Artículos de revistas: "Run-off road crashes"

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Burdett, Beau, Andrea R. Bill y David A. Noyce. "Evaluation of Roundabout-Related Single-Vehicle Crashes". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2637, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2637-03.

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Roundabouts reduce fatal and injury crashes at intersections when converted from other intersection control types. In Wisconsin, roundabouts have been linked to a 38% decrease in fatal and injury crashes. Part of this reduction can be attributed to crash types that result in the mitigation of more serious injuries. However, the reduction comes at a cost because other crash types, such as single-vehicle collisions, may increase. Six years of crash data on 53 roundabouts in Wisconsin were examined for crash causes and geometric characteristics that affected single-vehicle crashes. Weather and impaired driving, particularly by younger drivers, were primary causes for more than half of all single-vehicle crashes at the study roundabouts. Younger drivers (18 to 24 years of age) were involved in a significantly higher proportion of single-vehicle crashes than the total proportion of licensed drivers in that age group. Younger drivers were involved in approximately one-third of all crashes that involved impaired driving and in two-thirds of all speed-related single-vehicle crashes. A negative binomial model was constructed to estimate run-off-road crashes at approaches. It was found that roundabouts with higher approach speeds and higher traffic volumes experienced more run-off-road crashes. Landscaped central islands experienced significantly lower frequencies of run-off-road crashes.

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Shawky, Mohamed, Hany M. Hassan, Atef M. Garib y Hussain A. Al-Harthei. "Examining the factors affecting the severity of run-off-road crashes in Abu Dhabi". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, n.º 2 (febrero de 2016): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0393.

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Recently, the severity of injuries resulting from traffic crashes has been extensively investigated in numerous studies. However, the number of studies that addressed the severity of the run-off-road (ROR) crashes is relatively low. In the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (AD), approximately 22% of the total serious crashes and fatalities that occurred from 2007 to 2013 were ROR crashes. Despite these facts and the uniqueness of the composition of licensed drivers in AD (approximately 87% of them are non-Emiratis), the factors affecting the occurrence and severity of ROR crashes in AD have not been explicitly addressed in any prior studies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of at-fault drivers involved in ROR crashes in AD, the nature and main causes of those crashes. In this regard, conditional distribution and two-way contingency tables were developed. In addition, this study aims to identify and quantify the factors affecting the severity of ROR crashes such as driver, road, vehicle and environment factors. To achieve this goal, ordered probit model approach was employed. Crash data for a total of 3819 ROR crashes that occurred in AD were employed in the analysis. The results indicated that driver factors (carelessness, speeding, and nationality), vehicle characteristics (vehicle type), and road and environment factors (road type, crash location and road surface condition) were the significant factors influencing the severity of ROR crashes in AD. Countermeasures to improve traffic safety and reduce numbers and severity of ROR crashes in AD were discussed.

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3

Smith, Erika B. y John N. Ivan. "Evaluation of Safety Benefits and Potential Crash Migration Due to Shoulder Rumble Strip Installation on Connecticut Freeways". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800113.

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With the encouragement of FHWA, many states are installing shoulder rumble strips to reduce the number of run-off-the-road crashes. In 1996, Connecticut began full-scale installation of shoulder rumble strips on limited-access highways (freeways). This paper describes research aimed at answering three questions about the effectiveness of this project: (a) Do rumble strips reduce single-vehicle, fixed-object crashes? The analysis indicates that installing shoulder rumble strips reduces these crashes by 33%. (b) Do certain roadway factors influence the rate of these crashes with regard to the rumble strip installation locations? In the sections where rumble strips were installed, run-off-the-road crashes were reduced by as much as 48.5% in interchange areas and as little as 12.8% on sections of roadways where the speed limit was less than 65 mph. (c) Is the potential adverse effect of crash migration (from locations with rumble strips to those without) occurring? The roadway factors analyzed and sections of longer routes in Connecticut both indicate increases in run-off-the-road crashes where rumble strips are not placed, even when exposure is controlled. These findings indicate that for rumble strips to be most effective along freeways, consideration should be made for continuous installation both to reduce crashes where they are installed and to avoid increases in crash occurrence where they are not.

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4

Dissanayake, Sunanda y Uttara Roy. "Crash Severity Analysis of Single Vehicle Run-off-Road Crashes". Journal of Transportation Technologies 04, n.º 01 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2014.41001.

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5

Peng, Yiyun y Linda Ng Boyle. "Commercial Driver Factors in Run-off-Road Crashes". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2281, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2281-16.

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6

Albuquerque, Francisco Daniel Benicio de y Dina Mohammad Awadalla. "Roadside Fixed-Object Collisions, Barrier Performance, and Fatal Injuries in Single-Vehicle, Run-Off-Road Crashes". Safety 6, n.º 2 (20 de mayo de 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6020027.

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Objectives: To quantify the odds of fatal injuries associated with drivers involved in single-vehicle, run-off-road (SVROR), injury crashes. Methods: An in-service safety evaluation was carried out using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The odds of motorist death was lower for w-beam guardrail crashes as compared to tree, pole, and concrete barrier crashes. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference between the odds of motorist death in concrete barrier crashes as compared to tree or pole crashes. The odds of motorist death were lower for curbs and collision-free crashes as compared to tree, pole, and barrier crashes. Thus, obstacles should be removed whenever possible and barriers installed only whenever absolutely necessary. The lack of vehicle containment (in barrier crashes) was found: (i) to tend to occur on higher-posted-speed-limit roads and result in a higher percentage of fatal crashes, (ii) to be more prevalent with the less rigid barrier type, and (iii) to result in a consistently higher percentage of fatal crashes under the concrete barrier category. Conclusions: Findings not only support state-of-the-art roadside design guidelines and crash-testing criteria, but they may also be useful in evaluating proposed roadside safety improvements.

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7

Kutela, Boniphace, Raul E. Avelar, Srinivas R. Geedipally y Ankit Jhamb. "Prediction of Occurrence and Severity of Run-off-Roadway Crashes on Rural Two-Lane Roadways Using Bayesian Networks". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, n.º 3 (14 de diciembre de 2021): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211051351.

