Artículos de revistas: "Rhizoctonia Identification"

1

Huhndorf, Sabine M., Baruch Sneh, Lee Burpee, and Akira Ogoshi. "Identification of Rhizoctonia Species." Brittonia 44, no. 3 (July 1992): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2806936.

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2

Fan, Wen Zhong. "Identification and Biological Characteristics of Strawberry Root Rot Pathogen." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.857.

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By research on strawberry root rot germ in several bases of Jilin province, cleared that the pathogen of strawberry root rot mainly were F. oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, the growth of F. oxysporum was the best when took sucrose as C source, and the growth of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn was the best when took starch as C source. KNO3 was the most appropriate N source to their growth. The effect of light on F. oxysporum was not great, but on Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn was great, the growth of mycelium was the fastest under alternating light and dark conditions, and had inhibition under full light conditions. Acidic conditions were suitable for mycelium growth of F. oxysporum, and the growth speed of both pathogens was the highest when PH was 6.

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3

Chavdarov, Petar, Liliya Krasteva, Nikolaya Velcheva, and Stefan Neykov. "Phytopathogens Causing Wilt in Pepper – Distribution, Symptoms and Identification." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 14, no. 4 (December 27, 2013): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1304549c.

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In 2012 the evaluation on the development and spread of phytopathogens, causing wilt in pepper was conducted. The observations were carried out under field conditions and natural infectious background in the Plovdiv region. In laboratory conditions were isolated and identified four phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Verticillium and Phytophthora. The results of the analysis showed that the highest percentage of pepper wilt was caused by the fungus - Rhizoctonia solani.

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4

Ajayi-Oyetunde, Olutoyosi O., and Carl A. Bradley. "Identification and Characterization of Rhizoctonia Species Associated with Soybean Seedling Disease." Plant Disease 101, no. 4 (April 2017): 520–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-16-0810-re.

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In an effort to identify the Rhizoctonia spp. associated with seedling diseases of soybean, Rhizoctonia isolates were recovered from soybean seedlings with damping off and root and hypocotyl rot symptoms from Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, and the Canadian province of Ontario between 2012 and 2014. Based on cultural morphology, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism, and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA genes, 80 isolates were confirmed to be Rhizoctonia solani, 24 were binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., and 10 were R. zeae. Of the 80 R. solani isolates, one belonged to anastomosis group (AG) 2-1, 52 belonged to AG-2-2IIIB, five belonged to AG-3 PT, three belonged to AG-4 HGI, two belonged to AG-4 HGIII, nine belonged to AG-7, and eight belonged to AG-11. Bayesian inference of phylogeny using the ITS region revealed two clades of R. solani AG-7 that possibly correspond to different AG-7 subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis also provided evidence for genetic relatedness between certain binucleate Rhizoctonia and some R. solani isolates. On ‘Williams 82’ soybean, isolates of AG-2-2IIIB were the most aggressive, followed by isolates of AG-7, AG-4, and AG-11. On ‘Jubilee’, a sweet corn cultivar, AG-2-2IIIB and AG-4 isolates caused significant stunting and root damage, whereas the damage caused by the AG-11 isolates was mostly restricted to the mesocotyl. Isolates of R. zeae and the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. were not pathogenic on soybean or corn. Our results indicate that soybean and corn are hosts to the predominant and aggressive AG of R. solani, implying that rotation between these two crops may not be an effective management practice.

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5

Aziz, Brwa Azad, and Qasim Abdulla Marzani. "Molecular Identification and Management of Rhizoctonia Fragariae the Pathogen of Black Root Rot of Strawberry Plant." Science Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.364.

