Literatura académica sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Pendharkar, Ashish B. y Laxmikant S. Dhamande. "Titanium Alloy is Best Material for Roller Shaft in Sugar Mill". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, n.º 12 (30 de octubre de 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.j9417.10101221.
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In sugar industry, the sugar processing done in different sections, but to increase total crushing per day (TCD) capacity, the milling section takes a vital role in the sugar industry. The sugar industry aims to extract the maximum amount of juice from sugarcane. In the milling section, the processed sugarcane is fed in between the three-roller shaft from the different arrangements, there are different loads applied on each part roller shafts. When load between all rollers varies then there is a chance of bending it is analyzed to check the roller shaft condition. The modeling is done on roller shaft with the help of CATIA V5. After modeling, we analyze the condition of the rollers, when different stress or forces are applied to different sections of the roller shaft it analyzed with the help of Finite element method using ANSYS WORKBENCH software. We were selecting titanium alloy materials for the roller shaft to analyze the variation in results. When comparing the calculated and software-based results using Maximum Shear stress and Total deformation for top, feed, and discharge rollers said the roller shafts are safe to use in the sugar industry and titanium alloy is the best material for these roller shafts.
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Qiu, Zhi Wen, Jin Yun Cheng, Jian Feng Zhou, Qin Qin He, Xiao Dong Ma, Zhi Wen Wang, Xin Chao Chen et al. "Effect of Ball Milling Methods on the Properties of Quartz Sand Powder Materials from the Yangtze River". Advanced Materials Research 804 (septiembre de 2013): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.47.
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In order to lay raw materials foundation for increasing the performance of insulating brick with the low grade quartz sand along the Yangtze River, the effect of ball milling methods on the properties of quartz sand powder was researched via the ball milling method in this paper. The results show the mean grain size of quartz powders are 11.25μm via a roller ball milling, the mean grain size of quartz powders are 7.37μm via a planetary ball milling, and the particle size distribution of quartz powders milled via a roller ball milling is wider than that of quartz powders milled via a planetary ball milling. The ball milling strength of planetary ball milling is higher than that of roller ball milling. The planetary ball milling use more electronic energy than the roller ball milling in the same time. The output of powder using the roller ball milling is more than that of powder using the planetary ball milling. when the raw materials of quartz building materials is low particle size remand, and the output is more, the roller ball milling methods is suitable to prepare the raw materials of quartz building materials.
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Campbell, Grant M. y Colin Webb. "On predicting roller milling performance". Powder Technology 115, n.º 3 (abril de 2001): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(00)00348-x.
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Campbell, G. M., P. J. Bunn, C. Webb y S. C. W. Hook. "On predicting roller milling performance". Powder Technology 115, n.º 3 (abril de 2001): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(00)00349-1.
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Fistes, Aleksandar. "Comparative analysis of milling results on the tail-end reduction passages of the wheat flour milling process: Conventional vs. eight-roller milling system". Chemical Industry 69, n.º 4 (2015): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140211055f.
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Introduction of the eight-roller mill into the wheat flour milling process significantly reduces the investment costs and overall energy requirements compared to the conventional milling system. However, the conditions for controlled milling are less favorable and could result in deterioration of flour yield and quality. Paper compares milling results obtained using a conventional process and process with an eight-roller mill employed on the tail-end passages of the reduction system. At the same roll gap and under the same sieving conditions, the flour release was lower in the process with the eight-roller mill compared to the conventional milling system. By decreasing the roll gap and increasing the upper size limit (granulation) of flour in the process with the eight-roller mill it is possible to increase flour yield and decrease milling energy consumption per unit mass of flour produced. This can be achieved without deterioration of flour quality as determined by ash content.
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Carcea, Marina, Valeria Turfani, Valentina Narducci, Sahara Melloni, Vincenzo Galli y Valentina Tullio. "Stone Milling versus Roller Milling in Soft Wheat: Influence on Products Composition". Foods 9, n.º 1 (19 de diciembre de 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010003.
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Wholegrain wheat flours are in great demand from consumers worldwide because they are considered healthier then refined flours. They can be obtained by either stone milling, which is experiencing a revival in Europe, or roller milling. In order to study compositional differences due to the milling technology and to explore the possibility of a better qualification of wholegrain flours by means of nutritionally oriented quality parameters, eight mixes of soft wheat grains were stone milled and roller milled and the milling products were analyzed for their protein, ash, lipids, total dietary fibre, total polyphenols and alkylresorcinols content. A wholegrain flour milled with a laboratory disk mill was used as a comparison and a set of seven wholegrain flours purchased on themarket were also analyzed and compared. The particle size distribution of stone milled and recombined roller milled flour was also studied. Considering the above mentioned parameters, we found that there is no compositional difference between a stone milled or a roller milled flour if, in this latter one, the milling streams are all recombined, but the particle size distribution was different. This might have an impact on the technological quality of flours and on the bioavailability of components.
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PALPACELLI, VALENTINO, LUCA BECO y MAURIZIO CIANI. "Vomitoxin and Zearalenone Content of Soft Wheat Flour Milled by Different Methods". Journal of Food Protection 70, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2007): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.509.
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Given the prominence and the growing importance of mycotoxins in human and animal health, and particularly of vomitoxin and zearalenone in people who use wheat and wheat products as their staple diet, we investigated two different types of wheat milling. Wheat produced according to good manufacturing practice related to mycotoxin risks (from sowing to harvesting) was used to compare the vomitoxin and zearalenone content of soft wheat flour, following the use of two different types of milling, traditional milling with a stone mill and modern milling with a roller mill. Moreover, the vomitoxin and zearalenone content was also evaluated in commercial stone-milled and roller-milled flours. Our results show that stone milling reduced vomitoxin and zearalenone content in flours, compared with the use of the roller-mill system.
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Carcea, Marina, Valentina Narducci, Valeria Turfani y Enrico Finotti. "Stone Milling versus Roller Milling in Soft Wheat (Part 2): Influence on Nutritional and Technological Quality of Products". Foods 11, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030339.
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Wholegrain soft wheat flours can be obtained by either roller milling or stone milling. In this paper, we report on the continuation of a study aimed at analysing compositional and technological differences between differently milled wholegrain flours. Eight mixes of soft wheat grains were stone milled and roller milled and the milling products analysed for their phytic acid, lipids composition to determine the presence of trans-fatty acids and damaged starch. A wholegrain flour milled with a laboratory disk mill was also analysed as comparison, as well as seven wholegrain flours purchased on the market. For phytic acid we found that that there is no compositional difference between a stone milled or a roller milled flour if the milling streams are all recombined: the milling streams instead have different amounts of phytic acid which is mainly present in the fine bran and coarse bran. It was not possible to highlight differences in the milling technology due to the presence of trans-fatty acids in the stone milled wholegrain flour whereas it was possible to find that starch damage depended on the milling method with stone milled wholegrain flours having in all cases significantly higher values than the roller milled ones.
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Zhang, Yan, Quan Han, Chunlin Xun y Gongtan Zhang. "Discrete element method investigation of the milling characteristic in a rice mill". Mechanical Sciences 13, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-15-2022.
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Abstract. A milling chamber consisting of a rice sieve and a rotating roller plays critical roles in modulating the milling performance of rice grains. However, the mechanism of how the geometries of the rice sieve and rotating roller affect the particle collisions and the interaction time remains not fully understood. Our experimental results show that the milling degree and rate of broken rice of the octagonal rice sieve are largest among the hexagonal sieve, octagonal sieve, and circular sieve. Through the discrete element method, we illustrate that the peak milling degree at the octagonal sieve is attributed to the competition between the decreasing force and increasing milling time with the increase in edges. In addition, the geometries of the convex ribs of the rotating roller are investigated to optimize the structure of the milling chamber. In the left-hand spiral or right-hand spiral of the convex ribs, the rice particles are accumulated in the inlet or outlet regions, respectively, which leads to an uneven milling degree in the axial direction. The uniformity of a milling process can be promoted by increasing the number of convex ribs, which will reduce the milling degree on the other hand.
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Campbell, G. M., C. Fang y I. I. Muhamad. "On Predicting Roller Milling Performance VI". Food and Bioproducts Processing 85, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/fbp06005.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Bunn, P. J. "Wheat breakage during roller milling". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617000.
