Artículos de revistas: "Ruminants Feeding and feeds Evaluation"

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Sun, Xuezhao, David Pacheco, Grant Taylor, Peter H. Janssen y Natasha M. Swainson. "Evaluation of Feed Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectra as Predictors of Methane Emissions from Ruminants". Animals 12, n.º 18 (19 de septiembre de 2022): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182478.

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Feed chemical composition is associated with methane (CH4) formation in the rumen, and thus CH4 yields (Ym; CH4 emitted from per unit of dry matter intake) could be predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) of feeds fed to ruminants. Two databases of NIRS data were compiled from feeds used in experiments in which CH4 yields had been quantified in respiration chambers. Each record in the databases represented a batch of feed offered to a group of experimental animals and the mean CH4 yield for the group. A near-infrared reflectance spectrum was obtained from each feed, and these spectra were used to generate a predictive equation for Ym. The predictive model generated from brassica crops and pasture fed at a similar feeding level (n = 40 records) explained 53% of the variation in Ym and had a reasonably good agreement (concordance correlation coefficient of 0.77). The predictive ability of the NIRS calibration could be useful for screening purposes, particularly for predicting the potential Ym of multiple feeds or feed samples, rather than measuring Ym in animal experiments at high expenses. It is recommended that the databases for NIRS calibrations are expanded by collecting feed information from future experiments in which methane emissions are measured, using alternative algorithms and combining other techniques, such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

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Marcos, Carlos N., Trinidad de Evan, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, Margarita Novoa-Garrido, Martin Riis Weisbjerg y María Dolores Carro. "Preserving Saccharina latissima and Porphyra umbilicalis in Multinutrient Blocks: An In Vitro Evaluation". Agriculture 13, n.º 2 (21 de enero de 2023): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020263.

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Seaweeds could be alternative feedstuffs for ruminants, but their utilization in practical feeding is difficult because they deteriorate rapidly. We investigated the possibility of preserving Saccharina latissima and Porphyra umbilicalis in multinutrient blocks (MB), which is a cost-effective preservation method for high-moisture feeds. Three different MB were prepared: without seaweed (control; CMB), with 25% of fresh S. latissima (SLMB), and with 36% of fresh P. umbilicalis (PUMB). Both seaweeds and MB were fermented in vitro with ruminal fluid from sheep. The nitrogen and fiber content of P. umbilicalis was 4- and 4.5-fold greater, respectively, than in S. latissima, but P. umbilicalis produced less gas than S. latissima. Both CMB and PUMB had similar in vitro dry matter degradability (65.8 and 65.1%, respectively), but SLMB had lower values (p < 0.05; 58.2%). There were no differences among MB in methane and total VFA production, but the VFA pattern was shifted to acetate in SLMB and to butyrate in PUMB. The results indicate that multinutrient blocks could be a feasible option to preserve and store seaweeds for ruminant feeding without compromising ruminal fermentation, but in vivo studies are needed to assess the effects on intake and animal performance.

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Wang, Lin, Miao Lin, Yuwei Yang, Dalin Liu y Guoqi Zhao. "PSVII-13 Evaluation of Ginkgo Leaf as a Feed for Ruminants by Using in Vitro gas Production Technique". Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.704.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the fermentation characteristics of ginkgo leaf compared with traditional feeds, rice straw, alfalfa and soybean meal, by using in vitro gas production technique. Three ruminal cannulated Chinese Holstein dairy cows were fed a total mixed ration. Rumen fluid was collected via from a ruminal cannula before feeding and then filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. Samples (220 mg air-dried) of rice straw, alfalfa, soybean meal and ginkgo leaf were placed in each glass bottle (150 mL), and 30 mL mixed solution with rumen fluid and a buffer solution (1:2 v/v). Three replicates of each sample were incubated in shaking bath at 39 °C for 48 h. The gas production was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The gas production data were fitted to the non-linear model Y = A + B (1 – e-CT). The results demonstrated that the ginkgo leaf had significantly greater in vitro gas production compared with the other feeds at each observation time. The amount of gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (A) of the four test feeds were all positive. The gas production from the insoluble fraction (B) of alfalfa was least at 43.82 mL and ginkgo leaf showed significantly greater B values than alfalfa. The gas production rate (C) was significantly greater for ginkgo leaf than those C values for rice straw and soybean meal. The in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) of ginkgo leaf were 99.6 and 98.7, respectively, which were significantly greater than those of soybean meal. The total volatile fatty acid production of ginkgo leaf was significantly greater than that of rice straw, and the ammonia concentration of ginkgo leaf decreased significantly. It indicated that ginkgo leaf could be used as a protein source feed for ruminants.

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Yanuartono, Yanuartono, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Alfarisa Nururrozi, Hary Purnamaningsih y Slamet Raharjo. "Urea Molasses Multinutrien Blok Sebagai Pakan Tambahan pada Ternak Ruminansia (UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT TO CATTLE)". Jurnal Veteriner 20, n.º 3 (27 de noviembre de 2019): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.445.

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The poor quality crop residues constitute the bulk of dry matter consumed by the ruminants. Like in most developing countries, including in Indonesia, feed shortage is the main constraint to their productivity. During the hot and dry seasons, the available feed resources are not enough in energy and digestion proteins, which are insufficient to maintenance requirements and reducing productivity throughout the year. The use of conventional feedstuffs such as rice brand, pollard, soybean cake, and groundnut cake to enhance production has become inappropriate. These supplements are in short supply owing to increasing demand from agricultural and industrial users. Their exorbitant prices and erratic supply made them too expensive for small-scale farmers to incorporate them into ruminant feeding. Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) is a convenient and inexpensive method of providing a range of nutrients to ruminants. Giving UMMB can improve low-quality feed digestion so in general can improve the performance of livestock such as milk production, weight, BCS and reproductive status. This article aims to evaluation the benefits of a UMMB for feed ruminants.

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Torres-Fajardo, Rafael Arturo, Pedro Geraldo González-Pech, Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta y Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro. "Nutraceutical Potential of the Low Deciduous Forest to Improve Small Ruminant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review". Agronomy 11, n.º 7 (13 de julio de 2021): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071403.

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Nutraceuticals are defined as livestock feeds that combine their nutritional value with their beneficial effects on animal health. We analyzed the outcomes from nearly 20 years of research assessing the nutraceutical properties of plants consumed by sheep and goats in low deciduous forests. A systematic review of different databases suggested 31 peer-reviewed manuscripts according to pre-established criteria. Amongst these, 16 manuscripts described in vitro evaluations investigating the bioactivity of plant secondary compounds in the extracts of 12 plant species. Most of these studies used the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus as the parasite model. Meanwhile, 11 manuscripts reported in vivo trials under controlled pen conditions, evaluating the relationships between the intake of leaves from different plant species and their secondary compounds and animal nutrition, performance, and gastrointestinal nematode infections. Additionally, four manuscripts described studies under natural feeding conditions. Altogether, the studies showed the inherent complexity of the relationship between small ruminants, plants, nutrients, secondary compounds, and gastrointestinal nematodes in natural feeding systems. Several plant species can be considered good candidates for nutraceutical use. Our findings warrant future work to understand the relationship between plants, ruminants, and their parasites, with the aim to improve the sustainability of production systems based on the native vegetation of tropical forests.

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Tolkamp, B. J. y J. J. M. H. Ketelaars. "The effect of ad lib feeding on the efficiency of energy utilization in growing and lactating cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (marzo de 1993): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023825.

