Literatura académica sobre el tema "Russia–USA relationships"

The paper analyzes the prospects of economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the United States in the context of economic relations of this strategic triangle. An approach is proposed to analyze the prospects for cooperation between Russia and China in the framework of global integration projects, as well as trade and investment cooperation between Russia and the United States. These relationships determine the interdependence of the national economies of these countries. An attempt is made to forecast the development of economic relations between the countries of the strategic triangle. The results of the work can be used to justify recommendations to the leadership of our country.

The past decade has witnessed increasing trade and capital flow movements between BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and the USA indicating a need for a better understanding of currency linkages between these countries. This article examines long-run and short-run relationships between foreign exchange markets of BRIC countries and the USA. Long-run results indicate that, over a period beginning January 2000 and ending November 2013, the currency markets of China, India and the USA are tied together, implying that from the perspective of the US investor, the markets of Brazil and Russia provide the greater diversification benefits. Further, the USA is found to be the source of the common trend (CT), suggesting that it leads the three (cointegrated) markets towards the long-run equilibrium relationships. Brazil and India share no short-run lead-lag relationship with the USA. JEL Classification: F31, G15

Lately, despite successful interaction between Russia and the USA on a number of issues, both in Moscow and across the pond a discussion on the bilateral relations perspectives is launched increasingly. Serious questions of the mutual trust level arise. The toughening of rhetoric and demonstrative political actions is evident from both sides. Obviously, the outlined regressive trend has pre-elective nature. However, in prospect, the situation can take on its internal development logic. The author examines the possible roadmap of Russia-U.S. cooperation continuance, in particular touches the question of the "restart" fortune.

In 2015, s 76 of the Serious Crime Act 2015 introduced the new criminal offence of ‘controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship’. This is just one of many steps the UK government have taken in recent years to acknowledge the different forms of domestic abuse and power imbalances that can be present in intimate relationships. In contrast, in February 2017, the Russian government passed an amendment to the Russian Criminal Code to decriminalise some forms of assault, a step which many human rights activists have opposed. This article will compare the seemingly dichotomous approaches to domestic abuse adopted by England and Wales and Russia and will examine the effectiveness of both approaches in deterring domestic violence, providing adequate support for victims and meeting state obligations under international law. There has been extensive commentary on the approach to domestic abuse in England, the USA and Australia. In comparison, consideration of the approach in the Russian Federation is limited. This is in part due to the approach taken in Russia to dealing with domestic abuse as a private issue and the associated lack of available data. This article seeks to go behind closed doors to explore the Russian approach to tackling domestic abuse in a way that it has not previously been considered.

Genomic assessment of local sheep breeds is relevant to the reconstruction of post-domestication migrations and to filling in gaps in the developmental history and contemporary phylogeographic-differentiation patterns in Eurasia. In this study, we aimed to reveal possible genetic relationships between local sheep breeds in Russia and the Persian Highlands (Iran) based on high-density SNP genotypes. All samples (n = 395) from 11 Iranian and 10 Russian sheep breeds were genotyped by using the Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Principal Component Analysis, maximum-likelihood assessment, and Neighbor-Net graph analysis demonstrated a clear differentiation between Russian sheep breeds of European ancestry from the Iranian local cluster and Russian breeds of Asian origin. Admixture analysis revealed a shared ancestral background, which was detected in several Iranian-local and Russian-local fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep breeds. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the pattern of historic admixture, which is present in the genomes of many Eurasian sheep breeds.

Every year, Gallup Inc. surveys the societal relationships that EU countries have with the USA, Germany, Russia and the PRC as well as the EU itself. The respondents furnish information on Europeans’ views regarding designated international political entities as international community leaders. This article examines the attitude of the European Union’s citizens to the above indicated potential and real leaderships in 2014–2016.

The article deals with the policy of the United States of America, Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) and the Russian Federation in the Asia-Pacific Region. Leadership ambitions of the countries became evident in political, economic, military, technological and space spheres especially over the last few years. The purpose of the article is to analyze American-Chinese and Russian-Chinese relationships in the Asia-Pacific and identify reasons for their foreign policy course. Both countries, China and the USA are eager to play leader’s part in the regional politics. The relationships between the PRC and the United States significantly deteriorated, especially during D. Trump presidency. The author draws attention to the US policy and its attempts to strengthen its own positions in the region as well as to China’s economic activity reflected in transport projects, for instance – One Belt, One Road initiative, perceived by Washington as a challenge to its leader’s position. Tensions between two countries increased due to aggressive regional policy of China which claimed sovereignty over few small islands in the South China Sea. Beijing and Washington compete for leadership in the sphere of technology where China is ahead of the USA.

