Artículos de revistas: "River Ganga"

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Bhargava, Devendra Swaroop. "Nature and the Ganga". Environmental Conservation 14, n.º 4 (1987): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900016829.

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The Ganga's unique and numerous virtues appear to be based on myths, but the reasons for its importance are traceable to scientific premises. The Ganga, symbolizing Indian culture and civilization, is regarded by the Hindus as the holiest amongst the rivers, and it is the Indo-Gangetic plain's most significant river owing to its mighty basin and course, and extraordinarily high self-purifying powers. The Ganga originates from Gangori in the Uttrakhand Himalayan glacier as an upland stream, emerges as a river of the plains at Rishikesh, and, after traversing almost the entirety of India from West to East, finally merges into the Bay of Bengal.

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Ghildyal, Divya y Manisha Chaudhary. "Seasonal Variations of pH and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Major Rivers of Uttar Pradesh". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2570, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2570/1/012013.

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Abstract The variations in pH and Dissolve Oxygen (DO) concentrations were analysed in surface river water samples for three seasons Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Autumn (January to December 2022) for four major rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti and Hindon flowing through Uttar Pradesh, India. For river Ganga pH range varied from 7.65 to 8.47 and DO varied from 6.4mg/l to 9.26mg/l. For river Yamuna pH range varied from 7.31 to 10.5 and DO varied from 0 to 8.1mg/l. Gomti river showed, pH range between 7.2 to 8.48, while DO varied from 0.63mg/l to 8.4mg/l. For, river Hindon, pH varied from 6.8 to 7.66 and DO observed was between 0 to 1.8mg/l. Correlation Matrix showed a significant weak positive correlation between pH and DO for all three seasons for rivers Ganga and Yamuna, while river Gomti showed a significant weak positive correlation in Pre-Monsoon and Monsoon season, and a weak negative correlation in Autumn lastly river Hindon showed weak negative correlation between pH and DO for Pre-Monsoon, and Monsoon and a weak positive significant correlation for Autumn season. Dissolved Oxygen was found in good concentration in river Ganga, and almost nilfor river Hindon. An increasing trend line for DO was observed for rivers Ganga and Yamuna while river Gomti showed a constant trend line lastly river Hindon showed almost nil DO. This study helped to identify the variations of pH and DO, and also to find the correlation between them for Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Autumn seasons for the river water samples. The study will prove helpful for designing of water treatment plants accompanying seasonal variations.

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Thakur, P. K., P. R. Dhote, A. Roy, S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, A. Chouksey et al. "SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOTE SENSING BASED PRECIPITATION AND TERRAIN INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN PARTS OF HIMALAYAN RIVER BASINS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (21 de agosto de 2020): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-911-2020.

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Abstract. The Himalayan region are home to the world’s youngest and largest mountains, and origins of major rivers systems of South Asia. The present work highlight the importance of remote sensing (RS) data based precipitation and terrain products such as digital elevation models, glacier lakes, drainage morphology along with limited ground data for improving the accuracy of hydrological and hydrodynamic (HD) models in various Himalayan river basins such as Upper Ganga, Beas, Sutlej, Teesta, Koshi etc. The satellite based rainfall have mostly shown under prediction in the study area and few places have are also showing over estimation of rainfall. Hydrological modeling results were most accurate for Beas basin, followed by Upper Ganga basin and were least matching for Sutlej basin. Limited ground truth using GNSS measurements showed that digital elevation model (DEM) for carto version 3.1 is most accurate, followed by ALOS-PALSAR 12.5 DEM as compared to other open source DEMs. Major erosion and deposition was found in Rivers Bhagirathi, Alakhnanda, Gori Ganga and Yamuna in Uttarakhand state and Beas and Sutlej Rivers in Himachal Pradesh using pre and post flood DEM datasets. The terrain data and river cross section data showed that river cross sections and water carrying capacity before and after 2013 floods have changed drastically in many river stretches of upper Ganga and parts of Sutlej river basins. The spatio-temporal variation and evolution of glacier lakes was for lakes along with GLOF modeling few lakes of Upper Chenab, Upper Ganga, Upper Teesta and Koshi river basin was done using time series of RS data from Landsat, Sentinel-1 and Google earth images.

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4

Singh, Gurnam y Naresh Kumar Agarwal. "Fishing methods in upper Ganga River system of Central Himalaya, India". Journal of Fisheries 2, n.º 3 (6 de diciembre de 2014): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i3.2014.43.

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Present study on fishing methods in the upper Ganga River system was conducted during the period 2010-2012. Upper Ganga river system consists of two major rivers basins viz. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers and number of their 1st and 2nd order tributaries which flows through Garhwal region (Central Himalaya). This large network of fluvial water resources harbours rich Ichthyofaunal diversity. The varied potential of fish resources from these water bodies permits the utilization of wide array of fishing methods. Most of the fishing methods of the Garhwal region are primitive, based on indigenous traditional knowledge and well suited to turbulent nature of the streams. In present study eighteen fishing methods and gears have been documented from the upper Ganga River system. Study observed season, habitat and species specificity of the fishing methods. The utilization of crude and unscientific fishing methods is frequent in the streams of remote areas resulting into decline in fish resource. All the fishing methods employed in upper Ganga River system are classified into four types. The classification is based on their utilisation up to the level which will allow the sustainable harvesting and proper management of valuable fish resources.

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Singh, Gurnam y Naresh Kumar Agarwal. "Fishing methods in upper Ganga River system of Central Himalaya, India". Journal of Fisheries 2, n.º 3 (6 de diciembre de 2014): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.90.

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Present study on fishing methods in the upper Ganga River system was conducted during the period 2010-2012. Upper Ganga river system consists of two major rivers basins viz. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers and number of their 1st and 2nd order tributaries which flows through Garhwal region (Central Himalaya). This large network of fluvial water resources harbours rich Ichthyofaunal diversity. The varied potential of fish resources from these water bodies permits the utilization of wide array of fishing methods. Most of the fishing methods of the Garhwal region are primitive, based on indigenous traditional knowledge and well suited to turbulent nature of the streams. In present study eighteen fishing methods and gears have been documented from the upper Ganga River system. Study observed season, habitat and species specificity of the fishing methods. The utilization of crude and unscientific fishing methods is frequent in the streams of remote areas resulting into decline in fish resource. All the fishing methods employed in upper Ganga River system are classified into four types. The classification is based on their utilisation up to the level which will allow the sustainable harvesting and proper management of valuable fish resources.

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6

Bharati, Priyank. "Archaic Route of Budhi Ganga Formerly Known As River Ganga". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n.º 11 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38841.

