres responsibility and demonstrate their attentive position to the interests of other state. The US-China relationships exist in changeable and dynamic forms and in this context, China relates to the stability of its partnership with Russia.
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Dudin, Mikhail N., Sergey V. Shkodinsky y Daler I. Usmanov. "Digital sovereignty of Russia: barriers and new development tracks". Market Economy Problems, n.º 2 (2021): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2021-2-30-49.
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Subject/Topic. The article is devoted to the study of the concept, parameters, barriers and scenarios for ensuring the digital sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the era of Industry 4.0. Methodology. To study the concept of digital sovereignty as a scientific shortage, the authors used general scientific methods (observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning), when conducting an analytical study of indicators of the digital maturity of the national economy of the Russian Federation, the dynamics of high-tech challenges and threats specific scientific methods were used (static analysis, expert assessments, graphical method), to form scenarios of the future trajectory of the development of digital sovereignty, methods of strategic management – SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, Foresight tools. The validity and reliability of the results of scientific research is ensured by the correctness and rigor of the construction of the logic and research scheme. Scientific and applied research of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of innovative development, digital economy and public administration was used as a methodological and fundamental basis for the study. The initial statistical data for the analysis were taken from open sources of thematic reviews and analytical reports of the consulting agencies VC.RU, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the Skolkovo Research Center, Digital IQ, PWC, statistical collections of the Higher School of Economics and Rosstat. Results. Currently, digital sovereignty is considered from a political, economic and technological point of view, which determines the presence of a pluralism of points of view on its meaningful definition in the scientific literature. The authors propose to understand by digital sovereignty the criterion of sustainability of the architecture of a socio-economic business model in front of external and internal digital challenges and threats of various origins, as well as its ability to adapt and proactively protect its own interests in the digital sphere. The development of the digital sovereignty of the Russian Federation is presented according to four scenarios: 1st – the Russian Federation is unable to build an effective national infrastructure and is dependent on these groups, digital sovereignty has become an object and means of influence of world leaders on the behavior of entire states and allied formations, an emphasis on military the political role of digital sovereignty; 2nd – the Russian Federation joins the digital infrastructure to the Asian group, and the Chinese conglomerate pursues a policy of soft absorption with the gradual assimilation of the cultural and value paradigms of the population into non-Chinese paradigms; 3rd – the collapse of the oligo-polistic power, the FAMGA group (USA) and the BAT group (China), the entire world economy is being reshaped into autonomous digital ecosystems that build relationships among themselves on the principles of win-win partnership; 4th – the USA, EU, Russia is actively developing digital infrastructure in Asia, Africa, South America to form a new colonial system built on the basis of digital technologies. Conclusions/Relevance. As part of the scientific study, it was found that the digital sovereignty of the state directly depends on the level of digital maturity of the national economy and the digital responsibility of society's behavior. Taking into account the passage of the global economic system to the point of no return – the onset of the era of Industry 4.0 - the issue of ensuring the digital sovereignty of the state is becoming a new priority in the agenda for future development. Application. The results obtained in the process of scientific research can be used by the authorities and management as a theoretical and practical basis for making appropriate decisions in the field of improving the processes of digital transformation of various levels of society, and by business representatives – for adjusting business development strategies based on taking into account relevant digital challenges and threats.
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Shumilov, M. M. y Yu M. Shumilov. "External Factors of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Conflict in the Context of the Second Karabakh War". EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, n.º 3 (14 de octubre de 2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-03-126-136.
