Tesis: "Riparian"

1

Shane, Ryan S. "Riparian photo-monitoring : detecting change in selected lotic riparian system attributes /". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1455659.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008.
"May, 2008." CD-ROM contains Adobe Acrobat copy of thesis, power-point presentation entitled: Effectiveness and reliability of photo-pair interpretation, and photographs taken during the study. Includes bibliographical references. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

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2

Lundy, Mathieu Grattan. "Riparian biodiversity in agriculture". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486249.

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The loss of biodiversity is accepted as a vital area of research and habitat destruction due to human activity is a major cause of such biodiversity loss. Agriculture has resulted in widespread modification of the natural landscape. In these highly modified landscapes, however, remnants of semi natural habitat remain, potentially providing key refugia for biodiversity. Riparian areas are potentially relatively species rich zones, due to the ecotone of habitats ranging from fully terrestrial to aquatic. The present research investigated response patterns of species diversity in riparian environments of agricultural areas. At rivers locations across Northern Ireland, situated in permanent grassland agriculture, were selected, surveys of species richness were carried out for mammals, both carnivores and bats, birds, fish and invertebrates with a focus on carabid beetles. The analysis of patterns of diversity and habitat associations within in each group was investigated and comparison made across taxa. An information thoretic approach is used to develop models of species habitat association and emerging community analysis approaches used to examine community patterens: Contrasting patterns of species richness were observed, both within and between taxa. The implications for conservating biodiveristy in riparain habitats is discussed.

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3

Maddock, Thomas III y Kathryn J. Baird. "A riparian evapotranspiration package". Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615764.

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A new evapotranspiration package for the U.S. Geological Survey's groundwater -flow model, MODFLOW, is documented. The Riparian Evapotranspiration Package (RIP-ET), provides flexibility in simulating riparian and wetland evapotranspiration (ET) not provided by the MODFLOW-96 Evapotranspiration (EVT) Package, nor by the MODFLOW-2000 Segmented Function Evapotranspiration (ETS1) Package. This report describes how the package was conceptualized and provides input instructions, listings and explanations of the source code, and an example simulation. Traditional approaches to modeling ET processes assume a piecewise linear relationship between ET flux rate and hydraulic head. The Riparian ET Package replaces this traditional relationship with a segmented, nonlinear dimensionless curve that reflects the eco-physiology of riparian and wetland ecosystems. Evapotranspiration losses from these ecosystems are dependent not only on hydraulic head but on the plant types present. User-defined plant functional groups (PFGs) are used to elucidate the interactive processes of plant ET with groundwater conditions. Five generalized plant functional groups based on transpiration rates, plant rooting depth, and drought tolerance are presented: obligate wetland, shallow-rooted riparian, deep-rooted riparian, transitional riparian and bare ground/open water. Plant functional groups can be further divided into subgroups (PFSG) based on plant size and/or density. The Riparian ET Package allows for partial habitat coverage and mixtures of plant functional subgroups to be present in a single model cell. This requires a determination of fractional coverage for each of the plant functional subgroups present in a cell to simulate the mixture of coverage types and resulting ET. The fractional cover within a cell has three components: 1) fraction of active habitat, 2) fraction of plant functional subgroup in a cell, and 3) fraction of plant canopy area. The Riparian ET package determines the ET rate for each plant functional group in a cell, the total ET in the cell, and the total ET rate over the region of simulation.

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4

Zaimes, George, Mary Nichols, Douglas Green y Michael Crimmins. "Understanding Arizona's Riparian Areas". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146921.

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114 pp.
Riparian areas occupy less than 2% of the arid Western United States. Their importance is disproportionate to the small area they occupy because of their multiple use applications. Riparian areas provide recreational amenities, habitat and travel corridors for wildlife, livestock grazing areas and influence water quality and quantity. In Arizona, as in many other states, there is a need to provide science-based educational publications to inform the public on riparian areas. In this publications the information will focus on: 1) the definition, importance and characterization of riparian areas 2) hydrologic, geomorphic, climatic, and biological processes in riparian areas, and 3) human alterations to riparian areas. This information is essential for land-managers and the general public to manage properly or restore healthy riparian areas.

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5

Matchett, Lisa Susanne. "Denitrification in riparian buffer zones". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310427.

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6

McBride, Maeve. "Riparian Reforestation and Channel Morphology:". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2007. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/151.

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A three part investigation into the effects of riparian reforestation on small streams demonstrated the timing, nature, and processes of morphologic change. First, measurements of two small streams in northeastern Vermont collected in 1966 and 2004 – 2005 documented considerable change in channel width following a period of passive reforestation. Channel widths of several tributaries to Sleepers River were measured in 1966 when the area had more non-forested riparian vegetation than today. A longitudinal survey in 2004 of two of these tributaries, followed by detailed measurements at specific reaches in 2005, provided information on channel size, large woody debris (LWD), and riparian vegetation. Reforested reaches have widened and incised markedly since 1966. Reaches with the oldest forest were widest for a given drainage area, and the non-forested reaches were substantially narrower. A conceptual model was developed that describes a multi-phase process of incision, widening, and recovery following riparian reforestation of non-forested areas. Second, a fixed-bed hydraulic model of one of the streams was developed to evaluate the impact of forested riparian vegetation on near-bank turbulence during overbank flows. Flume experiments with kinematic similitude and a 1:5 scale represented half a channel and its floodplain, mimicking the size of a non-forested reach. Two types of vegetation were simulated: non-forested, with synthetic grass carpet; and forested, where wooden dowels were added. Three-dimensional velocities were measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Velocities, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and Reynolds shear stress showed significant differences between forested and non-forested runs. Forested runs exhibited a narrow band of high TKE in the near-bank region that was roughly two times greater than in non-forested runs. Hydraulic characteristics of forested runs appear to create an environment with higher erosion potential, thereby indicating a possible driving mechanism for channel widening in reforesting stream reaches. Third, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data from Chittenden County were analyzed to develop a method capable of classifying riparian buffers into broad classes according to forest type and age. The geospatial characteristics of the LiDAR data in forested areas were explored using semivariogram analysis, and LiDAR-based metrics were derived in a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify vegetation height and variance. The LiDAR-based metrics were then used in two discriminant analysis procedures that distinguished: 1) forest type as deciduous or coniferous; and 2) forest age in four age classes. With the resulting linear discriminant functions, a GIS-based classification method was developed. The classification method was highly successful at determining forest type but only moderately successful at determining forest age.