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Abstract: The present route of Budhi Ganga starts from Ishaqwala and reaches Hastinapur via Saifpur Firozpur.Based on preliminary survey, the Budhi Ganga starts from Ishaqwala. On the old road, we still get to see many ancient temples such as Siddha Peeth Shiva temple in Saifpur Firozpur, Pandeshwar temple in Hastinapur, Karna Ghat temple and Draupadi Ghat temple, maybe even as far as Garhmukteshwar many more temples find in the way. The ancient route of the Ganges in Saifpur Firozpur was spread over a considerable area, the evidence of which is present even today. In this research paper, many small evidences including these facts have been presented, which may not have been done in the past. Keywords : Dewal , Ishaqwala , Budhi Ganga, Hastinapur

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7

Chunnu Lal, Et al. "Water Quality Prediction of Ganga River using Time-series Models". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, n.º 9 (5 de noviembre de 2023): 4845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9.10080.

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Life of Living organism have present on the earth depends on Water. Water Quality is also equally important as Water. Ganga river is fulfilling the needs of water of a large population of India. Being a citizen of India it’s our responsibility to keep the Ganga River neat & clean. A large number of governments funded base stations available for forecasting the Water Quality of ganga river. But there is a need of low-cost prediction techniques of water quality based on data available from these base stations. It can help the government to take the necessary decisions to cure the water quality of Ganga River & save the lives of many livings’ organism depends on Ganga River. Monitoring & forecasting of water quality of Ganga River is most important because ganga river is the main source of drinking water of a large population of India. In this paper two time series-based models such as Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) have been used to predict the water quality of Ganga River. The models are developed on water quality data available of 10 base stations on the Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board’s official website. Four water quality parameters-Temp, pH, DO, BOD data is used for models training & calculating WQI (Water Quality Index). The result of experiment shows that SARIMA model predict the water quality parameters as well as Water Quality Index (WQI) more accurately.

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8

Jain, C. K. y Surya Singh. "Impact of climate change on the hydrological dynamics of River Ganga, India". Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, n.º 1 (9 de mayo de 2018): 274–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.029.

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Abstract Rivers provide innumerable ecosystem services to mankind. However, anthropogenic activities have inflicted a host of pressures to the riverine ecosystems. Climate change is also one of the human induced consequences which is of serious concern. A number of studies have predicted devastating effects of climate change. In the Indian context, where a river such as the Ganga is already suffering from industrial and municipal waste disposal, unhygienic rituals, and other activities, effects of climate change may further aggravate the situation. Climate change will not only result in disasters, but effects on water quality, biodiversity, and other ecological processes also cannot be denied. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effects of climatic change on the dynamics of River Ganga. The study focuses on the impacts on fundamental ecological processes, river water quality, effect on species composition, and hydropower potential etc. The paper also discusses management aspects and research needs for rejuvenation of the River Ganga.

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9

Hasan, Nabi, Rais Ahmad Khan y Jafar Iqbal. "River Ganga repository: An initiative towards the collection and dissemination of knowledge on the River Ganga". International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology 7, n.º 4 (2017): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5576.2017.00031.0.

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10

Ray, Archisman, Basanta Kumar Das, Dibakar Bhakta, Canciyal Johnson, Shreya Roy, Subhadeep Das Gupta, Soumya Prasad Panda y Raju Baitha. "Stock Status of a Few Small Indigenous Fish Species Exploited in the River Ganga, India". Fishes 8, n.º 12 (23 de noviembre de 2023): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120572.

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The River Ganga produces a substantial amount of its fish from small native species, defined here as those with a maximum length of 25 cm. The FiSAT program was utilized to estimate stock assessments of four important small indigenous species from the River Ganga: Johnius coitor, Cabdio morar, Salmostoma bacaila, and Gudusia chapra. Fish samples were collected monthly for a year (April 2020–May 2021) from four predetermined sampling sites along the River Ganga (Farakka, Berhampore, Balagarh, and Tribeni) in West Bengal, India. The estimated exploitation rate for Johnius coitor, Salmostoma bacaila, and Gudusia chapra was relatively lower than the optimum level of 0.5 and considerably lower than Emax values, indicating that their stocks are experiencing low fishing pressure in the region. The FiSAT results indicated that the species Cabdio morar was found to be heavily exploited. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), and fishing mortality (F) rates for all four of the SIF species were examined, and they were contrasted with data from previous studies. On the lower stretch of the River Ganga, all of the fish stocks are optimally exploited (Eopt), except for the species Cabdio morar. The population dynamics of all of the species have been described for the first time on the lower stretch of the River Ganga. According to the findings, all of the fish stocks throughout the lower stretch of River Ganga are optimally exploited (Eopt), except for Cabdio morar. The study also emphasizes the importance of increasing sustainable fishing efforts, focusing on SIFs throughout the lower stretch of the River Ganga in order to safeguard the livelihood and nutritional status of fishermen.

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11

Kar, Sayanti, Indrajit Ghosh, Pampiya Chowdhury, Amitava Ghosh, Pritam Aitch, Gupinath Bhandari y Abhishek RoyChowdhury. "A model-based prediction and analysis of seasonal and tidal influence on pollutants distribution from city outfalls of river Ganges in West Bengal, India and its mapping using GIS tool". PLOS Water 1, n.º 2 (15 de febrero de 2022): e0000008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000008.

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River Ganges (locally called as river Ganga) is one of the most scared rivers in India. The river is symbol of hope, faith and is worshipped for its wholesomeness due to its purity and sanctity. Pollution of river water due to anthropogenic activity is a very common issue worldwide. Similarly, river Ganga pollution in India throughout its entire courses, is a major concern due to city outfalls. This river, also named as river Hooghly in West Bengal, India, is exposed to outfalls carrying domestic wastewater of its both bank and their distribution in river Ganga is strongly influenced by season and tide. This study aimed to generate an idea of distance and direction wise changes of concentration of pollutants in wastewater in river Ganga. During 2014, the selection of five major outfalls was done by considering Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), heavy metals, total fecal coliform level, and the study continued for next four consecutive years to find out the influence of tide and season. Geographical Information System (GIS) based maps provided a better reflection of these changes. Student’s t-test highlighted the significant changes in concentration of parameters season wise. A significant higher value of DO, BOD, nitrate nitrogen, and chloride were found in pre-monsoon season compared to monsoon season. Regression Equation generated for highly correlated parameters (coliform and heavy metals) helped to predict the level of one parameter with others. The zone of influence of BOD, DO, phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen from each of the five selected outfalls was very prominent. Acoustic Doppler current profiler at two of the five outfalls helped to estimate strip-wise depth average discharge which helped to estimate the value of water quality parameters by Plug Flow Model during high tide and low tide. A strong tidal variation was observed during low tide. This study helped to predict the influential zone from outfalls which will help to generate an alternative solution of river water use. This approach can be applied globally to prepare river water usage guidelines.