Subject. The article examines the laws regulating insider trading. Objectives. The study outlines recommendations for refining Law On Countering the Illegal Use of Insider Information and Market Manipulation and Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation, № 224-ФЗ of July 27, 2010. Methods. The methodological framework includes a general dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, induction and deductions, and some specific methods, such as comparative and formal logic analysis to specify the definition of insider information, structural logic and functional analysis to improve the mechanism for countering insider trading and market manipulation. Results. We discovered key drawbacks to be addressed so as to improve the business environment in Russia. Although the Russia laws mainly mirror the U.S. laws, they present a more extended list of terms concerning the insider information. I believe the legislative perfection should be continued. Conclusions and Relevance. The study helps apply the findings to outline a new legislative regulation or amend the existing ones, add a new mention on the course of financial markets to students’ books, develop new methods for detecting and countering and improving the existing ones. If all parties to insider relationships use the findings, they will prevent insider trading crimes in financial markets and (or) reduce the negative impact of such crimes on the parties.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au processus de démilitarisation de la guerre dans la pensée stratégique russe entre 1993 et 2016. Si d’importantes recherches ont été menées sur l’application des stratégies indirectes russes dans les pays post-soviétiques et occidentaux, l’analyse de leurs racines conceptuelles et des stratèges militaires qui les produisent fait encore défaut, freinant ainsi non seulement l’identification des concepts et notions réellement utilisés par les théoriciens militaires russes, mais la compréhension des logiques profondes qui structurent la pensée stratégique russe post-soviétique. Fondée sur l’examen de la littérature militaire russe, encore peu explorée par la recherche, des documents de doctrine et des discours d’officiels militaires et politiques russes, cette thèse d’histoire s’appuie par ailleurs sur un examen biographique des principaux officiers supérieurs et généraux du pays, ainsi que des civils proches de l’état-major général et du ministère de la Défense russes. Au-delà d’une analyse des concepts, notions et débats par lesquels les théoriciens militaires russes ont tenté de comprendre les caractéristiques d’une guerre moderne de moins en moins centrée sur la lutte armée, cette thèse explore les cadres cognitifs de ces stratégistes, faits de croyances et de perceptions qui, bien que souvent négligées dans le contexte militaire russe post-soviétique, sont une clé de compréhension essentielle des changements doctrinaux et institutionnels militaires russes entre 1993 et 2016
This thesis focuses on the process of demilitarization of war in Russian strategic thought between 1993 and 2016. While significant research has been carried out on the implementation of Russian indirect strategies in post-Soviet and Western countries, the analysis of their conceptual roots and of the military strategists who produce them is still lacking. Consequently, both the identification of the concepts and notions actually used by Russian military theorists, and the understanding of the underlying logics which structure post-Soviet Russian strategic thought, are hampered. Based on an analysis of Russian military literature, still hardly explored by research, on doctrinal documents and speeches by Russian military and political officials, this thesis in history also draws on a biographical examination of the main flag and field officers of the country, as well as civilians close to the Russian General Staff and the Russian Defense Ministry. This thesis goes beyond an analysis of the concepts, notions and debates by which Russian military theorists have tried to understand the characteristics of a modern war, which is less and less focused on armed struggle. It explores the cognitive frameworks of these strategists, comprised of beliefs and perceptions which, although often overlooked in the post-Soviet Russian military context, are key to an essential understanding of the Russian military doctrinal and institutional changes between 1993 and 2016

The textbook deals mainly with practical issues of conducting business negotiations: the ability to convince, build arguments, conduct a discussion, tactical techniques in a situation of destructive positions of a business partner, in a conflict situation. Particular attention is paid to the ethics of speech influence in business negotiations, understanding the peculiarities of speech perception and audience attention management, correct interpretation of nonverbal signals and the use of various nonverbal communication tools to improve the effectiveness of business communication. Within the framework of the psychology of business communication, emphasis is placed on the problems of personal development, improving communication skills and interpersonal communication. In the topic of business etiquette, the rules of behavior of a successful manager, the dress code at official and business events, the rules of behavior during visits and in public places are considered. The topic of the Russian style of negotiation, taking into account the cultural traditions of our country, is highlighted separately. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training "Management", "Economics", as well as anyone interested in the problems of personal development, improving communication skills and interpersonal relationships.

The textbook examines the main provisions of the international standard in the field of national accounting — the System of National Accounts 2008. The fundamental concepts of the system of national accounts are described, such as the concept of economic production and the concept of income, which determine the content of the main indicators of the system, the content of such categories as "economic operation" and "economic asset" is explained. Recent changes are given in the interpretation of a number of important economic transactions, such as spending on research and development, on the acquisition of weapons systems, the issuance of financial intermediation services, the issuance of central bank services. The system of key accounts and its main indicators, such as gross domestic product, gross national income, gross national disposable income, national wealth, as well as methods of their calculation are characterized. The tasks, tests and control questions for all topics are given, as well as a dictionary of the most important terms of the system of national accounts in Russian and English and a list of recommended literature. The system of national accounts is a special system of ordering data on an innumerable number of economic transactions carried out by a multitude of economic entities. This ordering, based on the most important concepts and definitions of the system of national accounts, allows us to show the relationship between the most significant aspects of the economic process, which is necessary for decision-making by public authorities on the formation of economic policy. The study of the system of national accounts should contribute to the development of economic thinking. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended primarily for undergraduate and graduate students studying in the field of Economics.

