Artículos de revistas: "Rural land prices"

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Woestenburg, Alexander, Erwin van der Krabben y Tejo Spit. "Institutions in rural land transactions". Journal of European Real Estate Research 7, n.º 2 (29 de julio de 2014): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-01-2014-0005.

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Purpose – This article aims at analysing the different institutional aspects of the rural land market that are manifest at the transactional level. Second, it answers the question whether including these aspects in a land price model increases the understanding of rural land market outcomes. Institutional economics scholars have challenged the limited institutional behaviour of conventional land market models. Despite their research methods remaining primarily qualitative, research findings suggest that we should look at institutional aspects to understand land and real estate market outcomes better. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a hedonic price model explaining rural land prices by using individual institutional transaction aspects from the deeds of purchase of the land exchange. Findings – The results indicate that incorporating institutional aspects, such as property rights, transactional arrangements and governance context, as explanatory variables significantly improves the power of the model. Originality/value – The approach taken in this article is new in the sense that it tries to combine a quantitative research method with a rich data set of a more qualitative character. The use of deeds of purchase as a primary source of a hedonic price model is relatively new and provides a first step in bridging the gap between advanced hedonic land price models and rich institutional economic insights in market processes.

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2

Ryden, David B. y Russell R. Menard. "South Carolina’s Colonial Land Market". Social Science History 29, n.º 4 (2005): 599–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013328.

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This study analyzes noncredit, rural property transfers from colonial South Carolina. These records are used to measure the frequency, annual timing, geographic spread, and turnover rate of land sales. These data also are used to derive a hedonic land-price index. We argue that these estimates reflect variations in the local expectations of future economic growth and conclude that the rapid increase in land prices reflected the fact that the Low country economy was indeed fueled by plantation agriculture.

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3

Hou, Yunxian y Pengfei Chen. "Research on the Relationship between Price Mechanism and Short-Term Behavior in Chinese Farmland Trusteeships". Sustainability 11, n.º 20 (16 de octubre de 2019): 5708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205708.

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After the policy of separating ownership rights, contract rights, and management rights to rural land, some Chinese farmers entrusted their land to agricultural social service providers. However, at present in land trusteeships, short-term behaviors exist, which are not good for the sustainable utilization of land. This article uses a dynamic game model to analyze the economic reasons for short-term behavior and to explore possible mechanisms. The study’s results showed that fluctuations in trusteeship prices encouraged farmers to sign low-price, long-term contracts or high-price, short-term contracts that allowed agricultural social service providers choose short-term behaviors. A variable-price system may avoid short-term contracts as a result of fluctuations in trusteeship prices, allowing both sides to build a long-term stable partnership, encouraging long-term investment in land. To ensure the sustainable utilization of land, it is suggested that both sides adopt a variable price system.

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Sibinovic, Mikica. "Structural changes in the rural planting areas of Belgrade region". Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 92, n.º 2 (2012): 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1202111s.

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Socio-economic development of the Belgrade region significantly affects the direction of the change of planting areas use. The increase in urban areas has adversely affected the direction of agricultural land use. Dynamics of change is significantly due to high production costs (high land prices and expensive labor force) gives rise to the high price of the product on the market, there is a constant "pressure" of urban areas to arable land, increasing the risk of "loss" of agricultural holdings; increased environmental pollution due to the concentration of industrial plants or road construction. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of structural changes in sowing area in the period from 1991 to 2011.

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Xu, Zhihan, Jianchun Xu, Xiaofang Chai, Ning Zhang, Rong Ye y Fei Xu. "Rural Revitalization and Land Institution Reform: Achievement, Conflict and Potential Risk". Sustainability 14, n.º 22 (10 de noviembre de 2022): 14808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214808.

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Rural depression is a global issue in the process of worldwide urbanization. Compared with rural economic institution reform, rural land institution reform is more thorough in realizing rural revitalization. In this paper, polycentric governance theory is used to introduce marketization reform of collective profit-oriented land (MRCPL). MRCPL aims to allow rural collective profit-oriented construction land to be sold and leased with the same rights and at the same price as state-owned construction land. In the process of MRCPL, we suppose that the key subject is the central government, and the multiple auxiliary subjects include local governments, markets, villagers, and village collectives. Herein, Deqing County was selected as the research area and its achievements, conflicts, and potential risks in the process of MRCPL were studied. This study found that in Deqing County, a unified urban–rural construction land market has been preliminarily established, the rural revenue allocation mechanism has been updated, and the rural land finance mechanism has been developed. However, MRCPL may have conflicts with existing land requisition institutions and land banking institutions, and may also have conflicts within different subjects (farmers, village collective, local government, and central government). These conflicts may lead to potential risks, such as rent-seeking risk, land-financing risk, and real-estate-bubble risk. In general, the MRCPL aims to allow rural collective profit-oriented construction land to be sold and leased with the same rights and at the same prices as state-owned construction land. This reform can protect farmers’ land rights and promote the construction of urban and rural integration.

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Cheng, Yuekai, Hongyi Li, Qi Sun y Yu Wang. "A Model of Household Savings and Alternative Investments in Rural China". Asian Economic Papers 18, n.º 2 (junio de 2019): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00706.

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This paper explores the relationship between monetary policy, prices, and rural household savings and investment behavior in China. We first develop a two-period life-cycle model with bequests for China's rural economy to analyze the impacts of interest rates, agricultural product prices, and housing prices on rural households’ capital allocation choices (households’ savings deposits, investment in private housing, and investment in agricultural productive fixed assets). We then empirically estimate the theoretical model equations with a newly compiled panel dataset covering the rural areas of 26 provinces from 2001 to 2016. Our empirical results suggest that high housing prices are harmful to the rural economy as they reduce productive investment and consumption. An efficient interest rate market and land tenure system reform are recommended.

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Müller, Alexander, Josef Schmidhuber, Jippe Hoogeveen y Pasquale Steduto. "Some insights in the effect of growing bio-energy demand on global food security and natural resources". Water Policy 10, S1 (1 de marzo de 2008): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.053.

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Growing crops for biofuels is often criticized because of its direct competition for land for food production. The recent price increases on world food markets are partly a result of this competition. For instance, cereals prices have increased by more than 60% since 2005 and in 2006 sugar prices peaked at a level twice as high as the level of previous years. There are concerns whether these increases will continue and if the world will run out of resources for food production. According to the authors, these concerns are largely unwarranted. For one, higher prices for food also mean that feedstocks are becoming increasingly expensive for bio-energy production and this endogenously limits the amount of feedstocks that will be used in the energy market. In addition, there is no imminent global resource shortage, neither for land nor for water that would support these concerns. Even with an expanding world population there is globally still enough land and water to grow a substantial amount of biomass for both food and bio-energy production. However, there is an uneven distribution of natural resources, resulting in huge regional differences with important areas experiencing major land and water shortages. China and India, for example, account together for more than 35% of the total global population and both have exploited most of the land and water resources available for agriculture. On the other hand, sub-Saharan Africa and South America still have the potential, in terms of suitable land and exploitable water, to expand areas for agricultural production. The growing demand for bio-energy will have a negative and positive effect on food. Higher food prices can increase food insecurity among the urban poor and the rural landless population. On the other hand higher prices and more marketable production can stimulate the agricultural sector and create new opportunities for rural communities. At the national level it can offer development opportunities for countries with significant resources.

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8

Latruffe, L., T. Doucha, Ch Le Mouël, T. Medonos y V. Voltr. "Capitalisation of government support in agricultural land prices in the Czech Republic". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 10 (24 de octubre de 2008): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/278-agricecon.