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Strawberry plants are susceptible to a large number of pests and diseases and this can affect the quality and yield value of the fruit. Black root rot is an important disease of strawberry caused by a complex of fungi including Rhizoctonia. The most recognizable species of Rhizoctonia are R. solani and R. fragariae which are multinucleate and binucleate species, respectively. This work is aimed to isolate, identify and control the strawberry root rot caused by R. fragariae. Infected strawberry samples were collected from Erbil, Slemani, Duhok and Garmiyan Provinces. The identification of isolated fungi was achieved by using traditional methods along with molecular methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the later method, specific primers were designed and used to identify Rhizoctonia species. Several disease management options, including biological by using two species of Trichoderma, and chemical methods using Pristine fungicide, were also investigated. Sampling of strawberry plants revealed that the disease is prevalent in Kurdistan region and the isolated fungi, R. solani, Rhizoctonia sp., and R. fragariae, were pathogens of the disease causing crown and root rot of strawberry. PCR amplification was confirmed the identification of the species of Rhizoctonia. The results of control methods revealed that the most effective treatments were achieved using the fungicide followed by the use of the combination of T. harzianum and T. viride.

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6

Okubara, P. A., K. L. Schroeder, and T. C. Paulitz. "Identification and Quantification of Rhizoctonia solani and R. oryzae Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction." Phytopathology® 98, no. 7 (July 2008): 837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-7-0837.

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Rhizoctonia solani and R. oryzae are the principal causal agents of Rhizoctonia root rot in dryland cereal production systems of the Pacific Northwest. To facilitate the identification and quantification of these pathogens in agricultural samples, we developed SYBR Green I-based real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assays specific to internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of R. solani and R. oryzae. The assays were diagnostic for R. solani AG-2-1, AG-8, and AG-10, three genotypes of R. oryzae, and an AG-I-like binucleate Rhizoctonia species. Quantification was reproducible at or below a cycle threshold (Ct) of 33, or 2 to 10 fg of mycelial DNA from cultured fungi, 200 to 500 fg of pathogen DNA from root extracts, and 20 to 50 fg of pathogen DNA from soil extracts. However, pathogen DNA could be specifically detected in all types of extracts at about 100-fold below the quantification levels. Soils from Ritzville, WA, showing acute Rhizoctonia bare patch harbored 9.4 to 780 pg of R. solani AG-8 DNA per gram of soil.. Blastn, primer-template duplex stability, and phylogenetic analyses predicted that the Q-PCR assays will be diagnostic for isolates from Australia, Israel, Japan, and other countries.

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7

Mazzola, Mark. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. Isolated from Apple Roots and Orchard Soils." Phytopathology® 87, no. 6 (June 1997): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.6.582.

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Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from the roots of apple trees and associated soil collected in orchards located near Moxee, Quincy, East Wenatchee, and Wenatchee, WA. The anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from apple were determined by hyphal anastomosis with tester strains on 2% water agar and, where warranted, sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region and restriction analysis of an amplified fragment from the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were used to corroborate these identifications. The dominant AG of R. solani isolated from the Moxee and East Wenatchee orchards were AG 5 and AG 6, respectively. Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. were recovered from apple roots at three of four orchards surveyed and included isolates of AG-A, -G, -I, -J, and -Q. In artificial inoculations, isolates of R. solani AG 5 and AG 6 caused extensive root rot and death of 2- to 20-week-old apple transplants, providing evidence that isolates of R. solani AG 6 can be highly virulent and do not merely exist as saprophytes. The effect of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. on growth of apple seedlings was isolate-dependent and ranged from growth enhancement to severe root rot. R. solani AG 5 and AG 6 were isolated from stunted trees, but not healthy trees, in an orchard near Moxee, WA, that exhibited severe symptoms of apple replant disease, suggesting that R. solani may have a role in this disease complex.

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8

SURYANTINI, ROSA, REINE SUCI WULANDARI, and ANDRINA SRI KASIAMDARI. "Orchid Mycorrhizae Fungi: Identification of Rhizoctonia in West Kalimantan." Microbiology Indonesia 9, no. 4 (December 2015): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5454/mi.9.4.3.

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9

Wareing, P. W. "Identification of Rhizoctonia Species.Baruch Sneh , Lee Burpee , Akira Ogoshi." Quarterly Review of Biology 68, no. 1 (March 1993): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417970.

