Tesis sobre el tema "Risques de catastrophes"
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Ouazzani, Chahdi Abdelkader. "Les risques catastrophiques au Maroc : aspects de gestion de risque et d'assurance". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30072.
Texto completoOur societies are becoming increasingly exposed to the risks of natural or human disasters. Major risks change over time, the factors affecting these changes are diverse and can be environmental, technological, demographic or socio-economic. The vulnerability of developing countries to catastrophic risk is much higher than that of developed nations. This can be explained by several factors, including the quality of infrastructure likely to be affected, the lack of a risk mapping that has the direct consequence of construction in areas highly exposed to disasters, the absence of preventive measures, and the lack of funding and reconstruction policies. That being said, there is growing awareness around these areas.Morocco is among the countries that are highly vulnerable to major risks and that is why the Moroccan government, with the assistance of the World Bank and the Swiss Cooperation has decided to implement a national strategy for integrated management of disasters which includes a post-disaster compensation component based on the French "Cat Nat Plan". Therefore, Moroccan insurers will be required to cover catastrophic risks through mandatory coverage backed by certain insurance contracts.This work proposes to analyze from an operational point of view the various legal aspects of major risks management: prevention and disaster funding
Alfandary, Emmanuelle. "L'indemnisation des risques ecologiques majeurs". Amiens, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AMIE0050.
Texto completoViger, Raoul y Christine Meunier. "L'information en cas de risques majeurs technologiques et naturels". Reims, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REIML004.
Texto completoAfter stating the main theories on catastrophes and related public information campaigns, the thesis reports on the situation today, including the rise in risk factors, the limitation of various methods of prevention and fight against catastrophes and the precarious nature of information and training systems. These findings are based on a study conducted in different schools and the various state administrations usually involved. The thesis presents a general picture of crisis management systems at the international level, both in an industrialized country (France) and in a third-world country (niger). The work anayzes various major catastrophes in France, in niger and in other parts of the world. Il provides an overview of how the media works. It anayzes the management of crisis by the media and presents a study of how crisis management is perceived by the public and experts. It descibes degrees of information and the security systems devised by the organizations in contact with the public. It draws the conclusions from a crisis situation involving a prepared public. Finally, it proposes a conceptual model for "communication in a crisis situation
Nimirf, Jean-Luc. "Les catastrophes sanitaires". Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA083574.
Texto completoFor two decades, sanitary dramas shook the French sanitary institutions and put in light the deficiencies of our device of sanitary security. The State was accused of having failed in its missions ,cause it did not know how to exercise, at the convenient moment, its sanitary police power to protect the health service. Being questioned, the State decided to resume in hand certain sectors of the health service abandoned in the circle associative. From 1993, sanitary agencies were born in the form of public establishment and the device of sanitary security did not stop being perfected. These sanitary dramas put in evidence a dilution of the competences and a redefining of the responsibilities of the actors (decision-makers, experts and administrators) was necessary. The sanitary security became a constituent of the policies of health and the sanitary agencies constitute a new mode of State intervention. The European Union was not either spared. Indeed, in the middle of a crisis of the " crazy cow " the services of the European Commission were reorganized to insure better the protection of the health service and the protection of the consumers. Sanitary agencies were also established in the European plan. The protection of the health service can constitute an obstacle in the international trades. Finally, it is advisable not to darken the major role which plays the world Organization of the health which is the "policeman" of the sanitary security of the planet and, if necessary, the "fireman" of the new sanitary disasters which can appear at any time and in any point of the globe
Crescenzo-d'Auriac, Marie-Béatrix. "La couverture des risques catastrophiques en assurance terrestre de choses". Paris 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA020001.
Texto completoDamages resulting from disasters either natural or human (political or technological) used to be insufficiently taken into account. Consequently, the public powers, in the eighties, prompted the insurers to enlarge the insurance field : they were, thus, entrusted, on behalf of national solidarity with the compensation for some definite public calamities (natural disasters and terrorism)
Michel-Kerjan, Erwann. "Contributions à l'économie des "risques à grande échelle" : essais sur le partage des risques catastrophiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24010.
Texto completoLemarchand, Frédérick. "Socio-anthropologie des sociétés technoscientifiques : risques, catastrophes, patrimoine et développement durable". Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN1292.
Texto completoAntoine, Jean-Marc. "Géohistoire des catastrophes et des risques torrentiels. Une histoire de l'environnement pyrénéen". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756668.
Texto completoZawali, Naima. "La couverture des risques extremes de catastrophes naturelles : analyse théorique et empirique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100005.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis is to better understand the determinants of natural catastrophe insurance systems in the world, as well as of individual behavior towards these risks. We also compare the efficiency of different public intervention forms in catastrophe risk management. Our data come from international organizations, research centers and one controlled experiment. From the typology of countries in terms of flood insurance that we elaborate it appears that the publicly provided flood insurance system is globally dominant and mainly applied in low-income countries with high risk exposure. Mixed public / private system are mainly applied in rich countries with low risk exposure. Concerning insurance demand, the willingness to pay for insurance is significantly lower for catastrophe risks than for other, standard risks, regardless of probability and amount of loss. Comparing different public intervention systems, we show that the most efficient measure is insurance premium subsidy but its costs can be very high for individual whose risk perception is biased
Açimuz, Hayriye Bige. "Le droit des risques naturels : comparaison franco-turque". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010253.
Texto completoSansévérino-Godfrin, Valérie. "L'État, les compagnies d'assurance et les risques majeurs". Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0024.
