Artículos de revistas: "Rift Margins"

1

Peace, Alexander L. y J. Kim Welford. "Conjugate margins — An oversimplification of the complex southern North Atlantic rift and spreading system?" Interpretation 8, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2020): SH33—SH49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0087.1.

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The prevalence of conjugate margin terminology and studies in the scientific literature is testimony to the contribution that this concept and approach has made to the study of passive margins, and more broadly extensional tectonics. However, when applied to the complex rift, transform, and spreading system of the southern North Atlantic (i.e., the passive margins of Newfoundland, Labrador, Ireland, Iberia, and southern Greenland), it becomes obvious that at these passive continental margin settings, additional geologic phenomena complicate this convenient description. These aspects include (1) the preservation of relatively undeformed continental fragments, (2) formation of transform systems and oblique rifts, (3) triple junctions (with rift and spreading axes), (4) multiple failed rift axes, (5) postbreakup processes such as magmatism, (6) localized subduction, and (7) ambiguity in identification of oceanic isochrons. Comparison of two different published reconstructions of the region indicates the ambiguity in conducting conjugate margin studies. This demonstrates the need for a more pragmatic approach to the study of continental passive margin settings where a greater emphasis is placed on the inclusion of these possibly complicating features in palinspastic reconstructions, plate tectonics, and evolutionary models.

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2

Heine, C., J. Zoethout y R. D. Müller. "Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift". Solid Earth Discussions 5, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2013): 41–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-41-2013.

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Abstract. The South Atlantic rift basin evolved as branch of a large Jurassic-Cretaceous intraplate rift zone between the African and South American plates during the final breakup of western Gondwana. While the relative motions between South America and Africa for post-breakup times are well resolved, many issues pertaining to the fit reconstruction and particular the relation between kinematics and lithosphere dynamics during pre-breakup remain unclear in currently published plate models. We have compiled and assimilated data from these intraplated rifts and constructed a revised plate kinematic model for the pre-breakup evolution of the South Atlantic. Based on structural restoration of the conjugate South Atlantic margins and intracontinental rift basins in Africa and South America, we achieve a tight fit reconstruction which eliminates the need for previously inferred large intracontinental shear zones, in particular in Patagonian South America. By quantitatively accounting for crustal deformation in the Central and West African rift zone, we have been able to indirectly construct the kinematic history of the pre-breakup evolution of the conjugate West African-Brazilian margins. Our model suggests a causal link between changes in extension direction and velocity during continental extension and the generation of marginal structures such as the enigmatic Pre-salt sag basin and the São Paulo High. We model an initial E–W directed extension between South America and Africa (fixed in present-day position) at very low extensional velocities until Upper Hauterivian times (≈126 Ma) when rift activity along in the equatorial Atlantic domain started to increase significantly. During this initial ≈17 Myr-long stretching episode the Pre-salt basin width on the conjugate Brazilian and West African margins is generated. An intermediate stage between 126.57 Ma and Base Aptian is characterised by strain localisation, rapid lithospheric weakening in the equatorial Atlantic domain, resulting in both progressively increasing extensional velocities as well as a significant rotation of the extension direction to NE–SW. From Base Aptian onwards diachronous lithospheric breakup occurred along the central South Atlantic rift, first in the Sergipe-Alagoas/Rio Muni margin segment in the northernmost South Atlantic. Final breakup between South America and Africa occurred in the conjugate Santos–Benguela margin segment at around 113 Ma and in the Equatorial Atlantic domain between the Ghanaian Ridge and the Piauí-Ceará margin at 103 Ma. We conclude that such a multi-velocity, multi-directional rift history exerts primary control on the evolution of this conjugate passive margins systems and can explain the first order tectonic structures along the South Atlantic and possibly other passive margins.

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3

Heine, C., J. Zoethout y R. D. Müller. "Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift". Solid Earth 4, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2013): 215–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013.

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Abstract. The South Atlantic rift basin evolved as a branch of a large Jurassic–Cretaceous intraplate rift zone between the African and South American plates during the final break-up of western Gondwana. While the relative motions between South America and Africa for post-break-up times are well resolved, many issues pertaining to the fit reconstruction and particularly the relation between kinematics and lithosphere dynamics during pre-break-up remain unclear in currently published plate models. We have compiled and assimilated data from these intraplated rifts and constructed a revised plate kinematic model for the pre-break-up evolution of the South Atlantic. Based on structural restoration of the conjugate South Atlantic margins and intracontinental rift basins in Africa and South America, we achieve a tight-fit reconstruction which eliminates the need for previously inferred large intracontinental shear zones, in particular in Patagonian South America. By quantitatively accounting for crustal deformation in the Central and West African Rift Zones, we have been able to indirectly construct the kinematic history of the pre-break-up evolution of the conjugate west African–Brazilian margins. Our model suggests a causal link between changes in extension direction and velocity during continental extension and the generation of marginal structures such as the enigmatic pre-salt sag basin and the São Paulo High. We model an initial E–W-directed extension between South America and Africa (fixed in present-day position) at very low extensional velocities from 140 Ma until late Hauterivian times (≈126 Ma) when rift activity along in the equatorial Atlantic domain started to increase significantly. During this initial ≈14 Myr-long stretching episode the pre-salt basin width on the conjugate Brazilian and west African margins is generated. An intermediate stage between ≈126 Ma and base Aptian is characterised by strain localisation, rapid lithospheric weakening in the equatorial Atlantic domain, resulting in both progressively increasing extensional velocities as well as a significant rotation of the extension direction to NE–SW. From base Aptian onwards diachronous lithospheric break-up occurred along the central South Atlantic rift, first in the Sergipe–Alagoas/Rio Muni margin segment in the northernmost South Atlantic. Final break-up between South America and Africa occurred in the conjugate Santos–Benguela margin segment at around 113 Ma and in the equatorial Atlantic domain between the Ghanaian Ridge and the Piauí-Ceará margin at 103 Ma. We conclude that such a multi-velocity, multi-directional rift history exerts primary control on the evolution of these conjugate passive-margin systems and can explain the first-order tectonic structures along the South Atlantic and possibly other passive margins.

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4

Etheridge, M. A., P. A. Symonds y T. G. Powell. "APPLICATION OF THE DETACHMENT MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL EXTENSION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN EXTENSIONAL BASINS". APPEA Journal 29, n.º 2 (1989): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88062.

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The extension of the continental lithosphere that gives rise to continental rifts and eventually to passive continental margins and their basins is considered generally to involve shear on one or more major, shallow dipping normal faults (detachments). The operation of these detachments induces a basic asymmetry into the extensional terrane that is analogous to that in thrust terranes. As a result, the two sides of a continental rift and conjugate passive margin segments are predicted to have contrasting structure, facies development, subsidence history and thermal evolution.The major structural consequence of the detachment model is that half- graben rather than full graben geometry is expected in rift basins, consistent with recent interpretations in a wide range of continental rifts and passive margins. Half- graben geometry dominates in the Bass Strait basins, the Canning Basin and in a number of Proterozoic rifts, and has been observed on most parts of the Australian continental margin. Variations in the along- strike geometry of extensional basins are accommodated by transfer faults or fault zones. Transfer faults are as important and widespread in rifts as the classical normal faults, and they have important consequences for hydrocarbon exploration (e.g. design of seismic surveys, structural interpretation of seismic data, play and lead development).The fundamental asymmetry of extensional basins, and their compartmentalisation by transfer faults also control to a large extent the distribution of both source and reservoir facies. A model for facies distribution in a typical rift basin is presented, together with its implications for the prime locations of juxtaposed sources and reservoirs. Maturation of syn- rift source rocks depends on both the regional heat flow history and the amount of post- rift subsidence (and therefore burial). Both of these factors are influenced, and are partly predictable by the detachment model. In particular, there may be substantial horizontal offset of both the maximum thermal anomaly and the locus of post- rift subsidence from the rift basin. Analysis of deep crustal geophysical data may aid in the interpretation of detachment geometry and, therefore, of the gross distribution of thermal and subsidence histories.

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5

Etheridge, M. A., P. A. Symonds y T. G. Powell. "APPLICATION OF THE DETACHMENT MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL EXTENSION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN EXTENSIONAL BASINS". APPEA Journal 28, n.º 1 (1988): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87015.

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The extension of the continental lithosphere that gives rise to continental rifts and eventually to passive continental margins and their basins is considered generally to involve shear on one or more major, shallow dipping normal faults (detachments). The operation of these detachments induces a basic asymmetry into the extensional terrane that is analogous to that in thrust terranes. As a result, the two sides of a continental rift and conjugate passive margin segments are predicted to have contrasting structure, facies development, subsidence history and thermal evolution.The major structural consequence of the detachment model is that half-graben rather than full graben geometry is expected in rift basins, consistent with recent interpretations in a wide range of continental rifts and passive margins. Half-graben geometry dominates in the Bass Strait basins, the Canning Basin and in a number of Proterozoic rifts, and has been observed on most parts of the Australian continental margin. Variations in the along-strike geometry of extensional basins are accommodated by transfer faults or fault zones. Transfer faults are as important and widespread in rifts as the classical normal faults, and they have important consequences for hydrocarbon exploration (e.g. design of seismic surveys, structural interpretation of seismic data, play and leav development).The fundam* nal asymmetry of extensional basins, and their compartmentalisation by transfer faults also control to a large extent the distribution of both source and reservoir facies. A model for facies distribution in a typical rift basin is presented, together with its implications for the prime locations of juxtaposed sources and reservoirs. Maturation of synrift source rocks depends on both the regional heat flow history and the amount of post-rift subsidence (and therefore burial). Both of these factors are influenced, and are partly predictable by the detachment model. In particular, there may be substantial horizontal offset of both the maximum thermal anomaly and the locus of post-rift subsidence from the rift basin. Analysis of deep crustal geophysical data may aid in the interpretation of detachment geometry and, therefore, of the gross distribution of thermal and subsidence histories.

