Tesis sobre el tema "Right to Information Act, 2005"

The enactment of the national Right to Information (RTI) Act in 2005 has been produced, consumed and celebrated as an important event of democratic deepening in India both in terms of the process that led to its enactment (arising from a grassroots movement) as well as its outcome (fundamentally altering the citizen-state relationship). This thesis problematises this narrative and proposes that the explanatory factors underlying this event may be more complex than thus far imagined. First, the leadership of the grassroots movement was embedded within the ruling elite and possessed the necessary resources as well as unparalleled access to spaces of power for the movement to be successful. Second, the democratisation of the higher bureaucracy along with the launch of the economic liberalisation project meant that the urban, educated, high-caste, upper-middle-class elite that provided critical support to the demand for an RTI Act was no longer vested in the state and had moved to the private sector. Mirroring this shift, the framing of the RTI Act during the 1990s saw its ambit reduced to the government, even as there was a concomitant push to privatise public goods and services. Third, the thesis locates the Indian RTI Act within the global explosion of freedom of information laws over the last two decades, and shows how international pressures, embedded within a reimagining of the role of the state vis-à-vis the market, had a direct and causal impact both on its content, as well as the timing of its enactment. Taking the production of the RTI Act as a lens, the thesis finally argues that while there is much to celebrate in the consolidation of procedural democracy in India over the last six decades, existing economic, social and political structures may limit the extent and forms of democratic deepening occurring in the near future.

Magister Legum - LLM
Chapter 2 of the Constitution contains the Bill of Rights, which ‘enshrines the rights of all people in our country and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom.’1 By rights being afforded to the employee in the workplace, such rights need to be protected (legislation being implemented by legislature is subjugated by the Bill of Rights).2 Labour legislation being implemented in order to protect the rights afforded to the employees,therefore creating fair labour practice in terms of section 23 of the Constitution. Such legislation needs to take in regards various rights of an employee, such as the right to privacy3 of an employee. This resulted in creating domestic legislation in order to protect employees’ rights to privacy. A detail discusses of how various domestic legislation were implemented to protect the right is discussed in Chapter 2. In addition to the implementation of domestic legislation giving effect to the right to fair labour practices, the Constitution requires that international law be considered when individual and a further international obligations with regards to international standards). Section 39(1)(b) provides that ‘when interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, tribunal or forum must consider international law’. This means that standards set by the International Labour Organisation and Conventions must be considered when interpreting the right to fair labour practice.4 A detailed discussion is dealt with in Chapter 2. The primary research question of this thesis is ‘is an employee’s right to privacy infringed by requiring a medical condition to be disclosed on a sick note for purposes of statutory sick leave?’ In answering this question, a number of ancillary questions must be answered, including whether doctor and patient confidentiality is breached in disclosing such information on a sick note; to what extent medical information can be disclosed in the medical information; whether there is a potential for misuse of information disclosed on the medical certificate against the employee; whether such disclosure of information could lead to unfair labour practice where the employee can be unfairly discriminated against based on such disclosure and how is privacy is being protected and processed in terms of legislation domestically and foreign legislation.

History
Ph.D.
This dissertation explores the battle to democratize the national security state, 1970-1978. It examines the neo-progressive movement to institutionalize a new domestic policy regime, in an attempt to force government transparency, protect individual privacy from state intrusion, and create new judicial and legislative checks on domestic security operations. It proceeds chronologically, first outlining the state's overwhelming response to the domestic unrest of the 1960s. During this period, the Department of Justice developed new capacities to better predict urban unrest, growing a computerized databank that contained millions of dossiers on dissenting Americans and the Department of Defense greatly expanded existing capacities, applying cold war counterinsurgency and counterintelligence techniques developed abroad to the problems of protests and riots at home. The remainder of the dissertation examines how the state's secret response to unrest and disorder became public in the early 1970s. It traces the development of a loose coalition of reformers who challenged domestic security policy and coordinated legislative and litigative strategies to check executive power.
Temple University--Theses

Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-86).
The purpose of this study is to explore the information that the mothers of disabled children have on the provisions of the Children's Act (CA) (Act no.38 of 2005) and the Children's Amendment Act (CAA) (Act No.41 of 2007). The two Acts were consolidated after the regulations had been adopted. The Children's Act gives effect to the three specific constitutional rights of children contained in section 28. These are: a. The right to social services. b. The right to parental or family care or to appropriate alternative care when removed from their family. c. Protection from maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation. This Act stipulates the services that are required to give effect to the three State obligations. The aim of the research was 1) to investigate the nature of information which mothers of disabled children have acquired about the Children's Act, and 2) factors influencing the access to this information by these mothers. The study population was mothers whose children have a physical or mental disability. The study sample was purposively selected from mothers of disabled children living in a township in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan, in Gauteng Province. A qualitative research approach was used in this study, and a case study design was adopted. Individual in-depth interviews were held with four participants. The data collected through the in-depth interviews was analysed using a thematic content analysis. The findings of this study will raise awareness among mothers of disabled children and their organizations of the rights and services to which disabled children are entitled according to the Children's Act. It will therefore enable them individually and through DPOs to more effectivity monitor the implementation of the Act by the State and to enforce compliance by the State of its obligations to disabled children in terms of the Children's Act.

The child’s participation in any legal matter involving him/her is crucial whether received directly or indirectly through a legal representative. The significance of the child’s views in legal matters is accepted internationally and is entrenched in South African law. This is the main feature of the present research. In Roman law the paterfamilias was the complete antithesis of the best interest of the child with his paternal power entirely serving his own interests. The best interests of the child progressively improved his/her participatory rights and the dominance of paternal authority in Roman, Germanic, and Frankish law eventually gave way to parental authority and assistance in Roman-Dutch law. This advanced the child’s participation in legal matters and under Roman-Dutch law, his/her right of participation included legal representation by way of a curator ad litem. The child’s best interests were consistently viewed from an adult’s perspective and resulted in an adult-centred assessment of his/her best interests. Statutory intervention increased the child’s participatory and representation rights, however, the tenor of these items of legislation remained parent-centred. The Appeal Court later dispelled any uncertainty regarding the paramountcy with respect to the best interests of the child. During the 1970s in South Africa, the emphasis began shifting from a parent-centred to a child-centred approach in litigation between parents in cases involving their children. An open-ended list of factors comprising the best interests of the child accentuated this shift. Courts were encouraged to apply the paramountcy rule in legal matters concerning children and to consider the views of children in determining their best interests. The new democratic constitutional dispensation in South Africa, followed by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter, obligated South Africa to align children’s rights with international law and standards. The South African Law Reform Commission set out to investigate and to formulate a single comprehensive children’s statute. The resultant Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is the most important item of legislation for children in private law in South Africa. The Children’s Act provides for the widest possible form of child participation in legal matters involving the child. It revolutionises child participation requiring no lower age limit as a determining factor when allowing the child, able to form a view, to express that view. The child’s right to access a court and to be assisted in doing so further enhances his/her participatory right. Effective legal representation is the key in ensuring that children enjoy the fundamental right of participation equal to that of adults in legal matters involving children. Comparative research of child laws in Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and United Kingdom confirms that South Africa is well on the way in enhancing children’s participatory and legal representation rights in legal matters concerning them. This illustrates that only the child’s best interests should serve as a requirement for the legal representation of children in legal matters. Continued training is essential to ensure the implementation of the Children’s Act and requires a concerted effort from all role-players.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Private Law
unrestricted