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Recently, we have proposed a new theory of feed intake regulation in ruminants (Ketelaars and Tolkamp, 1992a,b; Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992). This theory attributes great significance to the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for feed intake regulation. In brief, we assume that feed intake behaviour of ruminants aims at maximizing the ratio of net energy intake (representing the benefits of feeding) relative to oxygen consumption (representing the metabolic costs of feeding). Starting from this assumption, we have shown that knowledge of the efficiency of ME utilization obtained under conditions of restricted feeding can be used successfully to predict voluntary intake (Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992).If, indeed, voluntary feed intake and the efficiency of ME utilization are so intimately related, the question comes up what the effect of ad lib feeding is on the overall efficiency of ME utilization (total net energy intake, NEI, as a fraction of ME intake, MEI). This paper investigates this question by means of model calculations for growing and lactating cattle according to the UK energy evaluation system.

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7

Leng, RA. "Quantitative ruminant nutrition — a green science". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, n.º 3 (1993): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930363.

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Knowledge of quantitative digestion and metabolism in ruminants was developed most rapidly when isotope dilution techniques became easy to apply, facilitated by improved instrumentation and mathematical approaches. The Armidale group led by Professor E. F. Annison and Dr D. B. Lindsay were at the forefront of these developments in the late 1950's. Since then knowledge in this area has developed at an ever increasing rate. The data that accumulated from the quantitative approach led to simple or complex models of animal digestion, metabolism and growth. These in turn led to much questioning of the dogma of feed evaluation and feeding standards as they applied in practice, especially for ruminants fed on poor quality forages. The knowledge that developed has clearly shown that the way toward substantial increases in productivity of ruminants on forage based diets is through the balanced nutrient approach that considers the efficiency of the rumen ecosystem and the availability of dietary nutrients post-ruminally. With increasing emphasis on quality-beef markets at the present time, it seems likely that the time is ripe for application of much of this knowledge. The major breakthroughs have come about by recognition of the nutrients required to balance a ruminant's diet where the animal depends on the end-products of rumen fermentation (i.e. on a forage-based diet). When this is achieved, the increase in efficiency of use of nutrients lifts the overall nutrition of the animal to a level that is well above that predicted from feeding standards, based on the metabolizable energy content of the supplement or the total diet. This understanding, together with the stoichiometry of rumen fermentation, has indicated an important approach to help ameliorate the greenhouse effect, that is, lowering of enteric methane production per unit of feed intake or per unit of animal products from ruminants by strategic supplementation.

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Pramita, Melyndra Sonya y Hendrawan Soetanto. "The potential of frozen rumen fluid for ruminant feed evaluation using in vitro gas production technique". E3S Web of Conferences 335 (2022): 00053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233500053.

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The aim of this study was to determine the potential of frozen rumen fluid (RF) for ruminant feed evaluation using in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. This study used a factorial randomized block design with a 3 × 3 × 3 pattern, consisting three feeding regimes varying in forage to concentrate proportion, namely 20%:80% (feed A), 40%:60% (feed B), and 60%:40% (feed C), respectively; three storage time (2, 11, and 19 days); and RF from 3 breeds of indigenous cattle, namely Bali, crossbred Ongole and Madura cattle as groups. The results showed that the effects of feeding regimes, inoculum source, or storage time on total gas production, potential of gas production, rate of gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability. Based on the results, it can be concluded that frozen RF may be used as inoculum source for feed evaluation using the IVGP technique and hence it supports the previous findings reported in the literature. Considering that the effects of different feeds, inoculum sources, and storage times gave the specific values, it is advisable that to use RF from slaughtered animals should be taken from the same breed to allow accurate comparison for feed evaluation using IVGP technique.

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Cone, J. W. y A. H. van Gelder. "Estimation of efficiency of microbial growth in rumen fluid with the gas production technique". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001940.

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In the Dutch feed evaluation system for ruminants, it is assumed that each 1000 g of rumen fermented organic matter (FOM) produces 150 g of microbial protein. However, this is a simplification of the real in vivo processes. Demeyer and Van Nevel (1986) concluded that the efficiency of microbial growth depends on several factors, such as chemical and physical properties and intake. They concluded that feeding low quality roughage would show lowest efficiency and feeding highly degradable starch would show highest efficiency. We investigated the possibilities to estimate differences in efficiency of microbial growth in rumen fluid with the gas production technique.

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Tahir, M. N., Z. Khan, S. Ahmad, M. Z. Ihsan, M. H. Lashari y M. A. Khan. "In situ dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fibre degradation kinetics of Cholistan Desert grasses". South African Journal of Animal Science 50, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i2.17.

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Global climate change is evident and poses serious threats to the sustainability of traditional rangeland livestock production systems. This study tested the feeding potential of perennial grasses of Cholistan Desert for various species of ruminants at different physiological stages. Eight common and nutritionally important grass species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Stipagrostis plumose, Panicum antidotale, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cenchrus pennisitiformis, Lasiurus scindicus, Ochthochloa compressa and Vetiveria zizanioides) were investigated for in situ degradation parameters according to Nordic feed evaluation system (NorFor) standards. The collected, dried and milled grass samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours to determine dry matter and crude protein biodegradation and additionally for 96 and 168 hours for neutral detergent fibre degradation in the rumens of lactating Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistan Desert cows and heifers (two from each species and from each physiological stage). All of these grass species influenced the dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre degradation fractions significantly. The overall effective degradability of dry matter for asymptotic extent of degradation did not differ. However, the potentially degradable but insoluble fraction and rate of degradation were influenced significantly by the species of the animals. All the proximate parametric characteristics of perennial desert grasses were within the nutrient range for typical ruminant diets except for crude protein. It was concluded that rumen availability of grasses was highly influenced by grass species. However, these grasses are equally nutritionally important for various species of ruminants for example buffalo versus cattle at different physiological stages and heifers versus lactating animals.Keywords: buffalo, Cenchrus ciliaris, desert cows, desert forage, feeding value

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Addass, P., H. Nyako, D. Agga y I. Mohammed. "Nutrients evaluation of some common feed resources for cost effective feeding of ruminants in Mubi, Nigeria". Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2011.2.1.15.18.

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Sallam, Sobhy Mohamed Abdallah, Ives Claudio da Silva Bueno, Patricia Barboza Godoy, Eduardo Fernando Nozella, Adibe Luiz Abdalla y Dorrina Miriam Silber Schmidt Vitti. "Evaluation of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) by-product using the semi-automatic In vitro gas production technique". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (abril de 2007): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021116.

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The major constraint limiting the development of livestock production in many developing countries is inadequacy of animal feed; although there are a wide range of valuable by-products and residues eligible to complement it. To estimate whether a material is appropriate for animal feeding, in vitro gas production (GP) technique have been used to evaluate the potential of different classes of feedstuffs to supply nutrients to ruminants. Thus, the fermentation characteristics of artichoke by-product (Cynara scolymus), alfalfa and Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp) hay were evaluated by in vitro GP technique.

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Rouzbehan, Y., Y. Chashnidel y A. Nik-khah. "Development of feedingstuffs evaluation systems in iran". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200591509.

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In order to increase the animal production such as meat, milk and wool, it is vital to relate information on the nutritional characteristics of feed available with the requirements for nutrients according to the purpose and rate of productivity of the animals in question. In the industrialised countries, this information has been incorporated in tables of “Feeding Standards” which interpret chemical analyses of feed resources in terms of their capacity to supply the energy, protein, vitamins and minerals required for the particular productive purpose. However, in Iran,due to the lack of such tables, researchers have had no alternative but to use the mentioned “Feeding Standards” tables for their research work. This had led to little improvement in animal production in Iran since the tables mentioned have been made to meet the Industrialised countries conditions such as resources and environment. Additionally, in Iran where low-quality roughages are the main component of the ruminants diet, it is essential that feed evaluation systems are developed to take this into account. An example of this, although urea/ammonia treatment has been adopted in some areas, there is no up-to-dated methods to investigate by how much nutritive value is increased. Therefore, the nutritive value of some selected Iranian feedstuffs, barley grain (BG), alfalfa (AA), wheat straw (WS), ammoniated wheat straw (TWS) was assessed by chemical analysis, digestion and degradation studies.