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Wheat is the most popularly grown cereal in the world. Over 400 million tonnes of wheat is milled to flour annually for inclusion in baked products. Flour milling has evolved into an efficient operation; however, process modelling, simulation and optimisation can make significant improvements to the operation. One such improvement is the use of more informative quality testing procedures to supply information about milling potential of a sample. Breakage matrices were used to describe the breakage function that relates the inlet and outlet particle size distributions over 151 Break. Successful prediction of the milled stock particle size distribution for the native (unsegregated) wheat sample showed that wheat grains milled independently during roller milling; this was confirmed using high-speed video. The milling ratio (roll gap over grain thickness) was identified as the parameter determining breakage and enabled a range of roll gaps and inlet particle sizes to be considered simultaneously. The variation in cumulative undersize, P(x), with milling ratio was described by a quadratic function whose coefficients varied in a quadratic manner with particle size (x). Nine breakage coefficients were used to describe the breakage of a wheat variety over a range of roll gaps and inlet particle thickness. The particle size distribution was predicted using the breakage equation and shown to be linear in the range 250-2000 Ilm for 21 different wheats. The slope of the particle size distribution was related to wheat hardness and varied with milling ratio. This variation was shown to indicate the sensitivity of the variety to changes in the milling ratio. Flour millers generally prefer varieties with a high sensitivity to changes in milling ratio. Rank Hovis, sponsors of this project, mill approximately 1.6 million tonnes of wheat per year. The results of this study provide the foundation for savings in milling efficiency (through increased flour extraction), wheat substitution (using lower priced wheat in place of high priced wheat). It is estimated that these measures could save over £1m per annum.
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Kaiser, Amber Christine. "Hammer and Roller Milling of Yellow Split Pea". Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29299.
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Blending nutrient-rich pulses into cereal-based convenience foods could benefit consumers and the cereal and pulse industries but first requires appropriate milling of raw pulses, for which there is no standardized method. Roller milling is the standard method for wheat flour production, but hammer milling is simpler and more cost-effective. Literature documenting pulse flour quality from either system is limited. The goals of this research were to evaluate (1) the effects of hammer mill setup and seed moisture on quality and flowability and (2) the differences between hammer- and roller-milled quality for yellow split pea. For (1), yellow split pea samples at 9 and 11 % moisture were hammer-milled at two rotor speeds (34 and 102 m/s) and with nine mill screen apertures (0.84 to 9.53 mm) and physicochemical properties and flow properties on 6 surfaces were evaluated. For (2), yellow split pea at 11 % moisture was hammer-milled at 102 m/s through a 0.84 mm screen or roller-milled using a two-pass setup, then sieved through a 150 ?m screen and evaluated for physicochemical and functional quality. Hammer mill settings had no practical impact on proximate composition, small impact on damaged starch content, and considerable impact on particle size distribution, pasting properties, and flowability. Particle size parameters impacted color, bulk density, pasting properties, and flowability. Flowability was highest on aluminum and lowest on high-density polyethylene. Hammer milling at 102 m/s rotor speed with 0.84 mm screen aperture produced particle sizes closest to that of flour (D10, D50, and D90 of 12, 98, and 348 ?m, respectively). Small differences were observed in the D10, starch damage, moisture, peak and final viscosities, and oil binding capacities of hammer- and roller-milled split pea flours. Data from this research supported the viability of hammer milling to produce split pea flour and provided systematic data to support milling, product development, conveying, and storage operations involving split pea and other pulses.Northern Pulse Growers Association
U.S. Dry Pea and Lentil Council
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Galindez, Najera Silvia Patricia. "A compositional breakage equation for first break roller milling of wheat". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-compositional-breakage-equation-for-first-break-roller-milling-of-wheat(b732c2e9-06c1-4324-9975-3a00e62fd037).html.
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The particle size distribution produced from first break roller milling of wheat determines the flows through the rest of the mill and hence the quality of the final flour, and is affected by debranning and by the operation of the roller mill. The Double Normalised Kumaraswamy Breakage function (DNKBF) gives a quantitative basis to describe breakage during first break milling of wheat and to interpret effects. Previous work developed and extended the breakage equation in order to understand and predict wheat breakage based on distributions of the grain characteristics and the operating parameters of the mill. However, broken particles vary in composition as well as size; therefore the primary objective of the current work was to extend the DNKBF during first break milling to include particle composition, using fingerprints of pericarp, aleurone, endosperm and germ. Meanwhile, debranning is a technology that has enhanced flour milling in recent years, leading to improvements in quality that are not well understood but that start with the effect on milling. A second objective of the current work was therefore to apply the DNKBF to describe and interpret the effects of debranning on wheat breakage and, in so doing, to clarify the physical significance of the DNKBF parameters. Samples of Mallacca (hard wheat) and Consort (soft wheat) were debranned for nine different times, at three roll gaps and under S-S and D-D dispositions. The DNKBF successfully described the normalised particle size distribution at different debranning times. The DNKBF describes wheat breakage in terms of Type 1 and Type 2 breakage, where Type 1 describes a relatively narrow distribution of mid-sized particles, whilst Type 2 describes a wide size range of predominantly small particles extending to very large particles. The proportion of Type 1 breakage increased at longer debranning times, while Type 2 breakage decreased, for both wheats under both dispositions. S-S milling tended to produce more Type 1 breakage than D-D. A mechanism of wheat breakage is proposed to explain the co-production of very large and small particles via Type 2 breakage, and hence the effect of debranning. The proposed mechanism is that small particles of endosperm arise from scraping of large flat particles of wheat bran under the differential action of the rolls; removal of the bran reduces the production of the large bran particles and thus reduces the opportunity for the scraping mechanism that produces the very small particles. The composition of broken particles can be characterised considering the four major wheat components, pericarp, aleurone, endosperm and germ. Kernels of Mallacca and Consort wheats were manually dissected to isolate these components. FTIR spectroscopy was able to distinguish the different components in milled fractions. However, attempts to quantify the relative contribution of each wheat component in milled fractions (by measuring specific peak heights and by Partial Least Squares, PLS) were compromised by technical limitations. An alternative approach aimed to fingerprint the components using sugar analysis by HPLC, with some success; however the technique was too complex and limited by the detection limit of HPLC, in particular for arabinose and xylose. Instead, the botanical distributions within eight milled fractions of Mallacca and Consort wheats milled under S-S and D-D dispositions were analyzed by PLS models developed by Barron (2011). The concentration functions were then found by applying the DNKBF to the particle size distributions and to the compositional distributions, the ratio of the DNKBFs giving the concentration function. The DNKBF was able to describe the data well for the four botanical components studied in both wheats: pericarp, aleurone, intermediate layer and starchy endosperm. The analysis clarified the nature of the particles produced on breakage, showing that for Mallacca wheat, the pericarp and aleurone layer compositions mostly varied with particle size in similar ways. Intermediate layer showed broadly similar results to those for pericarp and aleurone in the Mallacca wheat despite being the least accurate component predicted. However, for Consort wheat, the intermediate layer behaved differently from pericarp and aleurone, suggesting a different breakage mechanism, perhaps associated with how the wheat hardness affects breakage of the bran and the production of large flat bran particles. Creation of pericarp/intermediate layer/aleurone dust during milling was notable, in particular for Mallacca wheat. The relative uniformity of the Mallacca compositions in relation to pericarp, intermediate layer and aleurone, which varied in consistent ways with particle size, was also notable. By contrast, for Consort wheat, the relative proportions of these three components appear to vary substantially in particles of different size, pointing to very different breakage origins. It seems that in the hard wheat, the breakage patterns are dominated by the endosperm physical properties, while for the soft wheat, the behaviour of the large bran particles produced is dictated much more by the properties and structure of the bran layers than by the hardness of the endosperm. The approach presented is practical to describe, quantify and interpret the effects of breakage on component distributions, in order to understand the fate of kernel components during milling and hence the origins of flour quality.
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Betlach, Jakub. "Konstrukce konzoly s polohovacím stolem pro konzolovou frézku". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231334.
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This diploma thesis includes research in the structural parts of milling machines and designs of a console adjustable. This diploma thesis includes necessary calculations, adjustable worktable assembly drawing, selected drawing documentation, 3D model and model in an immersive virtual reality.