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6

Reuber, Kyle y Paul Mann. "Control of Precambrian-to-Paleozoic orogenic trends on along-strike variations in Early Cretaceous continental rifts of the South Atlantic Ocean". Interpretation 7, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2019): SH45—SH69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0257.1.

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The Early Cretaceous (135–130 Ma) continental rupture of Western Gondwana to form the South American and African plates closely paralleled the elongate trends of Precambrian and Paleozoic orogenic belts. These orogenic belts were produced as a result of the Neoproterozoic convergent and strike-slip assembly of Gondwana that redeformed during later, Paleozoic orogenic events. Continued continental rifting led to the formation of conjugate, South Atlantic volcanic passive margins whose widths vary from 55 to 180 km. Along-strike variations in crustal stretching, as measured from deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles, correlate with parallel and oblique orientations of rifts relative to the trend of the orogenic, basement fabric. Where orogenic fabric trends parallel to the north–south South Atlantic rift direction such as in the Dom Feliciano orogenic belt of Uruguay and Brazil and the Kaoko Uruguay/Brazil and Kaoko orogenic belt of Namibia, we observe narrow (55–90 km) rift zones with modest continental beta factors of 2.5–3.5 because smaller amounts of rifting were needed to stretch the weaker and parallel, orogenic, basement fabric. Where the basement fabric trends near-orthogonally to the north–south South Atlantic rift direction such as in the Salado suture of Southern Uruguay and the Damara Belt of Namibia, we observe wider (185–220 km) rift zones with higher beta factors of 4.3–5 because greater amounts of stretching were needed to rupture the orthogonal, orogenic, basement fabric. The rift-oblique Gariep Belt intersects the South Atlantic continental rupture at an intermediate angle (30°) and exhibits a predicted intermediate beta factor of 4.0. A compilation of published beta factors from 36 other rifted margins worldwide supports the same basement-trend-degree of stretching relationship that we have developed — with rift-parallel margins having lower beta factors in a range of 1.3–3.5 and rift-orthogonal or oblique margins having higher beta factors in a range of 4–8.

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7

Lipovsky, Bradley Paul. "Ice shelf rift propagation: stability, three-dimensional effects, and the role of marginal weakening". Cryosphere 14, n.º 5 (27 de mayo de 2020): 1673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1673-2020.

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Abstract. Understanding the processes that govern ice shelf extent is important to improving estimates of future sea-level rise. In present-day Antarctica, ice shelf extent is most commonly determined by the propagation of through-cutting fractures called ice shelf rifts. Here, I present the first three-dimensional analysis of ice shelf rift propagation. I model rifts using the assumptions of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The model predicts that rifts may be stabilized (i.e., stop propagating) when buoyant flexure results in the partial contact of rift walls. This stabilizing tendency may be overcome, however, by processes that act in the ice shelf margins. In particular, loss of marginal strength, modeled as a transition from zero tangential displacement to zero tangential shear stress, is shown to favor rift propagation. Rift propagation may also be triggered if a rift is carried with the ice flow (i.e., advected) out of an embayment and into a floating ice tongue. I show that rift stability is closely related to the transition from uniaxial to biaxial extension known as the compressive arch. Although the partial contact of rift walls is fundamentally a three-dimensional process, I demonstrate that it may be parameterized within more numerically efficient two-dimensional calculations. This study constitutes a step towards a first-principle description of iceberg calving due to ice shelf rift propagation.

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8

Ady, Bridget E. y Richard C. Whittaker. "Examining the influence of tectonic inheritance on the evolution of the North Atlantic using a palinspastic deformable plate reconstruction". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2018): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.9.

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AbstractTo accurately reconstruct plate configurations, there is a need for a quantitative method to calculate the amount and timing of crustal extension independent of any one model for the formation of rifted margins. This paper evaluates the suitability of the various plate modelling methods for structural inheritance studies and proposes a classification scheme for the methods that are currently in use. A palinspastic deformable margin plate kinematic model is most suitable for tectonic inheritance studies, particularly at hyperextended margins. This type of plate model provides a valuable analytical tool that can be used to show the temporal and spatial relationship between pre-existing orogenic structures, evolving rift axes and global plate reorganization events. We use a palinspastic deformable margin plate model for the southern North Atlantic and Labrador Sea to quantitatively restore up to 350 km of Mesozoic–Cenozoic extension. This provides us with a pre-rift restoration of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic terranes and structural lineaments on the conjugate margins that helps us to analyse their relationship to evolving rift axes and global plate reorganization events through time. Interpretation of these modelling results has led to a clearer understanding of the relationship between inherited structural features and their control on rifting and the break-up history.

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9

Allen, Janice y Christopher Beaumont. "Continental margin syn-rift salt tectonics at intermediate width margins". Basin Research 28, n.º 5 (29 de mayo de 2015): 598–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12123.

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10

Thomas, William A. "Tectonic inheritance at multiple scales during more than two complete Wilson cycles recorded in eastern North America". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, n.º 1 (9 de febrero de 2018): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.4.

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AbstractEastern North America holds clear records of two Wilson cycles and hints of two earlier cycles, through which tectonic inheritance is evident at multiple scales. Large-scale transform offsets of rifted margins indicate inheritance through multiple cycles; transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems suggest a transform-parallel fabric in the lithosphere. Rift segments of the continental margins did not inherit the locations of earlier rifts; synrift intracratonic fault systems follow earlier contractional fabrics of supercontinent assembly. Large-scale curves of the Appalachian–Ouachita orogenic belt (closing of the Iapetus Ocean) mimic the shape of the Iapetan rifted margin of Laurentia. Basins along the Iapetan rifted margin reflect inheritance from transform faults in the greater magnitudes of early post-rift thermal subsidence and later synorogenic tectonic loading and flexural subsidence. Older synrift basement faults buttressed the frontal ramps of Appalachian–Ouachita thin-skinned thrust faults. Basement fault blocks and associated synrift stratigraphic variations in the weak layers that host the regional décollement localized transverse alignments of lateral ramps, as well as tectonic thickening of a mud-dominated graben-fill succession in a ductile duplex (mushwad). The many examples of tectonic inheritance attest to the linkages between processes of successive opening and closing of oceans, as well as the break-up and assembly of supercontinents, through successive Wilson cycles.

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11

Drummond, B. J., M. A. Etheridge, P. J. Davies y M. F. Middleton. "HALF-GRABEN MODEL FOR THE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE FITZROY TROUGH, CANNING BASIN, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE EXPLORATION". APPEA Journal 28, n.º 1 (1988): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87008.

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The Fitzroy Trough is a north-west/south-east trending rift along the north-east margin of the Canning Basin. The major crustal extension in the trough occurred in the Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous. Most idealised cross-sections show down-to-trough normal faults bounding both sides of the trough. In contrast, we show the trough to have a half- graben style, with one side a hinge zone or flexure, and the other side bounded by normal faults. Thus, the basin has marked structural asymmetry. The sense of asymmetry switches several times along strike with the hinged margin on the north-eastern margin in some places and the south-west margin in others. The switching in asymmetry occurs at transfer faults. This structural style is expected in extensional tectonic models where the extension occurs on a detachment surface and is typical of many continental and passive margin rifts. The asymmetry of the Palaeozoic structure has implications for resource exploration because of its influence on facies development in and subsequent structural evolution of the trough. Quite different syn-rift clastic and carbonate facies are expected on faulted and hinged margins of a half-graben. Post-rift subsidence will also be somewhat asymmetric, influencing the carbonate reef geometry in particular. Mesozoic deformation in the basin reactivated many of the Palaeozoic normal and transfer faults, and induced reverse slip up basement surfaces on the hinged margin segments.

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12

de Castro, D. L. y F. H. R. Bezerra. "Fault evolution in the Potiguar rift termination, Equatorial margin of Brazil". Solid Earth Discussions 6, n.º 2 (2 de octubre de 2014): 2885–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-2885-2014.

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Abstract. The transform shearing between South American and African plates in the Cretaceous generated a series of sedimentary basins on both plate margins. In this study, we use gravity, aeromagnetic, and resistivity surveys to identify fault architecture and to analyse the evolution of the eastern Equatorial margin of Brazil. Our study area is the southern onshore termination of the Potiguar rift, which is an aborted NE-trending rift arm developed during the breakup of Pangea. The Potiguar rift is a Neocomian structure located in the intersection of the Equatorial and western South Atlantic and is composed of a series of NE-trending horsts and grabens. This study reveals new grabens in the Potiguar rift and indicates that stretching in the southern rift termination created a WNW-trending, 10 km wide and ~40 km long right-lateral strike-slip fault zone. This zone encompasses at least eight depocenters, which are bounded by a left-stepping, en-echelon system of NW- to EW-striking normal faults. These depocenters form grabens up to 1200 m deep with a rhomb-shaped geometry, which are filled with rift sedimentary units and capped by post-rift sedimentary sequences. The evolution of the rift termination is consistent with the right-lateral shearing of the Equatorial margin in the Cretaceous and occurs not only at the rift termination, but also as isolated structures away from the main rift.

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13

Alavi, Norman, Leon Bagas, Peter Purcell, Irena Kivior y John Brett. "Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy and petroleum potential of the Wallal Rift System, southwest Canning Basin, Western Australia". APPEA Journal 54, n.º 2 (2014): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13094.

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The Wallal Rift System (new name) extends north-northwest for more than 300 km along the southwestern margin of the Canning Basin. The rift contains the Wallal and the Waukarlycarly embayments and the Samphire Graben. The rift segments vary in depth to 4.5 km and are all under-explored. Seismic coverage is better in the north than in the south. Six shallow wildcat and stratigraphic wells in the north provide some control on the age of the pre-Permian section. Another well on the northeastern flank of the Samphire Graben terminated in Neoproterozoic granitic rocks beneath the Lower Ordovician Nambeet Formation. The well is tied to a seismic line that indicates a synrift Ordovician section in the graben. An equivalent section is inferred in the Wallal and the Waukarlycarly embayments, and Permian syn-rift sediments are recognised in all rifts. Transtension along a regional geosuture—the Camel-Tabletop Fault Zone—may have caused initial rifting during the waning of the Paterson Orogeny (c. 550 Ma), co-incident with extrusion in the Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province. Thus, Cambrian volcano-clastics deposits may be present at the base of the (2–3 km thick) pre-Permian section, which is considered to be primarily Early Paleozoic sediments and expected to contain potential source rocks. A relatively hot Proterozoic crust and eruption of continental flood basalts during the Cambrian may have facilitated source rock maturation. Reservoirs may be more common along rift-margins and intra-rift ridges, where fault-controlled traps are also present.