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Rouzbehan, Y., Y. Chashnidel y A. Nik-khah. "Development of feedingstuffs evaluation systems in iran". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029214.

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In order to increase the animal production such as meat, milk and wool, it is vital to relate information on the nutritional characteristics of feed available with the requirements for nutrients according to the purpose and rate of productivity of the animals in question. In the industrialised countries, this information has been incorporated in tables of “Feeding Standards” which interpret chemical analyses of feed resources in terms of their capacity to supply the energy, protein, vitamins and minerals required for the particular productive purpose. However, in Iran,due to the lack of such tables, researchers have had no alternative but to use the mentioned “Feeding Standards” tables for their research work. This had led to little improvement in animal production in Iran since the tables mentioned have been made to meet the Industrialised countries conditions such as resources and environment. Additionally, in Iran where low-quality roughages are the main component of the ruminants diet, it is essential that feed evaluation systems are developed to take this into account. An example of this, although urea/ammonia treatment has been adopted in some areas, there is no up-to-dated methods to investigate by how much nutritive value is increased. Therefore, the nutritive value of some selected Iranian feedstuffs, barley grain (BG), alfalfa (AA), wheat straw (WS), ammoniated wheat straw (TWS) was assessed by chemical analysis, digestion and degradation studies.

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Winders, Thomas, Eric Serum, David J. Smith, Bryan W. Neville, Kafi Mia, Samat Amat, Carl R. Dahlen y Kendall C. Swanson. "335 Evaluation of Hempseed Cake on Cattle Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Feeding Behavior in Finishing Diets". Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (8 de octubre de 2021): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.334.

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Abstract As cannabinoid production continues to increase, there is increasing interest in feeding byproducts of industrial hemp production to livestock. An experiment using crossbred heifers (n = 31; initial BW= 494 kg, SE = 10) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding hempseed cake in a corn-based finishing diet (10% forage) formulated to meet or exceed ruminally degradable and metabolizable protein requirements on growth, performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior. Heifers were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: 1.) diet containing 20% dried distillers grains plus solubles (CON, n = 16), or 2.) diet containing 20% hempseed cake (HEMP, n = 15) on a dry-matter basis. Cattle were housed in two pens, had ad-libitum access to feed and water, and individual intakes and feeding behavior were captured using the Insentec BV feeding system across the feeding period (111 d). Final BW was not different (P = 0.28) between CON (696 kg, SE = 12) and HEMP (683 kg, SE = 12) heifers. Dry matter intake was not different between treatments (P = 0.99), while CON cattle had improved ADG and feed efficiency (G:F; P ≤ 0.04) compared to HEMP cattle. Carcass characteristics were not different (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments for all parameters measured. Control and HEMP cattle were not different (P ≥ 0.34) for number of meals, time spent eating, number of visits to the bunk per day, meal size, or eating rate. Feeding hempseed cake reduced ADG and G:F while having no effect on other performance measures, carcass characteristics, or feeding behavior. Overall, these data suggest hempseed cake could be a viable alternative feed source for ruminants depending on availability and cost. Further understanding of hempseed cakes’ nutrient utilization is critical to determining this products viability as a feedstuff for cattle.

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Salama Rashid, Mohamed Rashid, Mohamed Ahmed Hanafy, Mervat Sayed Hassan Youssef, Harry Archimède, Sobhy Mohamed Abdallah Sallam, Yosra Ahmed Soltan y Wafaa Mostafa Ali Ghoneem. "Chemical and in vitro evaluation of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) Leaves as a Substitute of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with/without Rejected Green Banana Fruits (Musa paradisiaca)". World's Veterinary Journal 11, n.º 4 (25 de diciembre de 2021): 685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj86.

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Leucaena leaves and rejected green banana fruits can be promising to cope with feed gaps in arid and semi-arid Mediterranean regions. The present study evaluated the feeding value and secondary active compounds of Leucaena leaves and rejected green banana fruits for ruminants using a semi-automated gas production (GP) system. Comparisons were made with the traditional feeds as alfalfa, and Dichanthium spp. grass hay. Analysis of HPLC was performed for the feed ingredients to characterize the main phenolic components. The in vitro evaluation was carried out for the experimental feed ingredients and diets. Four diets were formulated as the first diet consisted of alfalfa and grass hay at a ratio of 35:65 (AG), the second diet composed of alfalfa, grass hay, and green banana fruits at a ratio of 35:55:10 (AGB), third and fourth diets were prepared by replacing alfalfa in AG and AGB with Leucaena leaves to be LG and LGB, respectively. Leucaena leaves showed a high content of valuable phenolic components that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, and naringenin. Moreover, Leucaena leaves and diet had higher crude protein, total phenols, and total tannins than alfalfa, which was reflected on the chemical composition of diets, and recorded the lowest total accumulative GP at 24 hours leading to low CH4 and CO2 production. Banana fruits recorded the lowest ruminal pH, ammonia concentration, and degraded neutral detergent fiber, compared to other feed ingredients, while it had the highest GP and degraded organic matter. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use Leucaena leaves in animals’ diets with/without rejected green banana fruits as an alternative feed resource with potential environmental and animal health benefits.

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Teixeira, Daniel Augusto Alves, Kátia Aparecida De Pinho Costa, Mariana Borges de Castro Dias, Kátia Cylene Guimarães, Patrícia Soares Epifanio y Patrick Bezerra Fernandes. "Protein and carbohydrate fractionation of silages made from maize, Urochloa species and their mixtures". Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 10, n.º 2 (31 de mayo de 2022): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(10)134-142.

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New feed assessment systems and methodologies for ruminants are being used with the aim of maximizing the use of nutrients by animals. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) considers the dynamics of ruminal fermentation and the potential loss of nitrogen in feed evaluation. We used this system to evaluate the protein and carbohydrate fractionation of silages made from maize and Urochloa species alone and in combination (70:30). The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized experimental design with 4 replications. Treatments comprised silages made from the following forages: maize (Zea mays); Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis); Xaraes palisadegrass (U. brizantha 'Xaraés'); Paiaguas palisadegrass (U. brizantha 'BRS Paiaguás'); 70% maize + 30% Congo grass; 70% maize + 30% Xaraes palisadegrass; and 70% maize + 30% Paiaguas palisadegrass. The results showed that despite the Urochloa exclusive silages having higher crude protein concentration than maize and mixed silages, they have a higher proportion of unavailable fractions with slow degradation rates, which can compromise animal performance. The maize silage and mixed silages had higher percentages of protein and carbohydrates with high degradation potential than Urochloa exclusive silages. Therefore, mixed silages represent one more alternative to provide forage with good nutritional value for ruminant feeding in times of feed shortage. Mixing grass and maize at ensiling would increase the volume of silage produced relative to ensiling maize alone without any significant reduction in quality of the silage produced. However, further studies are needed to determine the appropriate combinations of maize and grass at ensiling to produce silage with the desired nutritional value for the particular application and class of animals being fed. Feeding studies with animals would verify production levels achieved with the various silages.

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Tedeschi, Luís Orlindo, Danny Gene Fox, Roberto Daniel Sainz, Luís Gustavo Barioni, Sérgio Raposo de Medeiros y Celso Boin. "Mathematical models in ruminant nutrition". Scientia Agricola 62, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000100015.