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Aleksandar, Fišteš. "Prilog proučavanju mogućnosti racionalizacije tehnološkog postupka mlevenja pšenice primenom osmovaljne stolice". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2009. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=71277&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U radu je proučavana mogućnost racionalizacije tehnološkog postupkamlevenja pšenice primenom osmovaljne stolice u fazi mlevenja griza iosevaka. Na svim ispitivanim prolazištima mlevenja griza i osevaka, pri istomrazmaku između valjaka i istoj veličini otvora sejnog tkiva za odsejavanjebrašna, ukupan prinos brašna u postupku sa osmovaljnom stolicom manji jenego u klasičnom postupku. Pomenuta razlika varira u zavisnosti od uzorka iprolazišta mlevenja, ali je uvek statistički značajna. Nižim vođenjem valjaka upostupku sa osmovaljnom stolicom, u poređenju sa razmacima između valjakau klasičnom postupku, u zavisnosti od uzorka i prolazišta mlevenja sesmanjuje razlika, dostiže ili prevazilazi prinos brašna u odnosu na klasičnipostupak. Povećanjem veličine otvora sejnog tkiva za odsejavanje brašnaznačajno se povećava prinos brašna u postupku sa osmovaljnom stolicom, pričemu se pri odabiru sejnog tkiva u obzir mora uzeti i veličina svetlog otvora.Odabirom odgovarajuće veličine otvora sejnog tkiva može se i prevazićiprinos brašna u klasičnom postupku. Niže vođenje valjaka i/ili povećanjeveličine otvora sejnog tkiva za odsejavanje brašna, pri primeni osmovaljnestolice, nema za posledicu pogoršanje kvaliteta brašna (po pitanju sadržajapepela) u odnosu na klasični postupak. Specifični utrošak energije zausitnjavanje po jedinici mase brašna, pri istom vođenju valjaka i istoj veličiniotvora sejnog tkiva za odsejavanje brašna, veći je u postupku sa osmovaljnomstolicom nego u klasičnom postupku. Povećanjem izvoda brašna u postupku saosmovaljnom stolicom, značajno se smanjuje specifični utrošak energije zausitnjavanje. Mogućnost ostvarenja bliskih efekata usitnjavanja u fazimlevenja griza i osevaka, u klasičnom i postupku sa osmovaljnom stolicom,ukazuje da je za dalju racionalizaciju savremenog tehnološkog postupkamlevenja pšenice neophodno uključivanje osmovaljne stolice.Rationalization of the wheat flour milling process using the eight-roller mill inthe reduction system has been investigated. At the same roll gaps and samesieving conditions, a lower flour yield has been obtained using an eight-rollermill compared to a conventional one. The difference is statistically significantregardless the passage. By decreasing the roll gap in the process with theeight-roller mill, compared to the roll gap in the conventional process, it ispossible to decrease the difference, obtain a similar or even exceed the flourrelease in the conventional system. Increasing the size of the screen aperturefor sifting flour, while percent open area of the screen also needs to beobserved, results in significant increase of flour yield (in some casesexceeding the flour yield in the conventional system). Adjustments of the rollgap and sieving conditions in the process with the eight-roller mill are notfollowed by deterioration of flour quality. At the same roll gaps and samesieving conditions, energy requirements for grinding are higher in the processwith the eight-roller mill compared to a conventional system. With theincrease of the flour release in process using the eight-roller mill, these energyrequirements can be significantly reduced. The possibility of achieving similarmilling results to those obtained in the conventional system, while theinvestment costs and overall energy requirements are significantly lower,justifies the use of the eight-roller mill in the reduction system of the wheatflour milling process.
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Orság, Petr. "Konstrukce natáčivé frézovací hlavy". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228256.
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This work deal with different variants of the turning milling heads for CNC machines.The report depicts actual design solution of the turning milling head formilling machine, including technical report and economical conclusions.
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Fager, Johanna. "Anticipating 2020 : To plan for the future by acting in the present". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122710.
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This diploma project is in 2 parts. The first part is a program for a so called segregated area where the focus is on acting now, and trying to combine working with social mobilization with an architect's role. The second part is my design proposal, which is a part of this program. Anticipating 2020 is a program for projects spanning over 6 years in Hovsjö, Södertälje that I curate. 5 architects are invited to do one project each. The task is to build a structure or an event, temporary or not, that can inform, spark fantasy, discuss and in other ways be a part of a planning process as well as instant- and future change in Hovsjö. Its purpose is to discuss the existing and possible urban life in relation to planning and upgrading sptially segregated areas in general and the city area Hovsjö in particular. Once a year one architect will do one project or event. I will do the first project in the program, Installation 2014. The program focuses on the role of the architect and architecture in spatially segregated areas, the public spaces that were the outcome and consequence of the functionalist/modernist urban planning, the notion of temporality and events in relation to architecture and vague spaces and creative loopholes. For whom, by whom and with whom are cities planned? The intention with my design proposal, the Installation 2014, is to create a diversity of public room types and scales in Hovsjö. To be able to keep a big open space open but at the same time being able to have smaller rooms within the big area. To work with a geometrical element - the spehere - trying to describe outdoor public rooms rahter then enclosing them by building walls.Detta examensarbete är i två delar. Den första delen är ett program för ett så kallat segregerat område där fokus ligger på att agera nu, samt att försöka kombinera, reflektera och diskutera arkitektens roll i arbete med social mobilisering. Den andra delen är ett designförslag, vilket är en del av nämnda program. I väntan på 2020 är ett program jag kurerar där projekt spänner över 6 år i Hovsjö, Södertälje. 5 arkitekter bjuds in för att göra ett projekt var. Uppgiften är att bygga en struktur eller ett event, temporärt eller ej, som kan informera, väcka fantasi, diskutera och på andra sätt vara en del av en pågående planeringsprocess likväl som del av en direkt förändring av Hovsjö. Programmets syfte är att diskutera det existerande och möjliga urbana livet i relation till planering och så kallad uppgradering av rumsligt segregerade områden generellt, och Hovsjö specifikt. En gång varje år kommer en arkitekt genomföra ett projekt eller ett event. Jag gör första projektet i programmet, Installation 2014. Programmet fokuserar på arkitektens- och arkitekturens roll vid arbete med rumsligt segregerade områden, de publika platserna som var resultatet av, och en konsekvens av, den funktionalistiska/modernistiska stadsplaneringen, begreppet temporalitet och event i relation till arkitektur, vaga platser samt kreativa kryphål. För vem, av vem och med vem planeras städer? Ambition med mitt designförslag, Installation 2014, är att skapa en diversitet av typer av publika rum och skalor på dessa. Att behålla en stor öppen yta öppen men samtidigt möjliggöra för mindre rum inom detta område. Att arbeta med ett geometriskt element - sfären - och försöka beskriva exteriöra publika rum snarare än att bygga in dem.
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Michele, Jiří. "Konstrukce malé vertikální CNC frézky". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230492.
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This diploma thesis designs a small vertical CNC milling machine. The thesis includes selection of suitable structural design of the machine based on market analysis and requirements. The listed components, constructional calculations and 3D model are chosen in order to minimize the costs.
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Tavares, Lucas Alves. "O envolvimento da proteína adaptadora 1 (AP-1) no mecanismo de regulação negativa do receptor CD4 por Nef de HIV-1". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17136/tde-06012017-113215/.
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O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) é o agente etiológico da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS). A AIDS é uma doença de distribuição mundial, e estima-se que existam atualmente pelo menos 36,9 milhões de pessoas infectadas com o vírus. Durante o seu ciclo replicativo, o HIV promove diversas alterações na fisiologia da célula hospedeira a fim de promover sua sobrevivência e potencializar a replicação. A rápida progressão da infecção pelo HIV-1 em humanos e em modelos animais está intimamente ligada à função da proteína acessória Nef. Dentre as diversas ações de Nef está a regulação negativa de proteínas importantes na resposta imunológica, como o receptor CD4. Sabe-se que esta ação resulta da indução da degradação de CD4 em lisossomos, mas os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos ainda são totalmente elucidados. Nef forma um complexo tripartite com a cauda citosólica de CD4 e a proteína adaptadora 2 (AP-2), em vesículas revestidas por clatrina nascentes, induzindo a internalização e degradação lisossomal de CD4. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que o direcionamento de CD4 aos lisossomos por Nef envolve a entrada do receptor na via dos corpos multivesiculares (MVBs), por um mecanismo atípico, pois, embora não necessite da ubiquitinação de carga, depende da ação de proteínas que compõem os ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) e da ação de Alix, uma proteína acessória da maquinaria ESCRT. Já foi reportado que Nef interage com subunidades dos complexos AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 e Nef não parece interagir com subunidades de AP-4 e AP-5. Entretanto, o papel da interação de Nef com AP-1 e AP-3 na regulação negativa de CD4 ainda não está totalmente elucidado. Ademais, AP-1, AP-2 e AP-3 são potencialmente heterogêneos devido à existência de isoformas múltiplas das subunidades codificadas por diferentes genes. Todavia, existem poucos estudos para demonstrar se as diferentes combinações de isoformas dos APs são formadas e se possuem propriedades funcionais distintas. O presente trabalho procurou identificar e caracterizar fatores celulares envolvidos na regulação do tráfego intracelular de proteínas no processo de regulação negativa de CD4 induzido por Nef. Mais especificamente, este estudo buscou caracterizar a participação do complexo AP-1 na modulação negativa de CD4 por Nef de HIV-1, através do estudo funcional das duas isoformas de ?