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14

Moustafa, A. R. y A. K. El-Raey. "Structural characteristics of the Suez rift margins". Geologische Rundschau 82, n.º 1 (abril de 1993): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00563273.

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15

de Castro, D. L. y F. H. R. Bezerra. "Fault evolution in the Potiguar rift termination, equatorial margin of Brazil". Solid Earth 6, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2015): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-185-2015.

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Abstract. The transform shearing between South American and African plates in the Cretaceous generated a series of sedimentary basins on both plate margins. In this study, we use gravity, aeromagnetic, and resistivity surveys to identify architecture of fault systems and to analyze the evolution of the eastern equatorial margin of Brazil. Our study area is the southern onshore termination of the Potiguar rift, which is an aborted NE-trending rift arm developed during the breakup of Pangea. The basin is located along the NNE margin of South America that faces the main transform zone that separates the North and the South Atlantic. The Potiguar rift is a Neocomian structure located at the intersection of the equatorial and western South Atlantic and is composed of a series of NE-trending horsts and grabens. This study reveals new grabens in the Potiguar rift and indicates that stretching in the southern rift termination created a WNW-trending, 10 km wide, and ~ 40 km long right-lateral strike-slip fault zone. This zone encompasses at least eight depocenters, which are bounded by a left-stepping, en echelon system of NW–SE- to NS-striking normal faults. These depocenters form grabens up to 1200 m deep with a rhomb-shaped geometry, which are filled with rift sedimentary units and capped by postrift sedimentary sequences. The evolution of the rift termination is consistent with the right-lateral shearing of the equatorial margin in the Cretaceous and occurs not only at the rift termination but also as isolated structures away from the main rift. This study indicates that the strike-slip shearing between two plates propagated to the interior of one of these plates, where faults with similar orientation, kinematics, geometry, and timing of the major transform are observed. These faults also influence rift geometry.

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16

Wen, Zhixin, Shu Jiang, Chengpeng Song, Zhaoming Wang y Zhengjun He. "Basin evolution, configuration styles, and hydrocarbon accumulation of the South Atlantic conjugate margins". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, n.º 3 (4 de abril de 2019): 992–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598719840751.

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The basins of the South Atlantic passive margins are filled with early rifting stage lacustrine sediments (Barremian, 129–125 Ma), transitional lacustrine and marine sediments (Aptian, 125–113 Ma), and drift stage marine sediments since early Cretaceous (Albian, 113 Ma). The South Atlantic margins can be divided into three segments by the Rio Grande Fracture Zone and the Ascension Fracture Zone according to variations in the basin evolution history and configuration style. The lacustrine shale and marine shale source rocks are developed in the rift stage and drift (post-rift) stage in the South Atlantic passive margins, respectively. The southern segment of the margins is dominated by the lacustrine sedimentary filling in the rifted stage overlain by a thin marine sag system as a regional seal, where the hydrocarbons are mainly accumulated in the structural-stratigraphic lacustrine reservoirs formed in the rift stage. The middle segment developed salty rift-sag-type basins with rift and sag systems and with salt deposited in the transitional intercontinental rift stage, where the lacustrine shale in the lower part of the rifted lacustrine sequence and the marine shale in the lower part of the sag sequence formed in the marine post-rift stage are high-quality source rocks. This segment in the middle is mainly dominated by pre-salt lacustrine carbonate and post-salt marine turbidite plays. The northern segment is characterized by sag-type basins with a narrowly and locally distributed rifted lacustrine system and its overlying widely distributed thick marine sag systems. Gravity-flow (mostly turbidite) marine sandstones as good reservoirs were extensively developed in the sag stage due to the narrow shelf and steep slope. The post-rift marine shales in the lower part of the sag sequence are the main source rocks in the northern segment and the hydrocarbons generated from these source rocks directly migrated to and accumulated in the deep marine turbidite sandstones in the same sag sequence formed in the drift stage. From southern segment to northern segment, source rocks and hydrocarbon accumulations tend to occur in the stratigraphically higher formations. The hydrocarbon accumulations in the southern segment are mainly distributed in the rifted lacustrine sequence while that in the northern segment primarily occur in the post-rift marine sequence.

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17

Thomas, William A. "A Mechanism for Tectonic Inheritance at Transform Faults of the Iapetan Margin of Laurentia". Geoscience Canada 41, n.º 3 (29 de agosto de 2014): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.048.

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Transform faults along the Iapetan rifted continental margin of Laurentia offset the continental rift and/or bound domains of oppositely dipping low-angle detachments. Rift-parallel and transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems extend into continental crust inboard from the rifted margin. Ages of synrift igneous rocks, ranging from 765 to 530 Ma, document non-systematic diachroneity of rifting along the Iapetan margin. Synrift sedimentary accumulations show abrupt variations in thickness across transform faults, and some concentrations of synrift igneous rocks are distributed along transform faults and transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems. The greatest thicknesses of Cambrian–Ordovician passive-margin shelf-carbonate deposits are along transform margins and in continental-margin basins along transform faults, as well as along transform-parallel intracratonic fault systems, indicating anomalously great post-rift thermal subsidence along transform faults. Along the Ordovician–Permian Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt, a diachronous array of synorogenic clastic wedges fills foreland basins, recording tectonic-load-driven flexural subsidence of the lithosphere. The greatest thicknesses of synorogenic clastic wedges of all ages are consistently in foreland basins along transform margins and inboard from intersections of transform faults with the rifted margin, indicating systematically weaker lithosphere along transform faults. The distinctive and pervasive properties and behaviour of the lithosphere along transform faults in successive tectonic settings suggest fundamental controls on tectonic inheritance at transform faults. Recent models for continental rifting incorporate ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere beneath brittle extension of the crust; the domain of ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere may reach significantly inboard from the rifted margin of the brittle crust, accounting for rift-parallel extensional faults in the crust inboard from the rifted margin. A transform offset of a rift in brittle crust requires a similar offset in ductile extension of the mantle lithosphere, leading to differential ductile flow on opposite sides of the transform and imparting a transform-parallel distributed-shear fabric. Transform-parallel distributed shear in the mantle lithosphere provides a mechanism for brittle transform-parallel fault systems in the continental crust. Studies of seismic anisotropy show fast directions parallel with transform faults, indicating systematic orientation of crystals through transform-parallel distributed shear in the mantle lithosphere.SOMMAIRELes failles transformantes le long de la marge continentale divergente japétienne de la Laurentie décalent le rift continental et/ou les domaines accrétés en des décollements à pendages opposés faibles. Des systèmes de failles intracratoniques parallèles au rift, et parallèles à la transformation, pénètrent vers l’intérieur de la croûte continentale à partir de la marge de rift. Les âges des roches ignées syn-rift, entre 765 Ma et 530 Ma, témoignent d’une activité de rifting diachronique non-systématique le long de la marge japétienne. Des empilements sédimentaires syn-rifts montrent des variations abruptes d’épaisseur d’une faille transformante à l’autre, et des concentrations de roches ignées syn-rifts se répartissent le long des systèmes de failles transformantes et de failles intracratoniques parallèles. Les accumulations les plus épaisses de carbonates de plateforme de marge continentale passive se trouvent le long des marges de cisaillement et dans les bassins de marge continentale le long de failles transformantes, de même qu’au long des systèmes de failles intracratoniques parallèles, évoquant une subsidence anormalement forte le long des failles transformantes. Le long de la bande orogénique ordovicienne-permienne Appalaches-Ouachita, une gamme diachronique de prismes clastiques synorogéniques remplit les bassins d’avant-pays, attestant d’une subsidence par flexure lithosphérique d’origine tectonique. Les plus grandes épaisseurs de prismes clastiques synorogéniques à tous les âges sont toujours situées dans les bassins d’avant-pays le long des marges transformantes, et vers l’intérieur, à partir des intersections des failles transformantes avec la marge de rift, indiquant une lithosphère systématiquement plus fragile le long des failles transformantes. Les propriétés particulières et le comportement généralisés de la lithosphère le long des failles transformantes dans les contextes tectoniques successifs sont la marque de contrôles fondamentaux sur l'héritage tectonique des failles transformantes. Les modèles récents de rifting continental comportent une extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique sous l’extension cassante de la croûte; le domaine d'extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique peut s’étendre significativement vers l’intérieur de la marge de divergence de la croûte cassante, d’où les failles d'extension parallèle au rift, à l’intérieur de la croûte de la marge de divergence. Un décalage de transformation de rift de la croûte comporte un décalage du même genre de l’extension ductile de la lithosphère mantellique, ce qui implique un différentiel de flux ductile sur les bords opposés de la transformation, d’où cette fabrique d’extension parallèle à la transformation. L’extension parallèle à la transformation de la lithosphère mantellique fournit un mécanisme qui explique les systèmes de failles transformantes parallèles dans la croûte continentale. Les études de l’anisotropie sismique montre les grandes vitesses de propagation parallèles aux failles de transformations, ce qui indique une orientation systématique des cristaux induite par une extension répartie selon les cassures transformantes dans la lithosphère mantellique.

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Waldron, John W. F., Chris E. White, Sandra M. Barr, Antonio Simonetti y Larry M. Heaman. "Provenance of the Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia: rifted margin of early Paleozoic Gondwana". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, n.º 1 (enero de 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e09-004.