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Run-off-roadway (ROR) crashes are among the most common crash types on rural two-lane roadways. Current methodologies to predict their occurrence and severity by considering conditional nature and interactions between independent variables require complex mathematical procedures. This study employs Bayesian networks (BNs), a non-functional form graphical model, to determine factors associated with the occurrence and severity of ROR crashes. The study used five-year (2014–2018) crash data collected from 397 randomly selected road segments within Texas. Out of 397 segments, 279 did not experience ROR crashes. The first BN model used all 397 segments and explored factors associated with occurrences of ROR crashes. The second BN model used the remaining 118 segments that involved ROR crashes and focused on factors associated with different crash types (guardrail [GR], overturning [OT], and fixed object [FO] crashes) and their associated severity levels. Study results revealed that the presence of horizontal curves and utility poles within the clear zone on the road individually increased the chance of ROR crashes by about 35%. Moreover, FO crashes resulted in 36% more fatal and injury crashes than GR crashes, which showed the effectiveness of guardrails in reducing severity. This study also explored the combined influence of variables on ROR crash occurrence and severity, as well as the interrelation between several independent variables. The proposed methodology can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures.

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8

Miaou, Shaw-Pin. "Some Limitations of the Models in the Highway Safety Manual to Predict Run-off-Road Crashes". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2377, n.º 1 (enero de 2013): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2377-05.

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Crash-prediction models in the current edition of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) have been developed to predict crash frequency by collision type and severity level for specific types of roadways and sites. Each model is made up of three major components: safety performance functions (SPFs), crash modification factors, and calibration factors. The objective of this study was to identify the limitations of the prediction models in estimating single-vehicle, run-off-road (SVROR) crashes for roadside safety analyses and suggest needed changes and developments. The paper presents a review of the state of the models in HSM and focuses on SPFs. Data from FHWA's safety effects of cross-section design for two-lane roads database were used to gain insight about the characteristics of SVROR crashes and total crashes, and to identify the limitations of the current models in predicting the frequency, type, and severity of SVROR crashes. Three major areas of limitations of SPFs are discussed: (a) assumptions involved in development, (b) variables that are potentially important to roadside design but not considered, and (c) statistical bias and uncertainty of the model equations.

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9

Zegeer, Charles V., Herman F. Huang, J. Richard Stewart, Ron Pfefer y Jun Wang. "Effects of a Towaway Reporting Threshold on Crash Analysis Results". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1635, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1635-07.

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The effects on future data analysis capabilities and results should states convert to a towaway and above crash-reporting threshold are quantified. The results from the four states used in the analysis (Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and North Carolina) revealed that only 51.7 percent of the crash data would be included using a towaway threshold. Only 33.7 percent would be included using an injury threshold. In general, a towaway threshold would exclude more crashes on urban streets than on rural roads. For most road classes, 40 to 60 percent of crashes would be excluded. A towaway threshold would result in greatly underestimating the occurrence of certain crash types, particularly rear-end, sideswipe, parking, and animal crashes. Run-off-road and angle/turning crashes would also be affected considerably. Using a towaway criterion will seriously affect researchers’ ability to conduct meaningful evaluations of roadside appurtenances, such as guardrail, breakaway signs and poles, crash cushions, and various median treatments. For most vehicle types, only 30 to 60 percent of crashes would be included under a towaway threshold. Technological, institutional, and organizational strategies for improving crash reporting thresholds are suggested.

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10

Rezapour, Mahdi, Amirarsalan Mehrara Molan y Khaled Ksaibati. "Application of Multinomial Regression Model to Identify Parameters Impacting Traffic Barrier Crash Severity". Open Transportation Journal 13, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010057.

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Background: Run Off The Road (ROTR) crashes are some of the most severe crashes that could occur on roadways. The main countermeasure that can be taken to address this type of crashe is traffic barrier installation. Although ROTR crashes can be mitigated significantly by traffic barriers, still traffic barrier crashes resulted in considerable amount of severe crashes. Besides, the types of traffic barriers, driver actions and performance play an important role in the severity of these crashes. Methods: This study was conducted by incorporating only traffic barrier crashes in Wyoming. Based on the literature review there are unique contributory factors in different crash types. Therefore, in addition to focusing on traffic barrier crashes, crashes were divided into two different highway classes: interstate and non-interstate highways. Results: The result of proportional odds assumption was an indication that multinomial logistic regression model is appropriate for both non-interstate and interstates crashes involved with traffic barriers. The results indicated that road surface conditions, age, driver restraint and negotiating a curve were some of the factors that impact the severity of traffic barrier crashes on non-interstate highways. On the other hand, the results of interstate barrier crashes indicated that besides types of barriers, driver condition, citation record, speed limit compliance were some of the factors that impacted the interstate traffic barrier crash severity. Conclusion: The results of this study would provide the policymakers with the directions to take appropriate countermeasures to alleviate the severity of traffic barrier crashes.

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11

Spainhour, Lisa K. y Abhishek Mishra. "Analysis of Fatal Run-Off-the-Road Crashes Involving Overcorrection". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2069, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2069-01.

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12

Ferko, Marija, Dario Babić, Darko Babić, Ali Pirdavani, Marko Ševrović, Marijan Jakovljević y Grgo Luburić. "Influence of Road Safety Barriers on the Severity of Motorcyclist Injuries in Horizontal Curves". Sustainability 14, n.º 22 (9 de noviembre de 2022): 14790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214790.

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Motorcyclist safety remains a significant problem, and the overall safety of motorcyclists has been improved at a much slower rate in the last decade compared to passenger and commercial vehicles. Because motorcyclists are not protected by the vehicle frame, fatalities or severe injuries are often related to hitting a roadside object or safety barrier. The main objective of this study is to investigate relations between the presence and type of road safety barriers and the consequences of motorcycle crashes on rural roads. For this purpose, we analysed Croatian rural road-crash data from 2015–2019, tested several factors as single predictors, and combined them using binary logistic regression. The results show that run-off-road crashes and nighttime driving are significant risk factors. There was no significant positive impact of the presence of safety barriers on the crash consequences due to the unsuitability of the barriers for motorcyclists, which proves the fact that the functionality of existing safety barriers should be upgraded. The results of this study could be further used by researchers, road designers, and experts to improve road infrastructure safety on rural roads.

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13

Intini, Paolo, Nicola Berloco, Vittorio Ranieri y Pasquale Colonna. "Geometric and Operational Features of Horizontal Curves with Specific Regard to Skidding Proneness". Infrastructures 5, n.º 1 (28 de diciembre de 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5010003.