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Aim. To identify the features of the behavior of external actors in the South Caucasus during the Second Karabakh War and rank them according to the degree of influence on the events, outcomes, and settlement of the post-conflict situation.Tasks. To find out the main reasons for Armenia’s military defeat, as well as the extent of involvement in the armed conflict and post-conflict settlement of Turkey, Great Britain, Iran, the USA, France, the OSCE Minsk Group and the EU.Methods. Among the techniques and ways to achieve the stated goal of the study, the methods of comparative analysis, which allowed by comparing the degree of involvement and role in the conflict to identify beneficiaries and the most promising applicants for participation in post-conflict settlement; structural and functional analysis aimed at identifying connections, relationships and mediations between the participants of the events under consideration.Results. The analysis of the interested and motivated behavior of Turkey, Iran, the UK, the USA, France, the Minsk Group, and the EU in the 44-day armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan was carried out. An attempt is made to rank external actors according to the degree of influence on the course and outcome of the war; the main reasons for Armenia’s military defeat are established; Iran’s behavior and role in the conditions of war and post-conflict settlement are characterized; Azerbaijan’s support in the conflict by the countries of the Turkic Council is shown; the involvement of Turkey and Great Britain in the war is established; The role of Russia in the end of the war was determined; the positions of the USA and France as co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group were clarified; the EU’s application for mediation in the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani contradictions was assessed.Conclusions. Contrary to numerous opinions about the paralysis of Russia’s political will in the South Caucasus, it was Russia that, following the results of the Second Karabakh War, managed to strengthen its position and role in regional politics, unite its allies — Armenia and Azerbaijan — around it, inspire them with an understanding of the need to end armed confrontation in the conflict zone, and propose a realistic program of joint actions towards its political settlement.
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MORFFE, JANS, NAYLA GARCÍA, LAURA VÉLIZ, KOICHI HASEGAWA y RAMON A. CARRENO. "Morphological and molecular characterization of two species of nematodes (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatoidea: Protrelloididae, Thelastomatidae) parasitic in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis Serville (Blattaria: Blaberidae) from Cuba". Zootaxa 5194, n.º 1 (4 de octubre de 2022): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.5.
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Protrelleta floridana Chitwood, 1932 and Cranifera cranifera (Chitwood, 1932) (Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatoidea: Protrelloididae, Thelastomatidae) are recorded for the first time in Cuba. These nematodes were found to parasitize the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis Serville (Blattaria: Blaberidae), constituting a new host record for them. Both species are redescribed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and the arrangement of the copulatory papillae of the males of P. floridana is amended. The present specimens coincide in their morphology and most of the measurements with the type populations from USA and the records from Costa Rica, with only minor differences. The molecular phylogeny was inferred by mean of the D2-D3 domain of the 28S rDNA and the Cuban P. floridana and C. cranifera form monophyletic clades with sequences of both taxa from Costa Rica as well as a sequence of C. cranifera from Russia. In the case of C. cranifera its phylogeny and that of its blaberid hosts reveal coevolutionary relationships.
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Orlando, Valeria, John J. Chitambar, Ke Dong, Vladimir N. Chizhov, Dimitre Mollov, Wim Bert y Sergei A. Subbotin. "Molecular and morphological characterisation of Xiphinema americanum-group species (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from California, USA, and other regions, and co-evolution of bacteria from the genus Candidatus Xiphinematobacter with nematodes". Nematology 18, n.º 9 (2016): 1015–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003012.
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The Xiphinema americanum-group is a large species complex containing more than 50 nematode species. They are economically important because they are vectors of nepoviruses. The species differentiation of X. americanum-group is problematic because the species share similar morphological characters. In the present study we collected nematode samples from different locations in the USA, Italy and Russia. Six valid species, X. americanum s. str., X. brevicolle, X. californicum, X. pachtaicum, X. rivesi and X. simile, and four unidentified putative Xiphinema species were characterised by morphology and sequencing of D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS1 rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes. New nematode sequences generated totalled 147. Phylogenetic relationships of the X. americanum-group species reconstructed by Bayesian inference for D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene sequences did not provide clear species delimitation of the samples studied, although the mtDNA presented interspecific variations useful for demarcation among species. Xiphinema americanum s. str., X. californicum, X. pachtaicum, X. rivesi, and two unidentified Xiphinema species were found in 72 soil samples from California. We also reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships using partial 16S rRNA gene sequences within endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Candidatus Xiphinematobacter and provided solid evidence for distinguishing 17 species of this genus based on the analysis of new and previously published sequences. Fifty-five new bacterial sequences were obtained in the present study and comparison of the bacterial 16S rRNA and nematode COI phylogenies revealed a high level of co-speciation events between host and symbiont.