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Mathematical models can be used to improve performance, reduce cost of production, and reduce nutrient excretion by accounting for more of the variation in predicting requirements and feed utilization in each unique production situation. Mathematical models can be classified into five or more categories based on their nature and behavior. Determining the appropriate level of aggregation of equations is a major problem in formulating models. The most critical step is to describe the purpose of the model and then to determine the appropriate mix of empirical and mechanistic representations of physiological functions, given development and evaluation dataset availability, inputs typically available and the benefits versus the risks of use associated with increased sensitivity. We discussed five major feeding systems used around the world. They share common concepts of energy and nutrient requirement and supply by feeds, but differ in structure and application of the concepts. Animal models are used for a variety of purposes, including the simple description of observations, prediction of responses to management, and explanation of biological mechanisms. Depending upon the objectives, a number of different approaches may be used, including classical algebraic equations, predictive empirical relationships, and dynamic, mechanistic models. The latter offer the best opportunity to make full use of the growing body of knowledge regarding animal biology. Continuing development of these types of models and computer technology and software for their implementation holds great promise for improvements in the effectiveness with which fundamental knowledge of animal function can be applied to improve animal agriculture and reduce its impact on the environment.

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Rudenko, Yevhen y Victoria Kunets. "THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF FATTENING CATTLE IN HISTORICAL AND MODERN RETROSPECTION (according to the bibliography of Academician G. Bogdanov)". Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, n.º 124 (2020): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-124-156-169.

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An attempt is made to concentrate this research in the field of the scientific heritage of Academician UAAS G. Bogdanov, due to certain retrospective and prospective reasons. The main scientific research of Bogdanov O. devoted to the development of theoretical bases of animals’ feeding farms, technologies of feed production and use were carried out in the period connected with work at the Research Institute of Animal Husbandry of the Forest-Steppe and Polissya of the USSR (1956–1976, now the Institute of Animal Husbandry NAAS). Developing the theoretical and practical positions of the classics of domestic zootechnical science I.Belgovsky and P. Pshenichny, Academician G. Bogdanov together with the scientific school created by him laid the foundation for the domestic and made a significant contribution to the world science of farm animal feeding and technology production of high quality feed. The creative heritage of the scientist includes patterns of energy, protein, amino acid, mineral, vitamin nutrition of cattle, pigs, sheep; norms and technologies of full-fledged feeding of farm animals; theoretical bases of formation of meat productivity of cattle in ontogenesis and substantiation of breed technologies of intensive beef production in Ukraine. The result long period of work of the scientist and his colleagues was represented in 2012 of the conceptual work "Theory and practice of normalized feeding of cattle". Research in the physiology and biochemistry of ruminants has led to the creation of new concepts for the evaluation of feed protein and protein rationing for highly productive animals, which gave impetus to the development of innovative feed additives based on protected protein and starch. Given the topic of our article, the work of the scientist, dedicated to the feeding of highly productive cattle, is singled out and considered.

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Rotz, Alan. "348 Integration of Nutrition with Air and Water Environmental Concerns". Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (8 de octubre de 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.352.

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Abstract The dairy and beef cattle industries face a number of environmental challenges related to air and water quality as well as the use of limited resources such as water and fossil energy. Mitigation strategies are available and being developed to reduce environmental impacts, but economical solutions remain a challenge. Assessment of mitigation strategies requires a comprehensive evaluation to assure that benefits in one component are not offset by harm in another. Process-based modeling and life cycle assessment provide tools for conducting this type of integrated evaluation. The most cost-effective strategies often begin with animal feeding. The diet of the animal affects resource use and nutrient excretion where the amount and form of nitrogen and phosphorus excreted affect air and water emissions. National assessments of the U.S. beef and dairy industries indicate where mitigation is most needed. Although greenhouse gas emissions receive most of the concern today, water consumption is another important concern, particularly for producers in drier regions such as the western United States. Over 90% of the water consumed in beef and dairy production is used in irrigated feed-crop production. Therefore, animal diets that use byproduct or other feeds not related to irrigated production can provide large reductions in the water footprint of beef and dairy products. Another emerging concern is that of ammonia emission where beef and dairy cattle may contribute more than half of the national emission inventory. Efficient protein feeding is the most economical and effective step that can be taken to reduce this environmental impact. Simulation of mitigation strategies using production system models provides comprehensive evaluation and prioritization among available and possible options, giving direction toward more sustainable ruminant animal production systems.

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Dingwall, W. S., J. E. Vipond, H. E. Brown y E. A. Hunter. "Lamb performance on swedes supplemented with barley or soya bean meal". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (marzo de 1989): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010515.

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Supplementation of finishing lambs fed swedes in situ has been traditionally achieved with cereals or 14% CP compound feeds. Crowing of winter cereals has reduced the availability of protein-rich grass runbacks and on most farms where lambs are consuming mainly swede bulbs there is likely to be a daily deficit of RDP of around 16 g RDP/day (0.15 of total requirement). Recent MLURI work (Milne pers comm) indicates that the normal RDP:ME ratio of ruminant diets of 7.8:1 may be inadequate in the unusual conditions of high rumen turnover rates and rapid fermentation associated with root feeding. Rowett feed evaluation work indicates higher ME values for swedes than previous estimates increasing energy:protein imbalance.This trial had two objectives; to study response to supplementation of swedes with soya bean meal compared to barley and to study whether holding lambs for 3 months inside on a straw based diet prior to finishing was an effective alternative to holding lambs on autumn grass outside. The potential advantages of this alternative are reduced competition for autumn grass between breeding ewes and finishing stock and better utilisation of sheep housing and arable by-products.

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22

Bielamowicz, Lauren P., Taylor J. Garcia, Nichole M. Cherry, James P. Muir y William B. Smith. "166 Moo-vie Snacks: Evaluation of waste popcorn as a feedstuff in comparison with known livestock feeds". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (julio de 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.124.

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Abstract While the use of by- or co-products can help offset the costs of feeding cattle, these feeds often increase in price with increased adoption. Therefore, discovery and characterization of novel feedstuffs could benefit the producer. Our objective was to evaluate the viability of waste popcorn (Zea mays L.) as a feedstuff in ruminant diets. This objective was addressed through a series of two experiments. In Exp. 1, storage stability of popcorn was evaluated. Popcorn was collected on consecutive weekdays in 2 wk from a local cinema. Samples (n = 10) were subdivided into 9 aliquots and subjected to storage, uncovered, for 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 35, 70, 105, and 140 d. Following the assigned storage time, samples were dried at 55°C to determine weight loss. Following open storage in a laboratory at approximately 24°C, popcorn gained (P < 0.05) between 2.6% (3 d) and 5.6% (105 d) of the original weight through moisture absorption. When dried, however, samples from any length of storage were within 1% of the original weight (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, a composite sample of popcorn was used in comparison with cracked and steam-flaked corn (Zea mays L.), popped milo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor], and rolled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Samples were dried at 55°C, ground to pass through a 2-mm screen, and subjected to a batch-culture in vitro assay for digestibility estimates. In vitro true digestibility of popcorn (77.8%) was less (P < 0.05) than estimates for cracked corn (94.8%), popped milo (93.6%), steam-flaked corn (92.6%), or rolled barley (90.3%). From these results, we may conclude that, while popcorn is not as digestible as other commercial energy sources, it may represent a viable option in the arsenal of feed formulation.

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23

Mpanza, Thamsanqa Doctor Empire, Abubeker Hassen y Abiodun Mayowa Akanmu. "Evaluation of Stylosanthes scabra Accessions as Forage Source for Ruminants: Growth Performance, Nutritive Value and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation". Animals 10, n.º 11 (22 de octubre de 2020): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111939.

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Feed shortage is the main cause of poor production performance in livestock under smallholder farmer’s in South Africa. Therefore, this study evaluated the growth performance, nutritive value and in vitro ruminal fermentation of Stylosanthes scabra accessions in climatic condition of Pretoria, South Africa as potential forage sources in order to improve feed quality and subsequently livestock production. Stylosanthes scabra accessions were planted in 6 m2 plots following a complete randomized block design with three replicates per accession. The plants were allowed to grow to full maturity after which forage was harvested and yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristic were determined. Forage yield of accessions ranged between 4.3 to 5.3 t ha−1 in dry matter (DM), and only twelve accessions were identified to be adaptable over the three-year evaluation under rain-fed. Accessions 140, 9281, 11,252, 11,595, 11,604 and 11,625 were consistent in terms of forage yield over the three years. Significant differences among accessions were observed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), IVOMD, metabolizable energy, metabolizable energy yield, gas production, total phenols, total hydrolysable tannins and total condensed tannins. Principal component and clustering analysis showed that accessions 11,255 and 11,625 are distinct in their characteristics as compared to the rest of the accessions, and both accessions are suitable forage source for animals since they contain low NDF with good forage production and crude protein content. However, there is a need for further study to integrate these accessions into the feeding systems in order to improve livestock production.