A tension arises whenever the South African private law fails to meet constitutional right norms. To remedy a deficiency, two law-making options are available. The first is for the judiciary to develop or change private law principles and rules in order to provide protection for the implicated constitutional norm. The second is for the judiciary to enforce an obligation upon Parliament to enact legislation to amend or replace existing private law rights and obligations so as to safeguard the norm against interference from a private individual or entity. The former is the more conventional option, but, in recent years, the law reports record an increasing reliance on the legislative duty to protect constitutional right norms in private legal relationships. The thesis investigates the extent to which the latter phenomenon - which will be described as a 'pivot towards legislative remedies' - exists, and the circumstances in which the courts pivot towards legislative remedies rather than developing private law of their own accord. The thesis finds that legislative schemes that give effect to constitutional rights are likely to contain an array of benefits that are absent from or reduced in the judicial law-making process. The judicial pivot towards legislative remedies is thus a strategy to enhance the process through which conflicting rights are resolved, as it allows for the constitutional rebuilding of private law in a way that the judiciary is unable to do on its own. Importantly, however, theories of judicial deference do not explain the pivot. On the contrary, the courts have exercised a strict level of control over the legislative law-making pathway. Through either statutory interpretation or the review of legislation, the courts require legislation to contain the essentials of the judicial law-making framework. From this perspective, the judicial law-making process produces the floor of the rebuilding project and the legislative law-making process enhances that framework.

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Comparative Advertising is theme presented in their constituent aspects, as social phenomenon with reflexes in the economy, in the culture and in the Brazilian system of laws. The exam of the history of the advertising and the several ways as it has been conceived in the last years contribute to delimit the comparative method as a specific technique. Technique marked by the line of the aggressiveness in the formulation of the advertising messages that, under excuse of being mere fruit of the imagination and of the professionals' creativity in it involved, it has the unequivocal purpose of invigoration the economic function. The use of the technique, though, it is absent-minded of concerns with their effects in the sphere of the rights of the contestants, of the own professionals of the area of the publicity, of the consumers and of the citizens in general. The form how the advertising is collected by the legal system ― in the constitutional plan and in the statutory law plan ― it comes as vector to incite inquiries on the licitness of the comparative advertising in Brazil. The possible answer is among the many themes developed in the work, among the ones which, for instance, the fundamental rights, the freedom of expression and communication, the repression rules to the disloyal competition, the prohibition of the right abuse and the respect to the copyright. Starting from those juridical categories, the text shows the perplexity between professionals of the marketing areas and jurists on that aggressive advertising technique. Defenders and opponents of Comparative Advertising are characters of that plot of trade and consumerism of the current communication order. Strong and convincing arguments developed by those characters, solitary of the experience and of conflicts of interests, they allow the choice of an answer to the inquiry on the licitness of the comparative advertising in the Brazilian law
Publicidade Comparativa é tema apresentado em seus aspectos constitutivos, como fenômeno social com reflexos na economia, na cultura e na ordem jurídica brasileira. O exame da história da publicidade e as várias maneiras como vem sendo concebida nos últimos anos contribuem para delimitar a publicidade comparativa como uma técnica específica. Técnica marcada pelo traço da agressividade na formulação das mensagens publicitária que, sob pretexto de ser mero fruto da imaginação e da criatividade dos profissionais nela envolvidos, tem o inequívoco propósito de fortalecimento da sua função econômica. O uso da técnica, todavia, é abstraído de preocupações com os seus efeitos na esfera dos direitos dos concorrentes, dos próprios profissionais da área da publicidade, dos consumidores e dos cidadãos em geral. A forma como a publicidade é recolhida pelo ordenamento jurídico ― no plano constitucional e no plano infraconstitucional ― apresenta-se como vetor para incitar indagações sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no Brasil. A resposta possível está entre os muitos temas enfeixados no trabalho, dentre os quais, por exemplo, os direitos fundamentais, a liberdade de expressão e comunicação, as regras de repressão à concorrência desleal, a proibição do abuso de direito e o respeito ao direito autoral. A partir dessas categorias jurídicas, o texto mostra a perplexidade reinante entre profissionais das áreas de marketing e publicidade e juristas sobre essa técnica publicitária agressiva. Defensores e opositores dela ― Publicidade Comparativa ― são personagens dessa trama mercadológica e consumista da atual ordem comunicacional. Argumentos fortes e convincentes desenvolvidos por essas personagens, retirados da experiência e de conflitos de interesses, permitem a escolha de uma resposta à indagação sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