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7

DeBano, Leonard F. y Peter F. Ffolliott. "Riparian History of the Southwest". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296571.

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8

Zadnik, Andrew Karl. "Wildlife use and habitat quality of back channel areas associated with islands on the Ohio River, West Virginia". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2898.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 131 p. : col. ill., col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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9

Cox, C. L. "Modelling channel dynamics and riparian ecology". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598103.

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This study aimed to develop and evaluate a numerical simulation model of the interdependent dynamics of channel form, processes and floodplain vegetation using cellular automaton approaches. The model was developed and evaluated using data from the River Feshie, Scotland. Firstly, field and historic data were examined in order to understand the ecology and dynamic nature of the study site. The braidplain was shown to exhibit a number of different mechanisms of change, varying from a wandering anabranch river to a more fragmented braided pattern; however the relationship between channel pattern and vegetation was not found to be straightforward, and multiple successional pathways were identified, depending on local abiotic conditions. Secondly, the capability of cellular automata models to simulate realistic patterns of discharge, channel change and floodplain ecology was evaluated. Cellular automata models involve a high level of simplification in order to facilitate the modelling of medium time and space scales with highly mobile boundary conditions. The models can predict realistic patterns of discharge and reach-scale ecology compositions, but further work is needed to improve the sediment transport functions. Finally, a cellular automata model was applied to investigate how floodplain ecology responds to different flood disturbance regimes and land management practices. This showed that cellular automata models may be used successfully to explore relationships between discharge, land use management and floodplain ecology. However, uncertainties regarding the lack of physical realism in some aspects of the model predictions meant it was unclear to what extent the results accurately represented future conditions for the River Feshie. Therefore, at this stage cellular automata models cannot be recommended for detailed applied management purposes in specific contexts.

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10

Cloke, Hannah Louise. "Modelling riparian hydrology and streamflow generation". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288231.

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11

Fennessy, Maria Siobhan. "Ecosystem development in restored riparian wetlands /". The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487758680159723.

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12

Schalau, Jeff. "Planting Pole Cuttings in Riparian Ecosystems". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146939.

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2 pp.
Originally published: 2000
Riparian ecosystems are found in the transition between aquatic and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems where unique vegetative communities can occur due to free water at or near the soil surface. A healthy, functional riparian plant community provides a rich environment for insects, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, birds, and animals. In Arizona, many naturally occurring riparian ecosystems have been impacted, altered or removed by natural processes and land management activities. This publication provides information to assist residents, landowners, and agency personnel in successfully establishing pole plantings in riparian ecosystems of Arizona.

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13

Stromberg, Juliet C. y Matthew K. Chew. "Herbaceous exotics in Arizona's Riparian Ecosystems". University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554259.

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14

Schalau, Jeff. "Planting Pole Cuttings in Riparian Ecosystems". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625565.

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2 p. / Originally published 2000.
Riparian ecosystems are found in the transition between aquatic and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems where unique vegetative communities can occur due to free water at or near the soil surface. A healthy, functional riparian plant community provides a rich environment for insects, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, birds, and animals. In Arizona, many naturally occurring riparian ecosystems have been impacted, altered or removed by natural processes and land management activities. This publication provides information to assist residents, landowners, and agency personnel in successfully establishing pole plantings in riparian ecosystems of Arizona. Reviewed 10/2016, Originally published 2000.

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15

Docker, Benjamin Brougham. "Biotechnical engineering on alluvial riverbanks of southeastern Australia a quantified model of the earth-reinforcing properties of some native riparian trees /". Connect to full text, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1688.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 2004.
Degree awarded 2004; thesis submitted 2003. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science. Title from title screen (viewed 13 January 2009). Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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16

Faridhosseini, Alireza. "Using Airborne Lidar to Differentiate Cottonwood Trees in a Riparian Area and Refine Riparian Water Use Estimates". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195763.

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Airborne lidar (light detecting and ranging) is a useful tool for probing the structure of forest canopies. Such information is not readily available from other remote sensing methods and is essential for modern forest inventories. In this study, small-footprint lidar data were used to estimate biophysical properties of young, mature, and old cottonwood trees in the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Arizona, USA. The lidar data were acquired in June 2003 and 2004, using Optech's 1233 ALTM (Optech Incorporated, Toronto, Canada). Canopy height, crown diameter, stem diameter at breast height (dbh), canopy cover, and mean intensity of return laser pulses from the canopy surface are estimated for the cottonwood trees from lidar data. The lidar estimates show a good degree of correlation with ground-based measurements. This study also demonstrates that other parameters of young, mature, and old cottonwood trees such as height and canopy cover, when derived from lidar, are significantly different (p < 0.05). These lidar-derived canopy metrics provided the basis for a supervised image classification of cottonwood age categories, using a maximum likelihood algorithm. The results of classification illustrate the potential of airborne lidar data to differentiate age classes of cottonwood trees for riparian areas quickly and quantitatively.In addition, four metrics (tree height, height of median energy, ground return ratio, and canopy return ratio) were derived by synthetically constructing a large footprint lidar waveform from small-footprint lidar data (we summed up a series of Gaussian pulses that vertically stacked at the elevations produced by the small-footprint elevation data to create a modeled large-footprint return waveform and compared the synthetic waveforms with ground-based Intelligent Laser Ranging and Imaging System (ILRIS) scanner images in cottonwood trees). These four metrics were incorporated into a stepwise regression procedure to predict field-derived LAI for different age classes of cottonwoods.Additionally, this study applied the Penman-Monteith model to estimate transpiration of the cottonwood clusters using lidar-derived canopy metrics, such as height and LAI, and compared it with transpiration measured by sap flow, so that improved riparian water use estimates could be made.