-adaptina, subunidades de AP-1. Utilizando a técnica de Pull-down demonstramos que Nef é capaz de interagir com ?2. Além disso, nossos dados de Imunoblot indicaram que a proteína ?2-adaptina, e não ?1-adaptina, é necessária no processo de degradação lisossomal de CD4 por Nef e que esta participação é conservada para degradação de CD4 por Nef de diferentes cepas virais. Ademais, por citometria de fluxo, o silenciamento de ?2, e não de ?1, compromete a diminuição dos níveis de CD4 por Nef da membrana plasmática. A análise por imunofluorêsncia indireta também revelou que a diminuição dos níveis de ?2 impede a redistribuição de CD4 por Nef para regiões perinucleares, acarretando no acúmulo de CD4, retirados por Nef da membrana plasmática, em endossomos primários. A depleção de ?1A, outra subunidade de AP-1, acarretou na diminuição dos níveis celulares de ?2 e ?1, bem como, no comprometimento da eficiente degradação de CD4 por Nef. Além disso, foi possível observar que, ao perturbar a maquinaria ESCRT via super-expressão de HRS (uma subunidade do complexo ESCRT-0), ocorreu um acumulo de ?2 em endossomos dilatados contendo HRS-GFP, nos quais também detectou-se CD4 que foi internalizado por Nef. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que ?2-adaptina é uma importante molécula para o direcionamento de CD4 por Nef para a via ESCRT/MVB, mostrando ser uma proteína relevante no sistema endo-lisossomal. Ademais, os resultados indicaram que as isoformas ?-adaptinas não só possuem funções distintas, mas também parecem compor complexos AP-1 com diferentes funções celulares, já que apenas a variante AP-1 contendo ?2, mas não ?1, participa da regulação negativa de CD4 por Nef. Estes estudos contribuem para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na atividade de Nef, que poderão também ajudar na melhor compreensão da patogênese do HIV e da síndrome relacionada. Em adição, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento de processos fundamentais da regulação do tráfego de proteínas transmembrana no sistema endo-lisossomal.The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease which has a global distribution, and it is estimated that there are currently at least 36.9 million people infected with the virus. During the replication cycle, HIV promotes several changes in the physiology of the host cell to promote their survival and enhance replication. The fast progression of HIV-1 in humans and animal models is closely linked to the function of an accessory protein Nef. Among several actions of Nef, one is the most important is the down-regulation of proteins from the immune response, such as the CD4 receptor. It is known that this action causes CD4 degradation in lysosome, but the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Nef forms a tripartite complex with the cytosolic tail of the CD4 and adapter protein 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated vesicles, inducing CD4 internalization and lysosome degradation. Previous research has demonstrated that CD4 target to lysosomes by Nef involves targeting of this receptor to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway by an atypical mechanism because, although not need charging ubiquitination, depends on the proteins from ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery and the action of Alix, an accessory protein ESCRT machinery. It has been reported that Nef interacts with subunits of AP- 1, AP-2, AP-3 complexes and Nef does not appear to interact with AP-4 and AP-5 subunits. However, the role of Nef interaction with AP-1 or AP-3 in CD4 down-regulation is poorly understood. Furthermore, AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 are potentially heterogeneous due to the existence of multiple subunits isoforms encoded by different genes. However, there are few studies to demonstrate if the different combinations of APs isoforms are form and if they have distinct functional properties. This study aim to identify and characterize cellular factors involved on CD4 down-modulation induced by Nef from HIV-1. More specifically, this study aimed to characterize the involvement of AP-1 complex in the down-regulation of CD4 by Nef HIV-1 through the functional study of the two isoforms of ?-adaptins, AP-1 subunits. By pull-down technique, we showed that Nef is able to interact with ?2. In addition, our data from immunoblots indicated that ?2- adaptin, not ?1-adaptin, is required in Nef-mediated targeting of CD4 to lysosomes and the ?2 participation in this process is conserved by Nef from different viral strains. Furthermore, by flow cytometry assay, ?2 depletion, but not ?1 depletion, compromises the reduction of surface CD4 levels induced by Nef. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis also revealed that ?2 depletion impairs the redistribution of CD4 by Nef to juxtanuclear region, resulting in CD4 accumulation in primary endosomes. Knockdown of ?1A, another subunit of AP-1, resulted in decreased cellular levels of ?1 and ?2 and, compromising the efficient CD4 degradation by Nef. Moreover, upon artificially stabilizing ESCRT-I in early endosomes, via overexpression of HRS, internalized CD4 accumulates in enlarged HRS-GFP positive endosomes, where co-localize with ?2. Together, the results indicate that ?2-adaptin is a molecule that is essential for CD4 targeting by Nef to ESCRT/MVB pathway, being an important protein in the endo-lysosomal system. Furthermore, the results indicate that ?-adaptins isoforms not only have different functions, but also seem to compose AP-1 complex with distinct cell functions, and only the AP-1 variant comprising ?2, but not ?1, acts in the CD4 down-regulation induced by Nef. These studies contribute to a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms involved in Nef activities, which may also help to improve the understanding of the HIV pathogenesis and the related syndrome. In addition, this work contributes with the understanding of primordial process regulation on intracellular trafficking of transmembrane proteins.
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Swart, C. "A technical and economic comparison of Wet Milling versus Dry Milling (Vertical Roller Mill)". Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/31298.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2020Stringent SO2 emission regulations have placed immense pressure on coal-fired power plants to desulfurize exhaust flue gas. Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (WFGD), using limestone with forced oxidation (LSFO), is a common FGD process where limestone reacts with SO2 to produce gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). Eskom’s Kusile Power Station (Kusile) receives high-grade limestone (96% CaCO3) from Idwala Lime’s Danielskuil mine site at a top size of 19 mm and work index of 12 kWh/t. The limestone is stockpiled and conveyed to a feed preparation area where conventional wet ball milling (in closed circuit with a classifier cyclone cluster) is used to reduce the limestone particle size to 95% passing 45 μm. The Kusile ball mill specific energy is26.5 kWh/t. The dry vertical roller mill (VRM) is a novel grinding technology that dries, grinds and classifies ore within a single unit. Testwork was conducted using a pilot-scale Loesche VRM to determine the energy consumption required to grind100 t/h of the Danielskuil limestone to 85% and 95% passing 45 μm. The specific energy for these two conditions is13.7 kWh/t and 16.1 kWh/t, respectively. A wet ball mill locked cycle test was conducted at Mintek to grind the limestone to 85% passing 45 μmand resulted in a circuit specific energy of 15.4 kWh/t (compared to 13.7 kWh/t from the dry Loesche VRM testwork). The testwork data and information received from Kusile were used to set up flow diagrams and generate mass balances for equipment sizing. Various suppliers provided budgetary quotations for the different milling technologies and ancillary equipment. The total installed power for the wet ball mill circuit (including ancillary equipment) is 3,802 kW compared to 1,893 kW for the dry Loesche VRM circuit. The absorbed power for the wet and dry circuit is 2,734 kW and 1,703 kW, respectively. The mechanical cost of the wet ball milling circuit is R48,328,000 compared to R59,185,000 for the dry Loesche VRM circuit (increase of 22.5%). The different components of the capital expenditure (CAPEX) were calculated as a percentage of the mechanical cost. The CAPEX for the wet ball milling circuit and dry Loesche VRM circuit(including ancillary equipment) is R239,960,400 and R265,042,900, respectively (10.5% increase). A hot gas generator (HGG) is required in the dry Loesche VRM circuit if the moisture content of the limestone feed is higher than 6.0%. Data provided by Kusile indicated that the feed moisture content is less than 1.0%. Therefore, the HGG was not included in the main cost comparison. The stockpile and conveying areas at Kusile are large enough so that the maximum rainfall in Delmas (where Kusile is situated) should not increase the moisture content of the limestone feed to more than 6%. With the HGG included, the CAPEX of the dry Loesche VRM circuit is R286,283,200, which is 8.0% more expensive than the drycircuit without the HGG, and 19.3% more expensive than the wet ball milling circuit. No water saving is realized for this application (even though the dry Loesche VRM circuit does not require water) because a 30% solids concentration limestone slurry is required for the FGD process to be sprayed into the scrubber. The operating factor for both milling circuits is 89.8%, because the limestone consumption is dependent on the SO2 concentration in the flue gas. Therefore, the annual raw material (limestone cost) and water cost are the same for both circuits. The annual operating cost for the wet ball milling circuit and dry Loesche VRM circuit is R254,819,200and R238,890,700, respectively. The reduced OPEX is as a result of the reduced power consumption (decrease of 37.8%) and no grinding media used for the Loesche VRM. Revenue from gypsum sales (R267/t) is estimated to be R361,304,200 for both circuits. The net present value (NPV) of the wet ball mill circuit is R348,407,000 based on an assumed 20-year plant life, 12% interest rate, and 35% corporate income tax. The corresponding interest rate of return (IRR) is 20.2% with a discounted payback period (DPBP) of 4.1 years. The return on investment (ROI) is 39.9%. In comparison, the NPV of the dry Loesche VRM circuit is R408,573,000 which is 17.3% higher than for the wet ball mill circuit. An increased IRR of 21.3% is observed with a slightly reduced DPBP of 3.8 years. The ROI is 8.6% higher at 48.5%.An alternative option is for the limestone to be milled off-site (dry VRM circuit at the limestone mine) so that the dry, milled limestone is delivered to site without further grinding and/or processing required. This could result in a significantly reduced CAPEX and OPEX for the FGD process at any coal-fired power plant. It should be noted that the results obtained from this study are specific to this project and characteristics of the Danielskuil limestone ore. The aim of the study is to compare the different circuits, and not to provide an accurate overall project cost estimate. A detailed engineering study is required to increase the accuracy of the cost estimate
CK2021
Libros sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Cecil, J. E. Roller milling sorgum and millet grain using a semi wet process. London: Tropical Development and Research Institute, 1986.
