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Dries, Leonie, Maximilian Hendgen, Sylvia Schnell, Otmar Löhnertz y Anne Vortkamp. "Rhizosphere engineering: leading towards a sustainable viticulture?" OENO One 55, n.º 2 (11 de junio de 2021): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4534.
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Microorganisms are a substantial component of the rhizosphere, and the activity and composition of rhizosphere microbial populations markedly affect interactions between plants and the soil environment. In addition, the microbiota of the rhizosphere can positively influence plant development, growth and vitality. In vineyards, management practices influence both grapevine root growth directly and the rhizosphere microbiota, but the exact mode of action is largely unknown. Recently, however, two new research approaches are increasingly coming into focus to enhance grapevine growth and health: plant engineering and rhizosphere engineering. In plant engineering, knowledge about plant-microbiome interactions is used for plant breeding strategies. In rhizosphere engineering, microbial communities are modified by adding specific fertilisers, nutrients or by bio-inoculation with certain bacteria and/or fungi. Taken together, these new methods suggest a potential for reaching a more sustainable development of pesticide-reduced viticulture in the future.
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Perry, Ronald L. "Interactions of Soil-borne Organisms and Woody Perennial Root Systems". HortScience 21, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1986): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.6.1294.
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Abstract The root system of woody perennial crops exists in an extremely complex environment. We as horticulturists and problem solvers need to improve our understanding of the role of the interactions of soil microrganisms, soil media, and the root rhizosphere. It is for this purpose that several ASHS Working Groups—Rootstocks and Compound Genetics, Citrus Crops, Mycorrhiza, Pomology, Nursery Crops, and Viticulture and Small Fruits—have combined to help sponsor this symposium. Plant pathologists and soil microbiologists were invited to elucidate on the impact of pathogenic and beneficial soil bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. As brought out by authors in the following papers, practices employed in managing horticultural crops often discourage the development of plant growth-stimulating microorganisms. Such practices as fumigation and high application rates of fertilizers can alter the composition of the rhizosphere. Conversely, the bacteria, fungi, and nematodes can also alter the rhizospheres by producing substances such as antibodies and toxic metabolites. In citrus, mycorrhizae can alter the nutrient balances, which can indirectly suppress pathogenic fungi.
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Cesco, Stefano, Youry Pii, Luigimaria Borruso, Guido Orzes, Paolo Lugli, Fabrizio Mazzetto, Giulio Genova et al. "A Smart and Sustainable Future for Viticulture Is Rooted in Soil: How to Face Cu Toxicity". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 3 (20 de enero de 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030907.
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In recent decades, agriculture has faced the fundamental challenge of needing to increase food production and quality in order to meet the requirements of a growing global population. Similarly, viticulture has also been undergoing change. Several countries are reducing their vineyard areas, and several others are increasing them. In addition, viticulture is moving towards higher altitudes and latitudes due to climate change. Furthermore, global warming is also exacerbating the incidence of fungal diseases in vineyards, forcing farmers to apply agrochemicals to preserve production yields and quality. The repeated application of copper (Cu)-based fungicides in conventional and organic farming has caused a stepwise accumulation of Cu in vineyard soils, posing environmental and toxicological threats. High Cu concentrations in soils can have multiple impacts on agricultural systems. In fact, it can (i) alter the chemical-physical properties of soils, thus compromising their fertility; (ii) induce toxicity phenomena in plants, producing detrimental effects on growth and productivity; and (iii) affect the microbial biodiversity of soils, thereby influencing some microbial-driven soil processes. However, several indirect (e.g., management of rhizosphere processes through intercropping and/or fertilization strategies) and direct (e.g., exploitation of vine resistant genotypes) strategies have been proposed to restrain Cu accumulation in soils. Furthermore, the application of precision and smart viticulture paradigms and their related technologies could allow a timely, localized and balanced distribution of agrochemicals to achieve the required goals. The present review highlights the necessity of applying multidisciplinary approaches to meet the requisites of sustainability demanded of modern viticulture.