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17

Volkman, Sarah. "Quickbird satellite imagery for riparian management : characterizing riparian filter strips and detecting concentrated flow in an agricultural watershed /". Available online. Click here, 2005. http://sunshine.lib.mtu.edu/ETD/THESIS/volkmans/thesis.pdf.

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18

Siegel, Darlene. "A Comparison of the Ecological Integrity of Headwater Streams Draining Harvested and Un-Harvested Watersheds in the Western Mountains of Maine, U.S.A". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SiegelD2003.pdf.

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19

Orzetti, Leslie LuChar. "Stream community structure an analysis of riparian forest buffer restoration in the Chesapeake Bay watershed /". Full text available online (restricted access), 2004. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Orzetti.pdf.

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20

Miller, Travis John. "Evaluating riparian health assessment methods for perennial streams in Montana". Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/miller/MillerT0805.pdf.

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21

Newbrey, Michael G. "Morphologic and meristic characteristics of lacustrine coarse woody structure as fish habitat /". Link to Abstract, 2002. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2002/Newbrey,M.pdf.

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22

Malm, Renöfält Birgitta. "Vegetation patterns and processes in riparian landscapes". Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-342.

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The objective of this study was to increase understanding of the processes structuring and controlling the species richness of riparian plant communities. In particular, I examined the unimodal relationship, found in many rivers, between plant species richness and location along the river corridor. The most important finding was that this pattern is dynamic and varies with time, most likely in response to large-scale flood disturbances. I also found that the sensitivity to flood disturbance varied with the environmental setting of the riparian reaches. Turbulent sections of the river retained high species richness, whereas tranquil reaches had significantly lower species richness in years following high and prolonged flooding, compared to a period without extreme flood events. Riparian soils along turbulent reaches are more resistant to oxygen depletion during floods, a factor which is likely to contribute to the maintenance of species richness.

The finding that the species richness pattern varied with time led me to ask which factors control plant diversity along riparian zones. I addressed this question by formulating three contrasting, although not mutually exclusive, hypotheses: (1) longitudinal patterns in riparian plant species richness are governed by local, river-related processes independent of the regional species richness, (2) riparian plant species richness is controlled by dispersal along the river, i.e., longitudinal control, and (3) the variation in riparian plant species richness mirrors variation in regional richness, i.e., lateral control. I found indications of all three types of control, although local factors seemed to fit most of the criteria. Riparian species richness was not significantly correlated to species richness in the surrounding upland valley. It was however significantly negatively correlated to soil pH, a local habitat factor of the reach. The fact that the species richness pattern varied in time, corresponding to the presence or absence of extreme flood events suggest that it is influenced by local disturbance regimes. The potential for control by longitudinal dispersal was found to be highest in the middle reaches of a river. Here, the similarity between upland and riparian vegetation was lowest, and invasibility (germination ability) was highest. Earlier work has shown that regulated rivers have an inverted species richness pattern compared to free-flowing rivers, with lowest species richness in the middle reaches. One potential mechanism behind this could be varying susceptibility to disturbance along the river. I tested this by experimentally disturbing the vegetation, applying the same level of disturbance along an entire free-flowing river. However, the response to experimental disturbance did not vary with location, likely because of a major flood disturbance preceding the experiment.

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23

Bateman, Nancy G. y University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Evaluating the Alberta riparian habitat management program". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/128.

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This study illustrates a utilization-focused program evaluation approach newly applied to resource management. The Alberta Riparian Habitat Management (Cows and Fish) Program provides awareness programming to cattle producers to facilitate community-based action on riparian issues. The rationale is to develop producers' ecological literacy by increasing riparian knowledge and use of sustainable grazing management strategies by sharing appropriate ecological and management information. Attitude change is presumed to underlie the new behaviour(s). Programming contributed to ecological literacy when it was community-based, producer-positive and partnership-oriented, and when opportunities existed for personal interaction among peers. Effectiveness declined when resources were insufficient and when programming seemed unrelated to local landscape or operational features. The attitude-behaviour relationship was weakly associated with ecological literacy; its complexity and relevance to ecological behaviours merits further investigation. Program evaluation is of utility in resource management. Its potential will be fully realized by ensuring that research designs appropriately parallel programming rationale and evaluation requirements.
ix, 316 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

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24

Machefert, SeÌverine. "Nitrous oxide release from agricultural riparian ecosystems". Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417580.

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25

Naude, Minette. "Fynbos riparian biogeochemistry and invasive Australian acacias". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20325.