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The recent implementation of the CAP Single Area Payments in the EU New Member States raises the question of whether a quick capitalisation of these payments is expected. Capitalisation of public support to agriculture into land prices indicates that the benefits are partly transferred toward landowners rather than toward producers. This distributional aspect is of particular importance in countries where a large proportion of land is farmed by producers who do not own this land. This study investigates the influence of several types of support on Czech agricultural land prices from private transactions between 1995–2001. The past period direct payments have been capitalised at the strongest rate, despite their low level and imperfections on the land market, suggesting that such support is most easily transferred to land values. A continuing capitalisation might threaten the farming activity, as farms are almost only tenanted. And because most of the landowners live in towns, there is a risk of an extreme leakage of support not only outside the farming sector, but also outside the rural sector.

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9

Zhang, Xao Ling y Fang Li. "Online Legal System Popularization of Rural Land System". Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (mayo de 2014): 3854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3854.

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Recently, the self-employed do not respect the land rights of farmers, forcing farmers to transfer land, free of illegal interception land transfer revenue; do not respect the wishes of farmers, forced recruitment of illegal occupation of farmer contracted land, to compensate for low prices, such as a very serious problem. Discussion from the institutional reasons, there are some flaws of the current land law system. From the theoretical construction site briefly describes the contents of the configuration pre-planning the construction site, the site specific design, site hardware and software facilities, administer the site core information website and promotion, website maintenance and other aspects of the latter.

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TELLES, TIAGO SANTOS, ALEX WILHANS ANTONIO PALLUDETO y BASTIAAN PHILIP REYDON. "Price movement in the Brazilian land market (1994-2010): an analysis in the light of post-Keynesian theory". Revista de Economia Política 36, n.º 1 (marzo de 2016): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572016v36n01a07.

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ABSTRACT The present study aims to evaluate crop, pasture and forest land prices in Brazil, between 1994 and 2010, in the light of Post-Keynesian theory. The results provide evidence that land, more than just a simple factor of production, must be conceived of as an economic asset. In fact, the price of rural land is determined not only by the expected profitability deriving from agricultural activities but also by the agents' expectations about its future appreciation and liquidity in an economic environment permeated with uncertainty. In this context, as an object of speculation, land has been particularly important as a store of value.

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11

Ma, Shan y Scott M. Swinton. "Valuation of ecosystem services from rural landscapes using agricultural land prices". Ecological Economics 70, n.º 9 (julio de 2011): 1649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.004.

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Bielska, Anna, Tomasz Budzyński y Wioleta Krupowicz. "The Effects of Defective Spatial Structure on the Agricultural Property Market". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 15, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2015): 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2015-0028.

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Abstract Rural areas in Poland are distinguished by one of the worst spatial structures of individual land properties in the European Union. The least favourable structure occurs in the southern and south-eastern part of the country, where it results in farms losing 20-30% of their agricultural revenue. The bad spatial organisation of land is also reflected in transaction prices obtained for agricultural land. Considering criteria such as: land management, parcel area, width, and elongation (length to width ratio), and soil bonitation value, this paper determines the effect of each of the criteria separately on the development of transaction prices of agricultural land in the years 2009-2014 in selected villages in the southern part of the Cegłów (Mińsk district, Mazowieckie province), distinguished by the unfavourable spatial structure of agricultural land. Meeting this objective involved the application of the analytical capacity of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cadastral data base, soil-agricultural map vector, study of the conditions and directions of the spatial management of the Cegłów area, and the property price and value register. The obtained study results suggest that in areas with particularly defective spatial structure, land with parameters permitting its efficient use, i.e. with proper width and elongation is particularly valuable. Another parameter determining the level of obtained prices is the bonitation value, although it is of less importance for the analysed area than for agricultural areas with proper management conditions.

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Bunkus, Ramona y Insa Theesfeld. "Land Grabbing in Europe? Socio-Cultural Externalities of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in East Germany". Land 7, n.º 3 (20 de agosto de 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030098.

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Recently, we witnessed an immense increase in international land transactions in the Global South, a phenomenon slowly expanding in northern industrialized countries, too. Even though in Europe agriculture plays a decreasing economic role for rural livelihoods, the increases in land transactions by non-local, non-agricultural investors pervades rural life. Nevertheless, the underlying processes are not yet well understood. Large-scale land acquisitions describe such purchases and leases in a neutral way, while ‘land grabbing’ expresses negative consequences for rural people. We investigate whether and under which conditions the term land grabbing is justified for the phenomenon observed in Europe. We propose six socio-cultural criteria that scholars should consider to come to an initial classification: legal irregularities, non-residence of new owners, centralization in decision-making structures, treating land as an investment object, concentration of decision-power, and limited access to land markets. We supplement our findings with empirical material from East Germany, where such land acquisition processes occur. Our paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about agricultural structural change in Europe, which is intensified by increasing land prices and a new distribution of landownership but likewise strongly intertwined with rural development.

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Pitta, Fábio Teixeira, Maria Luisa Mendonça y Cássio Arruda Boechat. "A produção do espaço na região do MATOPIBA: violência, transnacionais imobiliárias agrícolas e capital fictício". Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 5, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2018): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2017v5n2p155.

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O presente artigo visa dissertar sobre a presença recente de transnacionais imobiliárias agrícolas na região conhecida por MATOPIBA. A partir do movimento metodológico de crítica da totalidade concreta (SCHOLZ, 2016), observa-se a possibilidade de tais transnacionais investirem na terra como ativo financeiro à parte, ao moverem a subida de seu preço de forma especulativa. Isso ocorre como processo de crise da acumulação capitalista, que se caracteriza pela expulsão do trabalho do processo produtivo, a partir da década de 1970. Após o ciclo de alta dos preços das commodities nos mercados internacionais, de 2001 a 2008, e da reversão deste ciclo, nota-se o “descolamento” entre os preços das commodities e os da terra. Os investimentos na especulação financeira em terra atingem o MATOPIBA, no século XXI, locus de investimento privilegiado de diversas transnacionais, especialmente após a crise capitalista de 2008. O baixo custo para grilagem de terras e formação das fazendas e a rápida subida do preço da terra nos anos recentes retroalimentaram tal subida e fomentaram a procura transnacional atual por tal tipo de investimento, permitindo que seu preço continuasse a subir de forma independente em relação ao do preço das commodities nos mercados de futuros internacionais. Palavras-chave: Land grabbing, MATOPIBA, produção fictícia do espaço, crise do capital, transnacionais imobiliárias agrícolas. AbstractThe following paper aims at dealing with the presence of transnational rural real estate companies in the region known as MATOPIBA. From the methodological movement of the critique of concrete totality (SCHOLZ, 2016), we here observe the possibility of such transnational companies invest in land as an autonomous financial asset, moving the increase of its price in a speculative way. This seems to occur as a process of crisis of the capitalistic accumulation, which characterizes itself by the expulsion of labor from the productive process mainly from the 1970s on. After the 2001-2008 commodities price peak in the international markets and after the reversion of this cicle, we can observe the “detachment” between commodities’ prices and land prices. Real Estate speculative investments reached the MATOPIBA region in the 21st. century, turning it into a privileged place for transnational investments, especially after the 2008 crisis. The low costs of illegal land appropriation and of farms formation and the rapid land prices increase in recent years fed back such increase and fostered recent transnational demand for those sorts of investment, allowing the prices to keep increasing independently in relation to commodities prices in the international markets. Keywords: Land Grabbing, MATOPIBA, fictitious space production, capital crisis, rural real estate transnational companies.