Texto completoSarlon, Vincent. "Risques humains liés aux explosions pouvant survenir dans l'industrie pétro-chimique : application à une plateforme de la zone industrialo-portuaire de Dunkerque". Lille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL2M154.
Texto completoMoatty, Annabelle. "Pour une Géographie des reconstructions post-catastrophe : risques, sociétés et territoires". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30047/document.
Texto completoThe post-disaster reconstruction has emerged relatively recently in the hazards’ scientific literature. It has long been, in France and in developed countries, as if the amounts of money drained by the compensation process and solidarity were sufficient to recover efficiently. However the recurrence of disasters, sometimes in the same territories, questioned the effectiveness of preventive logic. Our approach of the reconstruction is systemic and aims at analyzing the interactions between risk, societies and territories. The study of the reconstruction process periods through a medium and long-term feedback allows to define the operating rules, and to define "good and bad practices" regarding the objectives of risk reduction and sustainable development. The lack of anticipation, the several uncertainties and the emergency in which the decisions are taken are leading, in many cases, to risk persistence and to increase the social gaps. When preventive ethics is integrated into the process remains punctual and marginal, the rule being the reproduction of existing socio-spatial systems. The reconstruction process does not start from a "zero state", it is subject to territorial and political constraints, and must lead to make an appropriate response to the needs of affected communities. Thus, in order to make the post-disaster reconstruction a preventive opportunity, an anticipatory effort is needed - though necessarily limited - it must be accompanied by an ex post planning
Baggio, Stéphanie. "Pensée sociale et risques collectifs : effets de l'implication personnelle sur la construction sociale des catastrophes naturelles". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H051.
Texto completoThis research, focused on the social thinking of collective risks (as the flood and tsunami of December 26, 2004), gives two principal results. On the one hand, it shows the importance of public differenciation operated by the personal implication variable and on the other hand, it proves the fundamental role of the culture (local or general). Beyong the common knowledge of risk, the subjects’ implication produces a thickening of social thinking : more structured representation. Complexification of its contents, importance of attributive dimension, circulation of rumors, development of a specific collective memory, etc. Implication is therefore a filter to representations that generates contextual variations. Conversely, the effects of the perceived capacity of action are filtered by the beliefs, values and standards ofthe society in which it fits. This research illustrates the importance of the social construction of thinking, which allows people to understand the situations in which they are according to their culture. Their common knowledge and their experiments
Léone, Frédéric. "Concept de vulnérabilité appliqué à l'évaluation des risques générés par les phénomènes de mouvements de terrain". Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10009.
Texto completoAbramovici, Marianne. "La prise en compte de l'organisation dans l'analyse des risques industriels : méthodes et pratiques". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DENS0015.
Texto completoThély, Ludovic. "Les Grecs face aux catastrophes naturelles : gestion et représentations des risques (Ve siècle A.C. - IIe siècle P.C.)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040264.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the perception, management and religious thoughts of natural hazards in Antiquity. It is based essentially on epigraphics and literary sources, but includes archaeological and geomorphological documentation. Natural hazards and risks are two recent notions, coming from geographic studies. To apply these concepts to the Greek world, from the Classical Period to the Roman Empire, contributes to our knowledges of these societies, pointing out the chronological evolutions of the scientific discourses and the religious thoughts. This study is organized in two main parts ; the first dealing with the consequences of natural hazards (burial of victims, destruction of buildings, modifications of landscapes and economic crisis) and the second, the analysis of theories about natural hazards as well as the religious representations and practices. Last but not least, one of the most important questions that this thesis tries to answer is "Did Greek society manage the risks or did it fall victim to doomsday ?"
Estrada, Díaz Gabriela. "Mise en pratique de la politique de prévention de catastrophes au Mexique : Enjeux en milieu urbain : Le cas de la ville de Minatitlán". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1076/document.
Texto completoThis dissertation explores the responses developed by the Mexican government for tackling the challenges presented by natural and man-made risks. The country counts indeed with a number of strategies for managing emergencies, and it performs quite well on reconstructing infrastructures and facilities on the aftermath of the numerous natural disasters that afflict its territory every year. This is possible thanks to the financial means available for reconstruction in the national annual budget. However, the recurrence of natural and man-made disasters, indicate a lack of planning policies and practices that could actually prevent that the existing risks become real disasters, specially in urban areas.The case of study is the city of Minatitlán. This city offers an example of how the disaster prevention policy lacks effectiveness on reducing major risks. In Minatitlán, nature is harsh and inflicts recurring floods in its territory, but human groups have certainly some responsibility in the repetition of disasters since they choose a location rather inadequate for urbanization, and implemented low-resilient development patterns. When oil industry established in the area, it reinforced the characteristics of urbanization (illegal settlements) and contributed to weaken the resistance of the settlement to disasters.At the heart of this study lays an interrogation about the operational conditions of a national disaster prevention policy in Mexico, given the local conditions that intervene in its effectiveness: geographical, socio-economical, institutional and socio-cultural frames. Therefore, the study focuses on a global comprehension of urban systems and how different elements relate to produce a specific condition of vulnerability, taking into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept.The study is presented in three parts. The first one explores the theoretical framework of the following analysis. In the second part, a couple of analysis relied on the use of public information rather accessible in Mexico. The data and texts were used with a laying interrogation about the indications they could give about the risk situations in Mexican urban settlements. Finally, the third part of the dissertation focuses on exploring the socio-cultural factors of vulnerability, namely the social representation of risk, under the premise that it has a major impact on individual and social behavior in risk (and disasters) situations.The case of Minatitlán confirms the tight links among risks and urban development. In this city, the risk has historically represented an opportunity for development. The institutional framework for risk prevention emerges well after the city was a consolidated urban settlement, but it has not been able to offer substantial changes and one can conclude that the current situation arranges a number of groups that do not see any incentive for improving the prevention strategies or enforcing planning measures. Then, a transition towards more resilient scenarios, specially in a context of climate change, is not foreseeable in the coming years.Moreover, the civil protection policy in Mexico favors a top-down public intervention in disaster periods, where each government level intervenes up to their financial and physical powers. At the lowest end of this chain, are local populations, the victims of disasters, are not encouraged to participate or become actual actors of local prevention.This being the current state of affairs in Minatitlán, the public action as well as the social representation of risks and disasters, are both contributing to maintaining a situation where prevention is not the main goal of the disaster policy
Omar, Ali Bouh. "Risques naturels et développement dans la région de l'IGAD". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30003.