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Dries, Leonie, Stefan Ratering, Simone Bussotti, Otmar Löhnertz, Anne Vortkamp y Sylvia Schnell. "The transcriptionally active bacterial communities of grapevine rhizosphere in dependence on rootstock and scion variety". OENO One 57, n.º 3 (25 de julio de 2023): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.3.5547.
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The rhizosphere is where crucial processes for the productivity of viticultural systems occur. The composition of the bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of grapevines is known to depend on plant genotype. However, the genotype of grafted grapevines differs between scion and rootstock; the role of each genotype is unclear. To untangle the effect of scion and rootstock, the rRNA (V4–V5 region of 16S rRNA) extracted from the rhizosphere of the grape varieties Riesling and Mueller-Thurgau ungrafted vs grafted on different rootstocks was sequenced. The bioinformatic analysis with tools designed to be robust for compositional data showed that the investigated rootstocks or scions or combinations, respectively, recruited bacterial communities with distinguishable traits. Statistical differences were revealed between ungrafted Riesling vs Mueller-Thurgau, between grafted Riesling vs ungrafted Riesling, and between ungrafted Mueller-Thurgau vs grafted Mueller-Thurgau. Thus, confirming the role of scion and rootstock genotype as a driver of the structure and composition of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of grapevines.
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Dries, Leonie, Simone Bussotti, Carlo Pozzi, Robert Kunz, Sylvia Schnell, Otmar Löhnertz y Anne Vortkamp. "Rootstocks Shape Their Microbiome—Bacterial Communities in the Rhizosphere of Different Grapevine Rootstocks". Microorganisms 9, n.º 4 (13 de abril de 2021): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040822.
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The microbiota associated with the rhizosphere is responsible for crucial processes. Understanding how the plant and its bacterial community interact is of great importance to face the upcoming agricultural and viticultural challenges. The composition of the bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of grapevines is the result of the interaction between many drivers: biogeography, edaphic factors, soil management and plant genotype. The experimental design of this study aimed to reduce the variability resulting from all factors except the genotype of the rootstock. This was made possible by investigating four ungrafted grapevine rootstock varieties of the same age, grown on the same soil under the same climatic conditions and managed identically. The bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of the rootstocks 1103 Paulsen, 140 Ruggeri, 161-49 Couderc and Kober 5BB were characterized with the amplicon based sequencing technique, targeting regions V4–V5 of 16S rRNA gene. Linear discriminant analysis effect Size (LEfSe) analysis was performed to determine differential abundant taxa. The four rootstocks showed similarities concerning the structure of the bacteria assemblage (richness and evenness). Nonetheless, differences were detected in the composition of the bacterial communities. Indeed, all investigated rootstocks recruited communities with distinguishable traits, thus confirming the role of rootstock genotype as driver of the bacteria composition.
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Vink, Stefanie Nicoline, Francisco Dini-Andreote, Rebecca Höfle, Anna Kicherer y Joana Falcão Salles. "Interactive Effects of Scion and Rootstock Genotypes on the Root Microbiome of Grapevines (Vitis spp. L.)". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 4 (10 de febrero de 2021): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041615.
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Diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms are increasingly recognized as important contributors to sustainable agriculture and plant health. In viticulture, grapevine scion cultivars are grafted onto rootstocks to reduce the incidence of the grapevine pest phylloxera. However, it is unknown to what extent this practice influences root-associated microbial communities. A field survey of bacteria in soil surrounding the roots (rhizosphere) of 4 cultivars × 4 rootstock combinations was conducted to determine whether rootstock and cultivar genotypes are important drivers of rhizosphere community diversity and composition. Differences in α-diversity was highly dependent on rootstock–cultivar combinations, while bacterial community structure primarily clustered according to cultivar differences, followed by differences in rootstocks. Twenty-four bacterial indicator genera were significantly more abundant in one or more cultivars, while only thirteen were found to be specifically associated with one or more rootstock genotypes, but there was little overlap between cultivar and rootstock indicator genera. Bacterial diversity in grafted grapevines was affected by both cultivar and rootstock identity, but this effect was dependent on which diversity measure was being examined (i.e., α- or β-diversity) and specific rootstock–cultivar combinations. These findings could have functional implications, for instance, if specific combinations varied in their ability to attract beneficial microbial taxa which can control pathogens and/or assist plant performance.