This book traces the relationship between the Romanov state and the Armenian diaspora that populated Russia's territorial fringes and navigated the tsarist empire's metropolitan centers. By engaging the ongoing debates about imperial structures that were simultaneously symbiotic and hierarchically ordered, the book helps us to understand how, for Armenians and some other subjects, imperial rule represented not hypothetical, clear-cut alternatives but simultaneous, messy realities. The book examines why, and how, Russian architects of empire imagined Armenians as being politically desirable. These circumstances included the familiarity of their faith, perceived degree of social, political, or cultural integration, and their actual or potential contributions to the state's varied priorities. Based on extensive research in the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Yerevan, the book reveals that the Russian government relied on Armenians to build its empire in the Caucasus and beyond. Analyzing the complexities of this imperial relationship—beyond the reductive question of whether Russia was a friend or foe to Armenians—allows us to study the methods of tsarist imperialism in the context of diasporic distribution, interimperial conflict and alliance, nationalism, and religious and economic identity.

Before Russia invaded Ukraine, it invaded Georgia. Both states are part of Russia's "near abroad" - newly independent states that were once part of the Soviet Union and are now Russia's neighbors. While the Russia-Georgia war of 2008 faded from the headlines in the wake of the global recession, the geopolitical contest that created it did not. Six years later, the spectre of a revanchist Russia returned when Putin's forces invaded and annexed the Crimean peninsula, once part of Russia but an internationally recognized part of Ukraine since the Soviet collapse. Crimea's annexation and follow on conflict in eastern Ukraine have generated the greatest geopolitical crisis on the European continent since the end of the Cold War. In Near Abroad, the eminent political geographer Gerard Toal moves beyond the polemical rhetoric that surrounds Russia's interventions in Georgia and Ukraine to study the underlying territorial conflicts and geopolitical struggles. Central to understanding are legacies of the Soviet Union collapse: unresolved territorial issues, weak states and a conflicted geopolitical culture in Russia over the new territorial order. The West's desire to expand NATO contributed to a growing geopolitical contest in Russia's near abroad. This found expression in a 2008 NATO proclamation that Georgia and Ukraine will become members of NATO, a "red line" issue for Russia. The road to invasion and war in Georgia and Ukraine, thereafter, is explained in Near Abroad. Geopolitics is often thought of as a game of chess. Near Abroad provides an account of real life geopolitics, one that emphasizes changing spatial relationships, geopolitical cultures and the power of media images. Rather than being a cold game of deliberation, geopolitics is often driven by emotions and ambitions, by desires for freedom and greatness, by clashing personalities and reckless acts. Not only a penetrating analysis of Russia's relationships with its regional neighbors, Near Abroad also offers an analysis of how US geopolitical culture frequently fails to fully understand Russia and the geopolitical archipelago of dependencies in its near abroad.

Focusing on language and media in Asian Russia, particularly in Buryat territories, this book engages debates about the role of minority media in society, alternative visions of modernity, and the impact of media on everyday language use. The book demonstrates that language and the production, circulation, and consumption of media are practices by which residents of the region perform and negotiate competing possible identities. What languages should be used in newspapers, magazines, or radio and television broadcasts? Who should produce them? What kinds of publics are and are not possible through media? How exactly do discourses move into, out of, and through the media to affect everyday social practices? The book addresses these questions through a rich ethnography of the Russian Federation's Buryat territories, a multilingual and multiethnic region on the Mongolian border with a complex relationship to both Europe and Asia. The book shows that belonging in Asian Russia is a dynamic process that one cannot capture analytically by using straightforward categories of ethnolinguistic identity.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

Ten years after the start of the uprisings in the MENA region, this volume examines the causes, current state and prospects of those revolts, focusing on the objectives and strategies of selected actors from the region (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel) as well as those of external powers (the USA, the EU, Russia, Turkey), while Syria and Iran represent cross-cutting issues. The book focuses on uncovering the interplay between internal and external factors of influence. The contributions it contains show, on the one hand, how external factors affect both the region and individual states, and, on the other hand, how domestic factors impact regional and global networks of relationships and developments. With contributions by Hakan Akbulut, Elena Dück, Sherin Gharib, Steffen Hagemann, Helmut Krieger, Gerhard Mangott, Anja Opitz, Wolfgang Tönnesmann and Iris Wurm.