Texto completoThe IGAD region is particularly affected by natural disasters which have caused significant human and economic damages. Despites disparities, IGAD countries are among the poorest in the world. The link between wealth level, development process and natural disasters has been little studied in this context. The main aim of this thesis is to develop methods and tools of analysis to assess the causes and possible remedies of natural disasters. This research is mainly based on a database called BDCanaca which lists natural disasters’ impacts in this region. The data from this database revealed the existence of spatiotemporal disparities in natural disaster damage at regional and national scales as well. The high vulnerability of the region to natural disasters is due to the extent of socio-economic and demographic constraints. It has also shown the heterogeneity of existing sources and the inaccuracy of natural disaster balances. The intrastate or interstate conflicts that have rocked this region over the last decades are factors that explain the enormity of the impacts of natural disasters and therefore its level of vulnerability. The increasing occupation of vulnerable areas by poor populations is the main risk factor. In order to curb the natural disasters’ consequences, a panel of risk management measures and policies has been implemented by the region's states, which are among the first in the continent to procure themselves with managing body to follow up with natural disasters’ effects. But these structures do not always have the means to implement effective policies that would benefit from integrating and supporting the adaptation strategies developed by the populations from affected regions
Gazzeh, Karim. "Aménagement et risques majeurs, le cas des inondations de novembre 1999 en Languedoc-Roussillon". Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20019.
Texto completoThe assessments of natural disasters shows that the floods are the most frequent and the most devastating. This phenomenon constitutes one of the principal factors of economic and social impact. By privileging work on the vulnerability, the goal is to identify and analyze its natural and anthropic determining factors. Structured in three parts, this research analyzes the human activity within the framework of the interaction between the economic factor, the social attitudes and the prevention policy. After having treated these phenomena with a global scale (In the world and in France), the results show that the Languedoc-Roussillon area illustrates perfectly the overlap of the geographical, demographic, socio-economic, institutional and politico-administrative factors of vulnerability
Millereau, Raymond. "Défense civile et protection des populations". Paris 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA020013.
Texto completoCivil defense in france is one of the less widely known aspects of state defence. It has too long been overshadowed by the nuclear aspect of the deterrent power and it is most often reduced in people's minds to the sole sheltering of the populations. That is why the author, willing to cooperate to the circulation of defence consciansness (the spirit of defence) tires to bring the necessary explanations about the actual range of civil defense and thas to put an end to the confusion between civil defence and sheltering of the populations that has pervaded the public debate on all levels. The demonstration is preceeded by an analysis of the concept of defence. The evolving aspect of the threat and the emergence of technological hazards have made it necessary to give a new and wider definition of civil defence which, along with military defence, becomes one of the major props of deterrent power. As exhaustive as possible an assessment of the structures and means of civil defence in france is made. The study underlines weaknesses and it advocates a few solutions which are the fruit of an essentially pragmatic reflexion
Chandes, Jérôme. "Propositions d'amélioration de la coordination de la logistique humanitaire dans la gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1073.
Texto completoThe purpose of this investigation is to underline the advantages offered by applying the collective strategy model in the context of humanitarian logistics, enriching the existing benefits that operations management and business logistics techniques have brought to the field. In both man-made and natural disaster relief, humanitarian logistics operations have been hampered by a lack of coordination between actors, which directly affects performance in terms of reactivity and reliability. Adapted collective strategies could offer a solution to this problem. A literature review deals with the issue of humanitarian logistics through an operational dimension, followed by a strategic approach. This is rounded out with a case study dealing with the Pisco earthquake in Peru (August 2007), which is based on a participant observation methodological approach.The research presented revealed that a collective action approach had a positive impact on the working of humanitarian supply chains, as long as a “hub” was used to provide accountability and reliability. If a technical approach, particularly in matters of operations management (optimization of transportation, location of regional warehouses, etc.) is essential to better manage humanitarian logistics, it must also be in the service of a collective strategy, notably in the pre-positioning of supplies and the coordination of relief efforts. The case study provides several ideas for improving operation coordination, particularly through direct “symbiotic partnerships” in vertical relations and direct “commensalistic partnerships” in horizontal relations
Elise, Kimathy. "Risques et dégâts cycloniques : simulation des vents et images numériques". Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0256.