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24

Nogoy, Kim Margarette C., Jia Yu, Young Gyu Song, Shida Li, Jong-Wook Chung y Seong Ho Choi. "Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle". Animals 11, n.º 1 (24 de diciembre de 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010018.

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The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

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Rayzanov, Vitalii, Baer Nurzhanov, Albert Rysaev, Galimzhan Duskaev y Ivan S. Miroshnikov. "PSVIII-13 Evaluation of the effect of chlortetracycline on ruminal microbiome of ruminant against a background of plant extract". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 de noviembre de 2020): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.467.

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Abstract The limited use of antibiotics stimulates the search for alternatives or ways to reduce antibiotic resistance in order to prevent diseases and increase the productivity of ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Quercus cortex (QC) extract (0.5 ml/kg body weight) together with chlortetracycline (Ch) (20%, 10 g/head/day) on cattle ruminal microbiome against the background of control (C), extract of QC and Ch. They were added separately as a substrate to the diets of bulls with rumen fistula (dairy breed, 12-months, diet - 80% hay, 20% grain feed, within 20 days). Microflora was analyzed using highly efficient sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (Illumina). QC was prepared by purification, grinding (1–2 mm), extraction in a water bath (30 min, 70 ° C). The taxonomic composition of ruminal microbiocenosis in control animals was represented by Bacteria and Fungi domains — 82.1 and 17.9%; QC - 99.8 and 0.2% was not classified; Ch - 10.4 and 89.6%; QC + Ch - 95.2 and 4.8%. Feeding with QC + Ch led to a decrease in phylums Bacteroidetes (P ≤ 0.05), Firmicutes (P ≤ 0.05), Proteobacteria compared to C. An increase in bacteria of Bacteroidia class (by 42.9% (P ≤ 0.05)) due to the species Prevotella and a decrease in the class of Gammaproteobacteria (by 6.9%) were registered. The species composition was characterized by a decrease in bacteria of Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Escherichia, Fibrobacter genera. Ch group characterized by a decrease Fungi Ascomycota (P ≤ 0.05) and an increase in Chytridiomycota (P ≤ 0.05) and were not identified in QC and QC + Ch. Thus, this study highlights the potential use of plant extracts as an additional feed supplement, which can reduce the negative effects of chlortetracycline on the development of gram-positive bacteria and Fungi. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (16-16-10048).

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Afriani, Tinda, Jaswandi Jaswandi, Dwi Yuzaria y M. Ikhsan Rias. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Perbaikan Sistem Pemeliharaan Sapi di Nagari Ampang Pulai, Pesisir Selatan". Jurnal Warta Pengabdian Andalas 28, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jwa.28.1.24-29.2021.

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The cows are one of the ruminants that have the largest contribution as a producer of meat and for meeting the needs of animal protein. Some of the factors that can affect the lack of success of a cattle farm are the extensive rearing, limitation of cage’s fasilities, bad quality of sanitation, and lack of reproduction knowledge by farmers. The purpose of this service activity was to provide knowledge and skills of local farmers in terms of toward intensive farming, based on cowshed quality, sustainable of feed and roughage, and optimal reproduction of the cows. It hopes to increase the income of local farmers further. The activity was carried out by survey method as preparation step, counseling, training, coaching, and evaluation of program. The activity was attended by members of farmer group of Batu Kalang Indah and personnel of Nagari Ampang Pulai, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The community servant shared good practices system of cow’s farm including maintenance of cages, sanitation, feeding management and roughage’s fermentation, and reproduction skills. The partcipants showed enthusiasm learning during training and counseling about the livestock management. It is hoped that can provide proper information about cattle farming intensively that can be applied sustainably by targeted farmer’s group.

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Chen, X. B., A. T. Mejia, D. J. Kyle y E. R. Ørskov. "Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative: creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants: studies in sheep". Journal of Agricultural Science 125, n.º 1 (agosto de 1995): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007458x.

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SUMMARYIn ruminants, the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) reflects the absorption of microbial purines and can be used as an index of microbial protein supply. The objective of this study, carried out in Aberdeen, 1992, was to examine whether PD concentrations in spot urine or plasma samples vary diurnally during a given feeding regime and if they reflect differences in daily PD excretion induced by varying feed intake. Sixteen sheep were offered ad libitum one of four diets (fresh weight basis, the rest of each diet being minerals and vitamins): (1) 99·9% lucerne (pelleted); (2) 50% hay, 30% barley, 9% fishmeal and 10% molasses; (3) 72% straw, 7% molasses and 20% molassed sugarbeet pulp; and (4) 97% barley. Measurements were made for 1 week after a 2-week adaptation period. Urine was collected daily on days 1–4 and hourly on days 5–7. Hourly urine collection was achieved using a fraction collector. Plasma samples were collected hourly from 09·00 to 17·00 h on day 4. Feed intake varied considerably (347–1718 g DM/day) between diets and between animals. Daily excretion of PD (7·1–22·6 mmol/day) was linearly related to DM intake (r = 0·85, n = 16), and so was the microbial N supply (3·9–19·5 g N/day) estimated from daily PD excretion (r = 0·87). In hourly urine samples, the ratio of PD:creatinine concentrations showed no significant difference between sampling times, and was linearlycorrelated with the daily PD excretion (r = 0·92). Similarly, plasma PD concentration also showed little diurnal fluctuation. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased with feed intake. Plasma PD was not well correlated with daily PD excretion in urine (r = 0·57). The tubular load of PD (plasma PD × GFR) was better correlated with the daily excretion (r = 0·80). It appears that when sheep are fed ad libitum, PD in spot urine may provide a practical indicator of microbial protein supply status.

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García-Orozco, Edgar, Gabriela Leyva-Olvera, Hermilo Leal-Lara, Atmir Romero-Pérez, Luis Corona y Claudia Cecilia Márquez-Mota. "PSXII-25 Characterization and evaluation of the in vitro dry matter digestibility of corn stover spent used to produce edible fungi". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (diciembre de 2019): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.823.

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Abstract Corn stover (CS) is an agricultural byproduct available in many countries for animal feed. However, due to its high lignin (L) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content it has a low digestibility. The production of edible fungi, using CS-based substrate, is an option to improve CS digestibility, as fungi can break down the cross-links between cell wall components. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of fungal treated CS from 17 species of white rot fungi: Lentinula edodes (L5, L9, LC,L15), Hericium sp (Heri) and Pleurotus djamour (Pd-Pro, Pd-UTMR) Pleurotus eryngii (Pe-PQ, Pe-MB), Pleurotus ostreatus (Po-IE202, Po-IAP, Po-Psma, Po-P14, Po-POS, Po-JP, Po-P38, Po-Sfco) on crude protein (CP), L and NDF content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The composition of the substrate (C) was CS (80.55%), ground sorghum (5.98%) wheat bran (3.89%), corn gluten (4.89%), CaCO3 (3.89%) and CaSO4 (0.89%). The variables were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Means were compared with the Tukey procedure. A significant increase (P < 0.05) of CP from 10% (Po-P38) to 69% (LC) was observed, except for Pd-UTMR, Po-IAP, Po-Psma, Po-P38 and Po-Sfco that showed similar content to the C. There was a decrease (P < 0.05) in the NDF from 10% (Heri) to 34% (L15) in relation to the C. The L content did not decrease in comparison with the C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 13 treatments significantly increased (P < 0.05) IVDMD from 24% (Po-P14) to 42% (Pd-UTMR), except for Po-P38, Po-JP, LC and Heri in comparison with the C. In conclusion, the cultivation of white rot fungi, such as Pd-UTMR, Po-IAP, Po-Psma, LC, L9 and L15 using CS as substrate, improved CP content and increased IVDMD of CS, suggesting that which can be a good alternative for feeding ruminants.