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Thesis (MScConEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Riparian ecotones, transitional areas between upland terrestrial communities and aquatic ecosystems, are very dynamic and complex ecosystems with intrinsic ecological properties differing in spatial structure, function and temporal dynamics. Riparian habitats along rivers of the Mediterranean south-western Cape are sensitive to environmental change and particularly vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien plants (IAPs), especially nitrogen-fixing Acacia spp., and yet relatively little work has focused on how riparian ecosystems in this region respond to such stressors. The important roles that intact riparian vegetation play in maintaining ecosystem integrity and services have been increasingly highlighted as we acknowledge the degradation of these habitats. While the Working for Water (WfW) programme has been shown to be very successful in eradicating IAPs in riparian zones in the short-term, the extent to which riparian ecosystems recover following alien clearing activities remains poorly understood. The results presented in this study addressed several different aspects of riparian structure and function and acts as a steppingstone for guiding future research and management in riparian zones by adding to the evaluation of the success of clearing initiatives and restoration thereof. The aim of this study was to assess plant functional type (PFT) cover, soil physical and chemical properties, and selected biogeochemical processes in natural, Acacia- invaded and cleared riparian ecotones and associated non-riparian upland fynbos. Fieldwork was performed in mountain and foothill sections of six perennial river systems within the south-western Cape. Eleven sites of three categories were chosen: four natural sites (uninvaded); four moderate to highly invaded sites (predominantly A. mearnsii); and three cleared sites (a formerly invaded site that had been cleared more than 7 years prior to the study). Within each site, four to five replicate plots were established along each of three geomorphological zones (wet bank, dry bank, and upland fynbos). Seasonal soil samples were collected for a period of one year. Results from this study showed that PFT cover and composition, soil physical and chemical properties and rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization differed amongst invasion status, between geomorphological zones and across seasons. Regarding most soil physical and chemical properties and indices N and P cycling, river floodplains (dry banks) were very similar to terrestrial uplands. Acacia spp. changes soil properties and affects plant functional attributes by i) enriching the system with N; ii) enhancing litter inputs; iii) altering soil physical properties; iv) changing the composition and reducing the cover of PFT; and v) enhancing P mineralization rates. Although measured soil physical and chemical properties and N and P mineralization rates were reduced to levels that were similar to or resembled the situation at natural areas, available inorganic N remained two times higher after more than seven years of clearance. Furthermore, cleared areas were characterized by sparse woody cover and a high cover of alien grasses. Correlations between soil silt and clay content and several soil properties measured in this and other studies indicates important linkages between soil texture and resource availability. Clearing Acacia spp. may initiate restoration of invaded riparian ecosystems, but changes in ecosystem function (e.g. elevated soil N availability) as a result of invasion may necessitate active restoration following the removal of the alien species. Active restoration under such conditions would be required to facilitate the restoration of cleared riparian communities. However, we still lack the mechanistic understanding around fynbos riparian recovery after clearing, as the success of restoration may depend on complex interaction and feedback cycles between plants and their physical environment. A greater comprehensive understanding of fynbos riparian ecological processes will not only improve the effectiveness of restoration initiatives by integrating science and management, but also advance the field of riparian ecology.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rivier oewerwal-areas, oorgang gebiede tussen aangrensende terrestriële gemeenskappe en akwatiese ekosisteme, is baie dinamiese en komplekse ekosisteme met intrinsieke ekologiese eienskappe wat verskil in struktuur, funksie (bv. biogeochemie siklusse) en temporale dinamika. Oewerhabitatte langs riviere van die Mediterreense suid-wes Kaap is sensitief vir omgewingsveranderinge en kwesbaar vir indringing deur uitheemse plante (bekend as “invasive alien plants” (IAPs)), veral stikstof-fiksering Acacia spp., en relatief min werk het nog gefokus op hoe ekosisteme in die streek reageer op sulke veranderinge in die omgewing. Die belangrike rol wat gesonde oewerwal plantegroei speel in die handhawing van ekosisteemdienste- en integriteit, is al hoe meer uitgelig soos ons die agteruitgang van hierdie habitat in ag neem. Terwyl die Werk vir Water (WvW)-program al dat baie suksesvol was in die uitwissing van IAPs in oewersones in die kort termyn, is die mate waarin oewer-ekostelsels herstel na skoonmaakaksies swak verstaan. Fynbos oewerwal-areas is grootliks ingeneem deur houtagtige IAPs, veral stikstof fiksering Acacia spp. (soos Acacia mearnsii). Die resultate wat in hierdie studie aangebied is, het verskillende aspekte van oewer- struktuur en funksie aangespreek en dien as middel vir toekomstige navorsing en bestuur van oewerwal ekosisteme deur by te dra tot die evaluering van die sukses van skoonmaak inisiatiewe en die herstelproses daarvan. Die doel van hierdie projek was om die moontlikhede vir herstel van fynbos owerwal-ekostelsels te evalueer deur middel van verskeie grond- fisiese en chemiese eienskappe; plant funksionele groep dekking (genoem ‘plant functional types’ (PFT)); en geselekteerde grond biogeochemie prosesse in natuurlike, Acacia- aangetaste, en skoongemaakte rivierstelsels en nabygeleë terrestriese areas te vergelyk. Veldwerk is gedoen in bergstroom en voetheuwel rivierseksies van ses standhoudende rivierstelsels in Suid-wes Kaap, Suid Afrika. Van uit hierdie geselekteerde rivierstelsels is elf studie areas van drie kategorieë (of indringing status) gekies: vier natuurlike areas (nie aangetas); vier gematig- tot hoogs aangetaste areas (hoofsaaklik A. meanrsii); en drie skoongemaakte areas (rivieroewers wat meer as sewe jaar van te vore skoongemaak is). Binne elke studie area was vier tot vyf soortgelyke persele gevestig by elke van drie breë geomorfologiese sones: naamlik nat-, droë en hoogliggende terrestriese fynbos. Seisoenale grondmonsters vir 'n tydperk van een jaar is geneem. Resultate van hierdie studie het getoon dat PFT dekking en samestelling, grond fisiese- en chemiese eienskappe en N-mineralisasie en suur fosfatase aktiwiteit verskil tussen indringing status, geomorfologiese sones en oor seisoene. Ten opsigte van meeste grond fisiese en chemiese eienskappe en indekse van stikstof (N) en fosfor (P) siklusse kom die rivier vogregimes (droë oewersones) baie ooreen met die terrestriële gebiede. Aan die anderkant is die natbanksones gekenmerk deur grondeienskappe wat baie verskil van die ander twee geomorfologiese gebiede. Die gegewens ondersteun die hipotese dat indringing deur Acacia spp. verskeie grondeienskappe verander en plante se funksionele kenmerke beïnvloed deur i) die sisteem met voedingstowwe te verryk (veral N); ii) verhoog die toevoeging van plantmateriaal; iii) verander grond fisiese eienskappe; iv) verander die samestelling en verminder die dekking van PFT; v) en verhoog P biogeochemie. Hoewel grond fisiese -en chemiese eienskappe, en indekse van N en P mineralisasie verminder is tot vlakke wat soortgelyk aan natuurlike areas, het beskikbare anorganiese N twee keer hoër gebly by skoongemaakte gebiede. Nietemin, voorheen skoongemaakte gebiede is weer-binnegeval deur eksotiese grasse en die regenerasie of hertelling van inheemse fynbos gemeenskappe is taamlik beperk, veral houtagtige oewer struike en bome. Korrelasies tussen grond slik-en klei-inhoud en verskeie grondeienskappe gemeet in hierdie en ander studies dui op belangrike skakeling tussen die grondtekstuur en voedingstof beskikbaarheid. Die opruiming van Acacia spp. mag as aansporing dien vir die herstellingsproses van rivieroewerstelsels, maar veranderinge in die funksie van ekosisteme (bv. verhoogte grond N beskikbaarheid), as gevolg van indringing, mag aktiewe herstel noodsaak nadat die indringer spesies verwyder is. Aktiewe herstel onder sulke omstandighede sal verwag word om die herstel van skoongemaak oewer gemeenskappe te fasiliteer. Ons het wel egter nog 'n gebrek aan die meganistiese begrip in verband met die herstel van fynbos oewerwal areas na opruimings-inisiatiewe, sedert die sukses van herstel kan afhang van komplekse interaksie en terugvoer siklusse tussen die plante en hul fisiese omgewing. ŉ Meer omvattende begrip van fynbos rivieroewer ekologiese prosesse sal nie net die doeltreffendheid van opruimings-inisiatiewe deur die integrasie van wetenskaplike navorsing en bestuur verbeter nie, maar ook vooraf die gebied van rivieroewer-ekologie.