Dans un contexte économique instable, résultant notamment de la mondialisation des échanges, de la financiarisationde l’économie et de l’accélération des mutations technologiques, caractérisé de surcroît par l’apathie endémique de lacroissance économique française, la prospérité et la survie des entreprises dépendent de leur capacité à s’adapter enpermanence aux évolutions du marché pour pouvoir sauvegarder leur compétitivité, assurer leur développement etfaire face à une concurrence toujours plus vive. Si les restructurations sont indispensables pour assurer la pérennité desentreprises dont dépendent le maintien de l’emploi, le dynamisme du marché du travail et la création de richesse, ellesmettent fréquemment en péril les intérêts des salariés. Nombre d’entre elles menacent ainsi leur emploi et partant leursécurité économique et matérielle, mais également leurs droits collectifs qu’il s’agisse des avantages issus de leurstatut collectif ou de leur droit à participer à la détermination de leurs conditions de travail et à la gestion del’entreprise via leurs représentants, dont le mandat peut être affecté par une restructuration. Si ces opérations mettenten péril les intérêts des salariés et génèrent un coût social largement assumé par la collectivité nationale, le droit, enparticulier le droit social, ne peut remettre en cause les projets de restructuration. Ces décisions et leur mise en oeuvrerelèvent en effet de la liberté d’entreprendre des dirigeants de l’entreprise à laquelle le droit social ne saurait porteratteinte en s’immisçant dans leurs choix économiques et stratégiques. L’objet de cette étude est donc d’exposercomment, en dépit de son incapacité à influer sur les décisions de restructurations, le droit social tente d’en limiter lecoût social, en préservant au mieux les intérêts des salariés
In an unsettled economic climate, the result in particular of globalisation of trade, the financialisation of the economyand accelerating technological change, further marked by the endemic apathy of French economic growth, theprosperity and survival of companies depend on their capacity to adapt constantly to market trends in order tosafeguard their competitiveness, to ensure their development and to stand up to ever increasingly harsh competition.Whilst restructuring is essential to ensure the long-term survival of companies, on which maintaining jobs, a dynamiclabour market and the creation of wealth all depend, it frequently endangers the interests of employees. Manyrestructuring operations thus threaten their employment and consequently their economic and material security, butalso their collective rights when it comes to advantages resulting from their collective status or their right to participatein determining their working conditions and in the management of the company through their representatives, whosemandate may be impacted by a restructuring operation. While such operations endanger the interests of employees andgenerate a social cost borne to a large extent by the national community, law, and in particular social law, cannotchallenge restructuring projects. Such decisions and their implementation fall within the purview of the freedom to actenjoyed by corporate managers that social law cannot in any way impede by interfering in their economic and strategicchoices. The purpose of this study is therefore to show how social law, despite its inability to influence restructuringdecisions, seeks to limit the social cost by preserving as best as possible the interests of employees

In the recent fight against terrorism Western liberal democracies have significantly expanded pre-emptive measures, such as inchoate and preparatory offences or control orders. As these measures rely increasingly on the use of sensitive information, their application poses a dilemma. On the one hand, sensitive information may be necessary as evidence in an open court to justify the coercive measure or demonstrate the innocence of the suspect. On the other hand, states are reluctant to disclose such information where there is a risk to national security, preferring either to supress the information or to use it in secret. Such practices, however, may seriously violate the principle of fairness - and its attached individual right to a fair trial - a principle sitting not only at the core of the criminal justice system, but also forming part of the rule of law and democracy itself. The thesis poses the questions of what limitations are acceptable to the right to a fair trial, and what safeguards are necessary when states allow the suppression or use of sensitive information in criminal and related proceedings. The thesis is therefore concerned with finding an appropriate judicial methodology for addressing the dilemma in court. It argues that without a proper process (often generally described as balancing), minimum standards of fairness are more likely to be lowered due to security pressures. Principles, however, which emphasise the right to a fair trial and require justifications for any limitation in the interest of national security are capable of retaining higher standards. Hence the thesis suggests that while what is fair must be decided in the particular circumstances, what needs to be taken into consideration in order to achieve fairness can be defined. By comparing the case law from Australia and the United Kingdom, the thesis then offers an in-depths analyses of various degrees of balancing and principles when dealing with sensitive information, as well as the dynamics and interaction that accompany the two approaches between the branches of government. The two countries are particularly suitable for such an enquiry as they share a legal heritage, but have diverged increasingly over the last decades in how to protect human rights. While the thesis generally favours a principled approach as now predominantly applied in the UK, it does not simply propose a legal transplant for Australia, which so far has rejected any legislation including principles. Rather the comparison points out the reasons why Australian judges behave differently and challenges the Australian Parliament to amend the relevant legislation in accordance with its own values in order to retain high standards of fair trial protection in proceedings dealing with sensitive information.