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Cernison, Matteo. Social Media Activism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980068.
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This book focuses on the referendums against water privatization in Italy and explores how activists took to social media, ultimately convincing twenty-seven million citizens to vote. Investigating the relationship between social movements and internet-related activism during complex campaigns, this book examines how a technological evolution — the increased relevance of social media platforms — affected in very different ways organizations with divergent characteristics, promoting at the same time decentralized communication practices, and new ways of coordinating dispersed communities of people. Matteo Cernison combines and adapts a wide set of methods, from social network analysis to digital ethnography, in order to explore in detail how digital activism and face-to-face initiatives interact and overlap. He argues that the geographical scale of actions, the role played by external media professionals, and the activists’ perceptions of digital technologies are key elements that contribute in a significant way to shape the very different communication practices often described as online activism.
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Veere, Anoma, Florian Schneider y Catherine Lo. Public Health in Asia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720977.
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Every nation in Asia has dealt with COVID-19 differently and with varying levels of success in the absence of clear and effective leadership from the WHO. As a result, the WHO’s role in Asia as a global health organization is coming under increasing pressure. As its credibility is slowly being eroded by public displays of incompetence and negligence, it has also become an arena of contestation. Moreover, while the pandemic continues to undermine the future of global health governance as a whole, the highly interdependent economies in Asia have exposed the speed with which pandemics can spread, as intensive regional travel and business connections have caused every area in the region to be hit hard. The migrant labor necessary to sustain globalized economies has been strained and the security of international workers is now more precarious than ever, as millions have been left stranded, seen their entry blocked, or have limited access to health services. This volume provides an accessible framework for the understanding the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, with a specific emphasis on global governance in health and labor.
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Tsimonis, Konstantinos. The Chinese Communist Youth League. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989863.
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The Chinese Communist Youth League is the largest youth political organization in the world, with over 80 million members. Former Chinese President Hu Jintao was a firm supporter of the League, and believed that it could play a bigger role in winning the hearts and minds of Chinese youth by actively engaging with their interests and demands. Accordingly, he provided the League with a new youth work mandate to increase its capacity for responsiveness under the slogan 'keep the Party assured and the youth satisfied'. This original investigation of the hitherto-unexamined organization uses a combination of interviews, surveys and ethnography to explore how the League implemented Hu's mandate at both local and national levels, exposing the contradictory nature of some of its campaigns. By doing so, it also sheds light on the reasons for Xi Jinping's turn against the League during his first term in office. The Chinese Communist Youth League: Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization develops the original concept of 'juniority' to capture the complex ways that generational power is institutionalized, alienating young people from official political processes, with significant implications for China's political development. The book will be of interest to researchers and students of Chinese politics, as well as to scholars of comparative youth politics and sociology.
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Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Gestione dell'acqua in Europa (XII-XVIII Secc.) / Water Management in Europe (12th-18th centuries). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-700-9.
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Water was a source of wealth which facilitated, fostered or brutally halted economic development in the Ancien Regime. Lack of hygiene meant that water was used less for drinking than other drinks, but as a raw material, source of energy, cooling, rinsing and cleansing agent, water was unequalled. It played a role in public and private relaxation and in health. Water also proved to be an ideal, safe and cheap means of transporting goods and ideas. Urban historians have long pointed to the enormous comparative advantage enjoyed by towns and regions whose favourable maritime or riverine location gave them access to cheap water-borne transport. But water just as often posed a threat to economic development and prosperity, whether due to its absence or its specific composition or level of pollution or to uncontrollable abundance. This duality is still present today in our modern, globalised society. While huge quantities of fresh, potable water are wasted in the West, free or cheap access to fresh and abundant water supplies remains a major challenge for millions of individuals on the planet. Major floods in different parts of the world regularly cause economic damage and endless human suffering. With a Settimana devoted to the management of the water supply, excluding related topics as water consumption, water transport and the use of water in agriculture and industry, the Istituto Datini is seeking to draw attention.
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Berner, Robert A. The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001.
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The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases
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Plotkin, Mark J. The Amazon. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190668297.001.0001.
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The Amazon is a land of superlatives. The complex ecosystem covers an area about the size of the continental U.S. The Amazon River discharges 57 million gallons of water per second--in two hours, this would be enough to supply all of New York City’s 7.5 million residents with water for a year. Its flora and fauna are abundant. Approximately one of every four flowering plant species on earth resides in the Amazon. A single Amazonian river may contain more fish species than all the rivers in Europe combined. It is home to the world's largest anteater, armadillo, freshwater turtle, and spider, as well as the largest rodent (which weighs over 200 lbs.), catfish (250 lbs.), and alligator (more than half a ton). The rainforest, which contains approximately 390 billion trees, plays a vital role in stabilizing the global climate by absorbing massive amounts of carbon dioxide--or releasing it into the atmosphere if the trees are destroyed. Severe droughts in both Brazil and Southeast Asia have been linked to Amazonian deforestation, as have changing rainfall patterns in the U.S., Europe, and China. The Amazon also serves as home to millions of people. Approximately seventy tribes of isolated and uncontacted people are concentrated in the western Amazon, completely dependent on the land and river. These isolated groups have been described as the most marginalized peoples in the western hemisphere, with no voice in the decisions made about their futures and the fate of their forests. In this addition to the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, ecologist and conservation expert, Mark J. Plotkin, who has spent 40 years studying Amazonia, its peoples, flora, and fauna. The Amazon offers an engaging overview of this irreplaceable ecosystem and the challenges it faces.
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Schoppa, Keith. The Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497354.001.0001.
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The twentieth century was studded with extraordinary achievements in medicine, science, technology, and space. Yet, this century was the most violent in history, killing an estimated 30 million people in cold-blooded genocides and, in wars, an estimated 187 million. There was not a single year in the hundred-year span when there were no significant wars. In each chapter I have chosen several men and women, many not well-known, on whom I focus a bit more than other historical actors. They reflect the spirit of their times, though their approaches and contributions are distinctively nuanced. Existing in a climate primed for war and violence, they, like everyone else, had to decide where their source of political identity lay and, when a decision was necessary, where their political allegiance would fall: To their own lives as individuals in a specific locality? Or to a particular nation? Or to the larger global community? Given that this allegiance has been much discussed during the last half of the century up through today, to what geographical level do we see world citizens committing their allegiance? That answer will be a key determinant of the future. This chronological narrative also traces other crucial twentieth-century developments: women and their professional and social roles, goals, successes, and setbacks; the powerful forces of race and ethnicity; the role of identity; environmental issues, including atomic energy and the sustainability of natural resources; the causes and changing nature of wars around the world; and the historical roles of contingency and memory.
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Franceschi, Silvia, Hashem B. El-Serag, David Forman, Robert Newton y Martyn Plummer. Infectious Agents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0024.
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Eleven infectious agents (seven viruses, three parasites, and one bacterium) have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans for one or more cancer sites: hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; thirteen types of human papillomavirus (HPV); human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; Epstein-Barr virus; Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus; Helicobacter pylori; Opisthorchis viverrini; Clonorchis sinensis; and Schistosoma haematobium. Other infectious agents, such as Merkel cell polyomavirus, Plasmodium falciparum, and cutaneous HPVs, have been classified as “probably carcinogenic” or “possibly carcinogenic.” Accurate biomarkers of chronic infection have been essential for estimating risk and ascribing a causal role to infectious agents in cancer. Of the 14 million cases of cancer estimated to have occurred worldwide in 2012, 2.2 million were caused by infectious agents. Vaccination and screen-and-treat programs have the potential for greatly reducing the burden of cancer caused by infections.
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Qiu, Chengxuan y Laura Fratiglioni. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199569854.003.0003.
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• Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. An expert panel estimates that worldwide more than 24 million people are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease• The etiological factors other than old age and genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer’s disease remain to be determined, but current evidence strongly supports the potential role of vascular risk factors and psychosocial factors in the pathogenetic process and clinical manifestation of the dementing disorders...
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Singh, Kulwinder, Anoop Kumar Singh y K. D. Chattopadhyay. "Optimization of Process Parameters on MRR During Face Milling of Rolled Steel (AISI1040) Using Taguchi Method". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 199–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5519-0_16.
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Singh, Kulwinder, Anoop Kumar Singh y K. D. Chattopadhyay. "Application of Taguchi Method to Optimize the Surface Roughness During Face Milling of Rolled Steel (AISI 1040)". En Proceedings of International Conference in Mechanical and Energy Technology, 239–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2647-3_22.