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10

JUAN-ABGONA, R. VILLA, N. KATSUNO, K. KAGEYAMA, and M. HYAKUMACHI. "Isolation and identification of hypovirulent Rhizoctonia spp. from soil." Plant Pathology 45, no. 5 (October 1996): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02900.x.

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11

Pereira, Marlon Corrêa, Nívea Moreira Vieira, Marcos Rogério Tótola, and Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya. "Total fatty acid composition in the characterization and identification of orchid mycorrhizal fungi Epulorhiza spp." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, no. 4 (August 2011): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000400009.

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Rhizoctonia-like fungi are the main mycorrhizal fungi in orchid roots. Morphological characterization and analysis of conserved sequences of genomic DNA are frequently employed in the identification and study of fungi diversity. However, phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia-like fungi have been reliably and accurately characterized and identified through the examination of the fatty acid composition. To evaluate the efficacy of fatty acid composition in characterizing and identifying Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizal fungi in orchids, three Epulorhiza spp. mycorrhizal fungi from Epidendrum secundum, two unidentified fungi isolated from Epidendrum denticulatum, and a phytopathogenic fungus, Ceratorhiza sp. AGC, were grouped based on the profile of their fatty acids, which was assessed by the Euclidian and Mahalanobis distances and the UPGMA method. Dendrograms distinguished the phytopathogenical isolate of Ceratorhiza sp. AGC from the mycorrhizal fungi studied. The symbionts of E. secundum were grouped into two clades, one containing Epulorhiza sp.1 isolates and the other the Epulorhiza sp.2 isolate. The similarity between the symbionts of E. denticulatum and Epulorhiza spp. fungi suggests that symbionts found in E. denticulatum may be identified as Epulorhiza. These results were corroborated by the analysis of the rDNA ITS region. The dendrogram constructed based on the Mahalanobis distance differentiated the clades most clearly. Fatty acid composition analysis proved to be a useful tool for characterizing and identifying Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizal fungi.

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12

Vojvodic, Mira, Brankica Tanovic, Milica Mihajlovic, Petar Mitrovic, Ivana Vico, and Aleksandra Bulajic. "Molecular identification and characterization of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. associated with black root rot of strawberry in Serbia." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 2 (2018): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1802097v.

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Strawberry production is a popular, fast-growing agricultural business in Serbia. Its cultivar selection has been changing fast, following market demands. One of the limiting factors of strawberry production worldwide is black root rot, primarily caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia. Recently, outbreaks of black root rot of strawberry have occurred in Serbia and the estimated disease incidence was up to 30%. Isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A were recovered from symptomatic strawberry plants, and characterized on the bases of morphological, molecular and pathogenic features. Despite their uniform morphological characteristics, the isolates demonstrated genetic variability within ITS rDNA, grouping into three different phylogenetic sub-clusters which comprise AG-A isolates originating from Italy, Israel, Japan and the USA. The binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A from Serbia exhibited uniform virulence on strawberry after inoculation of daughter plants and detached leaf petioles, as well as on seedlings of bean, carrot and sunflower, while they were non-pathogenic to wheat, maize, tomato, pepper, tobacco, cucumber, lettuce, peas, cabbage, rapeseed and sugar beet.

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13

Sutherland, J. B., A. L. Selby, J. P. Freeman, P. P. Fu, D. W. Miller, and C. E. Cerniglia. "Identification of xyloside conjugates formed from anthracene by Rhizoctonia solani." Mycological Research 96, no. 6 (June 1992): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81100-3.

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14

Martin, Bruce. "Rapid Tentative Identification of Rhizoctonia spp. Associated with Diseased Turfgrasses." Plant Disease 71, no. 1 (1987): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0047.

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15

Mnif, Inès, Ariadna Grau-Campistany, Jonathan Coronel-León, Inès Hammami, Mohamed Ali Triki, Angeles Manresa, and Dhouha Ghribi. "Purification and identification of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 lipopeptide biosurfactant exhibiting antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia bataticola and Rhizoctonia solani." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, no. 7 (December 9, 2015): 6690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5826-3.