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12

Gaur, Anupama, Pratima Akolkar y M. P. Arora. "Water quality assessment of River Ganga for conservation of Gangetic dolphins (Platanista gangetica) at Garhmukteshwar". Environment Conservation Journal 10, n.º 3 (21 de diciembre de 2009): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2009.100311.

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82 km stretch of River Ganga from Garhmukteshwar to Narora has been declared as Ramsar site because it inhabits rare and endangered Gangetic dolphins (Platanista gangetica). Dominance of Molluscs and Annelida communities of benthic macroinvertebrates provide proper feeding habitat for dolphins at more than 10-20 meter depth in River Ganga. Gangetic dolphin preferred a high level of flow velocity in River Ganga at Garhmukteshwar. Dolphins were commonly observed in biological water quality of moderate pollution (Class ‘C’). Habitat degradation due to construction of dams/ barrages, extraction of water, siltation, pollution due to hazardous chemicals and other human activities are the main causes of its decline in the river.

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13

Negi, K. S., D. S. Malik y P. K. Bharti. "Impact Of River Flow Regulation On The Planktonic Population In Ganga River At Rishikesh (Uttaranchal)". Environment Conservation Journal 7, n.º 1&2 (21 de junio de 2006): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2006.071209.

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Biological monitoring is an essential element to assess the environmental health of aquatic biotopes. Any stress imposed in aquatic ecosystem manifests its impact on the inhabitant communities and result in restructuring the present biotic components. The present study is an effort to assess the impact of damming of river water on the physico-chemical characteristics and their relations to planktonic population of Ganga river. Results indicated remarkable changes in some physico-chemical factors in upstream and downstream of Ganga river at Pashulok barrage. Rich planktonic concentration were observed as 1273.67 ± 598.124 and 1184.25 ± 588.724 units/l in the upstream and downstream section respectively. Phytoplankton always dominated (88.4 to 91.7%) over zooplankton and mainly constituted by Bacillariophyceae (65.07-78.95%) followed by Chlorophyceae (25.34-17.14%) in Ganga river.

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Patro, B. D. K., Shivam Sharma y Abhishek Bajpai. "Water Quality Monitoring of River Ganga Using Non-Linear Data Analytics". Mathematics Education Forum Chitwan 8, n.º 1 (6 de diciembre de 2023): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mefc.v8i1.60477.

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The Ganga River is one of India's biggest and most significant rivers, and the health and welfare of millions of people depend on the purity of its water. The traditional linear models that have been used extensively to assess water quality have limitations in their ability to capture the intricate non-linear interactions between the water quality factors. On the other hand, non-linear data analytics are able to identify these linkages and can offer more precise and trustworthy estimates of water quality. In order to monitor the River Ganga's water quality, this study suggests a non-linear data analytics approach that entails gathering and studying a significant amount of water quality data. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms traditional linear models and can provide valuable insights into the water quality of the River Ganga.

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Siddiqui, N., T. Faiyaz y V. S. Tari. "Ganga and Yamuna Rivers: Through the Lens of the National Green Tribunal". Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 1657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.018.

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Despite the country’s extensive environmental jurisprudence and many historic rulings in which the courts have rescued worsening environmental situations, river (Ganga and Yamuna) water does not match the mandated minimum “bathing quality.” Rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna, which flow through numerous states and towns, would be in a different situation. Without strict monitoring and enforcement of the measures, no action plan can work. Punishment of defaulters can serve as deterrence while also instilling fear in other non-compliant enterprises. In comparison to environmental legislation, the NGT Act allows for substantially harsher fines and penalties. River rejuvenation plans must be carefully monitored to ensure that they do not suffer the same fate. Making action plans will not improve river water quality unless they are implemented with sincerity and consistency, as well as continuous monitoring and severe enforcement.

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Sharma, Nisha y Padma Singh. "Microbiological Screening of river Ganga before and after Shivratri". Environment Conservation Journal 12, n.º 3 (22 de diciembre de 2011): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2011.120308.

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Rivers in India have been regarded from time immemorial as sacred water bodies. The holy Ganges flowing in the most populated northern India is also declared unfit for even bathing. The present investigation has been carried out to monitor the water quality of river Ganga. Water samples were taken from five different sites and were checked out for microbiological study by evaluating SPC. Later on enumeration, isolation and identification of bacteria was done. Sensitivity tests were also carried out. The results obtained after performing the experiments indicates that the water in the tested stretch is unfit for both bathing and drinking purposes.

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17

Ramakrishnan, P. S. "The Sacred Ganga River‐based Cultural Landscape". Museum International 55, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2003): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1350-0775.2003.00420.x.

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18

Das, Jitavati. "Impact of Durga Puja on River Ganga". International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science 10, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942568/ijaes-v10i3p102.

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Srivastava, Kalpana, Jitendra Kumar, Dharmnath Jha, Venkatesh Ramrao Thakur, Vijay Kumar y Basanta kumar Das. "Planktonic Scenario of the River Ganga & Yamuna at Prayagraj in COVID-19 Lockdown: A Case Study". Journal of Fisheries Science 4, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jfsr.v4i1.4275.

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Ganga is the most prestigious river of India. The COVID-19 lockdown may have forced us to stay indoors, but it has been boon for pollution-ridden Ganga and Yamuna. Plankton is tiny organisms drifting with water current, influenced by river physical and chemical factors. During lockdown anthropogenic factors were reduced which affected water and plankton quality. Plankton samples were collected from the upstream of the river Ganga (Shankerghat, latitude 25030’28” N and longitude, 81052’10”E) and Yamuna (near boat club, latitude 25024’29”N and longitude 81054’50”E) at Prayagraj, during national lockdown. In the before lockdown period (2019), total 28 planktonic taxa were recorded from the river Ganga, among them 10 taxa from Bacillariophyceae, 15 from Chlorophyceae and 3 from Myxophyceae. While during LD period total 54 genera with 86 species was recorded (Bacillariophyceae 10 taxa, Chlorophyceae 23 taxa, Myxophyceae 9 taxa, Euglenophyceae 2 taxa, Dianophyceae, 1, Rotiferea 7 taxa, Protozoa 2 taxa). Various species of green algae were observed in this small period of lockdown, some species were not observed since a long, like Pediastrum tetras, Scenedesmus abundans, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, and Brachionus angularis. Various species of phytoplankton and zooplankton were in reproductive phase because river was flowing silently, without any internal and external disturbance. Ganga was more affected by anthropogenic activity and factory discharge than Yamuna So lack of chemicals in the water and minimum human interference favoured auto rejuvenation of Ganga in terms of plankton quality, diversity and reproduction behaviour. Such type of environmental changes may stimulate for origin of new species and disappear or reappear of various aquatic species.

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Singh, Vineeta. "Pollution Assessment of a Segment of River Ganga in Uttarakhand". International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 1, n.º 3 (5 de marzo de 2012): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr12727171817.