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Arnold, A. Elizabeth, Alison H. Harrington, Jana M. U'Ren, Shuzo Oita y Patrik Inderbitzin. "Two new endophytic species enrich the Coniochaeta endophytica / C. prunicola clade: Coniochaeta lutea sp. nov. and C. palaoa sp. nov." Plant and Fungal Systematics 66, n.º 1 (julio de 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0006.
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Coniochaeta (Coniochaetaceae, Ascomycota) is a diverse genus that includes a striking richness of undescribed species with endophytic lifestyles, especially in temperate and boreal plants and lichens. These endophytes frequently represent undescribed species that can clarify evolutionary relationships and trait evolution within clades of previously classified fungi. Here we extend the geographic, taxonomic, and host sampling presented in a previous analysis of the clade containing Coniochaeta endophytica, a recently described species occurring as an endophyte from North America; and C. prunicola, associated with necroses of stonefruit trees in South Africa. Our multi-locus analysis and examination of metadata for endophyte strains housed in the Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium at the University of Arizona (ARIZ) (1) expands the geographic range of C. endophytica across a wider range of the USA than recognized previously; (2) shows that the ex-type of C. prunicola (CBS 120875) forms a well-supported clade with endophytes of native hosts in North Carolina and Michigan, USA; (3) reveals that the ex-paratype for C. prunicola (CBS 121445) forms a distinct clade with endophytes from North Carolina and Russia, is distinct morphologically from the other taxa considered here, and is described herein as Coniochaeta lutea; and (4) describes a new species, Coniochaeta palaoa, here identified as an endophyte of multiple plant lineages in the highlands and piedmont of North Carolina. Separation of CBS 120875 and CBS 121445 into C. prunicola sensu stricto and C. lutea is consistent with previously described genomic differences between these isolates, and morphological and functional differences among the four species (C. endophytica, C. prunicola, C. palaoa, and C. lutea) underscore the phylogenetic relationships described here. The resolving power of particular loci and the emerging perspective on the host- and geographic range of Coniochaeta and the C. endophytica / C. prunicola clade are discussed.
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Zharikov, Yu O., R. V. Maslennikov, A. N. Gadzhiakhmedova, A. M. Aliyeva, V. N. Nikolenko y V. T. Ivashkin. "Сorrelation between somatotypes and body fat changes in patients with liver cirrhosis". Pacific Medical Journal, n.º 2 (14 de junio de 2023): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2023-2-60-64.
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Objective. To evaluate the nature of changes in body fat composition in cirrhotic patients of various somatotypes.Materials and methods. The data of 46 cirrhotic patients and 20 volunteers were analyzed. Anthropometric examination was carried out according to methodological requirements with assessing the body composition of patients by means of bioimpedance analysis using ABC-01 Medass system (NTC Medass, Russia). Somatotypes were determined according to the Heath–Carter method. Ranks for the somatotype scale were assigned as endomorphy scores increased. Spearman rank correlation was used to identify the relationships between the variables. Differences between continuous variables were determined using the Mann–Whitney test. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10 (StatSoft Inc., USA).Results. Child–Pugh scores for men and women were 9 (7.3–11.8) and 7 (6–9), respectively. Body fat percentage (BFP) of cirrhotic patients accounted for 27.7% (23.3–33) in men and 41.2% (33.6–46.3) in women. In healthy volunteers, the BFP was 21.9% (13.9–26.3) in men and 32.7% (29.3–41.6) in women. Assessment of the relationships between liver cirrhosis severity and body fat was characterized by a correlation coefficient of r = -0.47528 (p-value < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was determined between the liver cirrhosis severity according to Child–Pugh scores and somatotypes (r = -0.30536, p = 0.03905).Conclusion. The results of this study emphasize the correlation between somatotypes and changes in BFP in patients with liver cirrhosis of various degrees of severity. The sum of Child–Pugh scores and endomorphic indicators demonstrated the inverse relationship, which must be taken into account when developing mathematical models of the personalized prognosis of liver cirrhosis.