Received wisdom states that China and Russia are more likely bound to be rivals than partners. This chapter challenges this notion and traces the growing significance for both parties of the relationship over the past twenty years. It suggests that the relationship has developed into something very serious with the twin purpose for both of maintaining stability and order at home while contesting what both view as a Western-created and US-led order abroad. This does not mean they do not have other interests, but this does not detract from the main argument being advanced here: that China, which has so few serious partners in the world today, has found a serious one in Russia; and that Russia has also discovered one in China.

This book explores critical questions for the survival of Russia in its nominally federal form. Will Russia fall apart along the lines of its internal republics, as did the Soviet Union? Based on cultural anthropology and historical research in major republics of Eastern Siberia—Sakha (Yakutia), Buryatia, and Tyva (Tuva)—the book highlights Indigenous concerns about self-determination. The book suggests that a fragile and disorganized dynamic of nested sovereignties has developed within Russia. Ecology activism has grown, given new threats to the environment and accelerating climate challenges, especially in the Arctic. Focus on strategically chosen republics enables comparing and contrasting interethnic relations, language politics, and the salience of gender, demography, resource competition, environmental degradation, and increased spirituality. Republics vary in their neocolonial relationships to Moscow authorities. Some local leaders, such as a politicized shaman, use nostalgia for cultural achievements to galvanize citizens. Since the Soviet Union collapsed, cultural and political revitalization have been relatively more viable, although still difficult, in areas where Siberians have their own republics.

Policing Prostitution examines the complex world of commercial sex in the final two decades of the Russian Empire before its collapse in 1917. From the 1840s until 1917, prostitution was legally tolerated across the Empire under a system known as regulation. Medical-police were in charge of compiling information about registered prostitutes and ensuring that they followed the strict rules prescribed by the imperial state governing their visibility and behaviour. The vast majority of women who sold sex hailed from the lower classes, as did their managers and clients. Official interest in prostitution generated a mass of documentation, which allows us to glimpse the lives and challenges of various groups of the Empire’s urban lower classes, including women who sold sex, their clients, brothel madams, police, and wider urban communities. In the late imperial period, prostitution was not just an urban ‘problem’ to be controlled and contained, but also a lucrative commodity due to the formal and informal financial relationships forged between brothel madams, registered prostitutes, and the police. This study is a social history of prostitution, drawing on archival material from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. It focuses on how regulation was implemented, experienced, and resisted in various urban centres in the northwest of the Russian Empire, and how everyday experiences of regulation varied widely from place to place. In principle, the tsarist state regulated prostitution in the name of public order and public health; in practice, that regulation was both modulated by provincial police forces who had different local priorities, resources, and strategies, and contested by registered prostitutes, brothel madams, and others who interacted with the world of commercial sex.

The aim of this article is to suggest a reflection on the indefinite-personal sentences of Russian. After a discussion of the properties of these sentences (1), we consider the grammatical and semantic characteristics of their components and especially of the null subject (2). In section (3) we consider which verbs occur more frequently in these sentences and in (4) the relationship among the different components of the indefinite-personal sentences. In (5) we conclude by briefly introducing the Italian sentences that most frequently correspond to Russian sentences of this type.

AbstractChina and Russia are both keen to exploit cutting-edge technologies for military use. Most of these advanced technologies are embedded in the so-called fourth industrial revolution (4IR), such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, automation and robotics, quantum computing, big data, 5G networking, and the “Internet of Things” (IoT). At the same time, most research and development (R & D) taking place in the 4IR is occurring in the commercial realm. The usefulness of 4IR technologies to future military capabilities will depend on how well countries can leverage breakthroughs in commercial R & D, via military-civil fusion (MCF). China and Russia are pursuing concurrent and often intertwined R & D programs to develop and advance 4IR technologies in their respective countries—particularly AI—and to subsequently utilize these technologies (via MCF) in military applications. Their mutual interests in exploiting cutting-edge technologies to underwrite military modernization could motivate Beijing and Moscow to collaborate on future 4IR R & D. Nevertheless, such cooperation could be limited. In particular, Russia lacks the resources or overall technological capacities (money and manpower, plus an already low level of innovation in the national economy) to function as an equal to China, and it may not wish to play the junior partner in such a relationship.

AbstractThe chapter analyzes mobile traders from Russian Karelia who abandoned their itinerant livelihood and settled down in Finland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Many of these former peddlers opened up stores in the Finnish countryside, making use of their skills as traders and previously formed networks to keep their stores well supplied. The analysis revolves around the relationship between local residents and strangers settling down. By combining ethnographical sources with newspaper writings and advertisements the chapter offers new insights into the transition from itinerant peddling to storekeeping as well as the experiences of migrant entrepreneurs in Finland at the turn of the twentieth century.