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(1) Run-off-road (ROR) crashes are a crucial issue worldwide, resulting in a disproportionate number of traffic deaths. In safety research, macro-level analysis on large datasets is usually conducted by linking explanatory variables to ROR crash frequency/severity. Micro-analysis approaches, like the one used in this study, are instead less frequent. (2) A comprehensive Italian Fatal + Injury (FI) crash dataset was filtered to identify two-way two-lane rural road curves on the national road network on which more than one ROR FI crash (i.e., at least two crashes) in the observation period of four years had occurred. The typical features of the ROR FI crashes and the recurrent geometric (characteristics of tangents and curves) and operational features (inferred speeds, acceleration/decelerations) of the crash sites were reconstructed. (3) The main contributory factors in ROR FI crashes are: wet pavements, speeding, and distraction. Sites with a relevant history of ROR FI crashes present recurrent safety issues such as inadequate horizontal curve coordination, an insufficient tangent length for decelerating, and inferred operating speeds comparable/higher than the inferred design speeds. (4) Based on findings, some practical suggestions for road safety management and maintenance are proposed through specific indicators and countermeasures (speed, perception, and friction related).

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14

Gu, Chenwei, Jinliang Xu, Chao Gao, Minghao Mu, Guangxun E y Yongji Ma. "Multivariate analysis of roadway multi-fatality crashes using association rules mining and rules graph structures: A case study in China". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 10 (27 de octubre de 2022): e0276817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276817.

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Roadway multi-fatality crashes have always been a vital issue for traffic safety. This study aims to explore the contributory factors and interdependent characteristics of multi-fatality crashes using a novel framework combining association rules mining and rules graph structures. A case study is conducted using data from 1068 severe fatal crashes in China from 2015 to 2020, and 1452 interesting rules are generated using an association rule mining approach. Several modular rules graph structures are constructed based on graph theory to reflect the interactions and patterns between different variables. The results indicate that multi-fatality crashes are highly associated with improper operations, passenger overload, fewer lanes, mountainous terrain, and run-off-the-road crashes, representing the key variables of factors concerning driver, vehicle, road, environment, and accident, respectively. Furthermore, crashes involving different severity levels, road categories, and terrain are verified to possess unique association rules and independent crash patterns. Moreover, the proportion of severe crashes caused by a combination of human-vehicle-road-environment factors (43%) is much higher than that of normal crashes (3%). This study reveals that the hidden associations between various factors contribute to the overrepresentation and severity of multi-fatality crashes. It also demonstrates that the crash mechanisms involving multi-fatality crashes and their interactions are more complex at the system level than those for normal crashes. The proposed framework can effectively map the intrinsic link between multiple crash factors and potential risks, providing transportation agencies with helpful insights for targeted safety measures and preventive strategies.

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McGinnis, Richard G., Matthew J. Davis y Eric A. Hathaway. "Longitudinal Analysis of Fatal Run-Off-Road Crashes, 1975 to 1997". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1746, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1746-07.

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van Petegem, J. W. H. (Jan Hendrik) y Fred Wegman. "Analyzing road design risk factors for run-off-road crashes in the Netherlands with crash prediction models". Journal of Safety Research 49 (junio de 2014): 121.e1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2014.03.003.

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Duddu, Venkata R., Srinivas S. Pulugurtha y Venu M. Kukkapalli. "Variable categories influencing single-vehicle run-off-road crashes and their severity". Transportation Engineering 2 (diciembre de 2020): 100038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2020.100038.

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18

Das, Subasish y Xiaoduan Sun. "Association knowledge for fatal run-off-road crashes by Multiple Correspondence Analysis". IATSS Research 39, n.º 2 (marzo de 2016): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.07.001.

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19

Kim, Hyungkyu, Jin-Tae Kim, Somyoung Shin, Hyerin Lee y Joonbeom Lim. "Prediction of Run-Off Road Crash Severity in South Korea’s Highway through Tree Augmented Naïve Bayes Learning". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 3 (21 de enero de 2022): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031120.

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The run-off road crash (RORC) is a representative type of lethal crash. The severity of RORC has increased owing to a combination of factors, such as roadside geometry, traffic conditions, and weather/climatic conditions. In this study, a model for estimating the RORC severity was developed based on various factors, including fixed objects, roadway geometry, traffic conditions, and road traffic environment. To develop the model, the accident data of crashes with roadside fixed objects on highways, as well as information on fixed object-related variables and roadway geometry-related variables, were collected. To improve the model in terms of implementing a close reflection of the real world, a learning method with tree augmented naïve Bayes (TAN), which takes into account the causal links between variables, was applied. The results of the analysis showed that the severity of crashes with roadside fixed objects increased sharply when the vertical slope was ≥4%, the radius of the curve was ≥250 m, the distance between the fixed object and the roadway was less than 3 m, or the density of fixed objects installation was greater than 2 for every 10 m. The proposed model allows for an analysis of sections with a high RORC severity on the roadways in operation and provides improvement measures to reduce the severity of RORC.

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Zaidi Adruce, Shahren Ahmad y Donald Stephen. "Rumble Strips: A Human Factors Perspective towards a Sustainable Road System". Jurnal Kejuruteraan 32, n.º 2 (30 de mayo de 2020): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(2)-13.

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Prior research substantiates the belief that human factors contribute to up to 90% of all traffic accidents. The failure to consider cognitive ergonomics in road safety initiatives will continue to cause traffic fatality, especially on straight roads. Since drivers and road safety practitioners cannot wholly avoid driver’s non-compliance, skill-based errors, and mistakes, road designs should aim to reduce the severity of repercussions resulting from human errors. For example, in the case of a momentary lapse of attention leading to lane departure, drivers should be able to correct their maneuvers. A human-centered traffic system approach of road design may reduce the severity of accidents caused by human error. An investigation of road crashes in Malaysia conducted by the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research revealed that 66% of road crashes in Malaysia are opposite-direction head-on crashes and run-off-road (roadway departure) crashes. Installing Lane Departure Warning System such as Centerline Rumble Strips (CLRS) and Shoulder Rumble Strips (SRS) can reduce these types of crashes and compensate human errors on the road. Rumble strips alert drivers that they are deviating from their lane by providing both tactile and auditory warnings. Although the effectiveness of rumble strips is well documented in prior researches, the practice of installing rumble strips is still scarce in Malaysia. This paper highlights how rumble strips can mitigate the consequences of the human errors, in the hope that the information can help road safety researchers, authorities, and practitioners move forward in the implementation of interventions towards sustainable road system.