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26

Stockan, Jennifer A. "Impacts of riparian buffer strips on biodiversity". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=211222.

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Buffer strips alongside watercourses are now a widely accepted method of reducing nutrient and sediment run-off from agricultural land thereby improving water quality and meeting policy goals. However, this change in land use may have consequences for riparian biodiversity which have yet to be fully understood. This study investigated the impact of buffering on various aspects of biodiversity by comparing three types of margins in three river catchments in north east Scotland. Margins were categorised as unbuffered (open and unfenced), buffered (fenced-off vegetated) and wooded (long established woody vegetation - fenced and unfenced). Components of biodiversity studied included vegetation patterns, and the abundance, diversity, movement and assemblage composition of ground-dwelling arthropods focussing primarily, though not exclusively, on ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). This study further considered management options which may improve or enhance biodiversity. Evidenced changes in vegetation were associated with soil parameters (including decreasing pH), channel morphology, decreasing light availability and tree canopy cover, and bryophyte abundance along a successional gradient from unbuffered-buffered-wooded sites. Buffered and wooded sites showed lower activity density and species richness of ground beetles, but while one measure of functional diversity was high for wooded sites, buffered sites were found to have significantly lower values. Both species and trait assemblage structure of ground beetles were influenced by soil and vegetation, but also by features of buffer strip design such as width, length and age. Active management of sites through grazing or cutting increased ground beetle abundance, particularly hygrophilous species, but did not affect diversity. Radiotracking showed increased movement of ground beetles was correlated with intensity of grazing. Few truly riparian plant or arthropod species were identified indicating the process of buffering essentially 'terrestrialises' the riparian margins. The presence of a tree canopy layer appears to be the key instigator of change in soil conditions with vegetation and arthropods responding accordingly. Therefore planting and maintaining trees in buffer strips could be crucial to ensuring that functional diversity and associated ecosystem services are maintained. Active management through grazing or cutting could help in this regard. The results from this study suggest that rather than buffering all riparian margins within catchments, it is fundamentally important for biodiversity to maintain a mosaic of different successional stages and a diversity of habitats.

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27

Simcox, David Edward. "Public values in urban riparian land use". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184464.

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Riparian wetlands are among the most valuable landscapes in the arid southwest. Since they are sources for water and green vegetation, they are unique compared to surrounding desert landscapes. They also offer the potential for a wide range of commodity and non-commodity based land uses. In a rapidly urbanizing setting, commodity based uses such as housing, retail, and industrial development often come into conflict with non-commodity based uses such as recreation and wildlife, water and nature preservation. The purpose of this study was to deduce public value orientations toward the rapidly urbanizing riparian landscapes of Tucson, Arizona through an assessment of residents' attitudes and perceptions regarding those landscapes. Theoretical constructs addressing the relationship between attitudes and perceptions and varying conditions of residential setting, proximity, familiarity, and human influence in the landscape were also assessed. Data were collected by mail survey and by a photo-surrogate landscape assessment technique which provided data on scenic quality and the appropriateness of various land uses. Results indicate that the strongest differences across residential settings, proximity, familiarity, and human influence occur for perceptions of existing landscape conditions. Weaker differences occur for perceptions of change and opinions on planning, management, and growth. No differences were found on land use preferences. Although perceptions differ about what currently exists in the landscape, respondents are unified in their preferences for future land use. This suggests that landscape assessments based only on perceptions of existing conditions may not accurately reflect public values for future land uses. Public value orientations were found to be associated with: (1) careful planning to control growth; (2) conservation of water resources; (3) preservation and rehabilitation of natural vegetation, wildlife habitat, open space, and other non-commodity resources, and (4) development of compatible flood control structures. Results suggest that the changes occurring in the study area are incompatible with respondents' preferences for future land uses.

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28

Weber, Matthew August. "Riparian Valuation in the Southwestern United States". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195121.

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This research documents the societal worth of riparian resources in the Southwestern United States. Two case studies are developed for this inquiry, the first being Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness in Southern Arizona, an area containing one of the last perennial streams in the Sonoran Desert bioregion. A hiking use value per visitor-day is estimated via the Travel Cost Method at $25.06 and $17.31 (2003 dollars) respectively for two access sites. I hypothesize the value discrepancy to indicate a premium for remote recreation. These valuation results compare well with other published recreational use value estimates, though it is the only valuation study associated with instream recreation in the Sonoran Desert of which I am aware. Indeed the environmental valuation literature is thin for the desert region in any respect.The second case study values public restoration preferences for the Albuquerque reach of the Rio Grande in Central New Mexico. A Choice Experiment and Contingent Valuation are employed within an original survey instrument to estimate human values for various restoration strategies planned for the region. Through focus groups and stakeholder interactions four restoration attributes were defined: vegetation density; tree type; fish and wildlife population; and natural river processes. Quantified values for Albuquerque area households were estimated for each restoration attribute level of change, allowing construction of total benefits anticipated for various restoration scenarios considered for the region. This research is at the vanguard of quantifying human benefit for saltcedar control, and this particular restoration characteristic was the most highly valued of all, at $59.03 per household per year. Full restoration was valued at $156.60 per household per year. These results have meaning beyond the study area since river restoration efforts are increasing across the Western US, with many focusing on controlling saltcedar, an exotic invasive plant.The final phase of this research integrates riparian valuation concepts within a dynamic simulation framework to guide systems-level riparian management. Control variables are combined with known valuation pathways to predict riparian investment funding optimal in benefit-cost ratio. The model is built for the Middle Rio Grande in Albuquerque, however it was designed for easy adaptation to other Southwestern riparian areas. A detailed forest module is included, through which seven defined forest stocks may be managed through thinning, clearing, and revegetation. River management may occur through environmental river flow releases, reconstructing stream-overbank connections, and wetland construction. Recreational amenities may be improved through the four infrastructure categories of trails, toilet facilities, picnic areas, and parking areas. Benefits and costs are estimated through original research and region benefit transfer, and tracked for different investment scenarios to predict the highest-return strategies over a 100 year planning horizon. A sensitivity analysis is used to suggest areas of future research.