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Ecklund, Kirsten. "Sports-Related Injuries of the Pediatric Musculoskeleton". En IDKD Springer Series, 269–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71281-5_19.
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AbstractWorldwide, more than 50 million children and adolescents participate in organized athletic programs annually. Despite the numerous health and well-being benefits, this widespread involvement also leads to acute and overuse injuries that account for millions of medical visits each year. Musculoskeletal injury in childhood may lead to growth disturbance and lifelong disability. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of these injuries. While radiography is sufficient for most long bone fractures, MRI is often necessary for optimal evaluation of injuries involving the radiolucent growth mechanism and articular structures. The following review will discuss the imaging features associated with many sports-related injuries unique to the pediatric musculoskeleton, specifically the lower extremity.
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Subaşi, Selen. "Non-formal learning participation as leisure for Syrian refugee women in Turkey." En Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience, 92–103. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0009.
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Abstract The Syrian civil war has caused thousands of deaths and the displacement of millions since 2011. Turkey currently serves as the new home to over 3.6 million refugees. Resettlement is particularly challenging for Syrian women. In addition to their patriarchal-assigned gender roles, women refugees encounter multidimensional difficulties. Unlike their male counterparts, they face overwhelming language barriers due to culturally imposed restrictions to their education in Turkey. Previous studies indicate women refugees have low levels of well-being and life satisfaction, as well as increased risk of depression. This chapter examines the types, practices, and benefits of leisure participation among Syrian refugee women in Turkey. Its findings reveal that throughout the resettlement process, leisure plays many roles, such as relieving trauma, increasing well-being and mental health, and supporting their integration into society and the labour market. Despite the abundance of learning opportunities, research on the outcomes of their participation is limited. Therefore, future studies should also focus on the effects of their participation in education to address the needs of Syrian women refugees. However, further research should be conducted on participation constraints to establish ways of encouraging refugee women's involvement in educational activities.
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Kaptein, Maurits. "The Sciences During the New Common: A Missed Opportunity?" En The New Common, 111–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_16.
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AbstractBy Wednesday, July 22, 2020, the coronavirus had killed over 611,000 people and infected over fourteen million globally. It devastated lives and will continue to do so for a long time to come; the economic consequences of the pandemic are only just starting to materialize. This makes it a challenging time to write about the new common. However, we need to start somewhere. At some point, we need to reflect on our own roles, the roles of our institutions, the importance of our economy, and the future fabric of everyday life. In this chapter, I will discuss one minor—and compared to the current crisis seemingly inconsequential—aspect of the new common: I will discuss my worry that we are on the verge of missing the opportunity to properly (re-)define the role of the sciences as we move from our old to our new common.
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Miller, Susan M. y Stacy Gallin. "The Transformation of Physicians from Healers to Killers: The Role of Psychiatry". En The International Library of Bioethics, 71–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01987-6_5.
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AbstractThis chapter will examine the direct and systematic involvement of psychiatry in the labeling, persecution and eventual mass murder of millions of those deemed “unfit.” While the entire medical profession can and should be held accountable for the abrogation of ethics that took place during the Holocaust, the role of psychiatrists, specifically, must be explored because of their ability to conflate clinical diagnoses with the worth of an individual. The theory of eugenics allowed psychiatry to provide the scientific justification and the practical mechanisms for the “mercy killing” of “life unworthy of life.” The leadership and expertise of psychiatrists paved the way for a powerful merger of medicine and politics that ultimately led to the mass murder of millions under the guise of scientific and societal progress.
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Mureithi, Joseph, Saidi Mkomwa, Amir Kassam y Ngari Macharia. "Research and technology development needs for scaling up conservation agriculture systems, practices and innovations in Africa." En Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 176–88. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0009.
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Abstract Although the net agricultural production across all regions of Africa has experienced a significant increase, African agriculture has performed below its potential over recent decades. Many aspects have been fronted to curb this situation, including sustainable intensification of farming systems and value-chain transformation through Conservation Agriculture (CA) across Africa. Based on the latest update, Africa has about 2.7 million ha under CA, an increase of 458% over the past 10 years with 2008/09 as baseline. However, this constitutes a mere 1.5% of the global area under CA, and less than 1.4% of the total cropland area in Africa. A combination of modern techniques and the optimization of agroecological processes in CA systems and practices requires that agricultural research plays a bigger role in its evolution and focus in the different regions of Africa. This targeted research should crucially contribute towards making agriculture in Africa more productive, competitive, sustainable and inclusive in terms of its functionality towards the farmer, society and nature. Scientific solutions for agricultural transformation need to be pursued without losing sight of the potentials and fragility of Africa's agricultural environments, the complexity of its agricultural production systems and the continent's rich biodiversity. The agricultural research and development agenda in Africa must build on the rich traditional farming culture, knowledge and practices, supported by coherent longer-vision for investments in science for agricultural development. Most of these investments are expected to come from national public and private sources, with governments also expected to invest in generation of 'public goods' such as the national or global environmental benefits typical of CA, and to also catalyse innovation and support market growth. The absolute imperative is that farmers must shift from outdated conventional tillage-based methods to modern, well-tested and knowledge-based methods of land use. Making this transition will be difficult without the creation of an enabling environment. This chapter discusses the various roles and advances required in CA-based research that will support the adoption of CA systems by millions of smallholder farmers in Africa with a view to enhancing sustainable and effective agricultural development and economic growth.
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Abbey, Cody, Ma Yue, Guirong Li, Prashant Loyalka y Scott Rozelle. "EdTech for Equity in China: Can Technology Improve Teaching for Millions of Rural Students?" En Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 213–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_16.
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AbstractDespite major advancements in China’s K-12 educational outcomes over the past several decades, large regional inequities in academic achievement still exist, a proximal cause of which are gaps in teaching quality. Although conventional approaches to improving teaching quality for disadvantaged populations have overall been unsuccessful in China (i.e., student relocation to better-resourced urban schools, attracting high-quality teachers to low-resource rural schools, and rural teacher training), technology-assisted instruction may play a role in bridging these gaps. This paper explores why conventional approaches to improving teaching have not been effective in rural China and then describes the potential applications of technology-assisted instruction based on the small but growing body of empirical literature evaluating such interventions in other low- and middle-income countries. The paper concludes that while other (non-tech) interventions have thus far been ineffective at raising teaching quality, China may be uniquely positioned to harness technology-assisted instruction due to a favorable ecosystem for the scaling of EdTech in rural areas, though much more experimental research is necessary to assess which approaches and technologies are most cost-effective and how to best scale them.
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Stavropoulos, Panagiotis, Dimitris Manitaras, Harry Bikas y Thanassis Souflas. "Integration of Machining Process Digital Twin in Early Design Stages of a Portable Robotic Machining Cell". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 301–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18326-3_30.
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AbstractIndustrial robots have been getting a more important role in manufacturing processes during the last decades, due to the flexibility they can provide in terms of reachability, size of working envelope and workfloor footprint. An especially interesting application are material removal processes and specifically machining. Use of robots in machining has opened new pathways for the development of flexible, portable robotic cells for several use cases. However, the peculiarity of such cells compared to traditional machine tools calls for novel approaches in their design and dynamic analysis. To this end, this work proposes an approach that integrates the digital twin of the machining process to set the boundary conditions for the design and dynamic analysis of the robotic cell. Physics-based modelling of milling is coupled with a Multi-Body Simulation of the robotic arm to define the inputs for the design of the cell. The design and dynamic analysis of the robotic cell is performed in a commercial FEA package, taking into account the requirements of the machining process.
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Erenstein, Olaf, Moti Jaleta, Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb, Kai Sonder, Jason Donovan y Hans-Joachim Braun. "Global Trends in Wheat Production, Consumption and Trade". En Wheat Improvement, 47–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_4.
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AbstractSince its domestication around 10,000 years ago, wheat has played a crucial role in global food security. Wheat now supplies a fifth of food calories and protein to the world’s population. It is the most widely cultivated crop in the world, cultivated on 217 million ha annually. This chapter assesses available data on wheat production, consumption, and international trade to examine the global supply and demand conditions for wheat over the past quarter century and future implications. There is continued urgency to enhance wheat productivity to ensure global food security given continued global population growth and growing popularity of wheat based processed foods in the Global South. To enhance productivity while staying within planetary boundaries, there is a need for substantive investments in research and development, particularly in support of wheat’s role in agri-food systems in the Global South.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Wuttijaree, Kerati, Wichai Sinjuk y Prateang Funkaew. "The Design and Invention of Small Coffee Milling Machine Rubber Roller". En The 12th National Conference on Technical Education and The 7th International Conference on Technical Education. KMUTNB, Bangkok, Thailand, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14416/c.fte.2020.03.009.