Anna Riwkin was a Russian-Swedish photographer who contributed significantly to the growing use of photographs in children’s picturebooks during the second half of the twentieth century. This chapter investigates the photographic techniques and genres in Riwkin’s works for children. Using a selection of reportage portraits and photo books by her as a starting point, the chapter discusses the relationship between words and images in photo narratives for children. During the early part of her career, Riwkin specialized in portraits and dance photography and during the 1930s, she added journalistic work to her repertoire. Traces of all these genres are evident in her photographic picturebooks. They express realist and documentary ambitions, aiming to capture the perspective of the individuals portrayed, but at the same time their images are staged and embedded in a narrative, which affects their expression and style. Riwkin’s choice to work with children’s literature also raises questions about women photographers’ position within the field of photography. How were women photographers perceived within different types of photography? Should the aim to work with children’s books be understood in relation to the artist’s socially engaged approach or was it seen as particularly suitable for a female photographer? Since Riwkin was one of the pioneering women photographers in Europe, the reception of her work is of utmost interest, both when it comes to contemporary critique and the perception of her work in later photographic research.

AbstractThe most well-known representation of the globe, the Mercator Projection, often provokes surprise for its considerable distortions: despite appearances, Greenland is almost five times smaller than Canada, and Russia is, in fact, approximately half the size it appears. Since the oldest civilizations, maps have relied on shifting knowledges to become more accurate and efficient, a process accelerated with science and technological development. But the unrealistic proportions of the Mercator map point to a critical reflection: maps show no absolute truths, nor are they neutral. Maps tell stories; they represent ideas as much as spaces, and exactitude is no synonym for neutrality. On the contrary, mapping is a cultural and political act. In the 1990s, geographers started to defy the power relationships of mapmaking with critical cartography. This critique, strongly supported by activists, opened new debates and representational possibilities in which scientific principles started to matter less than social and environmental justice, political participation, and storytelling. Within this framework, this chapter reflects on two alternative mapping methods used in the humanities and social sciences: social cartography and deep mapping. Each section introduces origins, theoretical frameworks, reception, and applications. Because these methods aim to rectify the abuse of power often enabled by scientific mapping, they use non-prescriptive mapmaking to legitimize neglected perspectives. Social Cartography is intrinsically participatory and uses mapping as a collaborative and critical practice. It challenges the role of traditional cartography in socio-political spheres, creating opportunities for new narratives and communities to be heard and understood. Deep maps represent abstract characteristics of a place. They can transcend the boundaries of bi-dimensional and pictorial representation, and consequently, reach different publics. The method is flexible, combining literature and immersive experiences to convey personal or subjective qualities of a place. Other expressions of deep mapping include audio and performative documentations. Social cartography and deep mapping operate against traditional mapmaking by reinforcing the notion that non-institutionalized maps are just as valid in guiding public actions and projects. As participatory practices within communities, these methods promote dialogue, empowerment, and transformation. Therefore, they are indispensable in ensuring democratic research and decision-making.

AbstractIn recent years, the modernisation process has led to a radical transformation of the territory, producing waste in various forms (José Zapata Campos and Michael Hall in Organising waste in the city, Bristol University Press, 2013). Waste, not only in the sense of domestic or industrial waste but also in a broader concept linked to the territory and landscape’s spatial context. The concept relates to the degraded and subsequently abandoned area. Places understood as waste, areas expelled from the city and extraneous as they have no use and are now at the end of their life cycle.These areas, recognised as wastescapes (Amenta and Attademo in CRIOS 12:79–88, 2016) or a waste of land (Berger in Drosscape: Wasting land in urban America, Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), draw the and landscape’s mosaic increasingly fragmented. Also, current mobility requirements lead to a discussion on the design of road infrastructure. While in some cases the tendency is to upgrade existing ones, in others the choice is to design and build new routes. These new routes are causing many problems for the landscape, which is becoming even more devastated. A territory made up of linear elements, and ecosystem networks that physically connect urban space to environmental space create multiple landscapes within which transport networks act as a glue between the different urban poles and as a generator of abandoned areas (Russo in Techne 15:39–44, 2018).With this in mind, the study aims to analyse and assess, through spatial indicators, the potential that abandoned sites close to major road infrastructures can offer to society not only in economic but also in environmental terms.Starting from the Focus Area’s municipalities identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., in REPAiR project: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going beyond urban metabolism, 2017) for the Neapolitan context, only four of the eleven municipalities identified by the project are considered to make the analyses exhaustive and replicable in other contexts.The methodology defined the relationships between the built environment and abandoned infrastructure spaces, which cross and fragment the city and are devoid of functionality.The study had structured in three main phases: Identification of the abandoned interstitial areas of the road and neighbouring infrastructures in the municipalities of Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (municipal territories of the metropolitan city of Naples); Analysis of the indexes of proximity to the urbanised areas and connectivity between the abandoned interstitial areas and the urbanised fabric; Evaluate these indices for the suburban areas to identify the attractiveness for future urban regeneration processes. In this sense, the attractiveness potential of abandoned interstitial spaces of road infrastructures had assessed.If included in a decision support system, these analyses and evaluations would support the definition of urban regeneration actions. In this sense, it evaluated the potential for the attractiveness of abandoned interstitial areas of road infrastructure. In this context, particular attention is paid to the environment in which we live and its protection and preservation.