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Srinivasan, Raghavan, Daniel Carter, Craig Lyon y Matthew Albee. "Before–After Evaluation of the Realignment of Horizontal Curves on Rural Two-Lane Roads". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 30 (15 de mayo de 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758011.

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This study determined the crash modification factors (CMFs) associated with horizontal curve realignment using the before–after empirical Bayes method and compared the results from published CMFs from cross-sectional studies. This evaluation used data from rural, two-lane roads in California, North Carolina, and Ohio. The evaluation revealed a 68% reduction in total crashes, a 74% reduction in injury and fatal crashes, a 78% reduction in run-off-road and fixed object crashes, a 42% reduction in crashes during dark conditions, and an 80% reduction in wet-road crashes, all of which were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The results pertain to a range of site characteristics, the most important of which is the range of before and after degree of curve. The average degrees of curve in the before and after periods were 18.1 (with a minimum of 3.2 and a maximum of 52.1) and 6.9 (with a minimum of 0.0 and a maximum of 16.3), respectively. The average central angle of the curves was approximately 42° (with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 117). The CMFs from this before–after evaluation are lower compared to CMFs estimated from two previous cross-sectional studies. There is a need for further research with a larger sample of sites to assess the reliability of the CMFs obtained from this before–after evaluation.

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Himes, Scott y Eric Donnell. "Safety Effects of Horizontal Curve Reliability Index". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, n.º 9 (12 de julio de 2020): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120930715.

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Recent advancements in analytical processes have used probabilistic approaches to examine the efficacy of the point mass model (and other Green Book models) to develop reliability-based approaches for geometric design. However, there has been minimal research establishing the link between reliability measures and substantive safety (expressed through crash frequency). The objective of this paper is to use empirical data supporting the calculation of reliability index for existing horizontal curves and to estimate the relationship between reliability index and crash frequency. Other horizontal curve-related characteristics that may have an impact on crash frequency on horizontal curves for rural two-lane highways and rural freeway facilities are controlled for in the evaluation. The safety analysis showed that the wet pavement reliability index was significantly associated with crash frequency for total curve-related crashes, single-vehicle run-off-road crashes, rollover crashes, truck-related crashes, and weather-related crashes. The relationship was strongest for the reliability index in its continuous form, meaning that the effect is continuous across the range of wet pavement reliability that was observed.

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Gong, Linfeng, Wei Fan y E. Matthew Washing. "Modeling severity of single vehicle run-off-road crashes in rural areas: model comparison and selection". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, n.º 6 (junio de 2016): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0449.

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Run-off-road (ROR) crashes account for a large proportion of fatalities and serious injuries to vehicle occupants, especially in rural areas. While performing crash severity analysis using discrete choice models (DCMs), researchers may be confused by the following questions: first, should an ordered or unordered model structure be used and secondly, which modeling level is more appropriate, basic or advanced? A model selection framework is developed considering the following factors: (1) model structure — ordered or unordered; (2) intrinsic deficiency of each model; (3) computational burdens; (4) complexity of parameter interpretation; and (5) model fitness. Historical ROR crash data were utilized to illustrate how to choose an appropriate DCM based on the proposed framework. Using statistical tests and comparison of evaluation and validation measurements, both the mixed logit model and the partial proportional odds model yield a reasonable performance. All factors that significantly affect the severity level of a single-vehicle ROR crash were identified as well.

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Rodionova, Maria, Angi Skhvediani y Tatiana Kudryavtseva. "Prediction of Crash Severity as a Way of Road Safety Improvement: The Case of Saint Petersburg, Russia". Sustainability 14, n.º 16 (9 de agosto de 2022): 9840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169840.

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This article investigates factors that explain road crash severity levels in Saint Petersburg, Russia, during the 2015–2021 period. The research takes into account factors such as lighting conditions, weather conditions, infrastructure factors, human factors, accident types, and vehicle category and color to assess their influence on crash severity. The most influential accident type is run-off-road crashes, which are associated with an 11.2% increase in fatal accidents. The biggest reason for the increase in fatal accidents due to road infrastructure conditions is road barrier shortcomings (2.8%). Road infrastructure conditions, such as a lack of road lighting, have a significant effect on fatal outcomes, increasing them by 12.6%, and this is the most influential factor in the analysis. The obtained results may serve as a basis for Saint Petersburg authorities to develop new road safety policies.

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Lyon, Craig, Bhagwant Persaud, David Merritt y Joseph Cheung. "Empirical Bayes Before-After Study to Develop Crash Modification Factors and Functions for High Friction Surface Treatments on Curves and Ramps". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, n.º 12 (22 de octubre de 2020): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120957327.

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The intent of the study was to fill a knowledge void by developing high quality crash modification factors (CMFs) and benefit/cost (B/C) ratios for high friction surface treatment (HFST). The state-of-the-art empirical Bayes (EB) before-after methodology was applied to evaluate the effects of this treatment on crashes of various types using data from West Virginia (curve sites), Pennsylvania (curve sites), Kentucky (curve and ramp sites), and Arkansas (ramp sites). The results for curve sites generally indicate substantial and highly significant safety benefits. This is especially so for the primary crash types targeted by HFST programs: run-off-road, wet road, and head-on side-swipe opposite direction crashes (HOSSOD). The results for ramp sites were inconsistent, with substantial benefits for all crashes and injury crashes for Kentucky, negligible effects for these crashes in Arkansas, and substantial and highly significant reductions in wet weather crashes in both states. A disaggregate analysis of the CMF results for curve sites indicated a logical and consistent relationship between CMFs and three variables: friction improvement, traffic volume, and expected crash frequency before treatment. These variables, and an innovative methodology, were used in developing crash modification functions (CMFunctions) that can be applied to determine where, and under what conditions, the treatment can be used most effectively. Such functions are typically not provided for the vast majority of treatments for which CMFs are available, so, in itself, developing them is a significant contribution of this research.

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Cham, D. M., M. Shanmugavel y V. R. Sampathkumar. "Simulation of Vehicle Steering Angle and Lateral Acceleration in Mitigating Potential Run-Off-Road Crashes". Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, n.º 3 (28 de abril de 2021): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.60.