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Detrital zircon ages from the lower part of the Late Proterozoic(?) to Middle Cambrian Goldenville Group in the Meguma terrane of Nova Scotia suggest derivation from local sources in the Avalonian and Pan-African orogens on the margins of Early Cambrian Gondwana. Samples from near the top of the group show a broader distribution, including ages back to Archean. The εNd data show a corresponding trend, from slightly positive in the lower Goldenville Group to highly negative in the upper Goldenville Group and overlying Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Halifax Group. The trends are consistent with deposition of the lower part of the Meguma succession in a rift, in which uplifted rift-flanks were the main source of the early basin fill, whereas subsequent thermal subsidence of rift margins allowed for more widespread sediment sourcing in younger units. The rift was possibly located between Gondwana and Avalonia, and may have been the locus for separation of Avalonia from Gondwana to form part of the Rheic Ocean.

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19

Padel, Maxime, Sébastien Clausen, Marc Poujol y Jose Javier Alvaro Blasco. "Shifts in the Ediacaran to Lower Ordovician sedimentary zircon provenances of Northwest Gondwana: the Pyrenean files". Geologica Acta 20 (21 de octubre de 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/geologicaacta2022.20.14.

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Detrital zircon grains from Cambrian–Lower Ordovician sandstones and quartzites sampled in the Pyrenees were dated by LA-ICPMS in order to assess their provenance sources. Resulting age distributions are compared to other available datasets from neighbouring margins, such as Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Sardinia. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and Crystallization Age-Depositional Age (CA-DA) diagrams were used to compare zircon populations estimating their possible correlation with the arc/rift/drift geodynamic evolution of the northwestern Gondwana margin. During Terreneuvian times, zircon populations allowed the distinction of i) a southwesternmost edge (Anti-Atlas-Ossa-Morena Rift) mostly influenced by Panafrican and Anti-Atlasian sources (ca. 0.63–0.54), ii) a northeasternmost edge (Sardinia) recording the influence of the Saharan Metacraton and the Arabian Nubian Shield, with an distinct Stenian–Tonian shift (ca. 1.25–0.85Ga) and iii) an intermediate palaeogeographic transect, where lies the Central-Iberian, West Asturian-Leonese and Cantabrian Zones, the Montagne Noire and the Pyrenees sharing similar populations and a chronologically progressive influence from Anti-Atlasian/Panafrican to Saharan Metacraton/Arabian Nubian Shield sources. This gradual modification in zircon percentage populations supports similar trends based on climatically sensitive indicators, biogeographic patterns of Cambrian Epoch 2 archaeocyathan and microfossil assemblages, and laterally correlatable episodes of carbonate production, all of them pointing to a Cambrian setting for the Pyrenean Basin between the Montagne Noire (Occitan Domain) and the Sardinian margins of NW Gondwana. The Terreneuvian zircon patterns recorded in the Pyrenees gradually evolved from Cambrian Epoch 2 to Early Ordovician times, reflecting the geodynamic evolution from Panafrican and Cadomian arc-related to rift-dominant conditions. During Furongian and Ordovician times, the relative percentage of zircon populations led to a more spread age curve, characteristic of extensional settings and pointing to rift (passive margin) conditions.

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20

Oudet, Julien, Philippe Münch*, Jean Borgomano, Frédéric Quillevere, Mihaela C. Melinte-Dobrinescu, François Demory, Sophie Viseur y Jean-Jacques Cornee. "Land and sea study of the northeastern golfe du Lion rifted margin: the Oligocene – Miocene of southern Provence (Nerthe area, SE France)". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 181, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2010): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.181.6.591.

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Abstract In the western Mediterranean Sea, the Liguro-Provençal Basin (LPB) is a key area for studying passive margins because of its recent formation and abundance of onshore and offshore data. The Nerthe area located in the northern margin of LPB provides the unique continuous Oligo-Miocene deposits contemporaneous of the transition rifting to drifting. However, the age of the deposits remains debated and the link between outcrops and offshore seismic data is poorly constrained. The purpose of this paper is double. First, we intend to propose a new chronostratigraphic frame based on bio- (planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils) and magneto-stratigraphy. Second, we aim to make, through the integration of new highly time-resolved seismic data and field works, a coherent onshore-offshore link concretized by a 3D geological model. The new temporal and spatial data presented in this paper allow correlating the Oligo-Miocene sequences, defining their geometry and specifying precisely the timing of syn- and post-rift stages. The first marine transgression is now precisely dated latest Chattian within the syn-rift deposits and appears to be synchronous with the first marine deposits in the offshore wells and other marginal basins. The transition from syn-rift to post-rift appears to last 3.3 Ma at maximum, between 21.8 and 18.5 Ma (late Aquitanian to early Burdigalian). It is underlined by two major erosional unconformities bearing a hiatus of around 1 Ma. The post-rift started with a major marine transgression that is now dated from middle Burdigalian, at around 18.5 Ma, as elsewhere in the LPB. Contrarily to recent proposals, the post-rift deposits are widely represented on the northeastern margin of the “Golfe du Lion”. There, the subsidence of the margin was low during the syn-rift and the transitional periods and high during the post-rift. The onset of this high post-rift subsidence appears to be synchronous with the slowdown of the Corsica-Sardinia block (CSb) motion.

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21

Manatschal, Gianreto, Pauline Chenin, Rodolphe Lescoutre, Jordi Miró, Patricia Cadenas, Nicolas Saspiturry, Emmanuel Masini et al. "The role of inheritance in forming rifts and rifted margins and building collisional orogens: a Biscay-Pyrenean perspective". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021042.

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A long-standing challenge in tectonics is to evaluate the role of inheritance and define the initial conditions of a geodynamic system, which are prerequisites to understand and model its evolution with some accuracy. Here we revisit the concept of “inheritance” by distinguishing “interface shape inheritance”, which includes the transient thermal state and gravitational potential energy, and “persisting inheritance”, which encompasses long-lasting structural and compositional inheritance. This new approach allows us to investigate, at each stage of a Wilson Cycle, the interplay between inheritance (innate/“genetic code”) and the physical processes at play (extension/compression, magmatism etc.). The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework that integrates the role of inheritance in the study of rifts, rifted margins and collisional orogens based on the work done in the OROGEN project, which focuses on the Biscay-Pyrenean system. The Biscay-Pyrenean rift system resulted from a multistage rift evolution that developed over a complex lithosphere pre-structured by the Variscan orogenic cycle. There is a general agreement that the Pyrenean-Cantabrian orogen resulted from the reactivation of an increasingly mature rift system along-strike, ranging from mature rifted margins in the west to an immature and segmented hyperextended rift in the east. However, different models have been proposed to explain the preceding rifting and its influence on the subsequent reactivation. Results from the OROGEN project highlight the sequential reactivation of rift-inherited decoupling horizons and identify the specific role of exhumed mantle, hyperextended and necking domains during compressional reactivation. They also highlight the contrasting fate of rift segment centres versus segment boundaries during convergence, explaining the non-cylindricity of internal parts of collisional orogens. Results from the OROGEN project also suggest that the role of inheritance is more important during the initial stages of collision, which may explain the higher complexity of internal parts of orogenic systems with respect to their external parts. In contrast, when the system involved in the orogeny is more mature, the orogenic evolution is mostly controlled by first-order physical processes as described in the Coulomb Wedge theory, for instance. This may account for the simpler and more continuous architecture of external parts of collisional orogens and may also explain why most numerical models can reproduce mature orogenic architectures with a better accuracy compared to those of initial collisional stages. The new concepts developed from the OROGEN research are now ready to be tested at other orogenic systems that result from the reactivation of rifted margins, such as the Alps, the Colombian cordilleras and the Caribbean, Taiwan, Oman, Zagros or Timor.

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22

O'Brien, G. W., M. A. Etheridge, J. B. Willcox, M. Morse, P. Symonds, C. Norman y D. J. Needham. "THE STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE TIMOR SEA, NORTH-WESTERN AUSTRALIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR BASIN DEVELOPMENT AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION". APPEA Journal 33, n.º 1 (1993): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj92019.

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The initial rifting in the Timor Sea, north-western Australia, took place in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous, with the development of the NWtrending Petrel Sub-basin. This rift system was compartmentalised by NE-trending accommodation zones which divided the sub-basin into discrete segments. In each segment, a lower plate rift margin, characterised by large displacement, low angle extensional faults, lay opposite an upper plate, or ramp, rift margin, characterised by small displacement, high angle flexural faults. Switching in the 'polarity' of the rift system took place across major, NE-trending accommodation zones.Part of this rift system was overprinted in the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian by the Westralian Super-Basin rift system, which developed on a NE trend, orthogonal to that of the underlying Petrel Sub-basin. The entire Vulcan Sub-basin and Sahul Platform region developed as part of an upper plate rift margin, with the Vulcan Sub-basin probably forming initially as a small flexural feature in the inboard part of the upper plate rift margin. The rift margin consisted of a linked array of NW-trending accommodation zones and NE-trending normal faults; pre-existing, NW-, NE- and NS-trending ?Proterozoic fracture systems controlled, at least to some extent, the geometry of the rift system that developed. The island of Timor probably developed as a major intra-rift high, or possibly a marginal plateaux, at this time. Thermal subsidence phase sedimentation continued until the Late Triassic, resulting in the deposition of 10 to perhaps 14 km of relatively unstructured sediments.Three major reactivation events affected the Timor Sea during the Mesozoic. These were: compression in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, extension in the Late Callovian to Early Oxfordian (late Middle to early Late Jurassic) and compression in the Tithonian/Berriasian (Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous). These events all reactivated the pre-existing ?Proterozoic/ Petrel Sub-basin/Westralian Super-Basin structural architecture in a variety of ways. In the Petrel Sub-basin, reactivation was localised almost exclusively over the lower plate rift margins, leading to the formation of anticlines and ultimately, salt diapirism.In the Vulcan Sub-basin, all of the significant hydrocarbon discoveries appear to be preferentially located either along, or at the intersection of, NW- and NS-trending fault sets with the NE/ENE-trending grain. This is probably because the intersections of these Proterozoic/Late Carboniferous-Early Permian fault sets respond in a particularly complex fashion to the varying Mesozoic stress directions. In a qualitative fashion, this observation does provide a number of largely untested exploration 'fairways' within the Vulcan Sub-basin.