Although these days, we can perceive the right for environmental information as something automated and quite natural in a democratic society, we must realize that it was far from it in the past. Hand in hand with the principle of secretiveness of state administration, the public had virtually no possibility to obtain information concerning not only the state of the environment but also general information concerning almost anything. It is not surprising after all because before 1989, neither the general right for information nor the right for environmental information were protected by law, less alone by the constitution. Nevertheless, the democratic changes which took place after the Velvet Revolution produced changes also in the field of the right for information and this right was, both generally - as a right for information, and specifically - as a right for environmental information, included in the legal regulation of the greatest legal force, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which became a part of the constitutional order of the Czech Republic on the basis of the resolution of the Czech National Council presidium No. 2/1993 Coll. On the basis of its constitutional protection, the right for environmental information was provided for also by law (Act No. 123/1998 Coll.) and...

碩士
逢甲大學
財經法律研究所
102
In today’s society, privacy infringement can be summarized in three aspects: the internet, electronic products and news media. Technological advancement enables people to chat, contact and even make transaction with people at any corner of the world, without the need to step out of their homes. Even though the person to talk with is far away from them, people can make connection in only several seconds’ time. Nevertheless, while people are glad to share their lives and moods with other people on the internet, they begin to worry that their personal information has been invisibly used by other people. They are also angry with the advertising behavior that uses portraiture right without their consent. Therefore, people also begin to suggest that they should possess the right to make decisions on the collection, handling and use of their personal information. Individuals should be the source of information, and are the final deciders as well. Any collection, handling and use of individuals’ information without their decision making should be prohibited. Just because of this, the paper mainly explores the development of the concept of autonomy of decision-making for personal information, and examines the clauses and stipulations of Taiwan’s newly amended Personal Information Protection Act. After that, the paper uses the theories derived from them as the foundation to review what kind of decision-making and control rights individuals should possess over the collection, handling and use of the related personal information. Possessing these rights, individuals can really control the flow of their personal information. Besides, the fear of inappropriate use of their information can be reduced. Furthermore, the flow of information amongst people can be enhanced. As a result, information can really be properly used and personal privacy can be protected.

碩士
國立中興大學
法律學系科技法律碩士班
106
With the advancement of science and technology, the use of mobile devices and networks is growing dramatically. Community sites make people can share their lives online. But the personal information on the Internet, through the copy and posted the way, making the personal information dissemination, deletion and modification of the right is not their own exclusive. Through the searching engine website, by importing the name or keywords, we can get someone''s bad behavior or criminal record easily and immediately. However, it may cause someone’s life or reputation permanent adverse impact. The European Court of Justice ruled in Google v. AEPD in 2014. Since then, people realized the importance of the personal information protection. In addition to the EU data protection standard passed in May 2016, Japan and the ROC have also appeared the case about people asking the Internet search engine industry to delete the searching results link to personal data. Even further, directly claims that the right to be forgotten exists. Nevertheless, the right to be forgotten may cause the impediment to speech right and the right to be informed, and may cause the power of disclosure or not of controlled by certain people, resulting in information asymmetry or bias. Therefore, how to balance the right to privacy and freedom of speech, that is a major problem.