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Bueno, Ives C. S., Roberta A. Brandi, Gisele M. Fagundes, Gabriela Benetel y James Pierre Muir. "The Role of Condensed Tannins in the In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Kinetics in Ruminant Species: Feeding Type Involved?" Animals 10, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040635.

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Animal feeding behavior and diet composition determine rumen fermentation responses and its microbial characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen fermentation kinetics of domestic ruminants feeding diets with or without condensed tannins (CT). Holstein dairy cows, Nelore beef cattle, Mediterranean water buffalo, Santa Inês sheep and Saanen goats were used as inoculum donors (three animals of each species). The substrates were maize silage (Zea mays), fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Acacia (Acacia molissima) extract was used as the external CT source. The in vitro semi-automated gas production technique was used to assess the fermentation kinetics. The experimental design was completely randomized with five inoculum sources (animal species), four substrates (feeds) and two treatments (with or without extract). The inclusion of CT caused more severe effects in grazing ruminants than selector ruminants.

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30

Madsen, J., T. Hvelplund y M. R. Weisbjerg. "Appropriate methods for the evaluation of tropical feeds for ruminants". Animal Feed Science and Technology 69, n.º 1-3 (noviembre de 1997): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)81622-7.

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31

Furtado, C. E., D. M. S. S. Vitti, I. C. S. Bueno, R. S. Dias, P. B. Godoy, S. L. S. Cabral Filho y A. L. Abdalla. "Gas production technique in the evaluation of horse feeds using equine faeces and rumen liquid as inoculum source 2. In vitro digestibility". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001022x.

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In vitro and in situ techniques for research on ruminants are currently much in focus. Since they have good correlations with in vivo data, they are feasible alternatives to predict the nutrition rates of feeds and may be applied in equine research on in vivo apparent digestibility. On the other hand, the disadvantage of these methods is due to the fact that fistulated animals are required to obtain the inoculum. Theodorou et al., (1994) developed an extremely promising gas production technique to assess feeds for ruminants, but still require rumen inoculum obtained from operated animals. Faecal microorganisms function similarly to those in the rumen and in the large intestine of equines. The objective this experiment was to compare rumen liquor and equine faeces as inoculum to determine in vitro digestibility of equine feeds.

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32

ZOIOPOULOS (Π. ΖΩΪΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), P. "The applications of biotechnology in animal feeding: A critical overview". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 55, n.º 2 (6 de diciembre de 2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15186.

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An effort is made in this article to present the applications of biotechnology as regards the improvement of nutritive value and the development of novel feeds as well as the production of various types of feed additives. With respect to raw materials, quality upgrading by bio technological means has been attempted through lignocellulose breakdown or protein enrichment. In addition, reference is made to bioproteins and feeds derived from transgenic plants, particularly those resistant to herbicides. In turn, reference is made to aminoacids as products of industrial fermentation. Furthermore, various feed additives, products of biotechnology, such as enzymes, antibiotics, probiotics, but also means for depression of methanogenesis in the forestomachs of ruminants, as well as silage agents, like inoculants and enzymes, are commented upon. In certain cases, reference is made to the issue of efficacy of biotechnology products when used in animal nutrition and the subject of feed safety. Finally, because of the need for licensing these products in order to be circulated, reference is made to the provisions of Community legislation governing the marketing of feeds. The article concludes with some thoughts on the future of the sector of application of biotechnology in the case of animal nutrition.

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33

Deaville, E. R. "The role of biotechnology in enhancing the digestion of forage cell walls by ruminants (jerry hughes scholarship)". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590693.

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The term biotechnology has been defined as the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacture and service industries (Anon, 1980) and is, therefore, more than the application of ‘genetic engineering’ techniques alone. The potential application of biotechnology to the agricultural livestock industry includes many wide ranging areas: animal health; breeding; livestock production; livestock nutrition and the nutritive value of feeds. The role of biotechnology in animal nutrition and feeding is of particular importance since feed costs account for a significant proportion of the total variable costs in any livestock production system (e.g. milk, meat). The potential implications of biotechnology in animal nutrition has been reviewed by Armstrong (1986) and includes references to the improvement of the nutritive value of feeds through, for example, genetic manipulation of feed sources (cereals), appropriate supplementation and the use of biological inoculants with or without enzymes as silage additives and to improvements in the ability of the animal to obtain nutrients from feeds through the addition of enzymes to feeds and modification of rumen microbes through genetic engineering.

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34

Deaville, E. R. "The role of biotechnology in enhancing the digestion of forage cell walls by ruminants (jerry hughes scholarship)". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028403.

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The term biotechnology has been defined as the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacture and service industries (Anon, 1980) and is, therefore, more than the application of ‘genetic engineering’ techniques alone. The potential application of biotechnology to the agricultural livestock industry includes many wide ranging areas: animal health; breeding; livestock production; livestock nutrition and the nutritive value of feeds. The role of biotechnology in animal nutrition and feeding is of particular importance since feed costs account for a significant proportion of the total variable costs in any livestock production system (e.g. milk, meat). The potential implications of biotechnology in animal nutrition has been reviewed by Armstrong (1986) and includes references to the improvement of the nutritive value of feeds through, for example, genetic manipulation of feed sources (cereals), appropriate supplementation and the use of biological inoculants with or without enzymes as silage additives and to improvements in the ability of the animal to obtain nutrients from feeds through the addition of enzymes to feeds and modification of rumen microbes through genetic engineering.

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35

ÜNLÜ, Hayrullah Bora, Figen KIRKPINAR y Mürsel OZDOGAN. "Nutritional evaluation of the agro-industrial by-products and waste fruits-vegetable for sustainable ruminant nutrition". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2022): 3657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25386.

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The growing consumption of ruminant animal products gives rise to a huge demand of animal feed in growing countries. By-product feeds, waste fruits-vegetables, and crop residues should be considered as a valuable alternative feed resource in ruminant nutrition. This waste can be reutilized and converted by ruminants to valuable products for human benefits as a new resource and in return to increase the effectiveness of limited feed sources. But, there are limited new information and research regarding the nutritive value of this waste for ruminants. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of some agro-industrial by-products, waste fruits-vegetable, and crop residue for ruminants specifically. Fourteen by-products, waste fruits-vegetable and crop residue were collected from the west part regions of Turkey. Nine by-product feeds (whole cottonseed, rice bran, soybean hull, apple pomade, citrus pulp, grape pomade, tomato pomade, grape stalk, rice hull), three waste fruits (dry grape, dry fig, carrot), one waste vegetable (potato) and also one crop residue (cornstalk) were analyzed for nutritional composition and metabolizable energy values were calculated by crude nutrients for ruminants. Further, energy, DMD, and OMD of these samples were investigated by using the cellulose enzyme method. All samples were analyzed the macro minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg) and the microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contents. In the research, all samples regarding the parameters in DM, ash, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NSC, NDF, ADF, starch, sugar, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, DMD, OMD, MECN, and MECEL were different (P<0.05). The study showed that the waste fruits, vegetable, and by-products have valuable sugar (grape, fig, and carrot), starch (potato, rice bran), NSC (citrus pulp), and oil (cottonseed) content that is the main compounds making them high energetic feeds for ruminants. Also, most of these research materials have enough or much more macro and micro mineral concentrations for ruminant nutrition.