This chapter examines the relations between Russia and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula at the beginning of the 21st century. The Balkan region is in the circles of interest of USA, EU and Russia, and in recent years the political activities of the parties have shown themselves more actively in relation to the Balkan countries. This is due not only to the accession of new countries into the EU or to the expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but also because of the growing influence of Russia in the Balkans. Thus, we pay attention to the analysis of the Russian influence in the Balkan region and argue that it is not defined as a “new” issue, since Russia is not a fan of EU or NATO enlargement. However, the relationships between these parties depends on international factors influenced by contemporary political realities. In this context, we analyse the current state of cooperation, including problems and prospects, and define Russia’s role in this region.

While Christianity in South and Central Asia has deep historical roots, the World Wars, the demise of British colonialism, and Islamic influence have been defining turning points. Today, Christians in South and Central Asia constitute a minority and most struggle for political recognition, social equality and protection from persecution. With Russia, China, and USA are major players in sociopolitical dynamics, ethnic and cultural tensions permeate across geopolitical borders with the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, along with Chinese and American globalization. Christian organizations exercising ecumenical efforts find success in ministries that alleviate suffering and promote social mobility among believers and non-believers alike. However, such efforts can be branded as threats to the social fabric. Despite having to live in secrecy in most regions, Christians as minorities seek good relationships with others at various levels. Inter-religious engagement becomes problematic when Christians question the status quo and demand equal opportunities and rights. Pentecostal Christians exert influence on fellow Christians and non-Christians alike. Their worship and spirituality, theology and social work, mission and evangelism struggle with caste, tribal and other ethnic identities, and their united churches contribute to the fullness of global Christianity.

This chapter aims to test the financial integration and movements in the capital markets of Germany (DAX), USA (Dow Jones), France (CAC 40), UK (FTSE 100), Italy (FTSE MIB), Russia (MOEX), Japan (NIKKEI 225), and Canada (S&P TSX), China (SHANGHAI and SHENZHEN); as well as the oil markets of the US (AMERICAS-DS OIL), Asia (ASIA-DS OIL), Canada (CANADA-DS OIL), the Emirates (EMU-DS OIL), China (CHINA-DS OIL), Nigeria (NIGERIA-DS OIL), and the United Kingdom (UK-DS OIL) over the period January 1, 2020 to May 6, 2022. The results suggest that long-term relationships between capital markets and oil markets do not help explain short-term moves. The authors consider the results achieved to be of interest to investors seeking opportunities in these financial markets, and also to policymakers to undertake institutional reforms to increase market efficiency and promote sustainable growth in financial markets.

Abstract This chapter analyses India-Russia relations during the period of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first section of the chapter examines Russian strategic thought and introduces the analytical framework (defensive realism) to be used throughout the chapter; the second section charts the Indo-Soviet relationship from the time of Indian independence in 1947 until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991; the third section examines the relationship in the early post-Soviet period; the fourth and the fifth sections focus on the ‘Manmohan Doctrine’ and the ‘Putin Doctrine’; while the sixth section examines Indo-Russian relations during the 10-year period in which the UPA was in power. The chapter concludes that despite the apparent contradictions between the two doctrines, India-Russia relations actually strengthened during the period.

Sociologists and demographers explain late childbearing by the transformation of the life values of modern women. This is considered as one of the reasons for the decline in the birth rate. Our study aims to reveal perceptions of the relationship between career and family in the life strategies of working Russian women by using factor analysis. We collected data in a sociological survey of working women living in the Ural region. We asked respondents to rate 10 statements about work, family and children. We constructed 3-factors model of Russian women’s perceptions of combining family and career. Then we used correlationanalysis to assess the relationship between these factors and the social and demographic parameters of the respondents. We concluded that the use of factor analysis made it possible to model a wide range of Russian women’s perceptions of combining family and career. Considering the results obtained may contribute to improving the regulation of interaction of two important societal spheres of professional and parental activities and create conditions for increasing the birth rate in Russia.

Статья посвящена проблемам эффективности внедрения цифровизации в транспортную инфраструктуру России системой государственного регулирования. Автор исследует новое понятия цифровых прав граждан, соотношение с действующим законодательством. Автор обращает внимание, что цифровизация в транспортном секторе наиболее ярко выражена в применении системы биометрических данных для оплаты проезда и пользования транспортной инфраструктурой РФ до 2024 года. The article is devoted to the problems of the effectiveness of the implementation of digitalization in the transport infrastructure of Russia by the system of state regulation. The author explores the new concept of digital rights of citizens, the relationship with the current legislation. The author draws attention to the fact that digitalization in the transport sector is most pronounced in the use of a biometric data system for paying for travel and using the transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation until 2024.