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Paolinelli, Marcos, Laura Elizabeth Martinez, Sandra García-Lampasona, Camilo Diaz-Quirós, Marcelo Belmonte, Gastón Ahumada, Miguel Ángel Pirrone et al. "Microbiome in soils of Mendoza: microbial resources for the development of agroecological management in viticulture". OENO One 57, n.º 1 (20 de febrero de 2023): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.1.5585.
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Rhizosphere microorganisms are considered an extension of plants, representing critical actors involved in the promotion of plant nutrient intake from the surrounding environment. Consequently, a great focus is being made on soil microorganisms since they are considered a promising source for crop resilience improvements under a global climate change scenario. To explore bacterial and fungal communities from arid soils in vineyards and their surroundings from two regions with very different climate and tillage histories, an amplicon sequencing analysis was performed. Specifically, Santa Rosa (SR) is in a region commonly known as the first zone, characterised by low altitude (607 m.a.s.l., Winkler V), while Gualtallary (G) is in the Uco Valley Zone, a region with high altitude (1245 m.a.s.l., Winkler III); both in the productive wine region of Mendoza. SR is characterised by its long cultivation history, while G is a recently cultivated region. Topsoil samples were collected and used for bacterial and fungal community profile characterisation. Ascomycota was the predominant phylum (38–97 %) in mycobiome composition, whereas Proteobacteria was the most abundant bacterial phylum (26–34 %) in both regions. Moreover, the main factor explaining microbiome differences between regions was the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Anaerolineae and Gammaproteobacteria were a distinctive bacterial class in SR-cultivated soils. Azospirillales were highly abundant in SR uncultivated soils, while Rhizobiales were differentially abundant in G uncultivated soils. Regarding functional analysis, soils from SR showed a higher denitrification activity of nitrifiers as well as glucose-related metabolism, while in G soils, bacterial photosynthesis activities were a differential trait. In addition, Actinobacteria abundance was lower in SR-cultivated soils, indicating a higher susceptibility of this phylum to grapevine crop practices. These results allow the development of hypothetical models of the local microbial resources and their contribution to grapevine nutrition, which is highly important to elaborate recommendations for grapevine management to preserve soil health in vine areas of Mendoza.
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Miliordos, Dimitrios-Evangelos, Myrto Tsiknia, Nikolaos Kontoudakis, Maria Dimopoulou, Costas Bouyioukos y Yorgos Kotseridis. "Impact of Application of Abscisic Acid, Benzothiadiazole and Chitosan on Berry Quality Characteristics and Plant Associated Microbial Communities of Vitis vinifera L var. Mouhtaro Plants". Sustainability 13, n.º 11 (22 de mayo de 2021): 5802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115802.
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The phenolic profile of the grape berries is a key quality factor for the red grapevine varieties and several techniques have been applied to improve it. An innovative technique is the application of resistance elicitors and phytohormones. In the present study, leaves and berries of a Greek red indigenous variety (Mouhtaro) sprayed with two elicitors, benzothiadiazole and chitosan and a plant hormone abscisic acid, during veraison. Physicochemical and phenolic characteristics of the berries and microbial communities of rhizosphere, phyllosphere and carposphere were analyzed at harvest. Differences in the microbial communities on different plant compartments were observed after the application of the plant activators. Chitosan treatment increased the abundance of the beneficial lactic acid bacteria, while the abscisic acid treatment decreased the presence of spoilage fungi on the carposphere. Treatments differentiate total phenolics, anthocyanins and in the chemical characteristics of grape must with chitosan treated grapes had increased anthocyanins and skin-derived phenolics that correlated positively with the microbial taxa that was discriminant by LefSe analysis. This research provides an overview of the effect of plant activators on the microbial ecology and grape quality of the Greek variety Mouhtaro and presents the potential of new and innovative approaches in the field of sustainable viticulture.
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Oyuela Aguilar, Mónica, Alex Gobbi, Patrick D. Browne, Lea Ellegaard-Jensen, Lars Hestbjerg Hansen, Liliana Semorile y Mariano Pistorio. "Influence of vintage, geographic location and cultivar on the structure of microbial communities associated with the grapevine rhizosphere in vineyards of San Juan Province, Argentina". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 12 (14 de diciembre de 2020): e0243848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243848.