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15

Yang, Zhiheng, Chenxi Li y Yongheng Fang. "Driving Factors of the Industrial Land Transfer Price Based on a Geographically Weighted Regression Model: Evidence from a Rural Land System Reform Pilot in China". Land 9, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010007.

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More and more studies on land transfer prices have been carried out over time. However, the influencing factors of the industrial land transfer price from the perspective of spatial attributes have rarely been explored. Selecting 25 towns as the basic research unit, based on industrial land transfer data, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the price distribution of industrial land in Dingzhou City, a rural land system reform pilot in China, by using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Eight evaluation factors were selected from five aspects: economy, population, topography, landform, and resource endowment. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the GWR model revealed the spatial differentiation characteristics of the industrial land transfer price in depth. (2) Factors that have a negative correlation with the industrial land transfer price include the proportion of cultivated land area and distance to the city. Factors that have a positive correlation with the industrial land transfer price include the population growth rate, economic growth rate, population density, and number of hospitals per unit area. (3) The results of GWR model analysis showed that the impact of different factors on the various towns of different models had significant spatial differentiation characteristics. This paper will provide a reference for the sustainable use of industrial land in developing countries.

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16

Chen, Jia, Jingwen Xu y Hongxiao Zhang. "Explanation of the Phenomenon “Different Prices on the Same Land” in the Farmland Transfer Market—Evidence from China’s Farmland Transfer Market". Agriculture 12, n.º 12 (5 de diciembre de 2022): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122087.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in farmland rent prices between land transferors and different transferees when considering the quality supervision cost of the transferred farmland. Moreover, the impact of the intervention of township governments, village committees, and other intermediary organizations on the rent price differences is also taken into consideration. The treatment effect model (TEM) and grouping regression model were used. The results showed that: (1) Owing to the different transaction costs, when leasing to village transferees, the land rent was significantly lower than when leasing to non-village transferees. (2) With the intervention of intermediary organizations, such as township governments and village committees, the constraints of the reputation mechanism between acquaintances were weakened, and the cost of information identification when land transferors searched for out-of-town transferees was reduced. As a result, the differences in land rent when transferring to the village and non-village transferees were narrowed. This study presents a different view to explain the transaction characteristics of the rural land transfer market in China. Further, it is of paramount importance to implement an effective public intervention, including strengthening the intermediary role of township governments and village committees, which is conducive to improving the rural land transfer market of most developing countries, including China.

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17

Rogova, M. "Privatization Myths in russiaand the reality of local land Markets". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 10 (20 de octubre de 2014): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-10-147-160.

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The article analyzes the ratio of state and private forms of ownership of land and studies its local markets. The data collected as a result of field research of rural communities and also provided by real estate agencies allow to track the real growth of private property on land in municipalities. Studying the condition of local land markets at the level of rural communities one can make a number of unfavorable conclusions, such as growth of shadow sector and speculation in the prices of land plots within settlements. All these tendencies call into q uestion the existing scenario of carrying out privatization in Russia.

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Bandlerová, Anna, Pavol Schwarcz, Jarmila Lazíková, Katarína Dirgasová y Loreta Schwarczová. "Current Issues of Agricultural Land Market in Slovakia". Economica 8, n.º 4/2 (21 de agosto de 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2015/8/4/2/4589.

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This paper reports on the findings of the study related to the agricultural land purchases in the Slovak Republic from June 1, 2014 till September 30, 2015. The situation is analysed according to the new legislation for the period after the expiration of the moratorium on the purchase of agricultural land by foreigners. We focus on the agricultural land supply and land prices in particular Slovak regions related to the land which has been offered for sale via the Register of Publication of Offers of the Agricultural Land at the web side of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Our results show that new legal regulation Act no. 140/2014 Coll. on acquisition of ownership right to agricultural land directly favours certain groups interested in purchasing of land, and limits not only foreigners but also domestic persons interested in purchasing of agricultural land. The land supply prices are higher than the administrative ones in all Slovak regions.

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Bandlerová, Anna, Pavol Schwarcz, Jarmila Lazíková, Katarína Dirgasová y Loreta Schwarczová. "Current Issues of Agricultural Land Market in Slovakia". Economica 8, n.º 4/2 (21 de agosto de 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2015/8/4/2/4589.

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This paper reports on the findings of the study related to the agricultural land purchases in the Slovak Republic from June 1, 2014 till September 30, 2015. The situation is analysed according to the new legislation for the period after the expiration of the moratorium on the purchase of agricultural land by foreigners. We focus on the agricultural land supply and land prices in particular Slovak regions related to the land which has been offered for sale via the Register of Publication of Offers of the Agricultural Land at the web side of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Our results show that new legal regulation Act no. 140/2014 Coll. on acquisition of ownership right to agricultural land directly favours certain groups interested in purchasing of land, and limits not only foreigners but also domestic persons interested in purchasing of agricultural land. The land supply prices are higher than the administrative ones in all Slovak regions.

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20

Nianko, V., S. Yekimov, B. O. Shevchenko, O. Sotnichenko y M. Selinnyi. "The role of state regulation of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy for the development of agriculture". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/2/022012.

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Abstract Ukraine has a large amount of land that can be used for the production of agricultural products, but there is a tendency to worsen the standard of living and reduce the level of social security in rural areas. The main directions of state regulation of agriculture in Ukraine, according to the authors, are the introduction and development of various measures aimed at reducing the disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products, creating conditions for food security for basic types of food, implementing effective land reform, training labor resources for agricultural enterprises, transforming socio-cultural infrastructure in rural areas, creating effective market and transport infrastructure in rural areas, the use of price and customs regulators to effectively support domestic agricultural producers. Ensuring the stable development of the agricultural sector of the economy requires certain efforts focused on the development of the socio-economic sphere of rural areas. The development of rural areas requires conditions for the activation of activities in rural areas that are not related to the production of agricultural products (tourism, electricity production from renewable energy sources, folk crafts), increasing the level of efficiency in using the natural and labor potential of rural areas, improving the quality of medical services for the rural population and improving the functioning of the rural socio-cultural sphere.

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21

Golou Gizèle, ZANH, KPANGUI Kouassi Bruno, BARIMA Yao Sadaiou Sabas y Bogaert Jan. "Migration and Agricultural Practices in the Peripheral Areas of Côte d’Ivoire State-Owned Forests". Sustainability 11, n.º 22 (13 de noviembre de 2019): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226378.

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Côte d’Ivoire’s rural areas adjacent to the state-owned areas of the southern half of the country, such as classified forests, are experiencing significant migratory flows due to their agricultural potential. The population movements in these rural areas have changed the rural landscape. The general objective of this study was to identify the peasant innovations implemented in these rural areas adjacent to the state’s forest domains in a context of land saturation caused by migratory flows. This objective was elucidated from the case of the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra (CFHS). To achieve this, surveys were conducted in 11 villages on the periphery of the FCHS to determine the profile of planters and the main crops grown. Subsequently, floristic inventories were carried out on farms to analyse the diversity of associated species. Analyses showed that the rural populations of the CFHS are mainly composed of Allochthones (64%). Four innovative production systems were identified: a cashew-based production system, a cocoa-based production system, a coffee-based production system and a coffee- and cocoa-based production system. These farmer innovations based on agroforestry practices make it possible to restore impoverished lands and fight against climatic hazards. Consequently, these local practices deserve to be popularised in areas of strong land pressure as strategies to overcome the shortage of arable land and fluctuating prices of agricultural production.