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36

ÜNLÜ, Hayrullah Bora, Figen KIRKPINAR y Mürsel OZDOGAN. "Nutritional evaluation of the agro-industrial by-products and waste fruits-vegetable for sustainable ruminant nutrition". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2022): 3657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25386.

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The growing consumption of ruminant animal products gives rise to a huge demand of animal feed in growing countries. By-product feeds, waste fruits-vegetables, and crop residues should be considered as a valuable alternative feed resource in ruminant nutrition. This waste can be reutilized and converted by ruminants to valuable products for human benefits as a new resource and in return to increase the effectiveness of limited feed sources. But, there are limited new information and research regarding the nutritive value of this waste for ruminants. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of some agro-industrial by-products, waste fruits-vegetable, and crop residue for ruminants specifically. Fourteen by-products, waste fruits-vegetable and crop residue were collected from the west part regions of Turkey. Nine by-product feeds (whole cottonseed, rice bran, soybean hull, apple pomade, citrus pulp, grape pomade, tomato pomade, grape stalk, rice hull), three waste fruits (dry grape, dry fig, carrot), one waste vegetable (potato) and also one crop residue (cornstalk) were analyzed for nutritional composition and metabolizable energy values were calculated by crude nutrients for ruminants. Further, energy, DMD, and OMD of these samples were investigated by using the cellulose enzyme method. All samples were analyzed the macro minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg) and the microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contents. In the research, all samples regarding the parameters in DM, ash, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NSC, NDF, ADF, starch, sugar, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, DMD, OMD, MECN, and MECEL were different (P<0.05). The study showed that the waste fruits, vegetable, and by-products have valuable sugar (grape, fig, and carrot), starch (potato, rice bran), NSC (citrus pulp), and oil (cottonseed) content that is the main compounds making them high energetic feeds for ruminants. Also, most of these research materials have enough or much more macro and micro mineral concentrations for ruminant nutrition.

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37

Radchikov, V. F., V. P. Tsai, V. K. Gurin y V. A. Lyundishev. "ORGANIC TRACE ELEMENT COMPLEX FOR CALVES FEEDING". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, n.º 3(71) (13 de octubre de 2016): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7152.

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Trace elements are commonly used in the form of inorganic salts poorly digested by ruminants due rumen microflora, which transits its greater part into indigestible and insoluble form. Trace elements in the form of chelates are supplied with amino acids and peptides, and used by the body much more efficiently. Inclusion of organic trace element complex (OMEK) in compound feed KR–1 in the amount of 10% of the existing standards for trace elements content in typical formulations for growing young cattle for meat has a positive impact on palatability of feeds, morphological and biochemical composition of blood and animals’ performance, economic efficiency of calves fattening. Use of organic trace element complex in compound feeds KR–1 increases concentration of total protein in blood by 8 – 12% (P < 0.05), reduces the amount of urea by 11 – 16% (P < 0.05). Comparative analysis showed that animals in experimental group II used the feeds more efficiently. Metabolizable energy consumption per 1 kg of weight gain made 33.7 MJ against 37.4 MJ in the control group or by 9.9% lower, the same trend is established for digestible protein cost – by 10%. Inclusion of OMEK in compound feed KR–1 for young cattle ensures average daily weight gain increase by 12.3% (P < 0.05), decreased of feed cost per 1 kg of weight gain by 10%. Use of organic trace element complex helps to decrease the cost price of weight gain, by 9.0% and obtain extra profit of $37.2 USD per one animal during the experimental period.

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38

Tercero, J. C. Ordóñez, L. Ramírez Avilés, C. Aguilar Perez y C. A. Sandoval-Castro. "Effect of energy source and supplementation pattern on feed intake and microbial-N supply in dual purpose cows (Bos indicus x B. taurus)". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012795.

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The microbial protein synthesis is variable and depend of several of factors, one the most important being the energy sources. Numerous investigations have evaluated individual sugars. However, few quantitative information is available describing the impact of sucrose or its monosacharides (glucose and fructose) and how they compare with other carbohydrate such as starch (Heldt et al., 1999). Chamberlain and Choung (1995) mention that sugar supplementation results in a higher microbial nitrogen supply (MNS) than starch. On the other hand, the amount of nutrients that ruminants can remove from feeds, may be modified by others feeds eaten the same day (Gill and Powell, 1993). Thus, feeding pattern might also affect microbial-N supply (Chamberlain and Choung, 1995). Therefore, the objective of the present work was to compare maize and sugarcane molasses as energy sources as well as the change of feeding pattern (CFP) on DM intake and MNS.

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39

Sallam, S. M. A., M. E. A. Nasser, A. M. El-Waziry, I. C. S. Bueno y A. L. Abdalla. "Evaluation of some ruminant feedstuffs using gas production technique, in vitro". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (abril de 2007): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021219.

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In Egypt, animals suffer from under feeding and mal-nutrition due to the shortage of local produced feed which are not sufficient to cover the nutritional requirements of animals. The annually amount produced of agro-by¬products in Egypt are around 2.5 million ton of rice straw and one million ton of sugarcane bagasse. These wastes are usually burned causing environmental pollution. The potential use of these wastes in ruminant ration will participate in reducing the shortage of feedstuffs and subsequently increase milk and meat production in Egypt. Gas measuring technique has been widely used for evaluation of nutritive value particularly to estimate agro-industry by-products, different feed classes and energy value of straws. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the nutritive value of rice straw, date stone, sugarcane bagasse and berseem hay using the in vitro gas production technique.

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40

Colombatto, D., D. P. Morgavi y F. L. Mould. "Feed enzymes for ruminants. The need for a rational screening system". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009005.

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Enzymes that degrade the plant cell wall, collectively termed cellulases and hemicellulases, have attracted considerable research efforts recently, because of their potential to be used as additives for animal feeds. Widely used in monogastric animals, mainly to remove antinutritional factors (Bedford, 2000), enzymes are increasingly used in ruminant diets to enhance feedstuff degradability, following results from feeding trials where positive responses in rumen digestion and animal production were observed (Beaucheminet al., 1995; Fenget al., 1996; Yanget al., 1999). Enzymes could also provide an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of antibiotics as feed additives for ruminants.

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41

Pal, Kaushik, Amlan K. Patra y Artabandhu Sahoo. "Evaluation of feeds from tropical origin for in vitro methane production potential and rumen fermentation in vitro". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, n.º 3 (28 de agosto de 2015): e0608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015133-7467.

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Enteric methane arising due to fermentation of feeds in the rumen contributes substantially to the greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, like evaluation of chemical composition and nutritive values of feeds, methane production potential of each feed should be determined. This experiment was conducted to evaluate several feeds for methane production potential and rumen fermentation using in vitro gas production technique so that low methane producing feeds could be utilized to feed ruminants. Protein- and energy-rich concentrates (n=11), cereal and grass forages (n=11), and different straws and shrubs (n=12), which are commonly fed to ruminants in India, were collected from a number of locations. Gas production kinetics, methane production, degradability and rumen fermentation greatly varied (p<0.01) among feeds depending upon the chemical composition. Methane production (mL/g of degraded organic matter) was lower (p<0.01) for concentrate than forages, and straws and shrubs. Among shrubs and straws, methane production was lower (p<0.01) for shrubs than straws. Methane production was correlated (p<0.05) with concentrations of crude protein (CP), ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) negatively, and with neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) positively. Potential gas production was negatively correlated (p=0.04) with ADF, but positively (p<0.01) with NFC content. Rate of gas production and ammonia concentration were influenced by CP content positively (p<0.05), but by NDF and ADF negatively (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration and organic matter degradability were correlated (p<0.05) positively with CP and NFC content, but negatively with NDF and ADF content. The results suggest that incorporation of concentrates and shrubs replacing straws and forages in the diets of ruminants may decrease methane production.