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Subbotin, Sergei A., Jerry Akanwari, Chau N. Nguyen, Ignacio Cid del Prado Vera, John J. Chitambar, Renato N. Inserra y Vladimir N. Chizhov. "Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic relationships of cystoid nematodes of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida)". Nematology 19, n.º 9 (2017): 1065–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003107.
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The cystoid sedentary nematodes of the Heteroderidae include more than 30 recognised species belonging to from nine to 11 genera, depending on the opinion of the authority. In the present study, we collected nematode populations of species belonging to some of these genera, as well as other cyst-forming species from different locations in the USA, Vietnam, Germany and Russia. The populations of cystoid nematodes represent seven valid species, Atalodera carolynae, Cryphodera sinensis, Meloidodera astonei, M. floridensis, M. mexicana, M. sikhotealiniensis, Rhizonemella sequoiae, two unidentified species of Atalodera, six unidentified species of Cryphodera, and three putative new species of Rhizonemella. We also obtained samples of cyst-forming nematodes that include an unidentified species of Betulodera from California, and Heterodera guangdongensis from Vietnam. A population of Rotylenchulus sp. from Arizona, intercepted in Florida, and a population of an unidentified species of Verutus from Germany were also added to this study. All of these populations were characterised using sequences of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA or mitochondrial COI genes. A total of 89 new sequences were obtained from these analyses. Phylogenetic relationships within the family Heteroderidae were reconstructed based on the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Results revealed that the subfamily Ataloderinae was paraphyletic. Ekphymatodera thomasoni, a non-cyst-forming species, clustered with the cyst-forming nematodes. Representatives of the subfamily Verutinae formed clades within Heteroderidae. The genus Meloidodera was non-monophyletic and distributed within two clades: i) M. sikhotealiniensis and Cryphodera spp. from Asia and Europe; and ii) M. astonei, M. floridensis and M. mexicana from North America. Based on comparative molecular analysis Meloidodera alni syn. n. is proposed as a junior synonym of M. sikhotealiniensis. Problems of taxonomy and phylogeography of cystoid nematodes are also discussed.
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Cohen, Harlan Grant. "Nations and Markets". Journal of International Economic Law 23, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 793–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa032.
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ABSTRACT Economics and security seem increasingly intertwined. Citing national security, states subject foreign investments to new scrutiny, even unwinding mergers. The provision of 5G has become a diplomatic battleground—Huawei at its center. Meanwhile, states invoke national security to excuse trade wars. The USA invoked the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade national security exception to impose steel and aluminum tariffs, threatening more on automotive parts. Russia invoked that provision to justify its blockade of Ukraine, as did Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to excuse theirs of Qatar. And with the spread of COVID-19, states are invoking national security to scrutinize supply lines. Multiplying daily, such stories have led some observers to dub the era one of geoeconomics. Nonetheless, these developments remain difficult to judge, and the relationship between economics and national security remains confused and slippery. The essay seeks clarity in the deeper logic of these labels, revealing a fundamental choice between the logics of markets and the logics of state. Whether invoked to ‘secure’ borders, privacy, health, the environment, or jobs, ‘national security’ is a claim about the proper location of policymaking. Appeals to economics, with their emphasis on global welfare and global person-to-person relationships, are such claims as well. Resolving disputes, this essay argues, requires recognizing these root choices.