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Khatun, Hasnahara y Dr Arshad jamal. "Geochemicals Heavy Metal Pollution of River Ganga - Causes and Impacts". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-2 (28 de febrero de 2018): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd9576.

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Vishnoi, Unnati, Jagjit Kaur y S. K. Pathak. "Water quality of river Ganga in respect of physico-chemical characteristics at Kangri Village, District Haridwar". Environment Conservation Journal 9, n.º 1&2 (16 de junio de 2008): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2008.091227.

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This paper deals with the water quality status of river Ganga at Kangri village was studied with .respect to physico-chemical characteristics. Parameters studied was pH, Total solids, total dissolved solid, TSS, conductivity,alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD. With respect to plH the water of river Ganga was found alkaline.

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Chowdhury, Mahua Roy, Sangita Mitra y Saswati Sen. "On the Behaviour, abundance, habitat use and potential threats of the Gangetic Dolphin Platanista gangetica in southern West Bengal, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, n.º 9 (26 de agosto de 2016): 9131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1752.8.9.9131-9137.

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The Ganga River Dolphin Platanista gangetica Roxburgh, 1801 is a globally endangered cetacean found in the River system of Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna in Bangladesh and India. A survey and research were conducted from 2012–2014 to explore the behaviour, abundance, habitat use and potential threats of the Dolphin in the lower, middle and upper stretches of the river Ganga and its tributaries in southern West Bengal. The study recorded different types of surfacing patterns with respect to their age class as well as on diurnal activity pattern of the individual. The adults and sub-adults were found to have different types of surfacing during different hours of the day. The morning and afternoon were observed to be feeding hours of the Dolphin. Multiple potential threats were encountered during the present study such as destructive fishing gears, dumping of solid and municipal waste, industrial effluents, agricultural run-off, construction of water structures, water extraction and reduction of river depth attributed to siltation. These factors contributed to the present study of the river dolphins in the Ganga, which are localised at certain pockets in good number.

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Bhatt, Ambika, Purnima Srivastava y Pavan kumar Yadav. "Ganga: A subtle overview of names and glory in Sanskrit literature and the current scenario". Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 22 (4 de agosto de 2023): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.22.224.

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River Ganga is the largest river in India. It represents one of the magnificent geographical features of the country. It would be incorrect to confine it to say only as a water body. Nothing can match its everlasting divinity. It has its roots in Indian culture. As the holy river originates from “Gangotri Gomukh” in the country, it speaks much more about the culture, tradition, way of living of people. Since times immemorial, India has been called as the Land of Lords. It has been said to be brought from heaven and therefore it has been always personified as Goddess Ganga. River Ganga is Mother Ganga by all means. Since history enormous literature has been written from time to time about her greatness. Indian literature is largely enriched with her praise and appreciation. The action–oriented ganga offers a wide knowledge and wisdom to the people besides providing its pious water. As it fertiles the soil along the basin, it nourishes the souls and minds. Educating us in many ways and aspects, it gives us an overview of the structure of society. It teaches us how to lead an ideal life while maintaining a calm attitude. It teaches us to fulfil our responsibilities in our work area. Mother Ganga must be viewed with the spectacles of love, respect, emotions and dedication. Therefore, to structure the education in Indian perspectives the cognitive, affective and psychomotor properties of Holy Ganges can be inherited into the education process or it must be said that we should learn from Mother Ganga to become a balanced and an all-rounder personality.

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Khanna, D. R. y R. Bhutiani. "Benthic Fauna and its Ecology of River Ganga from Rishikesh to Haridwar (Uttaranchal ) India". Environment Conservation Journal 6, n.º 1-3 (19 de diciembre de 2005): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2005.0612305.

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Benthic Fauna of river Ganga in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of water has been investigated. A total of 10 groups of benthic fauna were collected. Ephemeroptera was found as dominant during the course of study. Benthos were found maximum in winter months. The physico-chemical characteristics of river Ganga were found almost in limits.

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Jhunjhunwala, Bharat y Ranjana Waghralkar. "Observational case studies of the effect of phage laden Ganga water on psoriasis". IP Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 7, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijced.2021.037.

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Water of Ganga river is reported to have more than 200 isolates of phages. This study has used the naturally available cocktail of phages in the Ganga water as a treatment for chronic Psoriasis. In the conventional Phage Therapy (PT) phages that are active against specific bacteria are first identified; then isolated, multiplied and administered to the patient. We have made a novel innovation of administering the naturally available cocktail of phages in the water of the Ganga river without first identifying the target bacteria and isolating specific phages that may be active against them. In doing so, we enable the large numbers of phages to self-identify the bacteria that are present and act against them. This approach shortcuts the tortuous process of conventional PT. Further, the phages act against a number of bacteria simultaneously and provide good results in psoriasis which has multiple causes.Patients who took Ganga water for only 2 weeks showed benefit but the benefit did not sustain after stoppage of the treatment and the disease relapsed to the pre-treatment levels. The same patients showed sustained benefit after they took Ganga water for four weeks. Conclusion is that Ganga water can be used for therapeutic purposes as long as the treatment is continued for at least four weeks. The study underscores the need to establish more robust protocol for treatment of dermatological and possibly other diseases with the cocktail of phages available in the waters of the Ganga river.

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Sharma, Shikha y Madhoolika Agrawal. "The river Ganga and its pollution-tourists' perception visiting Ghats of Varanasi". Turizam 25, n.º 2 (2021): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/turizam25-23945.

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The study attempts to assess tourists' (international, national and local) perceptions for polluted state of the river Ganga in Varanasi, plausible reasons for present status and their willingness to contribute towards river cleanliness. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis suggests variation in perception for pollution and river reverence across three categories of tourists. Tourists perceived the present status of river to be dirty and urged that it can only be improved by joint efforts of people and government. Further, positive response of tourists was observed for their involvement in cleanliness drive of the river Ganga via their willingness to pay and social activities.

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Chaubey, Brijesh Kumar, Farah Bano y Mohammad Serajuddin. "Comparative Study of Reproductive Traits in Gangetic Hairfin Anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) from Estuarine and Freshwater Ecosystems". Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 21, n.º 04 (14 de enero de 2021): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v21_04_03.

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The Gangetic hairfin anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) were collected from river Ganga (Kanpur) and Hooghly estuary (Kolkata) to study the comparative reproductive traits (sex ratio, spawning season, gonado-somatic index, fecundity and egg diameter). Female outnumbered the male in the population of river Ganga but it was non-significant in the population of the estuary. Five maturity stages were identified in males and females of the fish of both ecosystems. Occurrence of multimodal (immature, maturing and mature) and uni-modal (matured) type of ova in the ovary of the fish of Hooghly estuary and river Ganga respectively and the values of gonado-somatic index confirmed the double and single spawning in a year in the fish in estuary and river respectively. The absolute fecundity was found to be higher in the fish of river Ganga compared to that of the estuary (P < 0.05). Linear and positive correlations between fecundity and the total length, body weight, ovary length and ovary weight were noted in the fish of both ecosystems (R2 > 0.90). The present study provides the comparative account of the reproductive and spawning strategies of S. phasa for the first time in favour of the proper management and conservation of the fish.