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29

Crandall, Kristine Birke 1964. "Measuring the economic benefits of riparian areas". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291524.

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In an attempt to identify the net benefits of different allocations of western water resources, resource economists have developed several techniques to value nonconsumptive water uses--uses which are not well-represented in the marketplace. The application of these techniques to sites with flowing streams and riparian ecosystems is the topic of this thesis. A survey incorporating the travel cost method, the contingent valuation method, and local economic impact analysis was used to assess the benefits of the Hassayampa River Preserve near Wickenburg, Arizona. Wildlife viewing is the primary visitor activity at this site, and is fully dependent on the availability of water in the Hassayampa River. This riparian site produces economic benefits that, while previously unmeasured and unaccounted for, should be included in future water allocation decisions.

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30

Lefevre, Robert E. "Riparian Forests of the Coronado National Forest". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296638.

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31

Van, Appledorn Molly. "Watershed-Scale Analysis of Riparian Buffer Function". DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/419.

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The ability of riparian buffers to filter undesirable nutrients from upland sources has long been recognized as an important ecosystem service for maintaining or improving water quality, and as a result, many land management strategies have been built around the preservation or restoration of buffer zones. Newly derived flow-path metrics have shown great promise as a way to assess riparian buffer function at the watershed scale but a thorough investigation of metric performance was necessary. The goals of this study were to: 1) test the independence of flow-path metrics from traditional metrics using a spatially extensive, independent sample of watersheds, 2) evaluate the effects of stream map resolution on riparian characterization and the ability to predict nitrate discharges, and 3) explore whether nutrient retention estimates may improve the performance of flow-path metrics. The results of this study validated initial findings that flow-path metrics provided more flexible, detailed, and independent measures of land cover patterns compared to traditional methods. Buffer characterization by flow-path metrics was affected by stream map resolution, as were models using metrics to relate nitrate discharge to watershed land cover patterns. Retention-informed metrics showed promise in improving the ability to relate nitrate-nitrogen discharges to measures of riparian function, especially in certain physiographic contexts. A thorough understanding of flow-path metrics and how they are affected by sampling regime, stream map resolution, and estimates of retention is necessary toward the development of a tool useful to land use managers.

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32

Frei, Sven [Verfasser] y Jan H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Fleckenstein. "Interactions between hydrology and biogeochemistry within riparian wetlands : Riparian wetlands: hydrology meets biogeochemistry / Sven Frei. Betreuer: Jan H. Fleckenstein". Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059353334/34.

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33

Silva, Rui Pedro Guerreiro Duarte Rivaes da. "Exploring riparian vegetation interactions with flow regime and fluvial processes for an improved river management and conservation". Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17516.

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34

Wilkosz, Mary Elizabeth. "River and wetland conservation and preservation issues in Arizona : a study of agenda building". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=.

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35

Darambazar, Enkhjargal. "Factors influencing diet composition of beef cattle grazing mixed conifer mountain riparian areas". Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/3137.

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36

Caradine, Emma L. "The life-history strategies of riparian spiders (Araneae)". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29774.

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This thesis addresses the life-history strategies of cursorial riparian spiders using field- and laboratory-based research. Species distributions were compared to important habitat variables with particular reference to disturbance. The nature of a "habitat templet" for riparian spiders was also examined. No 'typical' riparian spider fauna was identified. Most dominant species were opportunistic aeronauts, associated with disturbed habitats. Disturbance accounted for little variation in distributions. This is attributed to all sites being disturbed, with the actual frequency of flooding having little influence. Light penetration, the proportion of sand in the substrate, amount of exposed substrate and leaf-litter depth all significantly influenced the distribution of spiders. The influence of disturbance on the life-history traits of two congeneric and co-habiting lycosids (Paradosa argicola and P. amentata) was examined using manipulated levels of flooding. This showed that both species have evolved different strategies to cope with the consequences of flooding. P. amentata, a widespread generalist, had more plastic development periods and instar sizes across different treatments. Traits of P. agricola, a habitat specialist, were not plastic and this species has evolved a greater tolerance to flooding. Examination of the reproductive strategies of P. agricola and P. amentata revealed that both species can adjust their reproductive output. Both species produced smaller clutches later in the season. Offspring of these clutches had larger instars and shorter development periods, which is assumed to increase juvenile survival in conditions of greater environmental stress. No trade-off existed between the numbers and sizes of eggs within clutches. Maternal body size, however, was positively associated with clutch size and weight. Maternal size had no influence on egg sizes.

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37

Carlyle, Graham Charles. "Groundwater phosphorus chemistry in a river riparian zone". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ59163.pdf.

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38

Tucker, Ronald A. Jr. "The effects of prescribed fire on riparian groundwater". Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/tucker/TuckerR0507.pdf.

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39

Briggs, Mark Kendig. "An evaluation of riparian revegetation efforts in Arizona". Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI, 1992.

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40

Haycock, Nicholas Euan. "Riparian land as buffer zones in agricultural catchments". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359498.