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16

Istikorini, Yunik, and Okta Yulia Sari. "The Cause of Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) Damping-off Disease: Survey and Identification in Permanent Nursery, IPB University." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1832-41.

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Damping-off generally occurs in seedlings that have just germinated. This disease can cause severe damage, decay, and seedling death. The research was aimed to compute disease incidence and severity of damping-off and to identify the causal of damping-off disease in Paraserianthes falcataria. The survey was examined by using scoring with a 10% sampling intensity. The identification of morphological characteristics was examined macroscopically and microscopically. The result showed that the disease incidence most frequently occurred on 5-month-old seedlings in an open area of 75,00%, and the lowest was on 3-month-old seedlings in an open area of 13,40%. The immense severity of the damping-off attack occurred on 3-month-old seedlings in the greenhouse area of 37,78%, and the lowest occurred on 3-month-old seedlings in an open area of 2,84%. The causal of damping-off disease on P. falcataria in Permanent Nursery of IPB University was Rhizoctonia sp. Pathogenicity test toward P. falcataria seed showed 100% of disease infection. Rhizoctonia sp. caused seed decay hence inhibited seed germination.Keywords: damping-off, Rhizoctonia sp., sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria)

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17

Demirci, E., and S. Kordali. "Rhizoctonia Species and Anastomosis Groups from Corn Kernels in Turkey." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.879c.

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In 1996, 165 samples of corn (Zea mays L.) kernels to be tested for seed-borne fungi were obtained from five provinces throughout the major corn-producing areas in the eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey: Artvin (41 samples), Rize (28 samples), Trabzon (32 samples), Giresun (30 samples), and Ordu (34 samples). A subsample of kernels (≈100 g each) from each sample was surface-disinfected in 3.5% NaOCl for 1 min. Kernels were washed in three changes of sterile water, and 100 kernels per subsample were placed in petri plates (5 kernels per plate) containing potato dextrose agar. After 5 to 7 days of incubation at 25°C in the dark, cultures were examined at 40× magnification for mycelia of Rhizoctonia spp. From 16,500 kernels examined, 40 isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were recovered and characterized according to colony morphology and hyphal anastomosis using known tester isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. (1). Of these isolates, 10 were identified as R. solani, 18 as R. zeae, and 12 as binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. R. solani isolates were assigned to three anastomosis groups (AG): AG-4 (two isolates), AG-5 (two isolates), and AG-10 (six isolates). Binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. isolates were all assigned to AG-Ba. R. solani AG-4 and -5 and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-Ba isolates were obtained from Artvin; R. solani AG-10 isolates were obtained from Ordu; and R. zeae isolates were obtained from Trabzon and Giresun. This is the first reported observation of Rhizoctonia spp. and anastomosis groups on corn kernels from Turkey. Reference: (1) B. Sneh et al. 1991. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

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18

Franke, M. D., T. B. Brenneman, and C. C. Holbrook. "Identification of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Limb Rot in a Core Collection of Peanut Germ Plasm." Plant Disease 83, no. 10 (October 1999): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.944.

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Diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani lead to significant reductions in peanut yields and quality throughout the world. A subset of accessions from the peanut germ plasm core collection plus the commercial cultivars Florunner, Southern Runner, Georgia Browne, and Georgia Green were evaluated for resistance to limb and seedling hypocotyl infections caused by R. solani. Georgia Green and core accessions 95 (PI 497351), 197 (PI 331326), 208 (PI 274193), 244 (PI 343361), 246 (PI 343398), and 524 (PI 288178) had levels of resistance comparable to Georgia Browne, the only commercial cultivar reported to have partial resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot. Eleven core accessions, representing the full range of disease expression, and the commercial cultivars were evaluated in growth chambers to quantify their susceptibility to seedling hypocotyl infections and to determine if evaluating seedlings could serve as a primary screening method to identify potential sources of limb rot resistance. The most resistant core accessions to seedling hypocotyl infections were 234 (PI 159664) and 366 (PI 268968), and the most resistant commercial cultivar was Georgia Green. There was not a significant correlation between resistance to limb rot in the field and the severity of hypocotyl infections in growth chambers, indicating that resistance to hypocotyl infections is not a good indicator of resistance to Rhizoctonia limb rot.