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Yinzhang Sun, Shulin Wang, Hongzhi Tang, Deming Cao y Di Liu. "Preparation and phase stability of YSZ-alumina composite by roller vibration milling". En Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930738.
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Barber, Natsuki. "Optimization of feed preparation for sunflower meal prior to protein separation using triboelectric belt separation". En 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kjtg4770.
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Triboelectric belt separation (TBS) has a long history in the industrial use for the beneficiation of minerals and fly ash. Recent trends in the use of alternative protein present opportunities to develop TBS use in food and feed applications for dry fractionation of protein. Feed preparation processing prior to separation greatly influences the performance of subsequent separation, yet little data has been published investigating various feed processing methods. Therefore, the present study focuses on exploring the relationship between different milling methods and their effects on protein enrichment performance using TBS.Hammer mill, roller mill and attrition mill were used for size reduction of solvent extracted sunflower meal. Milled sunflower meal was further processed in the pilot scale separator by optimizing the physical and processing parameters. Results are presented comparing the effectiveness of TBS for protein enrichment for feed prepared by the different methods.Hammer milled and attrition milled materials produced a similar median particle size at < 100 µm whereas roller milled material resulted in a coarse median particle size at >400 µm. Separation results indicated that the milling method affected both protein separation and mass yield, as the roller milled material showed an improved protein separation at a higher yield when dried after milling. Particle size and moisture content are two of the main factors affecting performance of TBS for non-food applications. This study provides evidence that pre-processing of sunflower meal by optimized roller milling and controlled drying can enhance protein separation. In the industrial point of view, this finding will result in further energy savings in processing of electrostatic separation making it even more attractive for food and feed applications.
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Tsay, Der-Min y Sheng-Yang Lin. "Generation of Globoidal Cam Surfaces With Conical Roller-Followers". En ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99683.
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Without solving any nonlinear contact equations usually encountered in traditional approaches, a relative simple, yet useful procedure to the profile determination of a globoidal cam with a conical roller-follower turret is presented. From the machining point of view for such a spatial cam cut by a conical milling/grinding tool by following its angular roller-follower turret motion, the surface geometry of the cam can be represented as the swept surfaces of the tool paths of the used cutter with a size equal to the conical roller-follower of the cam. To determine the swept surfaces of the conical tool paths, the pitch surface generated by the locus of the tool center is first identified. Subsequently, to locate the swept surfaces for the cam surfaces, the meshing vectors and meshing angles are then defined based on the pitch surface. To verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed procedure, both analytical formulations and numerical results are shown and compared to those obtained by an earlier technique based on the theory of screws.
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Darji, P. H. y D. P. Vakharia. "Determination of Optimum Hollowness for Hollow Cylindrical Rolling Element Bearing". En ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67294.
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Hollow-cylindrical-roller bearings are intended for light load applications, including all types of grinding, machining, and milling spindles. They use hollow cylindrical rollers instead of solid rollers. These provide significant advantages over standard bearings, such as reduced vibration, low-radial runout, better radial stiffness, higher operating speeds, and lower operating temperatures. Investigators have proposed that under large normal loads a hollow element with a sufficiently thin wall thickness will deflect appreciably more than a solid element of the same size. An improvement in load distribution and thus load capacity may be realized, as well as contact stress is also reduced considerably by using a bearing with hollow rolling elements. Since for hollow rolling element no method is available for the calculation of contact stresses and deformation. The contact stresses in hollow members are often calculated by using the same equations and procedures as for solid specimens. This approach seems to be incorrect. Recently, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been successfully used to evaluate contact problems for the roller bearings. Investigations have been made for hollow rollers in pure normal loading. Different hollowness percentages ranging from 0% and 30% to 80% have been analysed in FEA software to find the optimum percentage hollowness which gives minimum stress and finally longest fatigue life.
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Tillmann, W., E. Vogli, B. Krebs, A. E. Tekkaya, A. Brosius y V. Franzen. "Densification of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Wear Resistant Coatings". En ITSC2009, editado por B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima y G. Montavon. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2009p1045.
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Abstract Thermal spray coatings produced from hard materials show good potential for extending the service life of sheet metal forming tools. However, post-process methods currently used to improve coating surface quality are slow and expensive, especially on complex surfaces. A novel approach, demonstrated in this study, is the optimization of thermally sprayed coatings by roller burnishing. This process shows a high potential to not only reduce surface roughness and porosity, but also increase hardness even on free-formed surfaces. In the experiments, atmospheric plasma-sprayed CrC-NiCr coatings were produced and the burnishing process was performed on a CNC milling machine. Both the spraying and surface finishing processes are described and the results are presented and discussed.
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Evangelista, Roque, Milagros Hojilla-Evangelista, Steven Cermak y David Van Tassel. "Processing of Silflower (Silphium Integrifolium) Seeds to Obtain Oil and Enriched Protein Meal". En 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gmyy6577.
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Silflower (Silphium integrifolium Michx.), a perennial plant in the sunflower family, has been a promising subject for domestication as an oilseed crop. This work was carried out to investigate the seed processing aspect of this effort. Selected physical properties of the seed were evaluated, seed milling to obtain enriched kernel fraction was conducted, and initial characterization of the seed protein was performed. There was wide variation in seed length (11.5 to 20.8 mm), width (4.6 to 11.8 mm), and thickness (0.9 to 1.6 mm). The thousand seed weight was 23.8 g but the tapped bulk density was only 189.6 g/L due to the presence of wing around the seed’s periphery. The kernel accounted for 56.1% of the seed weight and contained 31.0% oil. An enriched kernel fraction with 79.6% purity was obtained by roller-milling, sifting, and air classification. Linoleic (62.3%) and oleic (19.6%) acids were the major fatty acids in the oil. The defatted enriched kernel fraction contained 63.4% crude protein. Globulin, glutelin, albumin, and prolamin accounted for 55.6%, 19.3%, 16.4%, and 8.7% of the soluble proteins, respectively. At an extraction pH of 9, protein solubility was 62%. Maximum solubility (70%) was obtained at pH 10 while minimum solubility of 9% occurred between pH 4 and 5.5. Aside from the oil, the dehulling of silflower seeds also produced a high-protein defatted meal, which may be used as is or as a starting material for enriching the protein further into a protein isolate.
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STARK, WALTER, NADIA HANNON, TIMOTHY YAP, NATHANIEL HEATHMAN y MEHRAN TEHRANI. "HEATED ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED MOLDS FOR THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE AUTOMATED FIBER PLACEMENT". En Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36469.
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Thermoplastic composite (TPC) tapes can be consolidated in situ via automated fiber placement (AFP) at relatively high temperatures (>250°C) and local pressures (up to a few MPa). In situ consolidation of TPC parts requires special tooling and heated molds to prevent warping. Creating complex three-dimensional (3D) molds at a low cost and in a short time frame can facilitate TPC AFP adoption and entry into new markets requiring customized parts. The industry standard for mold manufacturing is milling or bending metal stock (typically invar, steel, or aluminum). This process can be costly and have lead times upwards of two months. Additive manufacturing can shorten the lead times significantly. Additively manufactured molds, to be used by TPC AFP, should withstand high temperatures and roller pressures. Current mold generation practices do not have a method of heating the mold surface necessary for dimensional accuracy of TPC tape-based parts. This paper investigates a process to create 3D molds via fused filament fabrication (FFF), a form of material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), and high-performance materials that can withstand the temperatures and pressures of thermoplastic AFP application. FFF offers customized parts quickly and at a low cost. A laser-assisted AFP robot performed a layup over two heated FFF molds made of short carbon fiber reinforced polyetherketoneketone (CFPEKK), a flat plate and one with a one-axis curvature. These specimens performed well with no noticeable permanent deformation of the mold caused by either the roller or the laser demonstrating the viability of this mold generation process to create 3D molds usable with TPC AFP.
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Song, Y., J. S. M. Vergeest y T. R. Langerak. "Selective Clay Milling for Interactive Prototyping". En ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84813.
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Prototyping plays an important role in industrial product designs. In this paper, for achieving a more intuitive and interactive prototyping, a selective clay milling center is introduced based on a synthesis of clay modeling, 3-Dimensional (3-D) scanning, robot machining and advanced geometric tools. In the system, the product shape design may start either from a physical hand-made clay model or a virtual Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model. Via 3-D scanning techniques, manual modifications of the clay model can be captured in the CAD form and in the meantime, geometric modifications of the CAD model can be fed back to the physical model by an efficient robot machining method, named selective clay milling. This design cycle is repeated until a satisfied prototype iterates. For a better control of the interactions between the manual modeling and robot milling, a 3-D scanning based calibration system has been developed in order to arbitrarily position the workpiece in the design process. With several experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed system is shown and the possible applications of the proposed system in industrial product design are described as well.