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This paper proposes and presents the preliminary results of an integrated safety warning system for road vehicles based on lateral g-force monitoring. The proposed system issues a warning to the driver when the lateral load increases above a threshold level thereby reducing the risk of run-off-road crashes and loss of control. From the vehicles dynamic model, soft and hard speed limits are obtained. When the soft limit is breached, it warns the driver using a LED, and when the hard limit is breached, assistive braking is activated. Simulations were conducted to obtain the safe vehicle speed for various steering angle to ensure the lateral g-force remains in the range of 0.7 and 0.9. Vehicle parameters of the Proton Saga 1.3L were used for simulation. Simulation runs to study the effects of changes in steering-wheel angle and vehicle speed on the variation of lateral acceleration was performed, based on which a safe speed is obtained. Simulations were also conducted on both banked and unbanked roads. The results of this study would help in the design of a working prototype of the safety system.

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Al-Bdairi, Nabeel Saleem Saad y Salvador Hernandez. "An empirical analysis of run-off-road injury severity crashes involving large trucks". Accident Analysis & Prevention 102 (mayo de 2017): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.024.

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Himes, Scott, Frank Gross, Michael Nichols y Mena Lockwood. "Safety Evaluation of Change in Posted Speed Limit from 65 to 70 mph on Rural Virginia Interstate System". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 38 (3 de septiembre de 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118793499.

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Effective July 1, 2010, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) increased the maximum posted speed limit on interstates and similar facilities from 65 to 70 mph, if recommended following an engineering study. As a result, VDOT performed engineering studies on selected rural interstates posted at 65 mph. By November 2010, VDOT had increased the speed limit from 65 to 70 mph for approximately 670 centerline miles of select rural interstates. This paper presents the results of an empirical Bayes before–after study into the safety and operational effects of the speed limit increase. The analysis focused on total, injury, run-off-road, and truck-related crashes. Comparison segments were used to develop annual adjustment factors, account for regional differences, and identify underlying crash trends in the period before the speed limit increase. At the aggregate level, the results indicated no increase in any of the focus crash types after the increase. Focusing on sites without other changes, the increased speed limit did not increase or decrease any of the crash types. The disaggregate analysis provided further insight into the circumstances in which the change in posted speed limit had more and less pronounced impacts; specifically, that segment type (base or interchange) influenced safety: interchange segments observed statistically significant increases in total, run-off-road, and truck-related crashes. The disaggregate analysis also showed that roadway improvements may help to offset the safety impact of increasing the posted speed limit.

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29

Vieira, Adriana, Bertha Santos y Luís Picado-Santos. "Modelling Road Work Zone Crashes’ Nature and Type of Person Involved Using Multinomial Logistic Regression". Sustainability 15, n.º 3 (2 de febrero de 2023): 2674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032674.

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The sustainable development goals “Good health and well-being” and “Sustainable cities and communities” of the United Nations and World Health Organization, alert governments and researchers and raise awareness about road safety problems and the need to mitigate them. In Portugal, after the economic crisis of 2008–2013, a significant amount of road assets demand investment in maintenance and rehabilitation. The areas where these actions take place are called work zones. Considering the particularities of these areas, the proposed work aims to identify the main factors that impact the occurrence of work zones crashes. It uses the statistical technique of multinomial logistic regression, applied to official data on road crashes occurred in mainland Portugal, during the period of 2010–2015. Usually, multinomial logistic regression models are developed for crash and injury severity. In this work, the feasibility of developing predictive models for crash nature (collision, run off road and running over pedestrians) and for type of person involved in the crash (driver, passenger and pedestrian), considering only one covariate (the number of persons involved in the crash), was studied. For the two predictive models obtained, the variables road environment (urban/rural), horizontal geometric design (straight/curve), pavement grip conditions (good/bad), heavy vehicle involvement, and injury severity (fatalities, serious and slightly injuries), were identified as the preponderant factors in a universe of 230 investigated variables. Results point to an increase of work zone crash probability due to driver actions such as running straight and excessive speed for the prevailing conditions.

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Lyon, Craig, Bhagwant Persaud y Eric Donnell. "Safety Evaluation of the SafetyEdge Treatment for Pavement Edge Drop-Offs on Two-Lane Rural Roads". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 30 (15 de marzo de 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758054.

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This study estimated crash modification factors (CMFs) for the SafetyEdge paving technique that is applied for the treatment of pavement edge drop-offs on two-lane rural highways. An empirical Bayes observational before-after evaluation based on installation data in Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida found that the SafetyEdge treatment was associated with statistically significant reductions in fatal and injury (FI), run-off-the-road (ROR), opposite-direction (head-on and sideswipe), and drop-off-related crashes. The ROR CMF was also statistically significant for both horizontal curved and tangent sections. A disaggregate analysis examined the variation of the CMF for ROR with factors such as the travel lane width, traffic volume, presence of a horizontal curve, posted speed limit, and the pre-treatment ROR crash frequency. The results of that analysis indicated, for example, that the SafetyEdge paving technique appears to have a greater ROR safety benefit on two-lane rural roadway segments with average annual daily traffic volumes greater than 3,000 vehicles per day, relative to roadway segments with lower traffic volumes. A crash modification function (CMFunction) was calibrated with expected pre-treatment ROR crashes as the independent variable to simultaneously capture the relationship of the CMF for ROR crashes to multiple factors. An economic analysis found that the treatment is highly cost-effective.

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31

Al-Bdairi, Nabeel Saleem Saad, Salvador Hernandez y Jason Anderson. "Contributing Factors to Run-Off-Road Crashes Involving Large Trucks under Lighted and Dark Conditions". Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 144, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 04017066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000104.

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32

Wu, Lingtao, Srinivas R. Geedipally y Adam M. Pike. "Safety Evaluation of Alternative Audible Lane Departure Warning Treatments in Reducing Traffic Crashes: An Empirical Bayes Observational Before–After Study". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 21 (11 de junio de 2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118776481.

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Roadway departure crashes are a major contributor to traffic fatalities and injury. Rumble strips have been shown to be an effective countermeasure in reducing roadway departure crashes. However, some roadway situations, for instance, inadequate shoulder width or roadway surface depth, have limited the application of conventional milled or rolled in rumble strips. Alternative audible lane departure warning systems, including profile (audible) pavement markings and preformed rumble bars, are increasingly used to overcome the limitations that exist with the milled rumble strips. So far, the safety effectiveness of these alternative audible lane departure warning systems has not been extensively assessed. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the safety effect of installing profile pavement markings and preformed rumble bars. Specifically, this study developed crash modification factors for these treatments that quantify the effectiveness in reducing single-vehicle-run-off-road (SVROR) and opposite-direction (OD) crashes. Traffic, roadway, and crash data at the treated sites on 189 miles of rural two-lane highways in Texas were analyzed using an empirical Bayes (EB) before–after analysis method. Safety performance functions from the Highway Safety Manual and Texas Highway Safety Design Workbook were used in the EB analysis. The results revealed a 21.3% reduction in all SVROR and OD crashes, and 32.5% to 39.9% reduction in fatal and injury SVROR and OD crashes after installing profile pavement marking and preformed rumble bars.