Method of Moments (MoM) is an integral equation based solver and is one of the most popular computational techniques to solve complex 3D Electromagnetic problems efficiently and accurately. Compared to the conventional differential equation solvers, MoM does not require a volumetric discretization of the entire bounding box containing the structure or imposes absorbing boundary condition or perfect match layer. However, due to Green's function interactions, the MoM matrix is dense leading to quadratic matrix fill time and cubic solve time complexity. As the scale and the complexity of the problem increases, matrix size increases with high storage memory and solve time requirement. Thus, to further expedite the solve time and decrease the storage requirement, fast solvers are extremely important. This thesis addresses the above problem by developing fast solvers and proposing a couple of novel preconditioning approaches for improving the solution speed of the fast solvers. The recent development of kernel-independent fast solvers has gained more popularity among the CEM community because of ease of their implementation. In this thesis, first, a brief overview of kernel dependent and kernel independent fast solvers is presented along with their parallelization. A new compression method is introduced based on the Adaptive Cross Approximation (ACA) sampling, where the pivot rows and columns can give a QR factorized orthogonal compressed matrices. These orthogonal matrices can be compressed further by using Interpolative Decomposition (ID) or can further be compressed by using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) compression. The entire spectrum of fast solvers is highly dependent on the condition number of the matrices, specifically the spread of their eigenvalues. Hence, an ill-conditioned matrix jeopardizes the solution time and accuracy. This ill-conditioning mostly due to either geometry, meshing or the frequency of operation. Preconditioning the system of equations is the most efficient way to overcome ill-condition. Conventional preconditioners are either difficult to parallelize or lack linear scaling with problem size. In this thesis, we propose new preconditioners, which overcome the lacuna of the existing preconditioners. In the null-field preconditioner, near-field blocks are scaled to the diagonal blocks using the null-field method. The preconditioner is computed from all near-field blocks and selected far-field blocks in accordance with the null-field procedure. The final form of the preconditioner is block diagonal, therefore generates no additional fill-ins in its inverse and is also amenable to parallelization. A complexity analysis is presented to show the near-linear cost of preconditioner construction and usage in terms of computation time and memory. Numerical experiments with a sequential implementation demonstrate on an average 1.5-3x speed-up in the iterative solution time over Incomplete LU (ILUT) based preconditioners. Thus, giving a robust and stable preconditioner better than ILUT. The main drawback of the null-field method is the improper scaling of the near-field blocks. The next preconditioning method proposed in the thesis is based on the Schur’s complement method. The Schur’s complement method diagonalizes the near-field blocks to a block-diagonal form. The fill-in blocks generated in the process can be compressed efficiently and used for completely scaling the near-field blocks. Further fill-in reduction can be achieved by arranging the near-field blocks by using graph algorithms. Both these processes lead to a reduction in final matrix-vector product time in the iterative solver. Numerical experiments demonstrate a significant advantage over ILUT or recently published null-field based methods. In the case of multiport system or the problem with multiple Right Hand Side (RHS) iteration, the fast solver may turn out to be costly since each RHS may take different iteration thus taking more time to solve all RHSs so in such cases a direct solver is highly desirable. The complexity of the conventional direct solver is cubic so in this thesis, a fast direct solver based on the extended sparsification of FMM is proposed.

The general aim of this research is to develop a conceptual privacy governance framework (CPGF) that can be used to develop a valid and reliable information privacy governance questionnaire (IPGQ) to assess the perception of employees of how effective the organisation governs privacy. The CPGF was developed to incorporate a comprehensive set of privacy components that could assist management in governing privacy across an organisation. IPGQ statements were derived from the theory of the sub-components of CPGF, evaluated by an expert panel and pre-tested by a pilot group. A quantitative mono method research was followed using a survey questionnaire to collect data in a financial institution in South Africa. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the underlying factorial structure and the Cronbach Alpha was used to establish the internal reliability of the factors. From the initial item reduction of the constructs, four factors were derived to test the privacy perception of employees. The IPGQ consisted of 49 valid and reliable questions. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used, and three significant differences were discovered among the demographical groups for the age groups and two for the employment status groups (organisational commitment and privacy controls). The CPGF and IPGQ can aid organisations to determine if organisations are effectively governing the privacy in the organisations in order to assist them in meeting the accountability condition of the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA).
Computing
M. Sc. (Information Systems)