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41

Reinecke, Michiel Karl. "Links between lateral riparian vegetation zones and flow". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95482.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Riparian vegetation communities that occur along perennial rivers are structured in lateral zones that run parallel to river flow. This dissertation investigated the structure of South African riparian vegetation communities along perennial, single-thread headwater streams. The central assumption was that lateral zones result from differential species’ responses to changing abiotic factors along a lateral gradient up the river bank. It was first necessary to establish the pattern of zones and whether this pattern occurs repetitively and predictably on different rivers in different biomes. Since the flow regime is considered to be the master variable that controls the occurrence of lateral zones, the link between flow as the major abiotic driver and the distribution of plants in zones was determined. Predictions were made with respect to how variable flow may influence phenological traits, particularly with respect to seed dispersal, and physiological tolerances to drying out and were tested. The existence of lateral zones at reference sites in the Western Cape of South Africa was explored and their vegetation characteristics were described. Plant distribution was related to bank slope, as defined by elevation and distance from the wetted channel edge during summer (dry season) low flow, indicating a direct link to river bank hydraulics. Whether or not the same zonation patterns occur in riparian communities in other parts of South Africa was explored next. The four zones described for Fynbos Riparian Vegetation were evident at all of the other rivers tested, despite major differences in geographic location, vegetation community type, climate and patterns of seasonal flow. The four lateral zones could be separated from each other using a combination of flood recurrence and inundation duration. Functional differences were investigated between three tree species that occur in Fynbos Riparian Vegetation. Functional differences were apparent with respect to timing of seed dispersal, growth in branch length versus girth and three physiological measures of tolerance to drying out; specific leaf area (cm2.g-1), wood density (g.cm-3) and levels of carbon isotopes (δ13C). In order to determine the impact of invasive alien plants and to monitor recovery after clearing, the physical rules devised to help delineate zones were used to locate lateral zones that had been obliterated after invasion and subsequent clearing. At the sites invaded by A. mearnsii plants, the zone delineations showed that invasion started in the lower dynamic zone, where adult and sapling A. mearnsii were most abundant. In un-invaded systems, this zone was the least densely vegetated of the four zones, the most varied in terms of inundation duration and the frequency of inter- and intra-annual floods, and was an area of active recruitment comprised mainly of recruiting seedlings and saplings. An understanding of the functional differences between lateral zones was a common thread at each riparian community that was linked to the annual frequency of inundation and the period, when inundated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oewer plantegroei gemeenskappe wat langs standhoudende riviere voorkom is gestruktureer in laterale sones parallel met die rivier vloei. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die struktuur van Suid-Afrikaanse oewer plantegroei gemeenskappe langs standhoudende, enkelloop hoof strome. Die sentrale aanname was dat laterale sones vorm as gevolg van verskillende spesies se reaksie teenoor die verandering van abiotiese faktore teen 'n laterale gradiënt met die rivierbank op. Dit was eers nodig om die patroon van die gebiede vas te stel en uit te vind of hierdie patroon herhaaldelik en voorspelbaar binne verskillende riviere in verskillende biome voorkom. Aangesien die vloeiwyse beskou word as die hoof veranderlike wat die teenwoordigheid van laterale sones beheer, is die skakel tussen die vloei, as die belangrikste abiotiese bestuurder, en die verspreiding van plante in sones bepaal. Voorspellings is gemaak met betrekking tot hoe veranderlike vloei fenologiese eienskappe kan beïnvloed, veral met betrekking tot die saad verspreiding, en fisiologiese toleransie teen uitdroog, en is getoets. Die bestaan van laterale sones binne verwysings studie terreine in die Wes-Kaap van Suid- Afrika is ondersoek en hul plantegroei eienskappe is beskryf. Plant verspreiding was verwant aan bank helling, soos gedefinieer deur hoogte en afstand vanaf die nat kanaal rand gedurende somer (droë seisoen) lae vloei, en dui dus op 'n direkte skakel met die rivier bank hidroulika. Of dieselfde sonering patrone voorkom in oewer gemeenskappe in ander dele van Suid-Afrika is volgende verken. Die vier sones beskryf vir fynbos oewer plantegroei was duidelik by al die ander riviere wat ondersoek is, ten spyte van groot verskille in geografiese ligging, plantegroei gemeenskap tipe, klimaat en patrone van seisoenale vloei. Die vier laterale sones kan onderskei word van mekaar deur middel van 'n kombinasie van vloed herhaling en oorstroomde toestand duur. Funksionele verskille is ondersoek tussen drie boom spesies wat voorkom in Fynbos Oewer Plantegroei. Funksionele verskille was duidelik met betrekking tot tydsberekening van saad verspreiding, groei in tak lengte tenoor omtrek, en drie fisiologiese maatstawwe van verdraagsaamheid teenoor uitdroging; spesifieke blaar area (cm2.g-1), hout digtheid (g.cm-3) en vlakke van koolstof isotope (δ13C). Ten einde die impak van indringerplante te bepaal en die herstel na ontbossing te monitor is die fisiese reëls voorheen vasgestel om sones te help baken gebruik om laterale sones, wat vernietig is na indringing en die daaropvolgende ontbossing, te vind. Op die terreine wat deur A. mearnsii indringerplante binnegeval is, het die indeling van sones getoon dat die indringing begin het in die laer dinamiese sone, waar volwasse en klein A. mearnsii bome die volopste was. In stelsels wat nie binnegeval is deur indringerplante was hierdie sone die minste dig begroei van die vier sones, die mees verskillend in terme van oorstroomde toestand duur en die frekwensie van inter-en intra-jaarlikse vloede, en was 'n gebied van aktiewe werwing hoofsaaklik bestaande uit rekruut saailinge en boompies. 'n Begrip van die funksionele verskille tussen laterale sones was 'n algemene verskynsel by elke oewer gemeenskap wat gekoppel was aan die jaarlikse frekwensie van oorstroming en die oorstroomde toestand duur.

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42

Siegel, Richard S. y John H. Brock. "Germination Requirements of Key Southwestern Woody Riparian Species". University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609112.