The paper analyzes the features of the relationship between parents and children, the main types of conflicts in which teenagers denial a healthy lifestyle; the results of a sociological survey are displayed; the legal basis for preventing the use of psychoactive substances by teenagers and administrative responsibility for involving teenagers in illegal actions, denying a healthy lifestyle.

The prerequisite for the study was the spread of views in the academic literature that the category of public welfare, without accounting for concretising factors, was a void abstraction, and that in Russia, public welfare was seen as the dominant principle over the individual. The main purpose of the study is to analyse the content of the term ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in Russian legal theory. The author uses the methods of conceptual history and intellectual history to analyse the concept of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in the works of pre-revolutionary authors and the relationship between the concepts of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ and ‘the common good’. The author determined that: ‘public welfare’ can be classified as fiction, purpose, method, interest and balance, depending on the context of use and semantic scope. The term ‘the welfare of each and every one’ became theoretically meaningful (as an objective, method, and interest), and was enshrined in law in Russian Empire in the XVIII -early XX centuries. The term was understood as achieving the common good, preserving the good of everyone and the reduction of public harm. Twentyfirst century Russian legal theory uses the related notion of ‘public welfare’, understood as a fiction, a goal, a method, an interest, a balance. The main findings of the study suggest that today the ‘public welfare’ is reduced to bringing benefits to anyone and everyone (D. I. Dedov), which is close to the historical understanding of ‘the welfare of each and every one’. The public welfare theory incorporates progressive elements such as the veil of ignorance, the win-win principle, and shapes institutions, resources, practices and formulates the issue of the emergence of a new generation of human rights.

The spread of soft power by the great states and possible consequences for the Republic of Serbia To successfully realize their own economic interests in a distant country that Serbia certainly is in relation to China, to protect the established opinion about the lasting brotherly and protective relationship perceived by the citizens of Serbia in relation to Russia, or to convince the new generations in Serbia that NATO bombing was not intended for the people in Serbia but for Milosevic's regime, and that it is time to look ahead and develop a friendly relationship and partnership with the United States, following the example of the time of Mihajlo Pupin, are just some of the goals of spreading the soft power of the great powers in Serbia. The main goals are certainly political influence on decision makers through the creation of support in targeted groups of citizens that would serve as a reservoir of support and legitimacy of influence. The authors of this paper will try to conclude how, in what way, and with what consequences the USA, Russia, and China spread soft power in Serbia through the use of various public opinion polls, interpretation of certain actions of great powers, as well as analysis of variations of their often invisible, official presence. The paper, in a transparent and impartial way, will draw conclusions, and it will propose measures to control the spread of the great powers’ influence through their soft power, so that Serbia can continue to pursue its own, independent policy, and make important economic and political decisions, guided by its own interests. The authors will pay special attention to the influence by which, through the soft power of great states, they can influence the economic prosperity of Serbia, security, and politics in the years ahead. Keywords: soft power, security, politics, economy, interest

This paper is part of a larger study that aims to create the first quantitative grammar of the Russian prepositional system. The present study deals with Russian secondary multiword prepositions. Prepositions are a heterogeneous class consisting of a small group of about 25 primary prepositions and hundreds of secondary ones, the latter being motivated by content words (nouns, adverbs, verbs), which may be combined with primary prepositions to form multiword prepositions (MWPs). A strict division between secondary multiword prepositions and equivalent free word combinations is not specified. This is a task for a special corpus-based research. Prepositions are characterized as function words used to express various relationships between main and dependent members of a phrase. The difficulty is that relations expressed by prepositions are multi-sided, grammatical and lexical. Primary prepositions are said to have no real lexical meaning. It is not quite true as regards primary prepositions and even more so for secondary ones. Prepositions express semantic relations between words, and their meanings directly correspond to these relations. Multiword prepositions perform the grammatical function of a preposition in a certain position of a syntactic structure in some contexts and can be a free combination in others. This paper is devoted to the statistical analysis of the use of multiword prepositions in corpora. The features of multiword prepositions in the function of a preposition are described. Statistical data on the ratio of the use of individual multiword expressions as prepositional units and as free combinations are provided

Communication involves an exchange of information as well as the use of linguistic means to begin, sustain, and end conversations. Politeness is seen as one of the major language tools that facilitate smooth communication. In English, politeness has been an area of great interest in pragmatics, with various theories and corpus annotation approaches used to understand the relationship between politeness and social categories like power and gender, and to build Natural Language Processing applications. In Russian linguistics, politeness research has largely focused on lexical markers and speech strategies. This paper introduces the ongoing work on the development of the Russian Multimedia Politeness Corpus and discusses an annotation framework for oral communicative interaction, with an emphasis on adapting politeness theories for discourse annotation. The proposed approach lies in the identification of frames that encompass contextual information and the selection of relevant spatial, social, and relational features for the markup. The frames are then used to describe standard situations, which are marked by typical intentions and politeness formulae and paraverbal markers.