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23

Hoffman, Paul F., Samuel A. Bowring, Robert Buchwaldt y Robert S. Hildebrand. "Birthdate for the Coronation paleocean: age of initial rifting in Wopmay orogen, CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, n.º 2 (febrero de 2011): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-038.

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The 1.9 Ga Coronation “geosyncline” to the west of Slave craton was among the first Precambrian continental margins to be identified, but its duration as a passive margin has long been uncertain. We report a new U–Pb (isotope dilution – thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS)) 207Pb/206Pb date of 2014.32 ± 0.89 Ma for zircons from a felsic pyroclastic rock at the top of the Vaillant basalt, which underlies the passive margin sequence (Epworth Group) at the allochthonous continental slope. A sandstone tongue within the basalt yields Paleoproterozoic (mostly synvolcanic) and Mesoarchean detrital zircon dates, of which the latter are compatible with derivation from the Slave craton. In contrast, detrital zircon grains from the Zephyr arkose in the accreted Hottah terrane have Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean dates. The latter cluster tightly at 2576 Ma, indistinguishable from igneous zircon dates reported here from the Badlands granite, which is faulted against the Vaillant basalt and underlying Drill arkose. We interpret these data to indicate that Badlands granite belongs to the hanging wall of the collisional geosuture between Hottah terrane and the Slave margin, represented by the Drill–Vaillant rift assemblage. If 2014.32 ± 0.89 Ma dates the rift-to-drift transition and 1882.50 ± 0.95 Ma (revised from 1882 ± 4 Ma) the arrival of the passive margin at the trench bordering the Hottah terrane, the duration of the Coronation passive margin was ∼132 million years, close to the mean age of extinct Phanerozoic passive margins of ∼134 million years (see Bradley 2008).

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24

Devlin, William J. y Gerard C. Bond. "The initiation of the early Paleozoic Cordilleran miogeocline: evidence from the uppermost Proterozoic – Lower Cambrian Hamill Group of southeastern British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1988): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-001.

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The uppermost Proterozoic–Lower Cambrian Hamill Group of southeastern British Columbia contains geologic evidence for a phase of extensional tectonism that led directly to the onset of thermally controlled subsidence in the Cordilleran miogeocline. Moreover, the Hamill Group contains the sedimentological record of the passage of the ancient passive margin from unstable tectonic conditions associated with rifting and (or) the earliest phases of thermal subsidence to post-rift conditions characterized by stabilization of the margin and dissipation of the thermal anomaly generated during the rift phase (the rift to post-rift transition). Widespread uplift that occurred prior to and during the deposition of the lower Hamill Group is indicated by an unconformable relation with the underlying Windermere Supergroup and by stratigraphic relations between Middle and Upper Proterozoic strata and unconformably overlying upper Lower Cambrian quartz arenites (upper Hamill Group) in the southern borderlands of the Hamill basin. In addition, the coarse grain size, the feldspar content, the depositional setting, and the inferred provenance of the lower Hamill Group are all indicative of the activation of basement sources along the margins of the Hamill basin. Geologic relations within the Hamill Group that provide direct evidence for extensional tectonism include the occurrence of thick sequences of mafic metavolcanics and rapid vertical facies changes that are suggestive of syndepositional tectonism.Evidence of extensional tectonism in the Hamill Group directly supports inferences derived from tectonic subsidence analyses that indicate the rift phase that immediately preceded early Paleozoic post-rift cooling could not have occurred more than 10–20 Ma prior to 575 ± 25 Ma. These data, together with recently reported isotopic data that suggest deposition of the Windermere Supergroup began ~730–770 Ma, indicate that the rift-like deposits of the Windermere Supergroup are too old to represent the rifting that led directly to the deposition of the Cambro-Ordovician post-rift strata. Instead, Windermere sedimentation was apparently initiated by an earlier rift event, probably of regional extent, that was part of a protracted, episodic rift history that culminated with continental breakup in the latest Proterozoic – Early Cambrian.

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25

Morgan, Jason P., Jorge M. Taramón, Mario Araujo, Jörg Hasenclever y Marta Perez-Gussinye. "Causes and consequences of asymmetric lateral plume flow during South Atlantic rifting". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 45 (26 de octubre de 2020): 27877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012246117.

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Volcanic rifted margins are typically associated with a thick magmatic layer of seaward dipping reflectors and anomalous regional uplift. This is conventionally interpreted as due to melting of an arriving mantle plume head at the onset of rifting. However, seaward dipping reflectors and uplift are sometimes asymmetrically distributed with respect to the subsequent plume track. Here we investigate if these asymmetries are induced by preexisting lateral variations in the thickness of continental lithosphere and/or lithospheric stretching rates, variations that promote lateral sublithospheric flow of plume material below only one arm of the extending rift. Using three-dimensional numerical experiments, we find that South Atlantic rifting is predicted to develop a strong southward asymmetry in its distribution of seaward dipping reflectors and associated anomalous relief with respect to the Tristan Plume that “drove” this volcanic rifted margin, and that the region where plume material drains into the rift should experience long-lived uplift during rifting—both as observed. We conclude that a mantle plume is still needed to source the anomalously hot sublithospheric material that generates a volcanic rifted margin, but lateral along-rift flow from this plume, not a broad starting plume head, is what controls when and where a volcanic rifted margin will form.

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26

Bubeck, Alodie, Richard J. Walker, Jonathan Imber, Robert E. Holdsworth, Christopher J. MacLeod y David A. Holwell. "Extension parallel to the rift zone during segmented fault growth: application to the evolution of the NE Atlantic". Solid Earth 8, n.º 6 (22 de noviembre de 2017): 1161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1161-2017.

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Abstract. The mechanical interaction of propagating normal faults is known to influence the linkage geometry of first-order faults, and the development of second-order faults and fractures, which transfer displacement within relay zones. Here we use natural examples of growth faults from two active volcanic rift zones (Koa`e, island of Hawai`i, and Krafla, northern Iceland) to illustrate the importance of horizontal-plane extension (heave) gradients, and associated vertical axis rotations, in evolving continental rift systems. Second-order extension and extensional-shear faults within the relay zones variably resolve components of regional extension, and components of extension and/or shortening parallel to the rift zone, to accommodate the inherently three-dimensional (3-D) strains associated with relay zone development and rotation. Such a configuration involves volume increase, which is accommodated at the surface by open fractures; in the subsurface this may be accommodated by veins or dikes oriented obliquely and normal to the rift axis. To consider the scalability of the effects of relay zone rotations, we compare the geometry and kinematics of fault and fracture sets in the Koa`e and Krafla rift zones with data from exhumed contemporaneous fault and dike systems developed within a > 5×104 km2 relay system that developed during formation of the NE Atlantic margins. Based on the findings presented here we propose a new conceptual model for the evolution of segmented continental rift basins on the NE Atlantic margins.

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27

Battista, Marco, Enrico Borrelli, Chiara Veronese, Francesco Gelormini, Riccardo Sacconi, Lea Querques, Francesco Prascina et al. "Choroidal Rift: A New OCT Finding in Eyes with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, n.º 7 (16 de julio de 2020): 2260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072260.

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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a complex and not entirely understood retinal disease. The aim of our research was to describe a novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) finding named “choroidal rift”, which may be identified in the choroid of eyes with CSC. We collected data from 357 patients (488 eyes) with CSC who had structural OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) scans obtained. Choroidal rifts were identified as polygonal (and not round-shaped) hyporeflective lesions without hyperreflective margins. Choroidal rifts had to be characterized by a size superior to that of the largest choroidal vessel. Finally, hyporeflective lesions were graded as choroidal rifts only if these lesions had a main development perpendicular to the retinal pigment epithelium. OCT analysis allowed the identification of choroidal rifts in ten eyes from nine patients, all with chronic CSC, with an estimated prevalence rate of 2.1%. In three out of ten cases with choroidal rifts, these lesions spanned all the choroidal layers. In the remaining cases, choroidal rifts only partially spanned the choroidal thickness. In OCTA, choroidal rifts were characterized by the absence of flow. Combining structural OCT and OCTA information, we hypothesized that choroidal rifts may represent interruptions of the choroidal stroma in correspondence of fragile regions (in between expanded larger-sized choroidal vessels). Choroidal rift represents a novel OCT feature, which may characterize eyes with chronic CSC and may have a role in the development of irreversible chorio-retinal changes.

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28

García-Mondéjar, Joaquín, Arantxa Aranburu, Mikel A. López-Horgue y Pedro A. Fernández-Mendiola. "Tectonic control of sequence boundaries in rift margins: a Cretaceous example from northern Spain". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 157, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2006/0157-0647.

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29

Abebe, Bekele, Francesco Dramis, Giandomenico Fubelli, Mohammed Umer y Asfawossen Asrat. "Landslides in the Ethiopian highlands and the Rift margins". Journal of African Earth Sciences 56, n.º 4-5 (marzo de 2010): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.06.006.

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30

Tavani, Stefano, Pablo Granado, Amerigo Corradetti, Giovanni Camanni, Gianluca Vignaroli, Gianreto Manatschal, Stefano Mazzoli, Josep A. Muñoz y Mariano Parente. "Rift inheritance controls the switch from thin- to thick-skinned thrusting and basal décollement re-localization at the subduction-to-collision transition". GSA Bulletin 133, n.º 9-10 (24 de febrero de 2021): 2157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35800.1.