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33

Mashros, Nordiana, SittiAsmah Hassan, Yaacob Haryati, Mohd Shahrir Amin Ahmad, Ismail Samat, Othman Che Puan, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Nor Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus y Zaiton Haron. "Road traffic accidents on Senai-Desaru expressway". MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825002002.

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Understanding and prioritising crash contributing factors is important for improving traffic safety on the expressway. This paper aims to identify the possible contributory factors that were based on findings obtained from crash data at Senai-Desaru Expressway (SDE), which is the main connector between the western and eastern parts of Johor, Malaysia. Using reported accident data, the mishaps that had occurred along the 77.2 km road were used to identify crash patterns and their possible related segment conditions. The Average Crash Frequency and Equivalent Property Damage Only Average Crash Frequency Methods had been used to identify and rank accident-prone road segments as well as to propose for appropriate simple and inexpensive countermeasures. The results show that the dominant crash type along the road stretches of SDE had consisted of run-off-road collision and property damage only crashes. All types of accidents were more likely to occur during daytime. Out of the 154 segments, the 4 most accident-prone road segments had been determined and analysed. The results obtained from the analyses suggest that accident types are necessary for identifying the possible causes of accidents and the appropriate strategies for countermeasures. Therefore, this accident analysis could be helpful to relevant authorities in reducing the number of road accidents and the level of accident severity along the SDE.

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34

Balashanmugam, P., G. Balasubramanian, Dipam Talukdar y Rohit Roy. "Development of Lane Departure Warning Traffic System". Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2379) 2, n.º 3 (31 de marzo de 2015): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmce.v2i3.345.

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In road-transport terminology, a lane departure warning system (LDWS) is a mechanism designed to warn a driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error, distraction and drowsiness. In this work the authors present a system which has the potential to reduce fatalities which are caused by the common type of crashes called the Run –Off-Road (ROR) crash. The work is to build a lane Departure Warning System for use on roads and highways. The functioning of the system will be to constantly monitor the car placement in relation to the road marks (with the aid of infrared proximity sensor), detect when the driver drifts away from the current lane without an appropriate warn signal, and provide a quick and effective alert to the driver to take a corrective action. To provide an alert system to trigger the quickest response possible. So the aim of this work is to make an intelligent system in hope to design a safer mean of transportation to save lives wasted on roads yearly, especially with the increase in the number of cars introduced to the roads each year. So the need of such security systems in today’s intelligent cars is essential.

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35

Montella, Alfonso, Filomena Mauriello, Mariano Pernetti y Maria Rella Riccardi. "Rule discovery to identify patterns contributing to overrepresentation and severity of run-off-the-road crashes". Accident Analysis & Prevention 155 (junio de 2021): 106119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106119.

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36

Stefan, C., R. Stütz, E. Tomasch, P. Luttenberger y C. Klein. "A risk-based methodology to assess run-off-road crashes on austrian motorways – The Riskant Project". International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 6, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2016): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe-v6-n2-351-361.

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37

Álvarez, Patricia, Miguel A. Fernández, Alfonso Gordaliza, Alberto Mansilla y Aquilino Molinero. "Geometric road design factors affecting the risk of urban run-off crashes. A case-control study". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 6 (11 de junio de 2020): e0234564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234564.

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38

Lidbe, Abhay, Emmanuel Kofi Adanu, Elsa Tedla y Steven Jones. "Role of Passengers in Single-Vehicle Drunk-Driving Crashes: An Injury-Severity Analysis". Safety 6, n.º 2 (21 de junio de 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6020030.

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Background: Drunk-driving is a major crash risk factor, and crashes resulting from this risky behavior tend to be serious and have significant economic and societal impacts. The presence of passengers and their demographics and activities can influence risky driving behaviors such as drunk-driving. However, passengers could either be an “enabling” factor to take more risks or could be an “inhibiting” factor by ensuring safe driving by a drunk-driver. Objective: This study examines whether the presence of passengers affects the contributing factors of single-vehicle (SV) drunk-driving crashes, by presenting a severity analysis of single- and multi-occupant SV drunk-driving crashes, to identify risk factors that contribute to crash severity outcomes, for the effective implementation of relevant countermeasures. Method: A total of 7407 observations for 2012–2016 from the crash database of the State of Alabama was used for this study. The variables were divided into six classes: temporal, locational, driver, vehicle, roadway, and crash characteristics and injury severities into three: severe, minor, and no injury. Two latent class multinomial logit models—one each for single- and multi-occupant crashes—were developed, to analyze the effects of significant factors on injury severity outcomes using marginal effects. Results: The estimated results show that collision with a ditch, run-off road, intersection, winter season, wet roadway, and interstate decreased the probability of severe injuries in both single- and multi-occupant crashes, whereas rural area, road with downward grade, dark and unlit roadway, unemployed driver, and driver with invalid license increased the likelihood of severe injuries for both single- and multi-occupant crashes. Female drivers were more likely to be severely injured in single-occupant crashes, but less likely in multi-occupant crashes. A significant association was found between severe injuries and weekends, residential areas, and crash location close (<25 mi ≈40.23 km) to the residence of the at-fault driver in multi-occupant crashes. Sport utility vehicles were found to be safer when driving with passengers. Conclusions: The model findings show that, although many correlates are consistent between the single- and multi-occupant SV crashes that are associated with locational, roadway, vehicle, temporal, and driver characteristics, their effect can vary across the single- and multi-occupant driving population. The findings from this study can help in targeting interventions, developing countermeasures, and educating passengers to reduce drunk-driving crashes and consequent injuries. Such integrated efforts combined with engineering and emergency response may contribute in developing a true safe systems approach.

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Intini, Paolo, Nicola Berloco, Pasquale Colonna, Sofie Ottersland Granås y Eirin Olaussen Ryeng. "Influence of Road Geometric Design Consistency on Familiar and Unfamiliar Drivers’ Performances: Crash-Based Analysis". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, n.º 10 (23 de mayo de 2019): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119851446.