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Thakur, Parikshit. "River Churni: Assessing Trans boundary River Pollution and Options for Livelihood Protection". Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 03, n.º 01 (2022): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2022.3102.

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Trans-boundary Rivers are one of the major causes of conflict among the riparian states. Mathabhanga Churni is one of such 54 shared rivers between India and Bangladesh flowing in the Ganga Brahmaputra river basin which is a major source of fresh water as well as livelihood support to the people of its riverbanks for various reasons. The water quality of Churni deteriorated due to industrial waste disposal by a company, located in Bangladesh, in the river Churni. Moreover, in Indian side there are open defecation in the river Churni along with industrial and municipal waste disposal which are responsible for degradation of water quality affecting the livelihood of the common people of the riverbank of both sides. Initiatives have been taken to revive the course of river and purify its water quality by the National Green Tribunal, local environmental activists, like-minded people and organizations through awareness programme and protest. The article argues that initiatives for revival of the river Churni were taken by local activists and Government agencies but there is an acute absence of trans-boundary attention from both sides. While both the countries are busy with the Teesta and the Ganga as a result diplomatic parleys, government officials seem to have ignored the issue of pollution in the river Churni which can actually act as a catalyst for inculcating trans-boundary water diplomacy. It finds that diplomatic or bilateral engagements, issues revolving around Centre-State relations also need to be addressed in order to prevent an ecological disaster on both sides of the boundary and also to sustain livelihoods.

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Kumar, Mukesh y A. R. Siddiqui. "Detection of the Change in the Morphology of the Courses of the River Ganga Using Satellite-derived Data: A Case Study Area". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 6, n.º 12 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i12.014.

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This study seeks to examine the detection of course change in one of the major rivers of India, that is the Ganga, between the period of 1980 to 2020 and utilizes satellite driven data to demonstrate the visibility of shifting in its course. The purpose of study area is to find out the change detection of the river course. The channel shifting of the river course has been used to demonstrate the historical change in Landsat MSS, TM, ETM, and OLI/TIRS satellite images in the decades of 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. The study exhibits several reasons responsible for and lead to this shift, such as erosion problems and changing characteristics of the Ganga from Rampurghat to Chunar at different cross-section site points. This research area has been divided into six cross-sections, namely, XS-1, XS-2, XS-3, XS-4, XS-5, and XS-6. We attempt to examine how the river’s shape and position have witnessed a change during the 1980–2020 period via using remote sensing and GIS methods. We have identified that the course line of the Ganga has demonstrate a shift via using five types of satellite imagery in the above-mentioned period. The process of channel shifting has included an erosional and a depositional development occurred due to infrastructure damage by sedimentation, flood and changing river course. The Ganga course has shifted towards the south and the north direction places which as a result leads to village erosion. The major aspects of this study have a direct interaction with the physical and socio-cultural environment from upstream to downstream in cross-section. The course change detection of the study has been taken in the context of the river management and planning for future prevention of agricultural land, kuccha houses, food, and economic loss to farmers.

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SATYA, KUMARI y CHANDRAVIR NARAYAN. "Study of Physico-chemical and Biological Characteristics of the Water of River Ganga at Patna, India". Current World Environment 13, n.º 3 (21 de noviembre de 2018): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.3.10.

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River Ganga arises on the southern slopes of the Indian central Himalayan region beginning the Gangotri glacier. The river covers catchment area of 8, 61,404 km2 and its total length in the state Bihar stretch is 475 km. This study was carried out at Patna in the river Ganga at two sampling sites, viz., Digha Ghat (upstream) and Gai Ghat (downstream). The objective of the study was to observe the eminence of water of Ganga at Patna. The results that indicate that the river reaches near the city of Patna (upstream at Digha Ghat) are less polluted with pH 7.75, DO 7.42 mg/l, BOD 2.48 mg/l and COD 15.12 mg/l, while when the river leaves city after travelling 18 km (downstream at Gai Ghat), concentration of all pollutants increases significantly (pH 6.28, DO 6.22 mg/l, BOD 2 mg/l and COD 23 mg/l). The concentration of coliform bacteria (total coliform ranges from 5000 to 6000 MPN/100ml and faecal coliform ranges from 2200 MPN/100ml and 3000 MPN/100ml at both the sites) was recorded at higher level than the upper limit of the permissible level. This increment may be due to domestic and sewage discharge from the city. The municipality of Patna has sewage treatment plant capacity of about 109 MLD but whereas the city generates approximately 250 MLD sewage/township discharge. For the maintenance of pristine quality of water of the river Ganga, the sewage need be treated before discharge

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32

Bushra Bibi, Ke Jian, Abid Hussain y Aamir Sohail. "Environmental Threats to South Asia’s Basins (Indus and Ganga); Treaties Analysis". Journal of Peace, Development & Communication 07, n.º 01 (21 de marzo de 2023): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v07-i01-18.

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The article aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of international water treaties in addressing environmental challenges in river basins. The Ganga and Indus River basins, encompassing a vast expanse of 2.20 million square kilometers, serve as the lifeblood for roughly one billion inhabitants of the South Asian region. However, the escalating challenges of water scarcity, climate change, over-extraction, pollution, and reduced flow that stem from burgeoning population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activities, have critically endangered the water quality and quantity of these basins. The Ganga and Indus Water Treaties were created to promote collaboration and address water-related environmental issues. However, their limitations in addressing these threats make it necessary to review their effectiveness and examine their gaps and inadequacies. The study examines treaties related to the Indus and Ganga River basins regarding environmental threats, identifying gaps that need attention. A comparative analysis with the UN Watercourse Convention will be conducted to assess their effectiveness and adherence to global standards. Key Words: Environmental threats, IWT, Ganga treaty, UNWC

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33

Parihar, D. S., Mahendra Singh y Surendra Singh. "Water Resources and Management in Gori Ganga Watershed, Kumaun Himalaya by Using Remote Sensing and GIS". International Journal of Research and Review 8, n.º 12 (16 de diciembre de 2021): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211235.