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Soil microbiomes, as a primary reservoir for plant colonizing fungi and bacteria, play a major role in determining plant productivity and preventing invasion by pathogenic microorganisms. The use of 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput amplicon sequencing for analysis of complex microbial communities have increased dramatically in recent years, establishing links between wine specificity and, environmental and viticultural factors, which are framed into the elusive terroir concept. Given the diverse and complex role these factors play on microbial soil structuring of agricultural crops, the main aim of this study is to evaluate how external factors, such as vintage, vineyard location, cultivar and soil characteristics, may affect the diversity of the microbial communities present. Additionally, we aim to compare the influence these factors have on the structuring of bacterial and fungal populations associated with Malbec grapevine rhizosphere with that of the more widespread Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine cultivar. Samples were taken from Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon cultivars from two different vineyards in the San Juan Province of Argentina. Total DNA extracts from the rhizosphere soil samples were sequenced using Illumina’s Miseq technology, targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable 16S rRNA region in prokaryotes and the ITS1 region in yeasts. The major bacterial taxa identified were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, while the major fungal taxa were Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Mortierellomycetes and a low percentage of Glomeromycetes. Significant differences in microbial community composition were found between vintages and vineyard locations, whose soils showed variances in pH, organic matter, and content of carbon, nitrogen, and absorbable phosphorus.
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Prinsi, Bhakti, Chiara Muratore y Luca Espen. "Biochemical and Proteomic Changes in the Roots of M4 Grapevine Rootstock in Response to Nitrate Availability". Plants 10, n.º 4 (17 de abril de 2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040792.
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In agricultural soils, nitrate (NO3−) is the major nitrogen (N) nutrient for plants, but few studies have analyzed molecular and biochemical responses involved in its acquisition by grapevine roots. In viticulture, considering grafting, NO3− acquisition is strictly dependent on rootstock. To improve the knowledge about N nutrition in grapevine, this study analyzed biochemical and proteomic changes induced by, NO3− availability, in a hydroponic system, in the roots of M4, a recently selected grapevine rootstock. The evaluation of biochemical parameters, such as NO3−, sugar and amino acid contents in roots, and the abundance of nitrate reductase, allowed us to define the time course of the metabolic adaptations to NO3− supply. On the basis of these results, the proteomic analysis was conducted by comparing the root profiles in N-starved plants and after 30 h of NO3− resupply. The analysis quantified 461 proteins, 26% of which differed in abundance between conditions. Overall, this approach highlighted, together with an increased N assimilatory metabolism, a concomitant rise in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, needed to fulfill the redox power and carbon skeleton demands, respectively. Moreover, a wide modulation of protein and amino acid metabolisms and changes of proteins involved in root development were observed. Finally, some results open new questions about the importance of redox-related post-translational modifications and of NO3− availability in modulating the dialog between root and rhizosphere.
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D’Arcangelo, Mauro E. M., Rita Perria, Alessandra Zombardo, Sergio Puccioni, Paolo Valentini y Paolo Storchi. "Effect of treatment with products based on Trichoderma spp. on the development capacity of Sangiovese vines under replanting conditions." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304017.
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The research work carried out aimed at verifying the efficacy of Trichoderma-based products on the fertility maintenance in vineyard soils, in case of replanting. The presence of a hypofertile horizon, in fact, can cause problems in the engrafting of rooted cuttings and a slowing down in their vegetative development. The trial was carried out at the experimental farm of CREA − Research Center for Viticulture and Enology of Arezzo, during the setting up of a new Sangiovese vineyard. Rooted grafts treated with three different formulations containing some Trichoderma spp. strains were planted, considering an untreated negative control. In addition, treatments with the same formulations were repeated in the 2014-2016 three-year period, by spraying the soil, with an injector pole. Every year the shoot length and the pruning wood weight were evaluated, as well as the presence/absence of Trichoderma spp. on the root systems. Moreover, in 2016 the photosynthetic efficiency of the vines was verified. The presence of Trichoderma spp. within the rhizosphere of the vines treated was stable over time; the differences found between treated and untreated thesis were considerable, while only minor differences emerged among the plants subjected to the three different treatments. According to the results obtained, the application of Trichoderma-based products can be considered a valid practice to be used during vineyard implantation in case of difficult edaphic conditions.