Texto completoThis thesis is set in the problem of prevention and risk reduction. The study consisted in combining several disciplines to allow the reflexion and decision-making before the passage of a hurricane through the valuation of potential damage but also after its passage by the valuation of damage for the crisis management. This undertaking implicated a research work in two levels of dimensions. A first stage which allowed, in a regional dimension, a first approach of the restitution of the wind field using the atmospheric model ARPS developed by the Oklahoma University and adapted for our applications. So, we deducted the potential resulting damage from the relation between the third power of the wind speed and the destruction induced. The second level is considered more locally, at districts scale, for an evaluation of the post crisis damage, by an analysis work on SPOT images. For better apprehending the global cyclonic risk over Guadeloupe, several scenarios of passage and a strong and a weak category of hurricane are treated. The method is validated by the treatment of the case of the hurricane Hugo. Thus, we could draw up, for each trajectory, hazard maps that we Iink to risk maps. At the same time, concerning the imagery, we applied an operator of buildings' corners to the urban zones which were determined as belonging to the zones at risks in the first level. This allows a fast analysis of the damage and enables us to have an idea of the localization and the importance of the damage
Gleyze, Jean-François. "La vulnérabilité structurelle des réseaux de transport dans un contexte de risques". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070025.
Texto completoThe increasing importance of natural and technological disasters have lead societies to take an interest in the risks prevention and prediction. A way to reduce risks consists in reducing the vulnerability of the threatened items, that is their propensity to be damaged. Among these items, the transport network are particularly interesting because they are threatened not only in a material way (damaging to the infrastructure), but also in a functional way (damaging the use) through the damaging to their structural properties (then relation opportunities offered by the networks). In order to understand and to forecast the functional disturbances of a transport network threatened by a disaster, it is relevant to define and evaluate the vulnerability of its structure, that is of the networks lattice out of any use consideration, and to understand the underlying relational organization. In that respect, we first have to build a framework adapted to such structural study, that is to define the data structure, the assumptions, the modelisation choices ans the necessary tools. Then we propose a definition of the vulnarability and we develop tools for its evaluation and its caracterization. According to the interests and the limits of such tools, we propose at last to improve the caracterization of the vulnerability by highlighting the structural properties which explain the different vulnerability levels on th network. This research is lead on several real networks which bring up various scales and whose features are interesting within a risk context
Tabet, Jean-François. "Le contencieux de la responsabilité civile des risques naturels et technologiques". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10034.
Texto completoOrlandini, Jean-Charles. "La prévention des risques naturels par le droit de l'urbanisme". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE0067.
Texto completoNatural risks safety policy hesitates between two conflicted inclinations : town planning law, enough fitted out but mostly decentralized, and state administrative policy reserved for risks but infringing scope town planning law. Grounds' right is needlessly in competition with the less effective prefectoral risks policy. Its ineffectiveness add to structurals weakness of town planning decentralization for weaken general preventive system of naturals risks. Safety policy suffers from division town planning competence between locals collectivities or with state authorities in spite of its preventive vocation established by montain law, littoral law and L. 121-10 article, whatever its application needs to be improved
VETTOREL, BRIGITTE. "Le samu de pau : bilan d'activite de 1986 a 1989 : recensement des risques de catastrophes en bearn et soule". Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31069.
Texto completoLoubaud, Eric. "Enjeux géopolitiques des risques et des catastrophes d'origine naturelle : cas des inondations affectant la ville de Trinidad (Beni, Bolivie)". La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROF030.
Texto completoSufriendo regularmente de inundaciones, la ciudad de Trinidad (ubicada en el corazón de la llanura inundable de Mojos, en la que se inundan entre 100000 y 150000 km2 cada ano entre los meses de enero a mayo) deja aparecer zonas de riesgo en sus márgenes. Estudiarlas nos permitirá poner de relieve comportamientos y estrategias que corresponden a cada actor del riesgo de inundación. Además, en un contexto político boliviano inestable donde se observa una importante fractura entre un occidente andino apoyando al presidente E. Morales y un oriente de las tierras bajas (donde se localiza Trinidad) oponiéndose abiertamente al gobierno nacional, una crisis de grande amplitud en esta última región aparece como un momento estratégico para tratar de ganar simpatía y por consecuencia, territorio político para el presidente de la República. En resumidas cuentas, además de los cuestionamientos sobre apuestas geopolíticas que representan el riesgo de inundación y la catástrofe en Trinidad y en el Beni, esta tesis nos permite también preguntarnos sobre un contexto político demasiado resumido a los enfrentamientos que oponen una Santa Cruz rica y un gobierno de cambios
Confronted with regular inundations (the city is located in the center of the floodplain of the “Mojos”: 100. 000 to 150. 000 km² flooded nearly each year between january and may), Trinidad is forced to notice that risky gaps appear around its margins. Examine them will permit to set in the foreground behaviours, strategies corresponding to each actor of the risk. In addition, in an unstable bolivian political context where an important fracture between an “andin occident” largely in favour of the president E. Morales, and a lowland orient (where Trinidad is located) in a marked opposition with the national government is watchable, an important crisis in this land becomes a strategic period to try to earn sympathy, and so territory for the president of the Republic. In sum, besides questionings about the geopolitical stakes representing the inundation’s risk and the disaster in Trinidad and in Beni, this thesis makes us query on a political context often summed up to confrontations between a wealthy Santa Cruz and a government for changes
Cömert, Baechler Nazan. "La vulnérabilité de la Turquie au risque sismique : une analyse à partir des séismes de 1999". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H061.