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Uttarakhand Himalaya has been famous for its water resources (source for many rivers), forest diversity, unique wildlife, rich traditional culture, tribal culture and sacred Hindu’s shrine (i.e. Gangotri, Yamnotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath). The present study aims to assess the status of water resources in the Gori Ganga watershed. Water resources and their management were collected through field visit, use of Global Position System (GPS) and various methods (include questionnaire, personal interviews, direct interaction and group discussion with the villagers). Study explores the ability of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in delineating watershed and drainage network of the Gori Ganga River basin. Gori Ganga watershed is laying in Eastern Kumaon Himalaya with great utility of water resources in socio-economic development for livelihood where the settlements are situated in valleys to high altitude. Gori Ganga drainage network i.e. Ralam, Mandakani and Bona gad is glacial fed river and these entire Rivers’s water received annually from glaciers which are very useful for development of villages, towns and hydro power stations in the watershed region. Study explores some traditional water resources (Glacier, streams, springs/Dhare/Naule, lakes/Kund/Taals and drainage network) and uses of water resources for traditional uses i.e. Gharat (watermill), drinking water, hydro power production, agriculture irrigation, fisheries and animal husbandry etc. in the study area. Keywords: Water Resource, Management, Socio and Economic Development, Remote Sensing and GIS.

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Gupta, LN, Ram Avtar, Ameerjeet Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Emmanuel Mutisya, Geetha Mohan y GS Gupta. "Assessment of Ganges River Water Quality at Allahabad: A case study for the event of Magha Mela". International Journal of Life Sciences 8, n.º 3 (27 de mayo de 2014): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i3.9303.

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Considering Ganga River as one of main Holy River in India, millions of people throng to the river to have a holy dip, Aachman (Mouthful of holy water) and cleanse themselves of sins. Magh Mela is a great festival to take place in bank of Triveni (Sangam) at Allahabad and runs more than one and half month, when millions of pilgrims from different regions in India go there for taking a holy bath in Sangam of Ganga. Thus, the bathing in the river during Magh Mela leads to high pollution of the river in comparison to other days such as normal bathing days. This study focused on the water quality status from some selected physico-chemical parameters of River Ganges and the impact of Magh Mela as well as the variation in the river’s flow rate. Results indicate that the pollution load was alarmingly high and the flow of the Ganga had been very poor. Further, the study found that the water was not fit for bathing during the 2012 Magh Mela. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i3.9303 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.8(3): 2014: 8-14

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35

Bagla, Piyush, Kuldeep Kumar, Nonita Sharma y Ravi Sharma. "Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality of Ganga River". Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 102, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40031-021-00555-z.

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Purushothaman, P. y G. J. Chakrapani. "Heavy Metals Fractionation in Ganga River Sediments, India". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 132, n.º 1-3 (13 de febrero de 2007): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9550-9.

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37

Trivedi, R. C. "Water quality of the Ganga River – An overview". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13, n.º 4 (15 de noviembre de 2010): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2010.528740.

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38

Srivastava, Shuchi, Pavitra Tandon, Renu Singh y K. N. Uttam. "Elemental Investigation of River Ganga Water by LIBS". National Academy Science Letters 36, n.º 1 (febrero de 2013): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40009-012-0107-x.

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39

Tandon, Praveen Kumar y Neelam Shukla. "A STUDY ON PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY IN RIVER GANGA AT ALLAHABAD, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA)". Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 1, n.º 01 (7 de enero de 2016): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2015.1115.

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Presence of microscopic algae can cause taste and odour problems, water discoloration, or form large mats that can interfere with boating, swimming, and fishing. The present study was conducted to assess the phytoplankton assemblages which in turn can serve as a suitable method to assess the quality of river ecosystem. Diversity of phytoplankton in river Ganga in Allahabad at five sampling stations was conducted from March to April 2014. Plankton identified in the river mainly composed of the members of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae families.The Palmer pollution index values were calculated to know the level of organic pollution and to support the data. On the basis of quantitative and qualitative estimates 15 significant algal species were identified which can tolerate high degree of pollution. The abundance of phytoplanktons in april was greater than in march. Abundance of phytoplanktons and algal bloom was maximum at Chhatnag ghat whereas at Sangam low phytoplankton diversity was found.In general, moderate temperature, low current velocity and high transparency of water appear to be better the conditions for algal growth in the river Ganga. These findings highlighted the deterioration of water quality of the river due to industrial, commercial and anthropogenic activities. The status of phytoplankton diversity of river Ganga was quite low indicating that the river is highly polluted.

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40

Kumar, Dinesh, Awadhesh Kumar, D. S. Malik, Rajesh Sharma y Varsha Gupta. "Effect of Barrages and Anthropogenic Activities on Ecological Integrity of the Ganga River: A Review on Current Issues and Restoration Efforts". AgroEnvironmental Sustainability 1, n.º 1 (26 de junio de 2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.59983/s2023010109.

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The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions of people in the Indian subcontinent, is facing significant environmental challenges due to the construction of barrages and various anthropogenic activities along its course. This review paper examines the effects of barrages and human interventions on the ecological integrity of the Ganga and explores current issues surrounding its deteriorating ecosystem. Furthermore, it discusses the restoration efforts undertaken to mitigate the ecological impacts and restore the river's health. The construction of dams and barrages can aggravate the situation in the context of the Ganga, which is already suffering from the discharge of industrial and agricultural wastes. The construction of various dams, barrages, and hydroelectric projects is affecting the water flow of the Ganga. These affect the water flow, resulting in the accumulation of solid waste on the river bed. Barrages not only affect the water flow but also restrict the migration of aquatic fauna. This affects the hydrological balance of the Ganga as well as the survival and existence of several fish species. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of barrages and anthropogenic activities on Ganga's ecological integrity, sheds light on the current issues plaguing the river, and highlights the ongoing restoration efforts. By understanding the complex interplay between human activities and ecosystem dynamics, stakeholders can work towards safeguarding Ganga's ecological health and ensuring its sustainable future.

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Gupta, Kaushik, Abantika Nandy, Kushal Banerjee y Soumendra Nath Talapatra. "Biomonitoring of River Ganga Bank by Identifying Mollusc Species as an Indicator". International Letters of Natural Sciences 37 (abril de 2015): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.37.71.

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The present study deals with biomonitoring to know mollusc species as an indicator. In the present study, presence, absence and abundance of particular gastropod and bivalve species were identified in the different banks of river Ganga. The study was carried out at two experimental sites, Sodepur (Exp-1) and Khardah (Exp-2), West Bengal, India as the area exhibits a major sewage water outfall in the river compared with upstream control site, Kalyani (Cont-1) and downstream control site, Batanagar (Cont-1). The present biomonitoring shows qualitatively and quantitatively that in experimental no mollusc species were observed near the wastewater discharge area into the bank of river Ganga at Khardah while both sites of the sewage discharge area into the bank of river Ganga at Sodepur particular gastropod Bellamya sp. were observed when compared to control area. The highest variety and total nos of gastropods and bivalves (280 nos) were recorded in the upstream at Kalyani and lowest variety and total nos of only gastropods (150 nos) were recorded in the downstream at Batanagar. The present biomonitoring work was a preliminary observation to know sensitive and tolerant or accumulator mollusc species in the bank of river Ganga from a stretch of Kalyani (upstream) to Batanagar (downstream) in between urban wastewater discharge area (Sodepur and Khardah). Further researches must be relevant in relation to biomarker assessment with the physico-chemical factors and stress tolerant detoxification mechanism of particular mollusc species.