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He, Fei, Meng-Bo Tian, Wei-Peng Duan, Wei-Ming Yang, Xue Mao, Jun Wang y Chang-Qing Duan. "Effects of Inner-Row Ground Management on the Volatomics of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Grapes and Wines in the Region of the Eastern Foothills of the Ningxia Helan Mountains in Northwest China". Foods 12, n.º 13 (23 de junio de 2023): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12132472.
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This two-consecutive-year study aimed to evaluate the effects of ground management methods on the volatomics of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes and wines in Northwest China, in which inner-row crop covering with purslane (GRASS) and mulching with black plastic film (FILM) treatments were carried out, respectively. Compared with clean tillage (CK), the GRASS and FILM treatments changed the microclimates of grapevine fruit zones and rhizospheres, which delayed the ripening of grape berries and affected the accumulation of aroma substances in the mature grapes effectively. GRASS increased the concentration of terpenes and C13-norisoprenoids in berries and gave more floral, fruity, and caramel fragrances to wines, while FILM had the opposite effect of significantly increasing the synthesis of C6/C9 compounds and brought more green leaf flavors, showing that inner-row purslane covering is a potential and stable viticultural practice to improve the wine quality in this booming wine region.
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Colautti, Andrea, Giovanni Mian, Diego Tomasi, Luke Bell y Patrick Marcuzzo. "Exploring the Influence of Soil Salinity on Microbiota Dynamics in Vitis vinifera cv. “Glera”: Insights into the Rhizosphere, Carposphere, and Yield Outcomes". Diversity 16, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2024): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16040247.
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In a world grappling with the severe effects induced by climate change, one of the most significant concerns affecting agriculture is the gradual decline in water quality for irrigation associated with reduced rainfalls and the consequent increase in soil salinity. This issue is particularly crucial for grapevine cultivation (Vitis vinifera L.) and the associated winemaking industry. The aroma of the resulting wines and the yield parameters can be influenced both directly by water quality and indirectly due to the effects exerted by salinity on the microbiota, which directly impacts plant health. To gain insights into this topic, our study aimed to analyse the changes induced in the microbiota of both the rhizosphere and the carposphere due to salt stress using a metabarcoding approach, focusing on Vitis vinifera cv. Glera. The control plants were irrigated with rainwater, while the treated plants were irrigated with water containing salt (NaCl). Our findings revealed significant differences in the microbiota (both fungi and bacteria) of the rhizosphere and carposphere between the two treatments. For instance, the Shannon diversity index (i.e., alpha diversity) was lower in the treated plants compared to the control not-treated ones, whilst the beta diversity did not show any differences. Several microbial phyla exhibited better resilience to this abiotic stress (e.g., Ascomycota, Saccharomycetes, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes), shedding light on their impact on crucial bacterial and fungal groups essential for the subsequent winemaking stages. Additionally, the salt stress negatively affected the yield parameters. This study contributes valuable insights to the viticultural community, providing a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between soil characteristics, microbial communities, and their influence on productivity.
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Клименко, Нина Николаевна y Елена Павловна Странишевская. "Influence of biologization approaches on the microbiota of the vineyard". Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, n.º 3(113) (21 de septiembre de 2020): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.22.3.007.