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Horst, Megan. "Changes in Farmland Ownership in Oregon, USA". Land 8, n.º 3 (26 de febrero de 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8030039.

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The ownership of agricultural land has important implications for food systems, the environment, farmer livelihoods, and rural economies, communities, and landscapes. This article examines the changing ownership of agricultural lands in the United States, specifically focusing on Oregon, a state with a history of family farm ownership. I first review historical and recent trends in farmland ownership, including private enclosure, consolidation, investor purchase, development, and rising farmland prices. Next, I examine the county records for all Oregon farm properties that sold between 2010 and 2015. I provide summary statistics about the volume and pace of transactions, price per acre, and the type of owner. I also offer brief cases on top purchasers, attempting to understand their intentions with the farm properties. The findings demonstrate a rapid turnover in Oregon farmland and high prices, though that varies across the state. Agricultural corporations, investment companies, and real estate and development interests are buying large amounts of farmland. I conclude by offering reflections on the implications of the changing ownership and direction for further research.

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Cui, Ernan, Ran Tao, Travis J. Warner y Dali L. Yang. "How Do Land Takings Affect Political Trust in Rural China?" Political Studies 63, n.º 1_suppl (12 de agosto de 2014): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12151.

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While China's ruling Communist Party has benefited from a reservoir of political trust engendered by more than three decades of rapid economic growth, it is confronted with rising social tensions and the prospect of instability. The number of mass incidents, which is a key measure of instability, has risen enormously, and a major source of such incidents stems from local governments taking land from farmers, often at below-market prices. This article draws upon data from two surveys to assess the political trust implications of land takings. It is found that, as expected, land takings are associated with a decline in political trust. However, the decline affects trust in local authorities only and leaves the central government largely unscathed. Nonetheless, the gap between villagers' trust in central and local authorities is not unalloyed good news for the regime and has major implications for policy implementation and governance.

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Hu, Chao, Jianping Tao, Donghao Zhang y Damian Adams. "Price Signal of Tilled Land in Rural China: An Empirically Oriented Transaction Costs Study Based on Contract Theory". Land 10, n.º 8 (11 de agosto de 2021): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080837.

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Prices are effective signals of many market conditions, while underpricing of tilled land in rural China poses a dilemma to this common sense. Using n = 191 imputed contracts in rural China, this paper aims to investigate the role of ambiguous property rights in the context of agricultural reforms. Using rank statistics, several candidate variables in the transaction costs function fc(•) were identified, including BMI (Body Mass Index), Knowledge, Subtraction and Farming Experience. The results show clear evidence for underpricing to restrain competition under ambiguous property rights. More illuminatingly, non-parametric regression analysis specifies a well-founded transaction costs function: increasing Subtraction by one unit increases transaction costs by the equivalent of US$513.40, while a one-year increase of farming experience reduces transaction costs by US$116.20, ceteris paribus. It concludes that social costs behind underpricing are detrimental to China’s rural reform. This study contributes to economic theory, with important implications for policy makers. To encourage smooth transmission of price signals, it is important to consider farmer characteristics and develop professional farmers.

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25

Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Rares, Alvaro Marucci, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, Adele Sateriano, Massimo Cecchini y Leonardo Bianchini. "Caring of the Fringe? Mediterranean Desertification between Peri-Urban Ecology and Socioeconomics". Sustainability 14, n.º 3 (26 de enero de 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031426.

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This commentary debates on the role of multiple socioeconomic drivers of fringe land degradation (including, but not limited to, population and social dynamics, economic polarization, and developmental policies), as a novel contribution to the desertification assessment in Southern European metropolitan regions, a recognized hotspot of desertification at the global scale. Expanding rapidly all over the world, metropolitan regions are a geographical space where land degradation drivers and processes assume typical relationships that require further research supporting dedicated policy strategies. To assure a better comprehension of the environmental-economic nexus at the base of land degradation in peri-urban areas, we provided a classification of relevant socioeconomic and territorial dimensions in both macro-scale and micro-scale degradation processes. We also identified the related (contextual) factors that determine an increased risk of desertification in metropolitan regions. Micro-scale factors, such as agricultural prices and off-farm employment, reflect some potential causes of fringe land degradation, with a mostly local and on-site role. Technological change, agricultural prices, and household income influence land vulnerability, but their impact on fringe land degradation was less investigated and supposed to be quite moderate in most cases. Macro-scale factors such as population density, rural poverty, and environmental policies—being extensively studied on a qualitative base—were taken as important drivers of fringe land degradation, although their impact still remains undefined. Regional disparities in land resource distribution, rural poverty, and unsustainable management of environmental resources like soil and water were indirect consequences of land degradation in peri-urban districts. Based on a comparative review of theoretical and empirical findings, strategies mitigating degradation of fringe land and reducing desertification risk in potentially affected metropolitan regions were finally discussed for the Northern Mediterranean basin and generalized to other socioeconomic contexts.

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26

Chang, Chin-Oh y Shu-Mei Chen. "International Real Estate Review". International Real Estate Review 21, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2018): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100267.

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This paper discusses the contradicting phenomenon of housing demand in Taiwan. First, an introduction is given on the three primary characteristics of the housing market in Taiwan, which are a high housing vacancy rate, high housing prices and high home ownership. Secondly, we explore the motivation and preferences behind housing purchase. Since the housing price-income ratio continues to increase, unaffordable housing prices cause households to suffer from poor quality of life. The issues of housing justice are highlighted. Recently, the demographics and social values have rapidly changed. Therefore, even if homebuyers face unaffordable housing prices, they still prefer to buy housing instead of renting due to the traditional cultural belief that ¡§to have land is to have wealth¡¨. This has resulted in the phenomenon with high home ownership rate yet high housing prices. On the other hand, the low holding cost of housing and imbalance in urban and rural development perpetuate the high housing vacancy rate in the housing market. This results in an unhealthy housing market and misallocation of resources. Finally, recommendations for related government policy making are made based on the findings.

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27

Arslan, Aslıhan. "Shadow vs. market prices in explaining land allocation: Subsistence maize cultivation in rural Mexico". Food Policy 36, n.º 5 (octubre de 2011): 606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.05.004.

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28

Nikonova, G. N., B. S. Dzhabrailova y A. G. Nikonov. "Territorial features of the land market in rural areas". Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, n.º 6 (13 de diciembre de 2020): 786–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.6.786-796.

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The qualitative peculiarity of the existing land market in rural areas requires constant assessment of both the mechanisms that control its development and the direction of changes in its segments. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyze the territorial features of the development of the agricultural land market in modern conditions of the implementation of the import substitution policy. The research was carried out across the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) and in more detail on the example of the municipal districts of the Leningrad region using data from Rosstat, Rosreestr, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and other sources. Statistical methods of information processing were used. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the size of the cultivated areas, it was concluded that there were unfavorable tendencies as to the demand for arable land in the conditions of the Northwestern Federal District. Due to it, the reduction in the area under crops occurs in regions with more favorable conditions for agricultural activities. As the result, the growth in the number of transactions for the sale and purchase of agricultural land in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District is not sustainable. On the example of the municipal districts of the Leningrad region, the features of the primary and secondary market for agricultural land were revealed: the supply of land plots exceeds demand and is localized in the suburban area, such types of land turnover as the purchase and sale and lease of land plots have limited development. Depending on the location and other rental characteristics, the level of land prices, even within the boundaries of one municipal district, varies from 2.5 to 15 times. It has been established that the development of subsystems of market turnover of agricultural land is closely related to the conditions and results of economic activity in rural areas.