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Chattopadhyay, S., R. Karmakara, S. K. Neogi, A. Banerjee, S. Bandyopadhyay, M. D. Mukadam y S. M. Yusuf. "Role of milling time for ferromagnetic Mn doped ZnO samples". En SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 56th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2011. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4710438.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Roller milling"
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Gehlhaus, Diana, Joanne Boisson, Sara Abdulla, Jacob Feldgoise, Luke Koslosky y Dahlia Peterson. China’s AI Workforce. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, noviembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20220003.
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U.S. policies on artificial intelligence education and the AI workforce must grow, cultivate, attract, and retain the world’s best and brightest. Given China’s role as a producer of AI talent, understanding its AI workforce could provide important insight. This report provides an analysis of the AI workforce demand in China using a novel dataset of 6.8 million job postings. It then outlines potential implications along with future reports in this series.
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Ahmad, Ehtisham y Hans van Rijn. The Role of Local Governments in Driving High-Quality Growth in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, diciembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200400-2.
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Over the past 25 years, the People’s Republic of China has gone through a long period of remarkable growth, lifting millions of people out of poverty. But this focus on growth has come at a cost, particularly in terms of environmental degradation, increasing socioeconomic and spatial inequalities, and the building up of fiscal liabilities at the local government level. Under the High-Quality Growth agenda, the People’s Republic of China seeks to rebalance the economy by addressing those negative side effects, and local governments will have a key role to play in the implementation of that agenda. In this paper, some critical aspects of the fiscal and institutional environment in which local governments operate are analyzed, and proposals are offered for the strengthening of local government finances.
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Bahar, Dany, Ana María Ibáñez y Sandra Rozo. Give Me Your Tired and Your Poor: Impact of a Large-Scale Amnesty Program for Undocumented Refugees. Inter-American Development Bank, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002893.
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Between 2014 and 2020 over 1.8 million refugees fled from Venezuela to Colombia as a result of a humanitarian crisis, many of them without a regular migratory status. We study the short- to medium-term labor market impacts in Colombia of the Permiso Temporal de Permanencia program, the largest migratory amnesty program offered to undocumented migrants in a developing country in modern history. The program granted regular migratory status and work permits to nearly half a million undocumented Venezuelan migrants in Colombia in August 2018. To identify the effects of the program, we match confidential administrative data on the location of undocumented migrants with department-monthly data from household surveys and compare labor outcomes in departments that were granted different average time windows to register for the amnesty online, before and after the program roll-out. We are only able to distinguish negative albeit negligible effects of the program on the formal employment of Colombian workers. These effects are predominantly concentrated in highly educated and in female workers.
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Desai, Sonalde. Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: India. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1003.
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As India prepares for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), it is clear that the country’s population policy faces a number of serious challenges. Although India was the first country to announce an official family planning program in 1952, its population has grown from 361 million in 1951 to 844 million in 1991. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 ICPD. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. The purpose of the reports is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family’s central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals.
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Yagci Sokat, Kezban. Understanding the Role of Transportation in Human Trafficking in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, noviembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2108.
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Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the recruitment, transport, and/or transfer of persons using force, fraud, or coercion to exploit them for acts of labor or sex. According to the International Labor Organization, human trafficking is the fastest growing organized crime with approximately $150 billion in annual profits and 40.3 million individuals trapped in slave-like conditions. While it is not compulsory to involve transportation for human trafficking, the transportation industry plays a critical role in combating human trafficking as traffickers often rely on the transportation system to recruit, move, or transfer victims. This multi-method study investigates the role of transportation in combatting human trafficking in California by conducting a survey followed up with semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The expert input is supplemented with labor violations and transit accessibility analysis. Experts emphasize the importance of education, training, and awareness efforts combined with partnership, data, and analysis. Screening transportation industry personnel for human trafficking is another step that the industry can take to combat this issue. Particularly, sharing perpetrator information and transportation related trends among transportation modalities and local groups could help all anti-trafficking practitioners. In addition, the transportation industry can support the victims and survivors in their exit attempts and post/exit life. Examples of this support include serving as a safe haven, and providing transportation to essential services. Transportation should ensure that all of these efforts are survivor-centric, inclusive for all types of trafficking, and tailored to the needs of the modality, population, and location.
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Lers, Amnon y Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Small RNAs Associated with Plant Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593393.bard.
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Senescence is an agriculturally significant process due to its negative impact to crop yield and postharvest quality. The genetic regulatory systems controlling senescence induction and progress respond to both developmental and environmental stress signals and involve numerous gene expression changes. Knowledge about the key molecular factors which control senescence is very limited. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs which typically function by guiding cleavage of target messenger RNAs. They have been shown to play major roles in a variety of plant processes including development, responses to environmental stresses, and senescence. The long-term goal of this work is to elucidate roles of small RNAs associated with plant senescence. The hypothesis underlying this research is that miRNA-mediated regulation makes important contributions to the senescence process in plants. Specific, original research objectives included: 1) Profiling of small RNAs from senescing plants; 2) Data Analysis and public access via a user-friendly web interface; 3) Validation of senescence-associated miRNAs and target RNAs; 4) Development of transgenic plants for functional analysis of miRNAs in Arabidopsis. Major revisions made in the research compared to the original work plan included 1) Exclusion of the planned work with tomato as recommended by the BARD review panel; 2) Performing miRNA study also in senescing Arabidopsis siliques, in addition to senescing leaves. To identify senescenceregulation of miRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced at four different stages of development and senescence from both leaves and siliques, resulting in more than 200 million genome-matched sequences. Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends (PARE) libraries, which enable the large-scale examination of miRNA-guided cleavage products, were also constructed and sequenced, resulting in over 750 million genome-matched sequences. These massive datasets lead to the identification of new miRNAs, as well as new regulation of known miRNAs and their target genes during senescence, many of which have established roles in nutrient responsiveness and cell structural integrity. In keeping with remobilization of nutrients thought to occur during senescence, many miRNAs and targets had opposite expression pattern changes between leaf and silique tissues during the progression of senescence. Taken together, these findings highlight the integral role that miRNAs may play in the remobilization of resources and alteration of cellular structure that is known to occur in senescence. Experiments were initiated for functional analysis of specific senescence-associated miRNAs and respective target genes. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated in which miR408, found in this study to be significantly induced in leaf senescence, was over-expressed either constitutively or under a senescence-specific promoter. These plants are currently being characterized for any altered phenotypes. In addition T-DNA knock out mutants for various target genes identified in this research are being analyzed. This work provides insights about specific miRNAs that contribute to leaf and silique senescence. The knowledge generated may suggest new strategies to monitor and alter the progression of senescence in crops for agricultural improvement.
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P., BASTIAENSEN. Triage in the trenches, for the love of animals : a tribute to veterinarians in the First World War. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), octubre de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2018.nf.2883.
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On the occasion of the centenary of the First World War, remembered across the world from 2014 until the end of 2018, many aspects and experiences of this global conflict have been re-examined or brought to light for the first time, as we honour the memory of those estimated 16 million soldiers and civilians who perished in what was then known as the ‘Great War’, or the ‘War to End All Wars’. So many of these died on the infamous fields of Flanders, where Allied and Central Forces dug themselves into trenches for the better part of four years. Over the past few years, new research has brought to light many insights into the plight of animals in this War, which – for the younger readers amongst you – was fought at the dawn of motorised warfare, using anything powered by two or four feet or paws, from the homing pigeons delivering secret messages across enemy lines, to the traction provided by oxen and mules to pull cannons and other heavy artillery, to the horses of the cavalry. Not least among these roles was the supply of animal protein to the troops, whether this came through the specific designation of animals for this purpose or as the result of a failed attempt at delivering any of the above services. Several leading publications today have documented the role (and suffering) of animals in ‘La Grande Guerre’. Less so the role of veterinarians in the ‘War to End All Wars’. Who were they? How many? How were they organised? What did they do, on either side of the enemy lines? The present article is a humble attempt to shed some light on these veterinary colleagues, based on available, mostly grey, literature…
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Cavill, Sue, Nanpet Chuktu, Michelle Farrington, Diana Hiscock, Caroline Muturi, Priya Nath y Marion Staunton. WASH and Older People. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), marzo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2022.003.
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There are estimated to be around 900 million older adults (aged 60 years and above), around 13 per cent of the world population. The COVID-19 pandemic helped shed light on the specific needs of older people as a group more susceptible to severe disease/infection, and revealed the lack of capacity within water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) NGOs to respond to these specific needs. This SLH Learning Paper explores the WASH needs of older people in both development and humanitarian contexts, as well as the fundamental role older people play in facilitating other people’s WASH access, health, and wellbeing. The paper refers to the data WASH actors collect on older people in order to understand their differing WASH needs, the barriers to accessing WASH, and the need to ensure older people’s participation, including their active role in helping find the solutions. Recommendations are made for planning with communities and programme design; WASH programme implementation and to reduce environmental barriers.
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.
Texto completoResumen
The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.