Orientation: The safety of any natural being with respect to the processing of their personal information is an essential human right as specified in the Zimbabwe Data Protection Act (ZDPA) bill. Once enacted, the ZDPA bill will affect universities as public entities. It will directly impact how personal information is collected and processed. The bill will be fundamental in understanding the privacy perceptions of students in relation to privacy awareness, privacy expectations and confidence within university. These need to be understood to give guidelines to universities on the implementation of the ZPDA. Problem Statement: The current constitution and the ZDPA are not sufficient to give organisations guidelines on ensuring personal information privacy. There is need for guidelines to help organisations and institutions to implement and comply with the provisions of the ZDPA in the context of Zimbabwe. The privacy regulations, regarded as the three concepts (awareness, expectations and confidence), were used to determine the student perceptions. These three concepts have not been researched before in the privacy context and the relationship between the three concepts has not as yet been established. Research purpose: The main aim of the study was to develop and validate an Information Privacy Perception Survey (IPPS) diagnostic tool and a Student Personal Information Privacy Perception (SPIPP) model to give guidelines to universities on how they can implement the ZDPA and aid universities in comprehending student privacy perceptions to safeguard personal information and assist in giving effect to their privacy constitutional right. Research Methodology: A quantitative research method was used in a deductive research approach where a survey research strategy was applied using the IPPS instrument for data collection. The IPPS instrument was designed with 54 items that were developed from the literature. The preliminary instrument was taken through both the expert review and pilot study. Using the non-probability convenience sampling method, 287 students participated in the final survey. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to validate the instrument while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to validate the model. Main findings: diagnostic instrument was validated and resulted in seven new factors, namely university confidence (UC), privacy expectations (PE), individual awareness (IA), external awareness (EA), privacy awareness (PA), practice confidence (PC) and correctness expectations (CE). Students indicated that they had high expectations of the university on privacy. The new factors showed a high level of awareness of privacy and had low confidence in the university safeguarding their personal information privacy. A SPIPP empirical model was also validated using structural equation modelling (SEM) and it indicated an average overall good fit between the proposed SPIPP conceptual model and the empirically derived SPIPP model Contribution: A diagnostic instrument that measures the perceptions (privacy awareness, expectations and confidence of students) was developed and validated. This study further contributed a model for information privacy perceptions that illustrates the relationship between the three concepts (awareness, expectations and confidence). Other universities can use the model to ascertain the perceptions of students on privacy. This research also contributes to improvement in the personal information protection of students processed by universities. The results will aid university management and information regulators to implement measures to create a culture of privacy and to protect student data in line with regulatory requirements and best practice.
School of Computing
Ph. D. (Information Systems)

While decision-making under uncertainty is a major universal problem, its implications in the field of transportation systems are especially enormous; where the benefits of right decisions are tremendous, the consequences of wrong ones are potentially disastrous. In the realm of highway systems, decisions related to the highway configuration (number of lanes, right of way, etc.) need to incorporate both the traffic demand and land price uncertainties. In the literature, these uncertainties have generally been modeled using the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) process, which has been used extensively in modeling many other real life phenomena. But few scholars, including those who used the GBM in highway configuration decisions, have offered any rigorous justification for the use of this model. This thesis attempts to offer a detailed analysis of various aspects of transportation systems in relation to decision-making. It reveals some general insights as well as a new concept that extends the notion of opportunity cost to situations where wrong decisions could be made. Claiming deficiency of the GBM model, it also introduces a new formulation that utilizes a large and flexible parametric family of jump models (i.e., Lévy processes). To validate this claim, data related to traffic demand and land prices were collected and analyzed to reveal that their distributions, heavy-tailed and asymmetric, do not match well with the GBM model. As a remedy, this research used the Merton, Kou, and negative inverse Gaussian Lévy processes as possible alternatives. Though the results show indifference in relation to final decisions among the models, mathematically, they improve the precision of uncertainty models and the decision-making process. This furthers the quest for optimality in highway projects and beyond.