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29

Sidenko, Volodymyr. "The global context of land market liberalization in Ukraine: opportunities and risks for rural development". Economy and forecasting 2021, n.º 3 (29 de noviembre de 2021): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2021.03.005.

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The article considers various global factors influencing rural development under the conditions of liberalization of the agricultural land market in Ukraine. The author assesses the impact of global processes and global capital on the development of national farms, income distribution, access to land resources, production processes and equitable development in this country. It is proved that globalization, leading to increased concentration of agri-food production and business and expanding the role of large transnationalized corporations, is primarily aimed at exploiting the country’s existing comparative advantages, rather than increasing them, and promotes, in many recipient countries, a model of double economy split in the technological and socio-economic dimensions into qualitatively heterogeneous sectors. The author concludes that although global factors of agricultural production may have a relatively positive impact in macroeconomic terms, the dominance of multinational (transnational) companies, large exporting companies and financially powerful sovereign welfare funds in the market may create risks and threats of crowding out Ukrainian farmers from the market and blocking the sustainable development of rural areas. At the same time, Ukraine's agricultural sector will be transformed into a raw-material link of global food production chains dominated by large transnationalized entities, and a kind of raw-material enclave of transnationalized production will be created within the Ukrainian economy. The article argues that in today's global economy, where cardinal transformations are taking place and uncertainty is growing, land will become an increasingly valuable asset, attractive not only to agricultural producers but also to land speculators and those who try to maintain the value of their assets under the conditions of growing global risks. Under such conditions, investment in land will not at all necessarily contribute to the development of agricultural production, because speculative capital in the face of widespread expectations of a long and significant upward trend in land prices will prevail over productive agricultural capital. In general, this might lead to a significant increase in the cost of agricultural production and food prices. The author proves that the liberalization of the land market leads to increased risks of transfer of the control over Ukraine’s land resources to foreigners (sovereign financial funds and major international corporations), given their dramatic advantage by available financial resources for land acquisition, compared to those possessed by Ukraine’s residents. The article substantiates a set of policy measures and national policy instruments necessary to minimize the risks associated with the introduction (in the context of globalization) of free purchase and sale of agricultural land, which comply with the regulation principles of the European Union.

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30

Sidenko, Volodymyr. "The global context of land market liberalization in Ukraine: opportunities and risks for rural development". Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2021, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2021): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2021.03.007.

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The article considers various global factors influencing rural development under the conditions of liberalization of the agricultural land market in Ukraine. The author assesses the impact of global processes and global capital on the development of national farms, income distribution, access to land resources, production processes and equitable development in this country. It is proved that globalization, leading to increased concentration of agri-food production and business and expanding the role of large transnationalized corporations, is primarily aimed at exploiting the country’s existing comparative advantages, rather than increasing them, and promotes, in many recipient countries, a model of double economy split in the technological and socio-economic dimensions into qualitatively heterogeneous sectors. The author concludes that although global factors of agricultural production may have a relatively positive impact in macroeconomic terms, the dominance of multinational (transnational) companies, large exporting companies and financially powerful sovereign welfare funds in the market may create risks and threats of crowding out Ukrainian farmers from the market and blocking the sustainable development of rural areas. At the same time, Ukraine's agricultural sector will be transformed into a raw-material link of global food production chains dominated by large transnationalized entities, and a kind of raw-material enclave of transnationalized production will be created within the Ukrainian economy. The article argues that in today's global economy, where cardinal transformations are taking place and uncertainty is growing, land will become an increasingly valuable asset, attractive not only to agricultural producers but also to land speculators and those who try to maintain the value of their assets under the conditions of growing global risks. Under such conditions, investment in land will not at all necessarily contribute to the development of agricultural production, because speculative capital in the face of widespread expectations of a long and significant upward trend in land prices will prevail over productive agricultural capital. In general, this might lead to a significant increase in the cost of agricultural production and food prices. The author proves that the liberalization of the land market leads to increased risks of transfer of the control over Ukraine’s land resources to foreigners (sovereign financial funds and major international corporations), given their dramatic advantage by available financial resources for land acquisition, compared to those possessed by Ukraine’s residents. The article substantiates a set of policy measures and national policy instruments necessary to minimize the risks associated with the introduction (in the context of globalization) of free purchase and sale of agricultural land, which comply with the regulation principles of the European Union.

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31

Morkunas, Mangirdas y Povilas Labukas. "The Evaluation of Negative Factors of Direct Payments under Common Agricultural Policy from a Viewpoint of Sustainability of Rural Regions of the New EU Member States: Evidence from Lithuania". Agriculture 10, n.º 6 (12 de junio de 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060228.

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The present study aims to determine and evaluate the negative consequences of the implementation of the direct payments financial support mechanism under the Common Agricultural Policy on the rural sustainability of Lithuania. Interviews of experts and a combination of the analytic hierarchy process with three different measurement scales and the analytic hierarchy process with triangular fuzzy numbers were employed in order to evaluate and rank the negative effects of the direct payments mechanism of the Common Agricultural Policy. It was revealed that high land prices, decreasing diversification of cultivated crops, land degradation, and financial indebtedness of farmers can be attributed to direct payments and these consequences have a significant negative impact on the rural sustainability of Lithuania. The necessity of using a combination of different evaluation scales and techniques was confirmed.

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32

Hotak, Shafiq Rahman. "Ways to Improve the Organizational and Economic Framework for the Use of Marketing in Agriculture in the Context of Modernization of the Economy". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n.º VI (30 de junio de 2021): 3051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35520.

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After 20 years of neglect by international patrons, agriculture is now again in the headlines because high food prices are increasing food anxiety and poverty. In the coming years, it will be important to increase food productivity and production in developing countries, expressly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian countries like Afghanistan with smallholders. This, however, wants ﬁnding viable solutions to a number of complex procedural, institutional, and policy issues, including land markets, research on seeds and inputs, agricultural extension, credit, rural organization, connection to markets, rural non-farm employment, trade policy and food price stabilization. This paper reviews what the economic poetry has to say on these topics. It debates in turn the role played by agriculture in the development course and the interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green Revolt and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues of income diversiﬁcation by farmers, approaches to rural growth, and issues of international trade policy and food security, which have been at the root of the crisis in agricultural commodity instability in recent years.

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33

Tomorri, Ilir, Remzi Keco y Kejsi Tomorri. "Evaluating the Impact of Small Farmer’s Inclusion in Agricultural Value Chain for Sustainable Rural Development in Albania". European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 4, n.º 2 (8 de abril de 2022): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.2.483.

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The rural sector is one of the most important and largest sector in Albania, referring to the contribution to economic growth, gross domestic product, level of employment in the country and increasing the welfare of the population living in rural areas. The average small farm sizes, combined with the excessive land fragmentation, the low level of investments, poor infrastructure, and the loss of agricultural land due to the change of use, have been major structural challenges for the agriculture sector in Albania. The farm structures are dominated by smallholders with many small farms (1.2 ha/farm) and few large farms. Farmers and smallholders are critical for food security, as well as for poverty reduction of rural areas. The smallholder farmers facing a number of challenges such as lack of access to reliable and timely data on market prices as well as markets, inability to access appropriate infrastructure such as storage facilities leading to post-harvest losses or low prices as a result of low-quality produce. One way to counter the above challenges is through the agricultural value chain. If a strong market linkage is created, then it can lead to the development of the value chains, and stimulate an increase in the productive base of the smallholders. An effective market linkage increases opportunities for value addition which can benefit the farmers as well as the smallholders. This paper is intended to highlight the importance of farmers and smallholders in the value chain as a key to sustainable development for the rural sector.