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Drivers’ road familiarity is a safety-related factor. Familiar drivers may be prone to inattention and more dangerous behavior, whereas unfamiliar drivers may be affected by demanding and unexpected road environments. Previous research adequately described the role of familiarity in driving behavior and road safety performances. However, the relationships between drivers’ unfamiliarity and safety issues of road design elements are still largely unexplored and there is a lack of dedicated experimental studies. In this work, a database including run-off-road single-vehicle accidents at Norwegian rural two-lane road curves was investigated. Information about familiarity was derived from the distance from the residence of drivers involved in crashes. Road geometric variables were collected on the segment before the accident site, to provide indicators of design consistency of the previous road section. Thereafter, logistic regression was used to find relationships between predictor variables related to the geometric road design consistency and familiarity (the dependent variable). As a result of the analysis, familiarity was confirmed as a factor associated to possible dangerous behavior such as speeding in demanding road environments. However, crashes involving unfamiliar drivers are associated to unexpected curve parameters (radius and length) and the combination of horizontal and vertical curvature. Thus, as well as familiarity, drivers’ unfamiliarity may be considered as an accident factor. Moreover, some possibly useful consequences for road design are suggested for practitioners. They specifically concern provisions about radii of subsequent curves and coordination between radii of horizontal and vertical curves.

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40

Agyemang, William, Emmanuel Kofi Adanu y Steven Jones. "Understanding the Factors That Are Associated with Motorcycle Crash Severity in Rural and Urban Areas of Ghana". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (22 de diciembre de 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6336517.

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Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana has witnessed an increase in the use of motorcycles for both commercial transport and private transport of people and goods. The rapid rise in commercial motorcycle activities has been attributed to the problem of urban traffic congestion and the general lack of reliable and affordable public transport in rural areas. This study investigates and compares factors that are associated with motorcycle crash injury outcomes in rural and urban areas of Ghana. This comparison is particularly important because the commercial use of motorcycles and their rapid growth in urban areas are a new phenomenon, in contrast to rural areas where people have long relied on motorcycles for their transportation needs. Preliminary analysis of the crash data revealed that more of the rural area crashes occurred under dark and unlit roadway conditions, while urban areas recorded more intersection-related crashes. Additionally, it was found that more pedestrian collisions happened in urban areas, while head-on collisions happened more in rural areas. The model estimation results show that collisions with a pedestrian, run-off-road, and collisions that occur under dark and unlit roadway conditions were more likely to result in fatal injury. Findings from this study are expected to help in crafting and targeting appropriate countermeasures to effectively reduce the occurrence and severity of motorcycle crashes throughout the country and, indeed, sub-Saharan Africa.

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41

Tsai, Yichang (James), Yi-Ching Wu, Cibi Pranav P. S. y Chengbo Ai. "Identification of Site Characteristics for Proactive High-Friction Surface Treatment Site Selection using Sensor-Based, Detailed, Location-Referenced Curve Characteristics Data". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 38 (21 de junio de 2018): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118780709.

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The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) has developed a proactive high-friction surface treatment (HFST) program for curve sites prone to run-off-road (ROR) crashes. Using crash data and a single-criterion, ball bank indicator (BBI) value, GDOT seeks to maximize the return on its HFST investment. GDOT has partnered with Georgia Tech to identify additional factors for its HFST site-selection (HFST-SS) decision-making process by leveraging high-resolution, full-coverage sensor data (e.g., GPS and LiDAR). This paper proposes a methodology to identify site characteristics that can be used in GDOT’s HFST-SS process by leveraging the sensor data and automatically extracting roadway curve features as follows: (a) roadway data collection using state-of-the-art sensing technologies, (b) automatic extraction of detailed site characteristics data and curve information, (c) curved-based roadway segmentation using the extracted curve information; (d) spatial integration of curve-site characteristics data (CSCD); (e) analysis of CSCD and ROR crashes to identify additional factors for HFST site selection. A case study using CSCD extracted from Georgia State Route 2 demonstrates the proposed methodology. Results show that on sharp curves having comparable site characteristics, vertical grades greater than 3% play an important role in ROR crashes. Therefore, a vertical grade greater than 3% could be considered as an additional HFST-SS factor along with the current BBI criterion.

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42

Sicking, Dean L., John R. Rohde y John D. Reid. "Development of Trailer Attenuating Cushion for Variable Message Signs and Arrow Boards". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1851, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1851-07.

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In 1993, FHWA adopted a policy that requires all roadside features placed within the clear zone to be evaluated according to the guidelines contained in NCHRP Report 350. Variable message sign trailers and arrow board trailers have never been tested under these safety evaluation guidelines. A full-scale crash test and a review of work zone accident studies clearly indicate that these trailers are a serious roadside hazard and they are struck in approximately 15% of all work zone intrusion accidents. An attenuating cushion that safely treats the full range of these trailers was developed. Two full-scale crash tests of the trailer attenuating cushion were conducted to verify that the new designs meet NCHRP Report 350 guidelines. The new safety treatments are believed to be relatively inexpensive to build and easy to deploy. The new systems should reduce the severity of many run-off-road crashes without a major increase in the cost of using variable message signs and arrow boards.

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43

Jin, Wenqiang, Srinivasan Murali, Youngtak Cho, Huadi Zhu, Tianhao Li, Rachael Thompson Panik, Anika Rimu et al. "CycleGuard". Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494992.

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Every year 41,000 cyclists die in road traffic-related incidents worldwide [47]. One of the most startling and infuriating conflicts that cyclists experience is the so-called "right hook". It refers to a vehicle striking a cyclist heading in the same direction by turning right into the cyclist. To prevent such a crash, this work presents CycleGuard, an acoustic-based collision detection system using smartphones. It is composed of a cheap commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) portable speaker that emits imperceptible high-frequency acoustic signals and a smartphone for reflected signal reception and analysis. Since received acoustic signals bear rich information of their reflecting objects, CycleGuard applies advanced acoustic ranging techniques to extract those information for traffic analysis. Cyclists are alerted if any pending right hook crashes are detected. Real-time alerts ensure that cyclists have sufficient time to react, apply brakes, and eventually avoid the hazard. To validate the efficacy of CycleGuard, we implement a proof-of-concept prototype and carry out extensive in-field experiments under a broad spectrum of settings. Results show that CycleGuard achieves up to 95% accuracy in preventing right hook crashes and is robust to various scenarios. It is also energy-friendly to run on battery-powered smartphones.