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42

Hills, J., I. Kyriazakis, J. V. Nolan, G. N. Hinch y E. Thomson. "Conditioned feeding responses in sheep to flavoured foods associated with sulphur doses". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200596781.

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The development by ruminants of strong conditioned flavour aversions (CFAs) to foods associated with the administration of LiCl (an artificial toxin) has demonstrated their potential to avoid feeds that cause negative postingestive consequences (Provenza, 1995). Weaker CFAs are formed when they ingest foods with the detrimental secondary plant compound, oxalic acid (Kyriazakis et al. 1997). Moreover, animals may exhibit conditioned preferences (CFPs) for foods supplying appropriate amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen (Provenza, 1995). In this study we tested whether a continuum exists in the formation of CFAs and CFPs to foods that are associated with increasing availability of sulphur (S) in crossbred ewes.

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43

Hills, J., I. Kyriazakis, J. V. Nolan, G. N. Hinch y E. Thomson. "Conditioned feeding responses in sheep to flavoured foods associated with sulphur doses". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032396.

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The development by ruminants of strong conditioned flavour aversions (CFAs) to foods associated with the administration of LiCl (an artificial toxin) has demonstrated their potential to avoid feeds that cause negative postingestive consequences (Provenza, 1995). Weaker CFAs are formed when they ingest foods with the detrimental secondary plant compound, oxalic acid (Kyriazakis et al. 1997). Moreover, animals may exhibit conditioned preferences (CFPs) for foods supplying appropriate amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen (Provenza, 1995). In this study we tested whether a continuum exists in the formation of CFAs and CFPs to foods that are associated with increasing availability of sulphur (S) in crossbred ewes.

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44

Mjoun, K. "72 Evaluation of Different Gas Production Models When Applied to Ruminants Feeds." Journal of Animal Science 96, suppl_2 (abril de 2018): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky073.070.

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45

Mir, P. S., T. A. McAllister, D. J. Gibb y E. K. Okine. "Dietary oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids for ruminants: Post-ruminal digesta characteristics and their implications on production". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2006): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-056.

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Maximizing the production of ruminants requires high intakes of feeds that are energy dense, therefore feeds that are usually high in starch. Under these conditions there can be significant passage of partially digested feed starch and fibre to the small intestine. These digesta components interact in a manner that can diminish post-ruminal digestion and absorption. However, in ruminants, the effects of digesta composition on causing physical constraints to digestion and absorption, via increased digesta viscosity have not been given adequate consideration. While elevation of digesta viscosity as a means of reducing rate of nutrient absorption and re-absorption of compounds detrimental to health is a valid approach in humans, digesta viscosity may reduce the production potential of livestock. Thus, there is merit in reviewing the feeding strategies that lead to increased viscosity and how its mitigation can be managed through inclusion of oil in ruminant diets. The interactions between digesta composition and the resultant viscosity with digestive physiology and production factors are examined. This review also highlights the associated benefits of dietary oil for ruminants, such as enhancement of bio-active lipids in ruminant products, health benefits directly to the animal, through decreasing incidence of liver abscesses and effects on production and possibly on the environment (reduction of enteropathogenic bacterial shedding and methane emissions). Key words: Ruminant, starch, digesta characteristics, viscosity, cholecystokinin

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46

RADCHIKOV, V. F., D. M. BOGDANOVICH, G. V. BESARAB, T. L. SAPSALEVA, M. V. JUMKOVA, S. N. PILYUK, A. K. NATYROV et al. "EFFICIENCY OF CARBAMIDE USE IN FEEDING YOUNG CATTLE". Zootechnical science of Belarus 57, n.º 2 (25 de septiembre de 2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/0134-9732-2022-57-2-20-28.

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Complete feeding makes it possible to fully use the genetic potential of animals, increase productivity and reduce feed consumption. In order to balance diets in terms of protein, it is advisable to use synthetic nitrogenous substances in feeding ruminants, since this allows releasing a significant amount of high-protein plant feeds (oilcake, meal) in diets. The article contains the results of studying the effect of feeding nitrogenous substances of non-protein nature on the productivity of young cattle. It was found that the use of 10-, 20- and 25% carbamide concentrate in animal diets increased the degradability of protein in compound feed, blood erythrocyte level by 6.18-7.77%, hemoglobin concentration by 4.8-6.2%, leukocyte content by 10.3-13.3%, platelets by 4.1-21.5%, which contributed to an increase in the average daily gain by 6.8-11.9%.

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47

ZOIOPOULOS (Π. ΖΩΙΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), P. "Feed Ban and BSE: the detection and identification of processed animal proteins in compound feeds". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 62, n.º 1 (10 de noviembre de 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14838.

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Reference is made initially to the incidence of BSE within the EU territory and the reasons of the appearance of the disease i.e. the use of meat and bone meal in ruminant diets. In turn, the evolution of Community legislation in the sector of marketing of feeds of animal origin is described. Furthermore, the banning of feeding of mammalian protein to ruminants and the extension of prohibition to further animal proteins such as from other vertebrates and how this banning affects the feeding of the various animal species is reviewed. Finally, the importance of detecting and identifying the presence and amount of processed animal proteins in compound feed as well as feed materials is stressed and methods such as feed microscopy, immunoassay techniques, PCR, NIR and HPLC are discussed.

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48

Colombatto, D., M. K. Bhat, F. L. Mould y E. Owen. "Characterisation and evaluation of a commercial enzyme for improving the nutritive value of ruminant feeds". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200003665.

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Feed enzymes for ruminants have received considerable attention recently, because of their potential to improve animal performance. However, the commercial preparations available are generally mixtures and are poorly characterised. Furthermore, their role in improving the nutritive value of ruminant feeds is not well understood. Previous work with a commercial enzyme applied at ensiling of maize stover showed a significant decrease in cell wall contents (Altaf et al., 1997). The present study evaluated the enzyme used by Altaf et al. (1997) in terms of a) main enzyme activities; b) ability to hydrolyse feeds at three different pHs and c) HPLC analysis of the products released.

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49

Brzozowska, A. M., K. Słoniewski, J. Oprządek, P. Sobiech y Z. M. Kowalski. "Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal acidosis?" Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0116.

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Abstract One of the largest challenges for the dairy industry is to provide cows with a diet which is highly energetic but does not negatively affect their rumens’ functions. In highly productive dairy cows, feeding diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates provides energy precursors needed for maximum milk production, but simultaneously decreases ruminal pH, leading to a widespread prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis. Maximizing milk production without triggering rumen acidosis still challenges dairy farmers, who try to prevent prolonged bouts of low ruminal pH mainly by proper nutrition and management practices. The animals try to avoid overeating fermentable feeds, as it causes negative consequences by disturbing digestive processes. The results of several experiments show that ruminants, including sheep and beef cattle, are able to modify some aspects of feeding behaviour in order to adjust nutrient intake to their needs and simultaneously prevent physiological disturbances. Particularly, such changes (e.g., increased preference for fibrous feeds, reduced intake of concentrates) were observed in animals, which were trying to prevent the excessive drop of rumen fluid pH. Thanks to a specific mechanism called “the postingestive feedback”, animals should be able to work out such a balance in intake, so they do not suffer either from hunger or from negative effects of over-ingesting the fermentable carbohydrates. This way, an acidosis should not be a frequent problem in ruminants. However, prolonged periods of excessively decreased rumen pH are still a concern in dairy cows. It raises a question, why the regulation of feed intake by postingestive feedback does not help to maintain stable rumen environment in dairy cows?

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50

Bansi, Hadriana, Elizabeth Wina, Procula Rudlof Matitaputy y Vincenzo Tufarelli. "Evaluation ofZapoteca tetragonaForage as Alternative Protein Source in Ruminants’ Feeding". Italian Journal of Animal Science 13, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3213.

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