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Abstract In accretionary convergent margins, the subduction interface is formed by a lower plate décollement above which sediments are scraped off and incorporated into the accretionary wedge. During subduction, the basal décollement is typically located within or at the base of the sedimentary pile. However, the transition to collision implies the accretion of the lower plate continental crust and deformation of its inherited rifted margin architecture. During this stage, the basal décollement may remain confined to shallow structural levels as during subduction or re-localize into the lower plate middle-lower crust. Modes and timing of such re-localization are still poorly understood. We present cases from the Zagros, Apennines, Oman, and Taiwan belts, all of which involve a former rifted margin and point to a marked influence of inherited rift-related structures on the décollement re-localization. A deep décollement level occurs in the outer sectors of all of these belts, i.e., in the zone involving the proximal domain of pre-orogenic rift systems. Older—and shallower—décollement levels are preserved in the upper and inner zones of the tectonic pile, which include the base of the sedimentary cover of the distal portions of the former rifted margins. We propose that thinning of the ductile middle crust in the necking domains during rifting, and its complete removal in the hyperextended domains, hampered the development of deep-seated décollements during the inception of shortening. Progressive orogenic involvement of the proximal rift domains, where the ductile middle crust was preserved upon rifting, favors its reactivation as a décollement in the frontal portion of the thrust system. Such décollement eventually links to the main subduction interface, favoring underplating and the upward motion of internal metamorphic units, leading to their final emplacement onto the previously developed tectonic stack.

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Thomas, M. D. y D. J. Teskey. "An interpretation of gravity anomalies over the Midcontinent Rift, Lake Superior, constrained by GLIMPCE seismic and aeromagnetic data". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1994): 682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-061.

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Cross sections of the Midcontinent Rift in Lake Superior, derived from GLIMPCE seismic reflection images, provide unprecedented structural details of the rift and a new constraint for modelling associated gravity anomalies. In turn, gravity modelling, constrained also by new high-resolution aeromagnetic data, has permitted critical examination of the seismic models. The latter generate gravity anomalies having limited agreement with observed anomalies when appropriate rock densities are assigned. Good agreement may be achieved, generally, by making comparatively local changes to the models, while retaining their larger-scale attributes. Gravity modelling thus enhances and supports GLIMPCE seismic models.Modifications to seismic models include revisions of initial densities within the geometrical framework of the models, leading to a redefinition of lithologies. For example, in some segments of the rift, mafic volcanics are substituted for Keweenawan sedimentary and sedimentary–volcanic sequences and for Lower Proterozoic sediments, and a felsic igneous body is modelled within a mafic volcanic unit. Positions of some unit boundaries and faults, or segments thereof, have also been modified.Gravity modelling traces the paths of the Keweenaw, Isle Royale, Thiel, Douglas, and Michipicoten Island faults deep into the crust, generally supporting the configurations outlined by seismic images and, thereby, arguments for rift development controlled by growth faults. Modelling also indicates a requirement for large, buried masses of mafic (plutonic?) igneous rocks of presumed Keweenawan age along the northern margin of the rift. This imparts an asymmetry to the rift, with northern and southern margins dominated by plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks, respectively.

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Andréasson, Per-Gunnar y Lena Albrecht. "Derivation of 500 Ma eclogites from the passive margin of Baltica and a note on the tectonometamorphic heterogeneity of eclogite-bearing crust". Geological Magazine 132, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1995): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680001894x.

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AbstractSeveral recent plate reconstructions of the Iapetus Ocean describe the margins of Baltica as passive until Silurian collision with Laurentia. Yet there is a variety of evidence to suggest that the accretion of the Scandinavian Caledonides began by latest Cambrian—early Ordovician subduction and imbrication of the passive continental margin. One such evidence is provided by eclogites occurring in the Seve Nappe Complex. Previous work by others dated the high-pressure metamorphism at 503±14 Ma (Sm—Nd garnet-omphacite age), and the uplift through the c. 500°C isotherm at 491±8 Ma (40Ar/39 Ar hornblende plateau ages). The protolith dolerites of the eclogites have been correlated with Iapetan rift-facies dolerites of the Baltoscandian margin. If valid, such a correlation implies early Caledonian destruction of the margin, and thus modification of those plate reconstructions which require passive margins around Baltica in latest Cambrian-early Ordovician time. This paper provides a substantially improved basis for the concept that the protoliths of eclogites and their host rocks derived from Baltoscandian rift basins. The chemical similarity between coronitic dolerites and dolerites of the rift basins pertains not only to element concentrations and variations but also to the specific T-MORB signature shared by the two groups. The variation of psammitic and pelitic schists, graphitic schists, calc-silicate gneisses and marbles of the eclogite host rocks equates with sequences of sandstones, siltstones, shales, black shale, quartzite, dolomite and limestones of Baltoscandian palaeobasins.At the same time, the paper calls attention to the remarkable preservation of structural and metamorphic contrasts within the eclogite-bearing thrust sheets of the Seve Nappe Complex. Such disequilibrium is generally ascribed to the kinetics of localized deformation and fluid infiltration into dry crust. This paper presents evidence that disequilibrium is found also within inferred subducted sedimentary complexes, which are generally assumed to be pervasively flushed by fluids. Preservation of sedimentary, volcanic and magmatic structures and fabrics, and of both undeformed dolerite dykes and eclogitized dykes demonstrates that neither deformation nor high-pressure metamorphism were pervasive.

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33

Lei, Chao, Tiago M. Alves, Jianye Ren, Xiong Pang, Linlong Yang y Jun Liu. "Depositional architecture and structural evolution of a region immediately inboard of the locus of continental breakup (Liwan Sub-basin, South China Sea)". GSA Bulletin 131, n.º 7-8 (31 de enero de 2019): 1059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35001.1.

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Abstract New 3-D seismic data and regional 2-D seismic profiles from the northern South China Sea, the most extensive data set imaging a distal rifted margin in the world, are used to characterize a region located immediately inboard of the locus of Cenozoic continental breakup. The interpreted data set images a ∼6-km-thick continental crust in which the Moho and the base of syn-rift sediment are observed as clear, well-resolved seismic reflections. This extremely thinned continental crust was offset at its base by a complex detachment fault system from which oceanward-dipping listric faults propagated vertically to bound six separate tilted blocks, in a style akin to tectonic rafts. The seismic reflection data allowed us to investigate the thickness of syn- and post-rift strata above tilt blocks, revealing that the early-middle Eocene syn-rift topography was gradually blanketed in the late Eocene (ca. 38 Ma). After 33 Ma (earliest Oligocene), the main depocenter on the margin migrated to the south of the Liwan Sub-basin, i.e., oceanwards, as recorded by the thickening of strata within a breakup sequence. This work is important as it demonstrates how closely structures and sedimentation within the Liwan Sub-basin were controlled by a basal, rift-related detachment system, which is imaged in detail by 3-D seismic data for the first time on a rifted continental margin. Continental breakup was marked by a shift in the locus of subsidence (and crustal stretching) toward ocean crust, within a time period spanning ∼16 m.y. We extrapolate our findings from the South China Sea to the development of asymmetric passive margins across the world.

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34

Campbell, Roderick W., Luke P. Beranek, Stephen J. Piercey y Richard Friedman. "Early Paleozoic post-breakup magmatism along the Cordilleran margin of western North America: New zircon U-Pb age and whole-rock Nd- and Hf-isotope and lithogeochemical results from the Kechika group, Yukon, Canada". Geosphere 15, n.º 4 (8 de mayo de 2019): 1262–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02044.1.

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AbstractPost-breakup magmatic rocks are recognized features of modern and ancient passive margin successions around the globe, but their timing and significance to non-plume-related rift evolution is generally uncertain. Along the Cordilleran margin of western North America, several competing rift models have been proposed to explain the origins of post-breakup igneous rocks that crop out from Yukon to Nevada. New zircon U-Pb age and whole-rock geochemical studies were conducted on the lower Paleozoic Kechika group, south-central Yukon, to test these rift models and constrain the timing, mantle source, and tectonic setting of post-breakup magmatism in the Canadian Cordillera. The Kechika group contains vent-proximal facies and sediment-sill complexes within the Cassiar platform, a linear paleogeographic high that developed outboard of continental shelf and trough basins. Chemical abrasion (CA-TIMS) U-Pb dates indicate that Kechika group mafic rocks were generated during the late Cambrian (488–483 Ma) and Early Ordovician (473 Ma). Whole-rock trace-element and Nd- and Hf-isotope results are consistent with the low-degree partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle source during margin-scale extension. Equivalent continental shelf and trough rocks along western North America are spatially associated with transfer-transform zones and faults that were episodically reactivated during Cordilleran rift evolution. Post-breakup rocks emplaced along the magma-poor North Atlantic margins, including those near the Orphan Knoll and Galicia Bank continental ribbons, are proposed modern analogues for the Kechika group. This scenario calls for the release of in-plane tensile stresses and off-axis, post-breakup magmatism along the nascent plate boundary prior to the onset of seafloor spreading.

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35

WANG, YU, INGRID UKSTINS PEATE, ZHAOHUA LUO, SHUZHI WANG, LILU CHENG, JINHUA HAO y YE WANG. "Rifting in SW China: structural and sedimentary investigation of the initial crustal response to emplacement of the Permian Emeishan LIP". Geological Magazine 156, n.º 4 (21 de marzo de 2018): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000171.

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AbstractDetailed structural, volcanic, and sedimentary investigations of the crustal response to the emplacement of the Middle–Late Permian Emeishan large igneous province show that a rifting system developed prior to the main stage of flood basalt eruptions, in the form of sedimentary breccias, clastic sedimentary deposits and mafic hydromagmatic units. Detrital zircon grains from sandstones yield ~750–800 Ma LA-ICP-MS 206Pb/238U age clusters, showing that material was sourced from the Yangtze crystalline basement. Gabbros and pegmatites intruded along the normal faults of the rift system yield zircon ages of 264–260 Ma, and thus constrain the timing of rifting. N–S-trending rift zones developed along the western flank of the Pan-Xi palaeo-uplift, with NE–SW- and NNE–SSW-trending rifts on the eastern side and along the western and eastern margins of the Yangtze Block. The rifting progressed in pulses, with an initial phase of normal faulting followed by rapid deposition of breccias. Later there was lower-energy deposition of sandstone, with accompanying rhyolitic eruptions. This was followed by low-energy sedimentation of mudstones and dolomites, with accompanying hydromagmatic deposits. Rift system formation was constrained by a combination of far- and near-field tectonic stresses due to plate motions and lithospheric interaction with initial Emeishan volcanism.