Texto completoThe 1999 Marmara earthquakes revealed how much Turkey was still highly vulnerable to seismic hazards, from a physical, institutional and individual point of view. Analysing the whole process of disaster management, that includes the pre-disaster period, the emergency period and the reconstruction period, helps understand many of the malfunctions of the disaster management policies that can explain such a heavy toll. Vulnerability is eventually the result of the lack of institutional response capacity, that induces behaviors and explains the weakness of the individual response capacity. Given the failures of the Marmara disaster management, the vulnerability revealed in this case can be considered as a sign of what could be the vulnerability during forthcoming earthquakes
Dusserre, Gilles. "Contribution à la gestion des interventions lors d'accidents de transport de matières dangereuses". Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11046.
Texto completoTandé, Delphine. "La construction sociale des risques majeurs et de la crise à la télévision : quelle participation à l'élaboration d'une culture de sécurité ?" Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100118.
Texto completoThese topics have a strong political and social meaning since the eighties, the question of the risk and the crisis is challenging the ability of a society to define collective objectives and to bring together individuals around a common notion of safety. We have to think the idea of safety from a general perspective or to delimit the points of reference, the standards and the shareable values due to the socio-cultural divergences of the players involved in the crisis management. Historically built around technical and operational materials intended for the emergency professionals (experts), the culture of safety reveals its limits. Whereas, the crisis questions the performance of the democratic system, challenges the information methods concerning dangers threatening citizens as well as their role in their choices for a society, this culture is insufficiently global and lacks a collective scope. The television then, socializing and turning the crisis political, shows some stakes. Some televised debates, reports and documentaries are building up a concept of the culture of safety other than technical, by exposing the entire social protagonists, could they be ; company representatives, speakers for a civic society, politicians, citizens, experts or first-aid workers. However, the partitioning rules imposed during the debates organization, the construction of speeches or the representation of the social participants restrict this concept collective range. Advocates of the individual interest, mediators in conflicting relations, patrons of a sterile social dialogue, of a depiction of a not politicized victimized citizen and antagonistic politics the programs are promoting a social division. If the social space is clearly visible, the major social and political questions are barely covered. Without the representation relating to a political project and a social cohesion, the culture of safety does not federate. Nevertheless, these programming shouldn't be held responsible for a deeper society problem
Robin-Clerc, Michèle Carmona Michel. "Une analyse architecturale et urbaine de l'agglomeration de Pointe-à-Pitre et des abymes en Guadeloupe du point de vue des risques majeurs et du developpement durable". Paris : Université Paris Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2008. http://www.theses.paris4.sorbonne.fr/these_robin_clerc/paris4/2006/these_robin_clerc/html/index-frames.html.
Texto completoPeltier, Anne. "La gestion des risques naturels dans les montagnes d'Europe occidentale : étude comparative du Valais (Suisse), de la vallée d'Aoste (Italie) et des Hautes-Pyrénées (France)". Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20072.
Texto completoComparative analysis shows that for two centuries there has been a certain convergence of speeches and public policies about risks: the approach on climatic change succeeded the speech on the deforestation of mountains, and legal hazard mapping replaced the afforestation and forests protection. However, a finer analysis reveals important differences in the repartition of the competences among the different actors of risk management, with the application of preventive information and more importantly hazard mapping. The political organisation, which gives a more or less significant role to local communities in the development of zoning, constitutes one of the explanations of these differences. Equally to be taken into consideration is the political culture as well as risk philosophy, which associates the present and inherited political, social, economic and cultural contexts as well as the dominant representations in the administrations
Jossou, Markolf. "Coproduction de la résilience territoriale et Services d'incendie et de secours (SIS) : une lecture par les compétences et le système d'acteurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0415.
Texto completoThe thesis studies the mechanisms that generate territorial resilience potentials (TRP) for a better management of disaster risks (natural, technological, health, etc.) while questioning the role of SIS in this framework. As knowledge is a key source of resilience, we focus our reflections on the key competences and processes that constitute these mechanisms. The research is conducted in two phases. The first phase, exploratory, allows us to lay the foundations (e.g. analytical framework) to investigate different fields of study in the second phase. The latter allows for a testing of the first results through four comparative case studies with explanatory purposes (Wynn and Williams, 2012; Avenier and Thomas, 2015). The results show that co-producing the TRP is a matter of mechanisms that combine three key processes (amalgamation at the macro level, combination/recombination at the meso level, and acculturation to risk at the micro level) and four key competencies (planning, evaluation, creativity/imagination, and relationship skills). The combination of processes and key competencies promotes two major resilience mechanisms: reliability and transformation. In addition, the clarification of the ambiguous, inhibiting or favourable role of certain key factors influencing territorial strategies helps to better understand the effects that generate resilience. The SIS have to play a double role of support and structuring of the actors' networks. Our work thus contributes to meeting a triple challenge: characterizing territorial resilience, understanding its generating mechanisms and operationalizing it
Issaka, Hamadou. "Mise en carte et gestion territoriale des risques en milieu urbain sahélien à travers l'exemple de Niamey (Niger)". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ISSAKA_Hamadou_2010.pdf.
Texto completoUrban hazard are a major concern in cities around the world and especially in those developing countries where priorities are huge and ridiculous means. The city as an area of development or place for shelter can no longer meet the needs of city dwellers, although essential. In Niamey, the hazards relate to all urban landscapes of the city. Spatialization of hazards shows that the barriers between “rich and poor” are sometimes exceeded by the hazards. However in all cases, the most vulnerable are often the most disadvantaged because of their low resilience. Hazard perception by some actors fighting for their survival does not prevent dare defy probability. Indeed, between a probable event and the harsh realities of daily life, the choice is always simple: to live with these circumstances without too much worry about tomorrow's uncertainties. The survey of 600 households showed the degree of hazard exposure throughout the city. Beyond the differentiation of individual behavior, the results show a real willingness to participate actively in the life of the city because all actors recognize their responsibility in danger for society. However, the real problem seems to be the crisis of trust between rulers and ruled. However, urban hazards in Niamey are widely due to a lack of consultation between stakeholders and coordination of actions. In short, urban hazard reveals the procrastination of a management system as unfair and inefficient. But if poverty is the bed of the risks and violence, poor governance is the cloth in which they cover themselves and their implosion is detrimental to all of society
Merlhiot, Gaëtan. "Perception des risques, incertitude et prise de décision en situation de catastrophe naturelle liée au volcanisme". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20019.