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Общеизвестно, что возделывание промышленных виноградников по интенсивной технологии оказывает отрицательное влияние на состояние компонентов ампелоценоза. Под влиянием антропогенных факторов отмечается нарушение структуры почвы, особенно при содержании по типу «черного пара», теряются ее водно-физические и агрохимические свойства, наблюдается снижение почвенного плодородия. При внесении больших доз пестицидов и агрохимикатов в агроценоз виноградника попадает большое количество тяжелых металлов и остатков пестицидов. Однако существуют биологизированные способы выращивания винограда, которые при сохранении прежних уровней урожайности и качества продукции, не наносят вреда окружающей среде. К элементам биологизации виноградарства можно отнести применение удобрительных, биопротекторных микробных препаратов, а также задернение почвы междурядий многолетними травами с целью обогащения ампелоценоза свежим органическим веществом. В статье приведены результаты исследований, проведенных на винограднике с целью определения совместного влияния микробных препаратов и задернения почвы междурядий многолетними травами на численность бактерий основных эколого-трофических групп микроорганизмов, участвующих в трансформации органического вещества почвы. Выявлено, что применение комплекса микробных препаратов (КМП) по фону задернения способствовало увеличению количества бактерий изученных нами эколого-трофических групп в ризосфере винограда сорта Шардоне по сравнению с контролем (без инокуляции): в среднем в 1,3 раза. It is well known that the cultivation of industrial vineyards using intensive technology has a negative impact on the state of ampelocenosis components. Under the influence of anthropogenic factors, there is a violation of the soil structure, especially such soil management type as “black fallow”, its water-physical and agrochemical properties are wasted, the level of soil fertility decreases. When applying large doses of pesticides and agrochemicals, a large amount of heavy metals and pesticide residues gets into the agrocenosis of the vineyard. However, there are biologized methods of growing grapes that, while maintaining the same levels of yield and product quality, do not harm the environment. Elements of biologization of viticulture include the use of fertilizing, bioprotective microbial preparations, as well as grassing the soil between rows with perennial grasses in order to enrich the ampelocenosis with fresh organic matter. The article presents the results of research conducted in the vineyard to determine the complex effect of microbial preparations and soil grassing between the rows by perennial grasses on bacterial count of the main ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms involved in the transformation of soil organic matter. It was found that the use of a complex of microbial preparations (CMP) by the background of grassing contributed to an increase in bacterial count of the ecological-trophic groups studied by us in the rhizosphere of ‘Chardonnay’ grapes compared to the control (without inoculation): by 1.3 times on average.
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Cardinale, Massimiliano, Fabio Minervini, Maria De Angelis, Paride Papadia, Danilo Migoni, Matteo Dimaglie, Daniel Grigorie Dinu et al. "Vineyard establishment under exacerbated summer stress: effects of mycorrhization on rootstock agronomical parameters, leaf element composition and root-associated bacterial microbiota". Plant and Soil, 28 de mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05495-1.
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Abstract Aims Climate change imposes adaptation of viticulture in risk areas, such as the Mediterranean. Mycorrhization is a valid tool to reduce the impact of the expected temperature/drought increase. Aim of this work was to test the effects of mycorrhization on grapevine vegetative growth, element composition of soil/leaves, and microbiota of bulk soil/rhizosphere/endorhiza, in the field, under exacerbated summer stress conditions obtained by planting the rootstocks in June. Methods 118 rooted cuttings of 1103-Paulsen (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) were planted in Salento (Apulia, Southern Italy); about half of them were mycorrhized. Leaf Area Index, shoot growth and survival rate were monitored across two growing seasons. Leaf/shoot weight, chemical analysis of 25 elements, and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding of bulk soil/rhizosphere/endorhiza were performed on subsamples. Results Mycorrhized plants showed significantly higher survival rate and growth, and accumulated significantly higher amounts of 18 elements. 27 endorhizal OTUs (representing ~20% of total sequences) were differently distributed (20 OTUs more abundant in mycorrhized plants); in the rhizosphere, instead, 12 OTUs (~2.5% of total sequences) were differently distributed. A few Actinobacterial OTUs were enriched by mycorrhization in the root endosphere; the same OTUs were the most correlated with the chemical elements, suggesting a role in element dynamics. These OTUs were not hub taxa of the co-occurrence network. Conclusions This work shed light onto the interactions between mycorrhiza and microbiome, in the context of plant element dynamics, which is useful to identify potential target candidates for biotechnological applications, thus moving towards a more sustainable, ecosystem-based viticulture.
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Li, Yonghua, Xinghong Li, Wei Zhang, Jiao Zhang, Hui Wang, Junbo Peng, Xuncheng Wang y Jiye Yan. "Belowground microbiota analysis indicates that Fusarium spp. exacerbate grapevine trunk disease". Environmental Microbiome 18, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40793-023-00490-0.