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36

Ternois, Sébastien, Frédéric Mouthereau y Anthony Jourdon. "Decoding low-temperature thermochronology signals in mountain belts: modelling the role of rift thermal imprint into continental collision". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021028.

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Resolving the timing of initiation and propagation of continental accretion associated with increasing topography and exhumation is a genuinely challenging task using low-temperature thermochronology. We present an integrated thermo-mechanical and low-temperature thermochronology modelling study of tectonically-inverted hyperextended rift systems. Model low-temperature thermochronology data sets for apatite (U-Th)/He, apatite fission-track, zircon (U-Th)/He and zircon fission-track systems, which are four widely used thermochronometric systems in orogenic settings, are generated from fourteen locations across a model collisional, doubly-vergent orogen. Our approach allows prediction of specific, distinct low-temperature thermochronology signatures for each domain (proximal, necking, hyperextended, exhumed mantle) of the two rifted margins that, in turn, enable deciphering which parts of the margins are involved in orogenic wedge development. Our results show that a combination of zircon (U-Th)/He and apatite fission-track data allows diagnostic investigation of model orogen tectonics and offers the most valuable source of thermochronological information for the reconstruction of the crustal architecture of the model inverted rifted margins. The two thermochronometric systems have actually very close and wide closure windows, allowing to study orogenic processes over a larger temperature range, and therefore over a longer period of time. Comparison of model data for inverted rifted margins with model data for non-inverted, purely thermally-relaxed rifted margins enables assessing the actual contribution of tectonic inversion with respect to thermal relaxation. We apply this approach to one of the best-documented natural examples of inverted rift systems, the Pyrenees. Similarities between our thermochronometric modelling results and published low-temperature thermochronology data from the Pyrenees provide new insights into the evolution of the range from rifting to collision. In particular, they suggest that the core of the Pyrenean orogen, the Axial Zone, consists of the inverted lower plate necking and hyperextended domains while the Pyrenean retrowedge fold-and-thrust belt, the North Pyrenean Zone, represents the inverted upper plate distal rifted margin (exhumed mantle, hyperextended and necking domains). This is in good agreement with previous, independent reconstructions from literature, showing the power that our integrated study offers in identifying processes involved in orogenesis, especially early inversion, as well as in predicting which domains of rifted margins are accreted during mountain building.

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37

Japsen, Peter, James A. Chalmers, Paul F. Green y Johan M. Bonow. "Elevated, passive continental margins: Not rift shoulders, but expressions of episodic, post-rift burial and exhumation". Global and Planetary Change 90-91 (junio de 2012): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.05.004.

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38

O'Brien, G. W., M. Morse, D. Wilson, P. Quaife, J. Colwell, R. Higgins y C. B. Foster. "MARGIN-SCALE, BASEMENT-INVOLVED COMPARTMENTALISATION OF AUSTRALIA'S NORTH WEST SHELF: A PRIMARY CONTROL ON BASIN-SCALE RIFT, DEPOSITION AL AND REACTIVATION HISTORIES". APPEA Journal 39, n.º 1 (1999): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98003.

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Australia's North West Shelf is segmented into four discrete margin-scale compartments which have distinct rift and reactivation histories. Two of the margin segments, the Carnarvon and Bonaparte compartments, are very wide (500–600 km), marginal plateau systems, whereas the other two segments, the Canning and Browse compartments, are narrower and steeper. The boundaries between individual rift compartments appear to be controlled by Proterozoic fracture systems.The Browse-Bonaparte transition zone is a major, northwest-trending Proterozoic fracture system which has a series of igneous intrusions along its length. These intrusions are located where the fracture system is cut by younger, northeast-trending extensional faults. This transition zone is a margin-scale fault relay zone, with intense fault overlap along the transition resulting in the zone being a long-lived, syn-rift high. Moreover, the transition zones between adjacent wide and narrow margins are prime locations for the entry point of siliciclastics into the rift or post-rift margin system. As a result, well-developed channel systems often cut through these boundaries and high quality reservoirs (particularly low-stand fans) are developed.Neogene fault reactivation, associated with convergence of the Australasian and Eurasian plates, is evident along the North West Shelf. The style of this reactivation is, however, closely controlled by the margin- scale architecture. In the Browse and Carnarvon basins, Neogene inversion is common, but at the leading edge of the collisional system, the Bonaparte compartment, the fault style is exclusively extensional. It appears that lithospheric flexure, associated with localised foreland development (i.e. the Timor Trough), has been the driving mechanism for the extensional faulting within the Bonaparte compartment. Crustal convergence seems to have been accommodated completely by thrusting on the northwestern margin of Timor and by foreland formation. In contrast, the Browse and Carnarvon compartments lacked a 'buffering' foreland system and, being adjacent to rigid and thin oceanic crust which transmits stress well over long distances, the inversional stresses were transmitted directly into these compartments.As a result of these margin-scale processes, the Bonaparte compartment is characterised by a thin regional seal (often 100 ms) on Neogene extensional faults—a combination which strongly favours fault seal failure and trap breach. In contrast, the Browse compartment is characterised by thick seals and small displacement Neogene faults, and thus the probability of fault seal failure is much less.

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39

Spooner, Cameron, Randell Stephenson y Robert W. H. Butler. "Pooled subsidence records from numerous wells reveal variations in pre-break-up rifting along the proximal domains of the Iberia–Newfoundland continental margins". Geological Magazine 156, n.º 08 (22 de noviembre de 2018): 1323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000651.

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AbstractThe Iberia–Newfoundland continental margin is one of the most-studied conjugate margins in the world. However, many unknowns remain regarding the nature of rifting preceding its break-up. We analyse a large dataset of tectonic subsidence curves, created from publicly available well data, to show spatial and temporal trends of rifting in the proximal domains of the margin. We develop a novel methodology of bulk averaging tectonic subsidence curves that can be applied on any conjugate margin with a similar spread of well data. The method does not rely on the existence of conjugate, deep seismic profiles and, specifically, attempts to forego the risk of quantitative bias derived from localized anomalies and uncertain stratigraphic dating and correlation. Results for the Iberia–Newfoundland margin show that active rift-driven tectonic subsidence occurred in the Central segment of the conjugate margin from c. 227 Ma (early Norian) to c. 152.1 Ma (early Tithonian), in the southern segment from c. 208.5 Ma (early Rhaetian) to c. 152.1 Ma (early Tithonian) and in the northern segment from c. 201.3 Ma (early Hettangian) to c. 132.9 Ma (early Hauterivian). This indicates that rifting in the stretching phase of the proximal domain of the Iberia–Newfoundland margin does not mirror hyperextended domain rifting trends (south to north) that ultimately led to break-up. The insights into broad-scale three-dimensional spatial and temporal trends, produced using the novel methodology presented in this paper, provide added value for interpretation of the development of passive margins, and new constraints for modelling of the formation of conjugate margins.

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40

Alley, Karen E., Ted A. Scambos, Richard B. Alley y Nicholas Holschuh. "Troughs developed in ice-stream shear margins precondition ice shelves for ocean-driven breakup". Science Advances 5, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): eaax2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2215.

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Floating ice shelves of fast-flowing ice streams are prone to rift initiation and calving originating along zones of rapid shearing at their margins. Predicting future ice-shelf destabilization under a warming ocean scenario, with the resultant reduced buttressing, faster ice flow, and sea-level rise, therefore requires an understanding of the processes that thin and weaken these shear margins. Here, we use satellite data to show that high velocity gradients result in surface troughs along the margins of fast-flowing ice streams. These troughs are advected into ice-shelf margins, where the locally thinned ice floats upward to form basal troughs. Buoyant plumes of warm ocean water beneath ice shelves can be focused into these basal troughs, localizing melting and weakening the ice-shelf margins. This implies that major ice sheet drainages are preconditioned for rapid retreat in response to ocean warming.

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41

Wald, Reli, Amit Segev, Zvi Ben-Avraham y Uri Schattner. "Structural expression of a fading rift front: a case study from the Oligo-Miocene Irbid rift of northwest Arabia". Solid Earth 10, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2019): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-225-2019.

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Abstract. Not all continental rifts mature to form a young ocean. The mechanism and duration of their cessation depend on the crustal structure, modifications in plate kinematics, lithospheric thermal response, or the intensity of subcrustal flow (e.g., plume activity). The cessation is recorded in the structure and stratigraphy of the basins that develop during the rifting process. This architecture is lost due to younger tectonic inversion, severe erosion, or even burial into greater depths that forces their detection by low-resolution geophysical imaging. The current study focuses on a uniquely preserved Oligo-Miocene rift that was subsequently taken over by a crossing transform fault system and, mostly due to that, died out. We integrate all geological, geophysical, and previous study results from across the southern Galilee to unravel the structural development of the Irbid failing rift in northwest Arabia. Despite tectonic, magmatic, and geomorphologic activity postdating the rifting, its subsurface structure northwest of the Dead Sea fault is preserved at depths of up to 1 km. Our results show that a series of basins subsided at the rift front, i.e., rift termination, across the southern Galilee. We constrain the timing and extent of their subsidence into two main stages based on facies analysis and chronology of magmatism. Between 20 and 9 Ma grabens and half-grabens subsided within a larger releasing jog, following a NW direction of a deeper presumed principal displacement zone. The basins continued to subside until a transition from the transtensional Red Sea to the transpressional Dead Sea stress regime occurred. With the transition, the basins ceased to subside as a rift, while the Dead Sea fault split the jog structure. Between 9 and 5 Ma basin subsidence accentuated and an uplift of their margins accompanied their overall elongation to the NNE. Our study provides for the first time a structural as well as tectonic context for the southern Galilee basins. Based on this case study we suggest that the rift did not fail but rather faded and was taken over by a more dominant stress regime. Otherwise, these basins of a failing rift could have simply died out peacefully.

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42

Koopmann, Hannes, Sascha Brune, Dieter Franke y Sonja Breuer. "Linking rift propagation barriers to excess magmatism at volcanic rifted margins". Geology 42, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2014): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g36085.1.