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44

Carrigan, Christine E. y Malcolm H. Ray. "Proposed Horizontal Curve and Vertical Grade Encroachment Adjustment Factors". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2521, n.º 1 (enero de 2015): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2521-10.

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The probability of a vehicle encroaching onto the roadside is influenced by several geometric characteristics of the roadway. The horizontal curvature and vertical grade encroachment adjustment factors (EAFs) used in the third version of the Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAPv3) were adopted from adjustment factors introduced in 2003 in NCHRP Report 492 during the original development of RSAP. These adjustments were developed by interpreting earlier work on curves and grades. Given the weaknesses and limitations of the earlier study, it was suggested that a larger-scale study with larger sample size and more representative crash severities would be appropriate. This paper describes the development of new horizontal curve and vertical grade EAFs for rural areas. EAFs were developed from a cross-sectional model of crash data that controlled for geometric influences, traffic volumes, segment length, and highway type. The proposed EAFs are not identical to the current factors, which is not surprising, because the earlier study reviewed only 300 fatal crashes with fixed objects in 1975. This study reviewed the full range of crash severities and a range of run-off-road crash types and was conducted on much more recent crash data (2002–2010). Promisingly, however, EAFs are of the same order of magnitude and are broadly consistent with the earlier study.

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45

Padget, Eric D., Keith K. Knapp y Gary B. Thomas. "Investigation of Winter-Weather Speed Variability in Sport Utility Vehicles, Pickup Trucks, and Passenger Cars". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1779, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1779-16.

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The different characteristics of sport utility vehicles (SUVs), pickup trucks, and passenger cars put the smaller vehicle at a disadvantage in a crash. A larger difference in the speed of two vehicles can also increase crash severity, and increases in speed variability on a roadway can decrease overall safety. Research investigated whether drivers of SUVs, pickup trucks, and passenger cars choose different vehicle speeds during winter weather. Vehicle speed, roadway condition, time of day, and vehicle type were recorded during normal and winter-weather conditions. The results indicated that winter-weather vehicle speeds for all three vehicle types were significantly less than normal and that during the day a large percentage of the speed reduction occurs after snow begins to accumulate in the gutter pans of the roadway. Vehicle speed variability also increases during winter-weather conditions. The average SUV speed was statistically higher than the average passenger car speed during the day for four of the five winter-weather roadway surface conditions observed. The magnitude of the speed differences increased with roadway snowcover, but it was always less than 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph). The winter-weather speed differences between passenger cars and SUVs, although small, may have safety implications. The safety of winter-weather roadways may be lower than before the increase in SUV use, more-severe winter-weather crashes may occur between passenger cars and SUVs, more SUV run-off-the-road crashes might occur, and the safety benefits of larger vehicle characteristics may be smaller than believed.

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46

Russo, Francesca, Roberta Di Pace, Gianluca Dell’Acqua y Stefano de Luca. "Estimating an Injury Crash Rate Prediction Model based on severity levels evaluation: the case study of single-vehicle run-off-road crashes on rural context". Transportation Research Procedia 27 (2017): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.159.

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47

Moeur, Richard C. "Analysis of Gap Patterns in Longitudinal Rumble Strips to Accommodate Bicycle Travel". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1705, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1705-14.

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Rumble strips can offer significant reductions in run-off-road crashes on rural highways. Newer ground-in rumble strip designs can be installed on a wider variety of shoulders, but these new designs have a much greater negative effect on bicycle traffic than did previous designs. The feasibility of placing gaps in a rumble strip pattern to permit bicycle traffic to cross the rumble strip area without striking the rumble strip pattern itself was investigated. A recommended minimum length for these gaps to accommodate bicyclists of varying abilities at speeds representative of downhill conditions was also determined. On the basis of experimental information collected, the researchers recommend that rumble strips on noncontrolled-access highways include periodic gaps of 3.7 m (12 ft) in length, and that these gaps be placed at periodic intervals at a recommended spacing of 12.2 m (40 ft) or 18.3 m (60 ft).

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48

Chu Tien, Dung. "Exploring factors associated with red-light running: a case study of Hanoi city". Transport and Communications Science Journal 72, n.º 7 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 800–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.7.3.

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Red-light running (RLR) is the most significant factor involved in traffic crashes and injuries at signalized intersections. In Vietnam, little knowledge of factors affecting RLR has been found. This paper applied an ordered probit model to investigate factors associated with RLR using questionnaire data collected in Hanoi. Generally, this paper found that males and motorcyclists have a higher likelihood of RLR than females and car drivers. In addition, the younger and lower-income road users and the ones who are businessmen and who have a commuting trip in off-peak hours are more likely to run the red light. By contrast, the road users who go to school and the people who understand traffic law are less likely to violate the red light. In the future, it is necessary to collect data in different cities to generalize the results. In addition, may need to apply a more powerful method such as the latent class model, which can discover hidden facts among respondents. In the new model, other factors such as weather, waiting time, and countdown signal will be considered to investigate their effects on RLR.

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Pike, Adam M. y Bryan T. Wilson. "Evaluation of Audible Lane Departure Warning Treatments on Seal Coats". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, n.º 10 (4 de junio de 2019): 826–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119850458.

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To help reduce single vehicle run-off-road and two-lane two-way crossover crashes, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), United States, has implemented various audible lane departure warning systems on seal coat road surfaces. This 20-month research project explored the effectiveness of these treatments using interior noise and vibration performance metrics and provided recommendations on implementation of these types of treatments. The researchers conducted performance evaluations at 24 unique field sites that had 51 treatments, and at a test deck that had 12 different variations of audible markings. The field sites consisted of varying designs and spacing of audible markings, varying spacing of rumble bars, and milled rumble strips. Researchers found that treatment effectiveness varies with vehicle type and vehicle speed. Traveling at higher speeds and in a vehicle with a stiffer suspension results in higher noise and vibration levels. The specific treatment design also impacts the performance. Treatments with closer spacing, longer bumps, and higher profiles produced higher noise and vibration levels. Certain alternative treatments were able to produce noise and vibration levels that approached levels of typical milled rumble strips. In areas where milled rumble strips cannot be used, these alternative treatments are viable options.

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50

Al-Bdairi, Nabeel Saleem Saad y Salvador Hernandez. "Comparison of contributing factors for injury severity of large truck drivers in run-off-road crashes on rural and urban roadways: Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity". International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 9, n.º 2 (junio de 2020): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2020.01.004.

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