Texto completoThe overall aim of this thesis is to examine the decision-making of individuals at risk of natural disaster, specifically related to volcanism, and to achieve potential applications, notably to improve the decision-making of individuals at risk. We focused on the uncertainty, an essential aspect of natural disaster events, which greatly impacts individuals’ emotions and decision-making. On the one hand, the situational uncertainty is an essential component for prospective emotions such as fear, and on the other hand, the uncertainty of consequences determines the use of affect heuristics (emotions used as relevant aspects of the decision) in decision-making (system 1). This doctoral thesis followed three complementary axes. In the first axis, namely Situational Uncertainty, Framing Effect and Decision-Making, we exhibited that the mere exposure to situational uncertainty could negate the framing effect, which could be explained, based on previous works, by an increase of systematic processing (system 2), stemming from the processes of the fronto-amygdala regulation. In the second axis, Uncertainty of Consequences, Information to Population and Decision-Making, we have evidenced that a reduction of the uncertainty of consequences applied to the information to population could improve, under certain circumstances, the individuals’ decisions. This effect was only identified in situations of highly charged anticipatory emotions (home environment, moral dilemmas), which are frequently encountered situations during natural disasters. Lastly, in the third axis, Creation of a Stimuli Dataset for the Study of the Human Behavior Facing Natural Hazard, we detailed the conception and validation of an image dataset dedicated to natural disasters and volcanism, named “Natural Disasters Picture System” (NDPS)
Nikolkina, Irina. "Modélisation des écoulements de gravité et des ondes longues : application à l'évaluation des risques de catastrophes naturelles dans les Antilles françaises". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0435/document.
Texto completoThe dissertation is devoted to research in the field of marine natural hazards (tsunamis, storm surges) in the French West Indies, using analytical and numerical models of fluid mechanics. Emphasis is placed on the development of models of landslide motion and generated tsunami waves. The simple "solid block" model is used to evaluate the characteristics of pyroclastic flow Soufriere Hills volcano (Montserrat). The "fluid model" of a landslide (so called Savage-Hutter model) is studied analytically; within this model a new family of exact solutions that describe the motion of nonlinear gravity flow in a valley or underwater canyon is found: nonlinear Riemann wave, dan break problem, self-similar solutions (M - wave and parabolic cap). In the framework of the linear shallow water theory the process of generation of tsunami waves by landslides of variable volume moving with variable velocity above the basin of variable depth is studied. For the specific bottom profile ("reflectionless" one) the resonant phenomena is investigated in the basin of variable depth. Numerical methods are used to analyze marine hazards: historical (storm surges, caused by Cyclone LILI in 2002; volcanic tsunami 2003 on Montserrat) and possible events (possible tsunami of the coast of Martinique). Various data on marine natural disasters are obtained during field surveys (volcanic tsunami in 2003, stonn surges caused by Hurricane Dean in 2007). Designed catalogs of tsunamis and storm surges are created based on results of numerical modeling and field studies; some statistical analysis is perfomed
L'Homme, Patrick. "Risques majeurs et droit des sols : les outils juridiques de la protection des personnes et des biens dans les zones soumises à un risque naturel prévisible ou technologique majeur". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU2005.
Texto completoTancons, Gauthier. "Pour une pédagogie des risques dans l'éducation en Guadeloupe : un modèle de compréhension de la vulnérabilité face aux catastrophes naturelles et anthropiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR1A001.
Texto completoQuaranta, Gaetana. "Biens et risques géomorphologiques : évaluation culturelle et promotion touristique de la région de Cortina d'Ampezzo, (Dolomites)". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR10006.
Texto completoTo Value More Precisely The Environmental Impact, It Is Necessary To Know The Landscape And Geomorphological Assets Which Compose It. This Study Regards An Area Near Cortina D'ampezzo, Called Croda Da Lago. Its Aim Consists To Apply The Concept Of Geomorphological Asset In This Area. This Application Is Realised According To The French Definition I. E. A Landform, Becomes, An Asset If It Incldes These Following Values : Scenic, Scientific, Economic, Cultural. We Applied This Approach To The Rock Walls, The Passes, The "Nivo-Moraines", And We Realised An Assets 'Classification With These Elements And An Assets' Map. In The Second Part We Considered The Walls And Studied Their Vulnerability With A Geomechanical Classification Which Is The Bieniawski Method Modified By Clerici And Bollettinari. With This Method We Determined The Resistance Classes Fo Rock Walls. The Asset And Vulnerabiltiy Study Permited To Elaborate A Matrix Impact Of Geomorphological Assets. After These Surveys It Became Obvious That The Landscape Of Croda Da Lago Is Really A Natural Landscape Endowed With An International Interest. Therefore The Developpement Of A Tourist Promotion Was Undertaken With A Special Aim For Environmental Respect And This Purpose A Folder For Tourists Was Realised
Péroumalnaïk, Mathias. "Etude contextuelle d'un système de classeurs de type Pittsburgh adapté dans le cadre de la prévention des risques cycloniques dans la Caraïbe". Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0387.