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43

Reston, Tim J. "The extension discrepancy and syn-rift subsidence deficit at rifted margins". Petroleum Geoscience 15, n.º 3 (27 de julio de 2009): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1354-079309-845.

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44

Cloetingh, Sierd, Fred Beekman, Peter A. Ziegler, Jan-Diederik van Wees y Dimitrios Sokoutis. "Post-rift compressional reactivation potential of passive margins and extensional basins". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 306, n.º 1 (2008): 27–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp306.2.

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45

Lagabrielle, Yves, Riccardo Asti, Serge Fourcade, Benjamin Corre, Pierre Labaume, Jessica Uzel, Camille Clerc, Romain Lafay y Suzanne Picazo. "Mantle exhumation at magma-poor passive continental margins. Part II: Tectonic and metasomatic evolution of large-displacement detachment faults preserved in a fossil distal margin domain (Saraillé lherzolites, northwestern Pyrenees, France)". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 190 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2019013.

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In two companion papers we report the detailed geological and mineralogical study of two emblematic serpentinized ultramafic bodies of the western North Pyrenean Zone (NPZ), the Urdach massif (paper 1) and the Saraillé massif (this paper). The peridotites have been uplifted to lower crustal levels during the Cretaceous rifting period in the future NPZ. They are associated with Mesozoic pre-rift metamorphic sediments and small units of thinned Paleozoic basement that were deformed during the mantle exhumation event. In the Saraillé massif, both the pre-rift cover and the thin Paleozoic crustal lenses are involved in a Pyrenean recumbent fold having the serpentinized peridotites in its core. Based on detailed geological cross-sections microscopic observations and microprobe mineralogical analyses, we describe the lithology of the two major extensional fault zones that accommodated: (i) the progressive uplift of the lherzolites upward the Cretaceous basin axis, (ii) the lateral extraction of the continental crust beneath the rift margins and, (iii) the decoupling of the pre-rift cover along the Upper Triassic (Keuper) evaporites and clays, allowing its gliding and conservation in the basin center. These two fault zones are the (lower) crust-mantle detachment and the (upper) cover décollement located respectively at the crust-mantle boundary and at the base to the detached pre-rift cover. The Saraillé peridotites were never exposed to the seafloor of the Cretaceous NPZ basins and always remained under a thin layer of crustal mylonites. Field constraints allow to reconstruct the strain pattern of the mantle rocks in the crust-mantle detachment. A 20–50 m thick layer of serpentinized lherzolites tectonic lenses separated by anastomosed shear zones is capped by a thin upper damage zone made up of strongly sheared talc-chlorite schists invaded by pyrite crystallization. The cover décollement is a few decameter-thick fault zone resulting from the brecciation of Upper Triassic layers. It underwent strong metasomatic alteration in the greenschist facies, by multi-component fluids leading to the crystallization of quartz, dolomite, talc, Cr-rich chlorite, amphiboles, magnesite and pyrite. These data collectively allow to propose a reconstruction of the architecture and fluid-rock interaction history of the distal domain of the upper Cretaceous northern Iberia margin now inverted in the NPZ.

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46

Ramos, Adrià, Berta Lopez-Mir, Elisabeth P. Wilson, Pablo Granado y Josep Anton Muñoz. "3D reconstruction of syn-tectonic strata in a salt-related orogen: learnings from the Llert syncline (South-central Pyrenees)". Geologica Acta 18 (11 de diciembre de 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/geologicaacta2020.18.20.

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The Llert syncline is located in the South-central Pyrenees, between the eastern termination of the EW-trending Cotiella Basin and the north-western limb of the NS-trending Turbón-Serrado fold system. The Cotiella Basin is an inverted upper Coniacian-lower Santonian salt-floored post-rift extensional basin developed along the northern Iberian rift system. The Turbón-Serrado fold system consists of upper Santonian – Maastrichtian contractional salt-cored anticlines developed along an inverted transfer zone of the Pyrenean rift system. Based on field research, this paper presents a 3D reconstruction of the Llert syncline in order to further constrain the transition between these oblique salt-related structures. Our results suggest that the evolution of the Llert syncline was mainly controlled by tectonic shortening related to the tectonic inversion of the Cotiella Basin synchronously to the growth of the Turbón-Serrado detachment anticline, and by the pre-compressional structural framework of the Pyrenean rift system. Our contribution provides new insight into the geometric and kinematic relationships of structures developed during the inversion of passive margins involving salt.

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47

Stein, Seth, Carol A. Stein, Reece Elling, Jonas Kley, G. Randy Keller, Michael Wysession, Tyrone Rooney, Andrew Frederiksen y Robert Moucha. "Insights from North America's failed Midcontinent Rift into the evolution of continental rifts and passive continental margins". Tectonophysics 744 (octubre de 2018): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.021.

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48

Dooley, Tim P. y Michael R. Hudec. "Extension and inversion of salt-bearing rift systems". Solid Earth 11, n.º 4 (6 de julio de 2020): 1187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1187-2020.

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Abstract. We used physical models to investigate the structural evolution of segmented extensional rifts containing syn-rift evaporites and their subsequent inversion. An early stage of extension generated structural topography consisting of a series of en-échelon graben. Our salt analog filled these graben and the surroundings before continued extension and, finally, inversion. During post-salt extension, deformation in the subsalt section remained focused on the graben-bounding fault systems, whereas deformation in suprasalt sediments was mostly detached, forming a sigmoidal extensional minibasin system across the original segmented graben array. Little brittle deformation was observed in the post-salt section. Sedimentary loading from the minibasins drove salt up onto the footwalls of the subsalt faults, forming diapirs and salt-ridge networks on the intra-rift high blocks. Salt remobilization and expulsion from beneath the extensional minibasins was enhanced along and up the major relay or transfer zones that separated the original sub-salt grabens, forming major diapirs in these locations. Inversion of this salt-bearing rift system produced strongly decoupled shortening belts in basement and suprasalt sequences. Suprasalt deformation geometries and orientations are strongly controlled by the salt diapir and ridge network produced during extension and subsequent downbuilding. Thrusts are typically localized at minibasin margins where the overburden was thinnest, and salt had risen diapirically on the horst blocks. In the subsalt section, shortening strongly inverted sub-salt grabens, which uplifted the suprasalt minibasins. New pop-up structures also formed in the subsalt section. Primary welds formed as suprasalt minibasins touched down onto inverted graben. Model geometries compare favorably to natural examples such as those in the Moroccan High Atlas.

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49

Dehler, Sonya A. "Initial rifting and breakup between Nova Scotia and Morocco: insight from new magnetic models 1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue on the theme of Mesozoic–Cenozoic geology of the Scotian Basin. 2Earth Sciences Sector Contribution 20120024." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2012): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-073.

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New models of magnetic data are presented that provide insight into the early stages of rifting and breakup between Morocco and Nova Scotia. The margins, which began forming during the Late Triassic rifting and Middle Jurassic separation of the North American and African plates, display considerable variability in deeper crustal structure, faulting style, and basin geometry along their length. The central and northeastern portions of the Nova Scotia margin show characteristics of a magma-poor margin, with a high degree of crustal thinning and a complex ocean-continent transition zone with little direct evidence of volcanism. In contrast, the margin to the southwest of Nova Scotia has clearly recognized characteristics of a volcanic-style rifted margin, including seaward-dipping reflector (SDR) sequences that are interpreted as rift-related volcanic flows overlying basement. These SDRs are coincident with a strong linear magnetic anomaly, the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA), which shares many characteristics with the West African Coast Magnetic Anomaly (WACMA). Both magnetic anomalies change character and diminish in amplitude northward along the margins. The new models show the expected decrease in magnetic source material towards the northeastern end of the margin and suggest that modest amounts of igneous material, emplaced at or near the edge of the thinned continental crust, will satisfy the observed anomalies in this magma-poor section of the margin. These new interpretations and supporting evidence indicate volcanism was a factor along much of the margin during early rifting between Nova Scotia and Morocco.

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50

Tari, Gábor, Didier Arbouille, Zsolt Schléder y Tamás Tóth. "Inversion tectonics: a brief petroleum industry perspective". Solid Earth 11, n.º 5 (21 de octubre de 2020): 1865–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1865-2020.

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Abstract. Inverted structures provide traps for petroleum exploration, typically four-way structural closures. As to the degree of inversion, based on a large number of worldwide examples seen in various basins, the most preferred petroleum exploration targets are mild to moderate inversion structures, defined by the location of the null points. In these instances, the closures have a relatively small vertical amplitude but are simple in a map-view sense and well imaged on seismic reflection data. Also, the closures typically cluster above the extensional depocenters which tend to contain source rocks providing petroleum charge during and after the inversion. Cases for strong or total inversion are generally not that common and typically are not considered as ideal exploration prospects, mostly due to breaching and seismic imaging challenges associated with the trap(s) formed early on in the process of inversion. Also, migration may become tortuous due to the structural complexity or the source rock units may be uplifted above the hydrocarbon generation window, effectively terminating the charge once the inversion has occurred. Cases of inversion tectonics can be grouped into two main modes. A structure develops in Mode I inversion if the syn-rift succession in the preexisting extensional basin unit is thicker than its post-rift cover including the pre- and syn-inversion part of it. In contrast, a structure evolves in Mode II inversion if the opposite syn- versus post-rift sequence thickness ratio can be observed. These two modes have different impacts on the petroleum system elements in any given inversion structure. Mode I inversion tends to develop in failed intracontinental rifts and proximal passive margins, and Mode II structures are associated with back-arc basins and distal parts of passive margins. For any particular structure the evidence for inversion is typically provided by subsurface data sets such as reflection seismic and well data. However, in many cases the deeper segments of the structure are either poorly imaged by the seismic data and/or have not been penetrated by exploration wells. In these cases the interpretation in terms of inversion has to rely on the regional understanding of the basin evolution with evidence for an early phase of crustal extension by normal faulting.

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