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42

Gupta, Kaushik, Abantika Nandy, Kushal Banerjee y Soumendra Nath Talapatra. "Biomonitoring of River Ganga Bank by Identifying Mollusc Species as an Indicator". International Letters of Natural Sciences 37 (3 de abril de 2015): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-41619c.

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The present study deals with biomonitoring to know mollusc species as an indicator. In the present study, presence, absence and abundance of particular gastropod and bivalve species were identified in the different banks of river Ganga. The study was carried out at two experimental sites, Sodepur (Exp-1) and Khardah (Exp-2), West Bengal, India as the area exhibits a major sewage water outfall in the river compared with upstream control site, Kalyani (Cont-1) and downstream control site, Batanagar (Cont-1). The present biomonitoring shows qualitatively and quantitatively that in experimental no mollusc species were observed near the wastewater discharge area into the bank of river Ganga at Khardah while both sites of the sewage discharge area into the bank of river Ganga at Sodepur particular gastropod Bellamya sp. were observed when compared to control area. The highest variety and total nos of gastropods and bivalves (280 nos) were recorded in the upstream at Kalyani and lowest variety and total nos of only gastropods (150 nos) were recorded in the downstream at Batanagar. The present biomonitoring work was a preliminary observation to know sensitive and tolerant or accumulator mollusc species in the bank of river Ganga from a stretch of Kalyani (upstream) to Batanagar (downstream) in between urban wastewater discharge area (Sodepur and Khardah). Further researches must be relevant in relation to biomarker assessment with the physico-chemical factors and stress tolerant detoxification mechanism of particular mollusc species.

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43

Singh, Yogendra, Ashish K. Chowdhary y S. N. Bahuguna. "Ichthyofaunal diversity in Bachan Gad and Kakda streams of the Mid-himalayan Ganga river system of Garhwal in relation to stream gradient and distance". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2014): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.419.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the comparative seasonal distribution and relative abundance of fish fauna of streams Bachan Gad of river Alaknanda and Kakda Gad of river Mandakini of Mid-himalayan Ganga river System. Total length of the Bachan Gad is 14.5 km from origin to the confluence at main river Alaknanda with an altitudinal variation from 605.94 to 1418.23m (a.s.1), whereas, total length of the Kakda Gad is 15.5 km. from origin to confluence at main river Mandakini with altitudinal variation from 984.50 to 1993.70 m (a.s.1). Total 23 species from Bachan Gad and 20 fish species were identified from Kakda Gad. The differences in the availability of fish-fauna were directly related to the nature of the profile and slope of tributaries; which affects the migration and breeding grounds of the fishes inhabited in the main river Alaknanda and Mandakini of Ganga river system. Variation in the availability of fishes has been recorded from different sites of the stream. In streams and rivers the changes take place along their length is directly related to the eco-physico-chemical nature (water depth, current, substratum etc). All these factors which change along the length of streams are also the factors which control the distribution of the various sections of the biotic fauna and flora.

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44

Prasad, G., V. Shanker y A. K. Chopra. "Impact of IDPL effluent on water quality of river Ganga at Shyampur Khadir, Rishikesh (Uttaranchal)". Environment Conservation Journal 5, n.º 1-3 (19 de diciembre de 2004): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2004.0512310.

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Present paper deals with the impact of IDPL effluent on water quality of river Ganga at Shyampur Khadir, Rishikesh. A significant deterioration of water quality of Ganga was recorded at Shyampur Khadir. Water quality of river Ganga at Pashulok Barrage (1.5 Km. before discharge of IDPL effluent) was better in term of various physicochemical characteristics, valued mg/It, chloride- 5.6, DO- 8.8, BOD- 7.14 and COD- 20.95 was observed . Bacterial load of water in term of MPN and SPC was found 11.6x102/100 ml and 102x103/ ml respectively. But a high degree of deterioration of water quality was recorded at Shyampur Khadir located about 1.5 Km. away from discharge point in down stream of the river Various parameters were found highly enhanced i.e. Hardness- 137.8, cholride- 14.3, BOD- 58.8, COD-162.45, MPN -64x102 and SPC- 290x 103. Main cause of deterioration of water quality of Ganga at Shyampur Khadir was found due to the discharge of IDPL effluent which was highly polluted as evident by low level of DO-2.8 and high degree of BOD- 181, COD- 261.8 mg/l and MPN- 209x102 and SPC- 380x 103.

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45

Sim, Siong Fong y Szewei Elaine Tai. "Assessment of a Physicochemical Indexing Method for Evaluation of Tropical River Water Quality". Journal of Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8385369.

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This paper attempts to evaluate the Malaysian water quality indexing method that has been criticized for its ineffectiveness. The indexing method is referred to as the Water Quality Index of the Department of Environment, Malaysia (DOE-WQI). This index was assessed against two other indices (River Ganga Index and Minimal Water Quality Index (WQImin)) and a modified DOE-WQI was also proposed. DOE-WQI and WQImin are physicochemical indices, whereas the River Ganga Index and modified DOE-WQI are indices with the inclusion of a microbiological parameter. The assessment was conducted based on the water quality of tropical rivers in Malaysia, with specific reference to Sarawak River and its tributaries. Water quality in terms of pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen, and fecal coliform count (FCC) was measured from 18 stations in December 2015, January 2016, and March 2016. Generally, the river was characterized with high FCC with the four indices significantly correlated. The results demonstrated the shortcomings of the existing DOE-WQI; the physicochemical index assigned water quality to a better class than its actual conditions without taking into consideration the FCC.

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46

Singh, Kamakshi y Ramakar Jha. "Analysing the Changes in Water Quality of River Ganga Passing Through Urban Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS Support". Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2022): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220008.

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River Ganga in India has tremendous self-purification capacity due to its dynamic, turbulent and meandering characteristics. In addition due to the presence of anti-bacterial agents such as Bacteriophages virus killing bacteria and its medicinal properties, the refinement capacity increases. In the present work, water quality samples of river Ganga at Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna and Bhagalpur were collected and analysed for the years 2017-2019 to assess the change in water quality of the river Ganga in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity through remote sensing data and ground observations. The change in spectral reflectance of water along the river in the visible region has been analysed using the Landsat-8 multispectral remote sensing data and water quality samples have been collected from all the sites on the date of pass of Landsat-8 satellite. The results obtained shows that the satellite based remote sensing approach can be effectively used to make qualitative and quantitative estimates of total suspended solids and turbidity using nonlinear equations with high accuracy, even in the absence of field observations.