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34

Dunford, Richard W., Carole E. Marti y Ronald C. Mittelhammer. "A Case Study of Rural Land Prices at the Urban Fringe Including Subjective Buyer Expectations". Land Economics 61, n.º 1 (febrero de 1985): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146135.

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35

Tenaye, Anbes. "New Evidence Using a Dynamic Panel Data Approach: Cereal Supply Response in Smallholder Agriculture in Ethiopia". Economies 8, n.º 3 (30 de julio de 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030061.

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Increasing agricultural production is essential to improving food availability and farm household incomes in developing economies. This study investigated the dynamic supply responses of major cereal crops to price and nonprice factors in Ethiopia using the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey (ERHS) panel dataset from 1994 to 2009. According to the Nerlovian expectation and adjustment approach in conjunction with the system GMM (generalized method of moments) estimator, both the planted areas and produced yields of major crops (teff, wheat, and barley) are influenced by price and nonprice factors in Ethiopia. The supply of major cereal crops is affected positively by their own prices and negatively by the prices of substitute crops. Nonprice factors such as education, farm size, fertilizer, land quality, and precipitation also affect supply of major cereals. Both the short-term and long-term acreage and yield response elasticities of teff and barley are positive. Moreover, the adjustment coefficients are positive for teff, barley, and wheat. The results suggest that Ethiopian farmers are capable of analyzing market signals and responding positively to price increases of staple crops. The findings also imply that the Ethiopian agricultural sector has been responsive to the cereal price increases observed since 2006. The remarkable growth of Ethiopian agriculture over recent decades is partly explained by the increase in agricultural prices. This study recommends that a fine-tuned balance between government interventions and market solutions is important, in addition to improving farmers’ agronomic practices, for increasing agricultural production.

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36

Yegorov, Yuri. "Population Structures in Russia: Optimality and Dependence on Parameters of Global Evolution". REGION 3, n.º 1 (13 de julio de 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v3i1.74.

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<p>The paper is devoted to analytical investigation of the division of geographical space into urban and rural areas with application to Russia. Yegorov (2005, 2006, 2009) has suggested the role of population density on economics. A city has an attractive potential based on scale economies. The optimal city size depends on the balance between its attractive potential and the cost of living that can be approximated by equilibrium land rent and commuting cost. For moderate scale effects optimal population of a city depends negatively on transport costs that are related positively with energy price index.</p><p>The optimal agricultural density of population can also be constructed. The larger is a land slot per peasant, the higher will be the output from one unit of his labour force applied to this slot. But at the same time, larger farm size results in increase of energy costs, related to land development, collecting the crop and bringing it to the market.</p><p>In the last 10 years we have observed substantial rise of both food and energy prices at the world stock markets. However, the income of farmers did not grow as fast as food price index. This can shift optimal rural population density to lower level, causing migration to cities (and we observe this tendency globally). Any change in those prices results in suboptimality of existing spatial structures.</p><p>If changes are slow, the optimal infrastructure can be adjusted by simple migration. If the shocks are high, adaptation may be impossible and shock will persist. This took place in early 1990es in the former USSR, where after transition to world price for oil in domestic markets existing spatial infrastructure became suboptimal and resulted in persistent crisis, leading to deterioration of both industry and agriculture.</p><p>Russia is the largest country but this is also its problem. Having large resource endowment per capita, it is problematic to build sufficient infrastructure. Russia has too low population density and rural density declines further due to low fertility and migration to cities. Those factors limited the growth of the USSR, but after the economic reforms of 1990s the existing infrastructure became exposed to permanent shock of high transport costs. Due to large distances it is optimal to return to gasoline and thus transport subsidy. This will work also against disintegration of the country.</p>

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37

Lorenzana Fernández, Antonio. "Desamortización y transferencia de propiedad inmobiliaria en la ciudad de León a principios del siglo XIX". Estudios humanísticos. Geografía, historia y arte, n.º 19 (9 de febrero de 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehgha.v0i19.6755.

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<div id="articulo" class="textos"><div><p>During the two first decacles of the XIX century and within the Old Regime crisis context, wealty people were offered excellent opportunities to acquire either urban or rural properties.</p><p>Taking the town of León as the background, this article aims to give the reader an approach to this theme by referring to Godoy's disentailment, to the common lands selling and to the assignment of small prices of land which all took place during the Independance War.</p></div></div><div id="opcionesDeUsuario"> </div>

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38

Paas, Martha White. "Family Labor Strategies in Early Modern Swabia". Journal of Family History 17, n.º 2 (abril de 1992): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700207.

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The article presents evidence from the period 1480–1618 in Augsburg suggesting that there were economic constraints on the decisionmaking of the peasant family: (1) Inheritance patterns and village rights offered options to the peasant. These supply side factors helped to promote an integrated labor market in Swabia. (2) Market forces influenced the supply of labor by acting on subsidiary enterprises of the peasant family. The rise of the grain prices and of land forced peasants into auxiliary enterprises to earn cash. (3) Peasant households on small land holdings were vulnerable to harvest failure and consequently did not benefit from the rise in agricultural prices that accrued to holders of larger plots. (4) On the demand side, the structure of production and long-distance trade caused real wages to decline. Within these constraints, the rural community in Swabia became integrated with the urban trading sector in a type of protoindustrialization in which the individual decision makers began to respond to increasingly complex market forces.

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39

Su, Min, Nico Heerink, Peter Oosterveer, Tao Tan y Shuyi Feng. "Impacts of China’s Minimum Grain Procurement Price Program on Agrochemical Use: A Household-Level Analysis". Agriculture 11, n.º 10 (23 de septiembre de 2021): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100910.

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China’s minimum grain procurement price program aims to boost grain production and ensure food self-sufficiency. It may also affect the already very high levels of chemical fertilizer and pesticides consumption, but little is known about these potential side-effects. In this paper, we apply panel data regression techniques to a large rural household-level data set for the period 1997–2010 to examine whether and how the minimum grain procurement price program affected households’ agrochemical use. We find that the minimum grain procurement price program negatively affected both chemical fertilizer and pesticides use, with pesticides use being more responsive than the use of fertilizer. The higher wheat and rice prices that resulted from the program stimulated the use of agrochemicals, but they also stimulated area expansion which contributed to lower agrochemical use per unit of land. These counteracting indirect effects were overshadowed by the large negative direct effect of the minimum procurement price of rice on the use of fertilizer and pesticides.

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40

Tomić, Danilo, Miladin M. Ševarlić y Nataša Tandir. "Agriculture of the countries of the Western Balkans and European integrations". Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 6, n.º 3-4 (30 de noviembre de 2012): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2012/3-4/12.

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The paper presents the results of research of agriculture of the countries of the Western Balkans in the period of 2002–2009. Specifically, general economic (GDP per capita, share of agriculture in GDP, inflation rate, and unemployment rate), resource (share of arable land in the total utilized agricultural land, of employees in agriculture in the total number of employees, and of rural population in the total population), and value indicators (value added of agriculture in % of GDP, value added of agriculture per employee in agriculture, producers’ prices of wheat, corn, and bovine milk, share of agriculture in the values of export and import) were compared.