The stock price has a close relationship with some macroeconomic variables. As examples of the main macroeconomic variables can be shown that exchange rates, inflation, interest rate, growth rates. This paper empirically examined the relationship between the local stock market indexes and exchange rate (USD) in six Eurasian countries namely Turkey, Germany, France, Netherlands, Russia, France and India. The paper set out by testing existence of a long-term relationship between considered two variables using the Engle-Granger (1987), Johansen (1988, 1995) and Johansen-Juselius (1990) cointegration methods. Results of Engle- Granger cointegration test showed that there is no cointegration linkage between two variables under consideration. Furthermore, The Johansen cointegration test found that there is a long-term relationship between two variables (variables in the two countries). Under the VAR (Vector Autoregressive) and VEC (Vector Error Correction) models appllied the Granger causality test, revealed an unidirectional casual relationship between two variables in each of the six countries. In addition as regards the relationship While there is a unidirectional causal relationship running from exchange rate to stock market for four countries. However this relation is casual running from stock market to exchange rate for other two countries. According to the direction of the relationship these results that relationship between stock prices and exchange rate in four countries supports for the “Traditional Approach”. Furthermore, this relation also supports for the “Portfolio Approach” for other two countries.

В статье определяется характер влияния современных информационных технологий на предпринимательские риски; предпринята попытка систематизации рисков, воздействующих на субъектов предпринимательской деятельности; анализируется связь между использованием цифровых технологий и уровнем правового регулирования отношений по управлению бизнес-рисками. The article defines the nature of the impact of modern information technologies on business risks; an attempt is made to systematize the risks affecting business entities; the relationship between the use of digital technologies and the level of legal regulation of business risk management relations is analyzed.

In the current geopolitical and geo-economic conditions, the search for new directions and effective methods and tools for financing international industrial cooperation is becoming increasingly important. Hence, the study of the directions of international industrial cooperation (including cooperation in high-tech industries) in the context of Russia's move toward the East, as well as the tools and techniques for its financing and stimulation, is extremely relevant. The article considers approaches to analyzing methods of stimulating international industrial cooperation. An analysis of financial support for cooperation between Russian enterprises and enterprises in Turkey, China, India, and other Asian countries made it possible to identify the most effective instruments for financing and promoting international cooperation and to classify them into two classes of financial instruments. They are identified as direct and indirect incentive methods. This classification gives an idea of the effective sectoral and national directions for financing international cooperation. The economic importance of each group of financing methods for stimulating industrial cooperation is revealed. The first group is the use of financial instruments that reduce the cost of establishing international relationships. The second group is the use of tools that provide enterprises with special conditions, thereby reducing the financial burden on the international project being implemented. At the same time, in order to achieve an integrated approach to promoting international industrial cooperation, it is appropriate to establish the interstate institutions that will contribute to more complete financial support for international cooperation.

The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.

Who are the proponents of strategic arms control? Why do they advocate it? What are their major assumptions? What are the important uncertainties of arms control? What is the relationship between strategic arms control and nuclear disarmament and nuclear deterrence? This paper, the fifth in UNIDIR’s nuclear dialogue series, explores these questions building on the perspectives of US, Chinese and Russian experts—Lewis A. Dunn, Andrey Baklitskiy and Tong Zhao—and drawing in the views of diverse and informed participants in UNIDIR’s Dialogue on Nuclear Disarmament, Deterrence and Strategic Arms Control.

Who are the proponents of strategic arms control? Why do they advocate it? What are their major assumptions? What are the important uncertainties of arms control? What is the relationship between strategic arms control and nuclear disarmament and nuclear deterrence? This paper, the fifth in UNIDIR’s nuclear dialogue series, explores these questions building on the perspectives of US, Chinese and Russian experts—Lewis A. Dunn, Andrey Baklitskiy and Tong Zhao—and drawing in the views of diverse and informed participants in UNIDIR’s Dialogue on Nuclear Disarmament, Deterrence and Strategic Arms Control.

In the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy, published in March 2021, the UK government set out four strategic objectives for ‘Global Britain’. A year later, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the shift to a more divided world have put the vision of the UK as a ‘problem-solving and burden-sharing nation with global perspectives’ to an urgent and severe test. This research paper finds that the UK has made clear contributions to its objectives of upholding the values and security of the liberal democracies. But it has undercut its commitments to support global resilience, and its international economic agenda remains very much a work in progress. The government must now prioritize rebuilding its relationship with the EU; leverage the G7 to avoid being sidelined by closer US–EU cooperation; and give greater strategic purpose to its trade agenda. It also needs to follow through on its commitments to support the resilience of the international community, or it will fail to live up to its goal of launching a truly global Britain.