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van der Vat, Marnix, Pascal Boderie, Kees Bons, Mark Hegnauer, Gerrit Hendriksen, Mijke van Oorschot, Bouke Ottow et al. "Participatory Modelling of Surface and Groundwater to Support Strategic Planning in the Ganga Basin in India". Water 11, n.º 12 (21 de noviembre de 2019): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122443.

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The Ganga Basin in India experiences problems related to water availability, water quality and ecological degradation because of over-abstraction of surface and groundwater, the presence of various hydraulic infrastructure, discharge of untreated sewage water, and other point and non-point source pollution. The basin is experiencing rapid socio-economic development that will increase both the demand for water and pollution load. Climate change adds to the uncertainty and future variability of water availability. To support strategic planning for the Ganga Basin by the Indian Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation and the governments of the concerned Indian states, a river basin model was developed that integrates hydrology, geohydrology, water resources management, water quality and ecology. The model was developed with the involvement of key basin stakeholders across central and state governments. No previous models of the Ganga Basin integrate all these aspects, and this is the first time that a participatory approach was applied for the development of a Ganga Basin model. The model was applied to assess the impact of future socio-economic and climate change scenarios and management strategies. The results suggest that the impact of socio-economic development will far exceed the impacts of climate change. To balance the use of surface and groundwater to support sustained economic growth and an ecologically healthy river, it is necessary to combine investments in wastewater treatment and reservoir capacity with interventions that reduce water demand, especially for irrigation, and that increase dry season river flow. An important option for further investigation is the greater use of alluvial aquifers for temporary water storage.

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48

Barik, Rabindra K. "CloudGanga". International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 8, n.º 4 (octubre de 2017): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2017100104.

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The present research paper proposes and develops a Cloud computing based Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Model named as CloudGanga for sharing, analysis and processing of geospatial data particularly in River Ganga Basin management in India. The main purpose of the CloudGanga is to integrate all the geospatial information such as dam location, well location, irrigation project, hydro power project, canal network and central Water Commission gauge stations locations related to River Ganga. CloudGanga can help the decision maker/ planner or common users to get enough information for their further research and studies. The open source software (Quantum GIS) has been used for the development of geospatial database. QGIS Plugin has been linked with Quantum GIS for invoking cloud computing environment. It has also discussed about the various overlay analysis in CloudGanga environment. In the present research, machine learning approaches are also used in a R tool for well locations which are associated with the basin of River Ganga.

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Dingle, Elizabeth H., Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Ángel Rodés y Vimal Singh. "Temporal variability in detrital <sup>10</sup>Be concentrations in a large Himalayan catchment". Earth Surface Dynamics 6, n.º 3 (27 de julio de 2018): 611–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-611-2018.

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Abstract. Accurately quantifying sediment fluxes in large rivers draining tectonically active landscapes is complicated by the stochastic nature of sediment inputs. Cosmogenic 10Be concentrations measured in modern river sands have been used to estimate 102- to 104-year sediment fluxes in these types of catchments, where upstream drainage areas are often in excess of 10 000 km2. It is commonly assumed that within large catchments, the effects of stochastic sediment inputs are buffered such that 10Be concentrations at the catchment outlet are relatively stable in time. We present 18 new 10Be concentrations of modern river and dated Holocene terrace and floodplain deposits from the Ganga River near to the Himalayan mountain front (or outlet). We demonstrate that 10Be concentrations measured in modern Ganga River sediments display a notable degree of variability, with concentrations ranging between ∼9000 and 19 000 atoms g−1. We propose that this observed variability is driven by two factors. Firstly, by the nature of stochastic inputs of sediment (e.g. the dominant erosional process, surface production rates, depth of landsliding, degree of mixing) and, secondly, by the evacuation timescale of individual sediment deposits which buffer their impact on catchment-averaged concentrations. Despite intensification of the Indian Summer Monsoon and subsequent doubling of sediment delivery to the Bay of Bengal between ∼11 and 7 ka, we also find that Holocene sediment 10Be concentrations documented at the Ganga outlet have remained within the variability of modern river concentrations. We demonstrate that, in certain systems, sediment flux cannot be simply approximated by converting detrital concentration into mean erosion rates and multiplying by catchment area as it is possible to generate larger volumetric sediment fluxes whilst maintaining comparable average 10Be concentrations.

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50

Garzanti, Eduardo, Giovanni Vezzoli, Sergio Andò, Mara Limonta, Laura Borromeo y Christian France-Lanord. "Provenance of Bengal Shelf Sediments: 2. Petrology and Geochemistry of Sand". Minerals 9, n.º 10 (19 de octubre de 2019): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100642.

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The Bangladesh lowlands are traversed by the largest sediment flux on the planet. Detritus generated mostly in Himalayan highlands and conveyed through the Ganga–Brahmaputra rivers and Meghna estuary reaches the Bay of Bengal, where it forms a composite deltaic system. This study integrates the vast existing database on Ganga–Brahmaputra sediments of all grain sizes from clay to sand with new petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data on estuarine and shallow-marine sands. A large spectrum of compositional signatures was used to: (i) assess the relative supply of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers to estuarine and shelfal sediments; (ii) define the compositional variability of estuarine sediments and the impact exerted by hydraulic sorting and climate-related chemical weathering on provenance signals; (iii) define the compositional variability of shelf sediments and the potential hydrodynamic segregation of fast-settling heavy minerals in coastal environments and of slow-settling platy micas on low-energy outer-shelf floors; (iv) consider the potential additional mud supply from the western subaerial part of the delta formerly built by the Ganga River; and (v) draw a preliminary mineralogical comparison between fluvio-deltaic sediments and turbidites of the Bengal–Nicobar deep-sea fan, thus tracing sediment dispersal across the huge sedimentary system extending from Tibet to the equatorial Indian Ocean. All investigated mineralogical and geochemical parameters, as well as Sr and Nd isotope ratios and clay–mineral assemblages, showed a clear prevalence in sediment supply from the Brahmaputra (60–70%) over the Ganga (30–40%). Heavy-mineral suites and Sr and Nd isotope fingerprints of Bengal shelf sediments are nearly identical to those of the Brahmaputra River and Meghna estuary, also because the Brahmaputra carries almost twice as many Ca-plagioclase grains and heavy minerals including epidote than the Ganga, and these minerals control the large majority of the Sr and Nd budgets. The experience gained in modern settings can be directly extrapolated only to the recent past, because sediments older than the late Pleistocene and buried more than a few hundred meters begin to lose less durable ferromagnesian minerals by selective chemical dissolution, which makes quantitative estimates progressively less robust in more deeply buried older strata.

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