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41

Lloyd, Simon J. y Zaid Chalabi. "Climate change, hunger and rural health through the lens of farming styles: An agent-based model to assess the potential role of peasant farming". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2021): e0246788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246788.

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Undernutrition is a major contributor to the global-burden of disease, and global-level health impact models suggest that climate change-mediated reductions in food quantity and quality will negatively affect it. These models, however, capture just some of the processes that will shape future nutrition. We adopt an alternative standpoint, developing an agent-based model in which producer-consumer smallholders practice different ‘styles of farming’ in the global food system. The model represents a hypothetical rural community in which ‘orphan’ (subsistence) farmers may develop by adopting an ‘entrepreneurial’ style (highly market-dependent) or by maintaining a ‘peasant’ style (agroecology). We take a first look at the question: how might patterns of farming styles—under various style preference, climate, policy, and price transmission scenarios—impact on hunger and health-supporting conditions (incomes, work, inequality, ‘real land productivity’) in rural areas? imulations without climate change or agricultural policy found that style preference patterns influence production, food price, and incomes, and there were trade-offs between them. For instance, entrepreneurial-oriented futures had the highest production and lowest prices but were simultaneously those in which farms tended towards crisis. Simulations with climate change and agricultural policy found that peasant-orientated agroecology futures had the highest production, prices equal to or lower than those under entrepreneurial-oriented futures, and better supported rural health. There were, however, contradictory effects on nutrition, with benefits and harms for different groups. Collectively the findings suggest that when attempting to understand how climate change may impact on future nutrition and health, patterns of farming styles—along with the fates of the households that practice them—matter. These issues, including the potential role of peasant farming, have been neglected in previous global-level climate-nutrition modelling but go to the heart of current debates on the future of farming: thus, they should be given more prominence in future work.

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42

Marks-Bielska, Renata. "Znaczenia ziemi rolniczej w kształtowaniu struktury społecznej polskiej wsi". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n.º 122 (16 de julio de 2018): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.122.12.

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The aim of the study was to identify the importance of the evolution of land resources in shaping the social structure. The analysis was based on selected references from the Polish literature on the subject. The time range covers the years 1944–2016. Land plays an important role in shaping the social structure of the Polish countryside. The size of a farm used to be the primary criterion for social status in the countryside and among farmers. Currently, a position in the social structure of the Polish rural communities is highly determined by the area of farmed land (owned or leased). The situation of agricultural land users is changing. These are not only people who identify themselves with the profession of a farmer. The social structure composition in the Polish countryside comprises more and more people who are farmers in the light of law (they have the required acreage of agricultural land) but they do not reside in the countryside. Another group consists of so-called absent owners, who are connected with a village by possessing in it some agricultural land, but it is often treated as an investment (an increase in land prices and the possibility of receiving subsidies from the European Union and from the national budget). As a result of Poland’s political transformation, the social structure of rural communities now also comprises leases and buyers of land acquired by the Agricultural Property of the Treasury from former state farms.

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43

Liu, Hongbin y Yuepeng Zhou. "Urbanization, Land Use Behavior and Land Quality in Rural China: An Analysis Based on Pressure-Response-Impact Framework and SEM Approach". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n.º 12 (22 de noviembre de 2018): 2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122621.

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During the last 40 years, China has undergone rapid urbanization which has resulted in land degradation and a decrease in land. Cultivated land protection has thus become one of the most active and important aspects of land science. This study presents a pressure-response-impact (PRI) framework which may reveal the inter-correlations among households’ land-use behavior and cultivated land quality change in the process of rapid urbanization in China. The structural equation model (SEM) has been applied using a household survey dataset collected in 2015 in Sujiatun district, Shenyang city, Liaoning province. The results show that: (1) there is a complex causal relationship between the latent variables urbanization, household land-use behavior and cultivated land quality (i.e., urbanization → land-use behavior → land quality), which supports our PRI conceptual framework; (2) the changes of external social-economic context stemming from urbanization are the major cause of land-use behavior variance; (3) land quality is mostly affected by farmers’ land-use behavior including land-use pattern, land-use degree and land-input intensity, in particular the growing of cash crops (GCC, associated with land use pattern) and capital input per unit of farmland (LII, associated with land input intensity). These findings are of some theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, they add to the current literature by identifying the roles of sociological factors and farmers’ land-use behavior in the process of land quality protection using a PRI framework. Practically, measures should be taken to reasonably set the prices of agricultural products, promote the development of the land rental market and increase the comparative revenue of agricultural production, so as to stimulate incentives to farming and land quality protection.

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44

Arabi, U. "Global Food Prices trends behavior and Managing Food Inflation in India: Strategic policy options and key issues". Journal of Global Economy 5, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2009): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i4.77.

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The rapid rise in food prices has been a burden on the poor in developing countries, including in India, who spend roughly half of their household incomes on food. In many countries and regions, food price inflation is higher than aggregate inflation and contributing to underlying inflationary pressures. Food grain prices have more than doubled between January 2006 and June 2008. More than 60 percent of this increase has occurred since January 2008 alone. Although the pass-through of rising global prices does not translate into an immediate and proportionate rise in domestic price levels, due to various factors such as a weakening dollar, domestic infrastructure, and price stabilization policies; increased food price volatility is expected even to continue for the presumable future and there is also possibility of further long run uncertainty due to climate change. With domestic prices rising, private consumption takes a plunge. Expectedly, global food price increases translate to higher prices in developing Asia, including in India particularly since food carries a large weight in the CPI of many of the regionâ€™s economies. In fact a number of factors have contributed to the rise in food prices in general; but the increase in energy prices and the related increases in prices of fertilizer and chemicals, which are either produced from energy or are heavy users of energy in their production process etc. are crucial. This has increased the cost of production, which ultimately gets reflected in higher food prices. Higher energy prices have also increased the cost of transportation, and increased the incentive to produce biofuels and encouraged policy support for bio-fuels production. The increase in bio fuels production has not only increased demand for food commodities, but also led to large land use changes which reduced supplies of wheat and crops that compete with food commodities used for biofuels in countries like India. Against these backdrops, this paper focus on the movements in global food price trends and its impact on management of food supply and security, the factors responsible for the rise in food prices in India and its impact on the issue of food security and sustainability of management of food economy of India. The paper concludes that in the short to medium run, the importance of safety nets to secure food for the needy is very much needed and in the long run, the notion of food security should move beyond a relatively static focus on food availability and access to one of higher productivity. Thus, as the majority of the poor in developing India live in rural areas and depend on agriculture, higher agricultural growth will provide food security by increasing supply, reducing prices, and raising incomes of poorer farm households in the near future

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45

Darabi, Hassan y Danon Jalali. "Illuminating the formal–informal dichotomy in land development on the basis of transaction cost theory". Planning Theory 18, n.º 1 (5 de junio de 2018): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095218779111.

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Transaction cost theory is largely used to investigate the formal domain of land and housing. In the informal domain, however, this perspective has been employed largely as a supplement in addressing the other fundamental notion in new institutional economics—property rights—despite the possibility that informality in land development can emerge regardless of the informality or formality of such rights. To cover this gap, this study developed a theoretical framework based on transaction cost theory to explain the formal–informal dichotomy in land development. The proposed framework maintains that land development depends on engaging in transactions that involve total or partial ownership of a combination of capital and land through lease and/or sale contracts, which enable landowners to earn from the new rental prices produced by the increase in land prices. Landowners are afforded two avenues from which to reduce transaction costs, namely, formal and informal institutional frameworks, each defining and enforcing restrictive rules on agents’ actions. These avenues, however, are simultaneously a source of new transaction costs that can affect the expected financial return of land development. Landowners therefore tend to choose the institutional framework that entails lower transaction costs but enables higher gains. Thus, the higher transaction costs associated with a formal institutional framework are the primary deterrents to the selection of this structure. In turn, informal land development continues to expand, regardless of the existence of formal prohibitive measures. We investigated the formal–informal dichotomy in the rural land development process in Tehran Province, Iran. The results indicated that transaction costs cause inefficiency in formal institutions, thereby driving the perpetuation of informal development.