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Abstract Background Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are disease complexes that are major threats to viticulture in most grapevine growing regions. The microbiomes colonizing plant belowground components form complex associations with plants, play important roles in promoting plant productivity and health in natural environments, and may be related to GTD development. To investigate associations between belowground fungal communities and GTD symptomatic or asymptomatic grapevines, fungal communities associated with three soil–plant compartments (bulk soils, rhizospheres, and roots) were characterized by ITS high-throughput amplicon sequencing across two years. Results The fungal community diversity and composition differs according to the soil–plant compartment type (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001, 12.04% of variation explained) and sampling year (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001, 8.83%), whereas GTD symptomatology exhibited a weaker, but still significant association (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001, 1.29%). The effects of the latter were particularly prominent in root and rhizosphere community comparisons. Many GTD-associated pathogens were detected, but their relative abundances were not correlated (or were negatively correlated) to symptomatology. Fusarium spp., were enriched in symptomatic roots and rhizospheres compared to asymptomatic counterparts, suggesting that their abundances were positively correlated with symptomatic vines. Inoculation tests revealed that Fusarium isolates, similar to Dactylonectria macrodidyma, a pathogen associated with black foot disease, caused dark brown necrotic spots on stems in addition to root rot, which blackened lateral roots. Disease indices were higher with co-inoculation than single inoculation with a Fusarium isolate or D. macrodidyma, suggesting that Fusarium spp. can exacerbate disease severity when inoculated with other known GTD-associated pathogens. Conclusions The belowground fungal microbiota of grapevines varied from soil–plant compartments, the years and whether showed GTD symptoms. The GTDs symptoms were related to the enrichment of Fusarium spp. rather than the relative abundances of GTD pathogens. These results demonstrate the effects of fungal microbiota of roots and rhizospheres on GTDs, while providing new insights into opportunistic pathogenesis of GTDs and potential control practices.
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Lailheugue, Vincent, Romain Darriaut, Joseph Tran, Marine Morel, Elisa Marguerit y Virginie Lauvergeat. "Both the scion and rootstock of grafted grapevines influence the rhizosphere and root endophyte microbiomes, but rootstocks have a greater impact". Environmental Microbiome 19, n.º 1 (23 de abril de 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40793-024-00566-5.
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Abstract Background Soil microorganisms play an extensive role in the biogeochemical cycles providing the nutrients necessary for plant growth. Root-associated bacteria and fungi, originated from soil, are also known to influence host health. In response to environmental stresses, the plant roots exude specific molecules influencing the composition and functioning of the rhizospheric and root microbiomes. This response is host genotype-dependent and is affected by the soil microbiological and chemical properties. It is essential to unravel the influence of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes on the composition of this microbiome, and to investigate this relationship with plant growth and adaptation to its environment. Here, the composition and the predicted functions of the microbiome of the root system were studied using metabarcoding on ten grapevine scion-rootstock combinations, in addition to plant growth and nutrition measurements. Results The rootstock genotype significantly influenced the diversity and the structure of the bacterial and fungal microbiome, as well as its predicted functioning in rhizosphere and root compartments when grafted with the same scion cultivar. Based on β-diversity analyses, 1103P rootstock showed distinct bacterial and fungal communities compared to the five others (RGM, SO4, 41B, 3309 C and Nemadex). The influence of the scion genotype was more variable depending on the community and the investigated compartment. Its contribution was primarily observed on the β-diversity measured for bacteria and fungi in both root system compartments, as well as for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere. Significant correlations were established between microbial variables and the plant phenotype, as well as with the plant mineral status measured in the petioles and the roots. Conclusion These results shed light on the capacity of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes to recruit different functional communities of microorganisms, which affect host growth and adaptation to the environment. Selecting rootstocks capable of associating with positive symbiotic microorganisms is an adaptation tool that can facilitate the move towards sustainable viticulture and help cope with environmental constraints.
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Mendes Júnior, José P., Giselle G. M. Fracetto, Felipe J. C. Fracetto, Davi J. Silva, Mario de A. Lira Junior y Felipe M. do R. Barros. "Prospecting plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in grapevines in the São Francisco Valley". Revista Caatinga 37 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252024v3711523rc.