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Germination requirements of selected Southwestern woody riparian species were studied in the laboratory. Four common tree species selected for study were Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii), Goodding Willow (Salix gooddingii), Arizona Sycamore (Platanus wrightii) and Velvet Mesquite (Prosopis velutina). Seeds were collected from two major riparian habitats in the southwest. The species tested required a temperature range of 16° C to 27° C for germination. Fremont Cottonwood, Goodding Willow and Velvet Mesquite showed good germination at moisture stress levels of -4 bars or less, whereas Arizona Sycamore only germinated well at 0 bars. For all species tested, germination was better at salinity levels lower than 50 meq /liter NaCl. All species displayed successful germination responses between pH 5 to 7. Velvet Mesquite germinated at all pH levels (5 -10). Longevity of seeds of riparian species is reported to be of short duration. This was confirmed in these studies with southwestern woody riparian species.

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43

Pope, Dennis P., John H. Brock y Ralph A. Backhaus. "Vegetative Propagation of Key Southwestern Woody Riparian Species". University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609140.

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A series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments were designed with the objective of determining effective methods of vegetatively propagating selected woody riparian species for use in restoration of Southwestern riparian habitats. Cuttings from four major southwest riparian species including Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii), Goodding Willow (Salix gooddingii), Arizona Sycamore (Platanus wrightii), and Arizona Walnut (juglans major) were collected along the Gila River in western New Mexico. Propagation studies with hardwood and root cuttings were performed. Results from these studies determined that Fremont Cottonwood and Goodding Willow could be readily propagated from dormant stem cuttings. Nodal explants from the laboratory -grown Arizona walnut seedlings were tissue -cultured in order to develop a method to mass produce this difficult to propagate species. A nutrient and hormone solution was formulated that resulted in shoot proliferation of Arizona walnut explants in vitro.

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44

Fenner, Patti R. "RIPARIAN PHOTOPOINT PROGRAM ON THE TONTO NATIONAL FOREST". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621695.

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Permanent riparian photopoints (repeat photography of streamside points) are a widely used monitoring method for situations where there are many streams to monitor, and little time to do it. They often display dramatic changes in these dynamic ecosystems – changes that are brought about by management of permitted and non-permitted activities, flood, drought, and fire. Most of all, they help us to learn more about the relationship of riparian areas to uplands, and how riparian ecosystems function.

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45

Hansel, James R. "INFLUENCE OF URBANIZATION ON WOODY RIPARIAN PLANT COMMUNITIES". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1113852536.

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46

Briggs, Mark K. (Mark Kendig) 1961. "An evaluation of riparian revegetation efforts in Arizona". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192065.

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Twenty-five riparian revegetation projects and two alternative mitigations were evaluated in Arizona. Sites were visited and agency personnel were interviewed to detail riparian revegetation methodologies and categorize revegetation projects based on how well they achieved their objectives. Riparian revegetation is limited in its ability to improve degraded riparian ecosystems and is most effective when the causes of site degradation are addressed. Of the selected successful revegetation projects, 73% incorporated other forms of mitigation (e.g., improved land management strategies, bank stabilization structures, irrigation) that either indirectly or directly addressed the causes of site degradation. Over 33% of the successful revegetation projects experienced prolific natural regeneration, demonstrating the potential for natural regenerative processes to accomplish revegetation objectives. Of the unsuccessful revegetation projects, 85% did not achieve objectives due to low water availability or flooding. The appropriateness of using riparian revegetation should be determined on a site by site basis using two check-lists developed from the results of this study. The first check-list describes the potential effectiveness of artificial revegetation, the second checklist describes the potential that prolific natural regeneration will occur.

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47

Ffolliott, Peter F. y Cody L. Stropki. "Impacts of Upslope Watershed Disturbances on Riparian Ecosystems". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296671.

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48

Brantley, Evaden F. Lockaby Bruce Graeme. "Influence of Chinese privet (Ligustrum Sinense lour.) on riparian forests of the southern Piedmont net primary /". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Dissertation/Brantley_Evaden_49.pdf.

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49

Whitman, Heather L. "Effects of Adjacent Land-use Practices and Environmental Factors on Riparian Vegetation and Water Quality in the Sugar Creek Watershed, Northeastern Ohio". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250568833.

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50

Magoba, Rozwivhona Faith. "Influences of river flows on recruitment success of Fynbos riparian vegetation along selected high gradient streams in the Western Cape, South Africa". University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4362.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Riparian vegetation occurs in two distinct zones, the wet bank and the dry bank. Knowledge on how the flow regime influences the zonal structure of riparian vegetation is required to mitigate the adverse effects of water resource utilization on riparian vegetation. The first objective of this study was to determine whether flow exerts a physical influence on zonal structure pre- or post-recruitment. An examination of the survival of seedlings and saplings was conducted along Western Cape rivers to investigate seedling persistence and survival on lateral zones. A comparison of the ratios of seedlings, saplings and adults in different riparian zones for the years, 2004, 2011 and 2013, was carried out. The results suggest that in general seeds are deposited randomly on the banks, where they germinate and become seedlings. Seedlings that become established at locations unsuitable for their persistence into adulthood are removed either by high flows or perish during dry conditions. Thus, lateral zonation eventually develops due to species differences in tolerance to conditions at different positions on the banks. The second objective was to explore the effects of the reduction in dry season low flows on the recruitment success of riparian species at sites upstream and downstream of abstraction points. At most sites plants were arranged into different lateral zones and the numbers of species between upstream and downstream sites were not significantly different. There were significant differences in the abundances between up- and downstream sites, with the loss of herbaceous plants and sedges at downstream sites, both of which favour moist conditions. Also, in the absence of dry season flows, the seedlings of dry bank tree species recruited closer to the channel than those at the sites with summer flows. The shifting of the dry bank into the channel narrows the channel, which may affect the hydraulic pressures exerted during floods. The spatial arrangement in the riparian zone has as much to do with flow conditions post recruitment as it does with conditions during recruitment. This shows that the structure of riparian plants is determined not only by whether or not the minimum flows are met, this points to the need to reinstate the naturally variable flow and adopting a holistic approach for the understanding and management of aquatic systems.

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