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Hall, Edith. "American Communist Idealism in George Cram Cook’s The Athenian Women (1918)". Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 20, n.º 3 (22 de noviembre de 2018): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.20.3.7-25.
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The Athenian Women, written by the American George Cram Cook with input from Susan Glaspell, is a serious, substantial play drawing chiefly on Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae. It premiered on March 1st 1918 with the Provincetown Players. Cook was convinced of parallels between the Peloponnesian War and World War I. He believed there had been communists in Periclean Athens comparable to those who were making strides in Russia (in 1922 to become the USSR) and the socialists in America, amongst whom he and Glaspell counted themselves. The paper examines the text and production contexts of The Athenian Women, traces its relationships with several different ancient Greek authors including Thucydides as well as Aristophanes, and identifies the emphatically stated socialist and feminist politics articulated by the two main ‘proto-communist’ characters, Lysicles and Aspasia. Although the play was not particularly successful, its production had a considerable indirect impact on the future directions taken by left-wing theatre in the USA, through the subsequent dramas of Glaspell and Eugene O’Neill for the Provincetown Players.
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Tolstova, Olga y Yuliya Levasheva. "Humanistic trend in education in a global context". SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900121.
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The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of the realization of the humanistic trend in education in the conditions of electronic informational and educational environment. A comparative approach is used in the research. This approach allowed the author to establish that one of the trends of the development of educational systems of Russia, China and the United States is a humanistic trend in education, which has its own national characteristics and peculiarities associated with the traditions, customs and particularity the development of national educational systems in these countries. The author reveals the general vector of development of the humanistic trend in education in Russia, China and the USA in the conditions of the electronic informational and educational environment, manifested in the following features. They are 1) equality in education for students; 2) the creation of a common scientific and educational space; 3) a teacher or a professor departs from the directive role, he plays the role of a facilitator and a consultant; 4) the students play the active roles, they interact freely with each other in an online environment (the principle of interactivity). Besides, 5) the students are responsible for the results of the independent learning activities, motivated for the process of the independent knowledge acquisition; 6) the students learn to master the “Lifelong Learning” principles. In addition, 7) the students master the competencies of the digital economy and education, learn to build human relationships, to show empathy, learn to form value attitudes towards society and life.
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Malysheva, I. V. "Social Networking as a Legal Phenomenon". Siberian Law Herald 2 (2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2023.2.10.
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The emerging institution of legal regulation of social networking in different states appears in different ways. The comparative legal method of the studying made it possible to select two models: western (USA, Germany, France) and eastern (China). The Western model of legal regulation comes from “freedom of networked battlefield” and “freedom of speech”, the eastern one comes - from the “information security priority” and “deanonymiration of social networking”. Relations in the social networking have acquired independent features: big freedom of expression, a culture of clip thinking, “rudeness” in the relationships as the norm, as an impossible to nobility to identify the subject and the lack of responsibility. Under the studying of social networking, researchers form the conceptual provisions of “digital life” and “digital death” of personality. In Russia, the main problems of regulation social networking are the lack of legal definitions of the concepts “social networking”, “account”; industry uncertainty of public relations, which from in the social networking; a low level of safety for minors and the elderly people. It is proposed to consider social networking as public relations as an intersectoral legal institution of civil, labor, administrative and criminal law, also as procedural industries; legalize concept “social networking” and “account”; establish information security filters for minors and elderly people.
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Yerbossynov, T. y G. R. Absattarov. "Influence of USA Russia relations on Kazakhstan: academic community evidence". BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 72, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2020): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-8940.28.
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The difficult relationship between Russia and the United States is a natural phenomenon, the result of a conscious policy of the US administration aimed at establishing American dominance in the post-war world and the ever-increasing revenge-seeking policies of the Russian ruling elite. This article is designed to assess the impact of the US-Russia relationship on Kazakhstan’s politics and economy at the present stage, after the deterioration of relations in the framework of the weakening of US hegemony in the world arena and its futile attempts to maintain its sphere of influence