Texto completoThis study is carried out in the framework of an Interreg IIlb project (European and regional funds): "Forecast of the trajectories, of evolution of the dynamic potential and the impact of hurricanes at the scale of the islands of the Caribbean. ". The objective of that Ph. D thesis is to study the use of a leaming system, the Adapted Pittsburgh Classifier System (APCS), in order to perform a prediction of the impact of the winds related to a cyclonic phenomenon at the Caribbean islands level, and more particulary for the territory we selected to perform this study: the island of Guadeloupe. Our design of the impact of a hurricane was developped in relation to the physical and statistical data that was provided. Due to this data, we had to model hurricanes as ponctual phenomenons, contrary to what they are in reality: continuous phenomenons. Nevertheless, in arder to take in account each possible case of use, we studied the performances and the behavior of APCS on both classification and multi-step problems (reintroduction of the prediction in the cognitive chain). Our measures and experiments allowed us to bring some major improvements to this particular cognitive system, in each case of learning problem previously proposee. We conclude our study by a presentation of the work carried out within a geographic information systems in order to collect the data and to perform and visualize the final prediction. A prototype of the final PREVIOS platform is availale online at the following adress : http://murene. Univ-aq. Fr:8008/
Robin-Clerc, Michèle. "Une analyse architecturale et urbaine de l’agglomération de Pointe-à-Pitre et des Abymes en Guadeloupe du point de vue des risques majeurs et du développement durable". Paris 4, 2006. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03095171.
Texto completoThe urban zone of Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe, located in the middle of a concentration of 132 000 inhabitants, has many functions : political, administrative and commercial. Its tourist importance is essential for Guadeloupe. At last but not least, the place of Pointe-à-Pitre in the collective unconscious is predominant, it has so a first level social function. Today, the urban morphology and typology of the town is not able to face a seismic disaster. Its vulnerability to the others major risks is less important. I made a deep historic study that, with the help of plans, maps and texts, allowed me to recount the urban morphology and typology history of the urban zone, through the main major risks that have affected and can affect still now that centre : earthquakes, cyclones and fires. I analyse too, facing major risks, the public highways and all the infrastructures of the territory. The existing references on the seismic activity to the Antilles relate only to approximately 3 centuries. Thus, many uncertainties remain on the seismic risk to which Guadeloupe is subjected. One proposes here to analyze these various uncertainties in order to permit a finer approach of the seismic risk for that territory. The studied elements permit to understand better the vulnerability of that centre to the major risks
Calvo, Élodie. "Accidents de masse et responsabilité pénale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0323/document.
Texto completoIn times of consumerism and mass production, news has provided us examples of technological, sanitary and environmental disasters which have required criminal law. Nevertheless, criminal law doesn’t seem to be perfectly adapted to the reality of mass accidents.In one hand, it appears that the resultant of mass accidents is an assault to a group of people, goods and environmental elements affected by one single harmful event. However, considering that one of the criminal law principles is the indifference to the number of victims, the massive aspect of the mass accident is not taken into account as a resultant of the offence. Thus, these accidents can only be punished by the means of general offences. However, due to the difficulty of establishing the causal link, those offences are not easy to identify. Indeed, such damages are often caused by multiple factors, which leads us to another question about the causal sequence of events and about the certainty of each cause.In the other hand, about repression, mass accidents are often caused by legal entities, which leads us to another difficult question: the criminal liability of societies and enterprises. In the same way, mass accidents are often the resultant of private or public-decisions-makers’ actions or omissions; their link to the offence can follow various rules. The punishment for those massive accidents, especially for the environmental ones, is also a difficult question; therefore, it is necessary to adapt criminal sentences to the specificities of those situations. Eventually, the main question remains the one about the evolution of criminal law, that needs to take into account the collective dimension of massive accidents, notably by creating specifics offences
Bourcart, Léo. "Émergence et usages du concept de résilience dans les mondes académique et institutionnel". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH023/document.
Texto completoSince the beginning of the decade 2000, the concept of resilience has been repeatedly used in the institutional fields of international aid (emergency aid, development aid) and civil security (prevention, population protection, risks and crises management) until becoming impossible to ignore. In parallel, the concept of resilience has been used in various disciplines for a much longer time, like in psychology, geography, in the field of ecology, in political science, in management studies and in ergonomics. This thesis work precisely aims at identifying and making the inventory of these different academic and institutional uses. The first part of the thesis provides an accounting of the different uses of the concept of resilience in the disciplines and search fields previously mentioned. The second part is primarly focused on the use of the concept of resilience by the main international aid institutions and NGOs. It is secondly focused on the uses of the concept of resilience by the institutions and organizations directly involved in civil security issues at an international and European level and at a national level with the United States, the United Kingdom and France. It shows that the use of the concept of resilience can be interpreted as a reconfiguration process of their activity in a context where crises persistently happen and progressively weaken their own legitimacy and conditions of action
Ndiaye, Tidiane. "La gestion foncière pour la réduction des risques de désastre naturel : le cas des inondations de la ville de Pikine, Sénégal". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25673.