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ABSTRACT Viticulture is the main agricultural production in the São Francisco Valley, Brazil; however, farm soil management systems require large volumes of fertilizer that could contribute to climate change. Therefore, using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been reported to reduce or replace plant input. This study aimed to evaluate the bacteria in the rhizosphere of Vitis vinifera cultivated in the São Francisco Valley in Pernambuco, Brazil, and to characterize the mechanisms that promote plant growth. The PGPR with the greatest biotechnological potential was identified using sequencing. The bacteria were isolated from tryptic soy agar (TSA) culture medium inoculated with 100 µL of a serial dilution. The isolates obtained were characterized phenotypically and tested for their ability to solubilize phosphate, promote biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and produce indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), biofilms, and antibiotic factors against Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola. A total of 423 bacteria were obtained, of which 99 presented positive results for at least one of the growth-promotion mechanisms, representing 6.85% for phosphate solubilizers, 0.74% for BNF, 5.7% for IAA synthesizers, 11.27% for biofilm producers, and 4.01% for promoting antibiosis against X. campestris pv. viticola. Isolates 3.19 and 31.14; 3.17 and 17.04; 5.35 and 5.42; and 5.37 identified as Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium, respectively, presented a biotechnological potential for future experiments to promote vine growth.
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Malviya, Deepti, Ratna Thosar, Namrata Kokare, Shital Pawar, Udai B. Singh, Sujoy Saha, Jai P. Rai, Harsh V. Singh, R. G. Somkuwar y Anil K. Saxena. "A Comparative Analysis of Microbe-Based Technologies Developed at ICAR-NBAIM Against Erysiphe necator Causing Powdery Mildew Disease in Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)". Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (17 de mayo de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.871901.
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Globally, Erysiphe necator causing powdery mildew disease in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) is the second most important endemic disease, causing huge economic losses every year. At present, the management of powdery mildew in grapes is largely dependent upon the use of chemical fungicides. Grapes are being considered as one of the high pesticide-demanding crops. Looking at the residual impact of toxic chemical pesticides on the environment, animal, and human health, microbe-based strategies for control of powdery mildew is an emerging technique. It offers an environment-friendly, residue-free, and effective yet safer approach to control powdery mildew disease in grapes. The mode of action is relatively diverse as well as specific to different pathosystems. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbe-based technologies, i.e., Eco-pesticide®, Bio-Pulse®, and Bio-Care 24® developed at the Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-NBAIM, Kushmaur, against grape powdery mildew and to integrate these technologies with a safer fungicide (sulfur) to achieve better disease control under organic systems of viticulture. The experiments were conducted at four different locations, namely, the vineyards of ICAR-NRCG, Rajya Draksha Bagayatdar Sangh (MRDBS), and two farmers' fields at Narayangaon and Junnar in the Pune district of Maharashtra. A significantly lower percent disease index (PDI) was recorded on the leaves of grape plants treated with Eco-Pesticide®/sulfur (22.37) followed by Bio-Pulse®/sulfur (22.62) and Bio-Care 24®/sulfur (24.62) at NRCG. A similar trend was observed with the lowest PDI on bunches of Eco-pesticide®/sulfur-treated plants (24.71) followed by Bio-Pulse®/sulfur (24.94) and Bio-Care®/sulfur (26.77). The application of microbial inoculants singly or in combination with sulfur has a significant positive impact on the qualitative parameters such as pH, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, berry diameter, and berry length of the grapes at different locations. Among all the treatments, the Bio-Pulse®/sulfur treatment showed the highest yield per vine (15.02 kg), which was on par with the treatment Eco-Pesticide®/sulfur (14.94). When compared with the yield obtained from the untreated control, 2.5 to 3 times more yield was recorded in the plants treated with either of the biopesticides used in combination with sulfur. Even in the case of individual inoculation, the yield per vine was approximately two times higher than the untreated control and water-treated plants across the test locations. Results suggested that microbial technologies not only protect grapevines from powdery mildew but also enhance the quality parameters with increased yield across the test locations.