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Momongan, Erwin, Itje Pangkey y Jeane Langkai. "Potential Analysis of Rural and Urban Land and Building Taxes in Minahasa Regency". Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Economy and Management Study 2, n.º 3 (7 de junio de 2021): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrems.v2i3.143.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the contribution of Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) to Minahasa Regency Regional Revenue, the determinant factor of PBB-P2 revenue which has the most tax objects/subjects but has not contributed to Minahasa Regency Locally-generated revenue (PAD) and Strategies in seeking PBB-P2 in Minahasa Regency to provide real contribution to local revenue. This research method includes a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach to the BPPRETDA case study method. SWOT-Quadrant Analysis. The results of quadrant 1 position score 0.29 external opportunities & 0.12 internal strengths. Progressive action, the SO matrix is recommended by BPPRETDA to increase (NJOP & tax rate 0.3%), increase (officer education, facilities & tax revenue sharing), and collect PBB-P2 data. Potential Determination of Rp.134,128,478,400,- (11% Regional Revenue). It is necessary to determine the (Selling Value of Tax Object (NJOP) of land and buildings to be increased to near market prices with office work and field inspections and to support education, training for officers is needed to continue to be carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance or independently by the Regional Government.

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Nascimento, Nathália, Thales A. P. West, Jan Börner y Jean Ometto. "What Drives Intensification of Land Use at Agricultural Frontiers in the Brazilian Amazon? Evidence from a Decision Game". Forests 10, n.º 6 (29 de mayo de 2019): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060464.

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Land-use change results from the decisions of diverse actors in response to economic and political contexts. Identification of underlying decision-making processes is key to understanding land-use patterns, anticipating trends, and designing effective environmental governance mechanisms. Here, we use a scenario-based decision game to examine hypothetical land-use decisions among four groups of rural producers in the municipalities of Sinop, Guarantã do Norte and Novo Progresso in the Brazilian Amazon. We simulate changes in agricultural prices, production cost, and frequency of environmental monitoring (in situ inspections) to understand how land-use decisions are made and change with shifts in economic and governance incentives. Hypothetical land-use decisions vary across scenarios, but not across study sites; environmental law enforcement influence land decisions, but not to the extent of dominating market factors and not for all types of producers. Decision games cannot substitute approaches to explain behavioral responses from observational data. However, they can provide immediate feedback on behavioral hypotheses before comprehensive observational data becomes available and support the development of models for land-use policy planning at local and regional scales.

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48

Prabakusuma, Adhita Sri, Ita Apriani, Budi Wardono, Endy Suwondo, Kuncoro Harto Widodo y Hadi Yahya Saleh Mareeh. "Designing of Closed-Loop Supply Chain on Dry Land-Based Catfish Aquabusiness in Gunungkidul: A System Dynamics Approach". Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine Journal 007, n.º 02 (26 de abril de 2020): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2020.007.02.07.

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Dry land-based catfish fishery is one of the promising rural aquabusiness in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. There are several problems in this business, for example, supply-demand balancing, calculation accuracy of production capacity, and equitable profit distribution to each stakeholder. This research aimed to design a closed-loop supply chain of dry-land catfish industrial-fishery model by employing the system dynamics approach. Powesim Studio 7 coupled MINITAB 14 was applied to measure the robustness of the supply chain management system, to predict optimum production capacity, and to balance profit distribution. A financial analysis was also performed to determine business feasibility. Three scenarios of price were created by considering the predicted trend of catfish consumption and formulated three alternative prices by appraising the juvenile fish production, aquaculture practices, local feedstock manufactured by farmers, and fish-by products distributed by small-enterprises. Those consideration units were constructed of four observed models. The highest profit to stakeholder was obtained by scenario III that was directed to increase the juvenile fish price to Rp 240/fish, consumption-sized fish at the price of Rp 18,000/kg, fish-by product at the price of Rp 150,000/kg, and local feed at the price of Rp 9,000/kg. According to financial analysis, the four subsystems in dry land-based catfish aquabusiness were all feasible by BCR>1; PP was 5-9 years, NPV>0, PI>1, and IRR>15%/year. The implementation of the system required synergetic action among policymakers, farmer cooperative, and local innovation centers.

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Nazeerudin, Nazeerudin. "Accelerating Agriculture and Rural Development for Inclusive Growth: Policy Implications for Developing Asia". International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 9, n.º 6 (30 de junio de 2022): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i06.002.

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Developing Asia stands witness to the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction. The incomes and quality of life for many people have improved and poverty levels are falling. But results vary with rural growth lagging behind urban growth in many countries and subregions. Two thirds of the region’s 3 billion people live in rural areas, and in India, for example, 74 percent of people classified as poor are in rural areas (ADB 2004). The difference in urban and rural growth and poverty outcomes is socially and politically untenable, as witnessed in the recent election in India. Rural poverty problems in many cases become urban poverty problems through rising pressure on cities to absorb rural migrants needing jobs, homes, and services. Pre-1980s, the rural economic problem was commonly seen as undersupply of affordable food and raw materials to support industrialization as the engine of rapid growth. The strategy greatly influenced the design and choice of public policies. Overvalued exchange rates were intended to help new industries establish domestic markets and lower costs of imported materials, but lowered the domestic currency earnings for farmers in export markets. Administered food prices lowered consumer prices but lowered returns to farmers as well. Agricultural commodities and land were heavily taxed to force the transfer of resources out of rural areas. Farm input subsidies encourage production of food crops but lead to resource wastage, and often benefit well-to-do farmers. Such policy biases lower agriculture’s terms of trade, distort market signals, and undermine agricultural growth (Krueger 1992).In the above back setting. An attempt is made to briefly outlines the potential for agriculture and rural development as a critical force for inclusive growth and sustained poverty reduction and reviews experiences in the Asian region with agriculture in economic transformation. It highlights major policy challenges for accelerating agriculture and rural development.

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Kumagai, K. y H. Uematsu. "ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION AND LAND PRICE USING MULTITEMPORAL DATA". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W7 (1 de marzo de 2019): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w7-41-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Japanese cities are facing a rapidly aging society with birthrates, lower than the average rates of developed world. Population decline generates many problems such as depopulation in rural areas. One of the measures implemented is to define core areas for maintaining sufficient population density given current and predicted population dynamics. On the other hand, there is a potential for the surroundings of the core areas to be run-down because vacancies generate many problems such as crime, susceptibility to fire, and other negative events. There have been, however, few measures concerning the spatial distribution of parks and open spaces around the core areas. We applied a hedonic approach with a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to the analysis of the relationship between the assessed values of land and geographical information in order to estimate the importance of landscape factors: the spatial continuity of vegetation distributions, public parks, and the local averages of NDVI. It was shown that the number of points where the spatial continuity of vegetation distributions makes positive impacts on nearby land prices is gradually increasing during years 2000 and 2015, while the average of land price continues to fall.</p>

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