Texto completoThe recurrence and Scale of natural disasters have currently significant societal challenges, especially when looked at from the angle of territorial planning and land management for the reduction of the risk inherent to human settlement in vulnerable areas. As a matter of fact, the region of Dakar, Senegal, has been facing recurring seasonal floodings for decades, causing significant damage. Pikine, a town in the suburbs, is the most affected. Between 2005 and 2009 it is estimated that 360,000 people have been directly affected by floodings in that suburban area of Dakar (IAGU, 2009). These seasonal events continue to increase the vulnerability of the population who is often poor and has no option but to live in those areas at risk. This case study will address the following question: What are the factors associated with the settlements in those areas at risk? What are the interrelationships between land management and vulnerability to natural disasters? What land-management-related interventions have been implemented to mitigate the risk of flooding? The answers to these questions will enable us to better understand the land-management-related characteristics of vulnerability.
Hardy, Sébastien. "Processus de fragmentation urbaine et risques dits "naturels" dans la ville de Managua (Nicaragua)". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011930.
Texto completoLa marque d'unité à l'origine de la construction de Managua au milieu du XIXe siècle est ainsi sans cesse remise en cause à la fois par les manifestations constatées des risques et par les interactions des composantes socio-spatiales qui préexistent à l'endommagement. Par exemple, on constate peu d'endommagements sur les territoires urbains construits par les habitants aisés. Grâce à leurs choix socio-économiques, culturels, institutionnels, ils s'en protègent, mais les répercutent sur les territoires moins fortunés. En incriminant la nature et en refusant le principe de solidarité envers des fragments urbains déjà fortement différenciés, les nantis renforcent le processus de fragmentation urbaine, c'est-à-dire la disparition de la ville en tant que système. Paradoxalement, les risques apparaissent parfois comme des éléments de contre-fragmentation : des habitants aisés acceptent la proximité spatiale avec un quartier précaire quand ce dernier, en échange d'avantages compensatoires, joue le rôle d'amortisseur des dommages, prouvant une certaine instrumentalisation des risques dans le processus de fragmentation urbaine.
Sindayihebura, Bernard. "De l'Imbo au Mirwa. Dynamique de l'occupation du sol, croissance urbaine et risques naturels dans la région de Bujumbura (Burundi)". Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20013.
Texto completoSince first half of the twentieth century, Burundi knew deep changes social, economic, political and environmental characterized, inter alia, by a strong density and urban growth, by an increasing pressure on the natural environment and agricultural. After a presentation of the large features of the area, study and history of the settlement and land use before the years 1950, this work analyses and characterizes the recent transformations of the rural medium (of the birth of an agrarian landscape between the years 1930-50 until the current situation) and the stages of the urban growth through the example of the Bujumbura's agglomeration since 1925 to 2002. The question inherited these evolutions from the recrudescence of the natural risks is then tackled (flood and movement of mass), their more repeated occurences and their increasingly heavy consequences. A reflexion about the bases, setting conditions and prevention policy of the natural risks concluded this research
Gérin, Sarah. "Une démarche évaluative des Plans de Prévention des Risques dans le contexte de l'assurance des catastrophes naturelles : Contribution au changement de l'action publique de prévention". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582692.
Texto completoSbeinati, Mohamed Reda. "Historical Seismology, Paleo-Archeoseismology and Seismic Hazard along the Dead Sea Fault in Syria". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/SBEINATI_Mohamed_Reda_2010.pdf.
Texto completoThe seven chapters of this thesis present the instrumental and historical seismicity, paleoseismology and archeoseismology, and the seismic hazard assessment of NW Syria. The problem of long term seismic activity along the DSF is addressed from field investigations in archeoseismology, paleoseismology and the analysis of historical documents. This work benefited from the support of the EC funded APAME Project (BC contract ICA-CT-2002-10024), from March 2003 to September 2006. L also benefited from support of the project "Seismic Data for Siting and Site-Revalidation of Nuclear Facility" under the coordination of the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna) for the study of 181 historical seismic events. This work shows the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in the study of past earthquakes. The spatial and temporal distribution of large earthquakes observed from the historical catalogue is now constrained with physical observation of faulting episodes in excavations and trenching. Several past earthquakes described only in historical archives are now documented using archeoseismic and paleoseismic investigations and their seismic parameters listed in the parametric catalogue. The integration of different dataset with the seismic parameters of fault segments allows a better evaluation of the seismic hazard and risk in Syria. L present in the appendixes the published articles and reports prepared in the framework of my research during the thesis preparation
Le, Duff Matthieu. "Les risques naturels côtiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie : contribution pour une gestion intégrée : De la caractérisation du risque à la participation citoyenne, quelques perspectives pour la prévention des risques aux îles Loyauté". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0005.
Texto completoThe metropolitan strategy for the prevention of natural risks was built around a central tool, the Risk Prevention Plan. The other dimensions of prevention appear secondary, in particular, the aspect relating to the information of the population. The latter does not seem to receive the attention that it should despite the different regulatory frameworks built over time, as evidenced by the evaluation reports of the national major risk management strategy. The thesis questions the relevance of transposing this prevention model in New Caledonia. A territory whose historical, political, social, cultural and environmental specificities are such that the structuring tools of metropolitan policy appear to be poorly adapted or simply inapplicable. Put into practice in the Loyalty Islands, where land tenure is mainly governed by customary law, our approach aims to understand risk prevention more on the scale of an area, namely the coast, than through a given hazard, by involving populations and territorial actors. We will study the different types of pressure that can be exerted there, such as shoreline erosion and marine submersions. All this will be done while seeking to integrate the Aboriginal vision associated with both of these "natural hazards", as well as the particular space that is the shoreline. Finally, the thesis proposes avenues and tools that could be adopted and developed by the authorities of New Caledonia, in order to lead to the construction of a risk prevention model that has become a real tool for the sustainable development of territories