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19

Vojvodic, Mira, Dejan Lazic, Petar Mitrovic, Brankica Tanovic, Ivana Vico, and Aleksandra Bulajic. "Conventional and real-time pcr assays for detection and identification of rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2, the causal agent of root rot of sugar beet." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 34, no. 1 (2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1901019v.

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Soil-borne fungi belonging to the genus Rhizoctonia are considered to be among the most destructive sugar beet pathogens. Although multinucleate R. solani AG-2-2 is frequently detected as the main causal agent of root rot of sugar beet worldwide, several binucleate (AG-A, AG-E and AG-K) and multinucleate Rhizoctonia (R. solani AG-4, AG-5 and AG-8) have also been included in the disease complex. Due to their soil-borne nature and wide host range, the management of Rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet is highly demanding. Identification of Rhizoctonia AG associated with root rot of sugar beet is the essential first step in determining a successful disease management strategy. In this paper we report a highly specific and sensitive real-time PCR protocol for detection of R. solani AG-2-2 which showed a high level of specificity after testing against 10 different anastomosis groups and subgroups, including AG-2-1 as the most closely related. Moreover, a similar conventional PCR assay showed the same specificity but proved to be at least a 100 times less sensitive. Future research will include further testing and adaptation of this protocol for direct detection and quantification of R. solani AG-2-2 in different substrates, including plant tissue and soil samples.

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20

Bhuiyan, MS, MM Hossain, Kazi Shakhawath Hossain, and Mohammad Nurul Islam. "Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungus from an epiphytic orchid (Rhynchostylis retusa L. Bl.)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i1.52675.

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Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungi from the roots of Rhynchostylis retusa indicated that the cultural and microscopic features, namely colony appearance, colony colour, diameter of vegetative hyphae, presence of monilioid cells, right angle branching pattern of the fungal endophyte corroborated the identity of the fungus Rhizoctonia like anamorphs of Ceratobasidium species. Fungal identity was further confirmed through sequencing and analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). ITS sequence of the isolate RhY10A6 (accession no. MN120903.1) showed > 99% similarity with several isolates of the teleomorphic fungus Ceratobasidium sp. in NCBI mega blast search. The phylogenetic analysis based on maximum parsimony method, this orchid mycorrhizal fungus clustered with several isolates of Ceratobasidium sp. or Rhizoctonia like fungi. It showed near distant relation with Ceratobasidium ramicola (GeneBank accession no. NR_138368.1) which is an orchid mycorrhizal fungus. Therefore, molecular characterization validated the morphological data. The techniques established in this orchid will facilitate to isolate and accurate identification of mycorrhizal fungus.

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Alvarez, Elizabeth, Michael Latorre, Ximena Bonilla, and John W. Miles. "Assessing the Resistance of Brachiaria Hybrids to Pathogenic Rhizoctonia." Plant Disease 98, no. 3 (March 2014): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0405-re.

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Rhizoctonia foliar blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 1, is an economically important fungal disease found throughout the world. The fungus attacks numerous crops, including cereals, roots and tubers, legumes, and cruciferous, horticultural, and ornamental plants. In tropical America, this invasive and destructive disease also attacks most Brachiaria spp. used as forages in the ranching industry, especially in the production of cattle. Research to solve this constraint has been ongoing at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture and has generated new Brachiaria hybrids with excellent agronomic performance, tolerance to poor soils, and, particularly, high resistance to biotic factors such as Rhizoctonia foliar blight. These hybrids belong to lines obtained from Brachiaria humidicola, B. brizantha, and B. decumbens. To identify resistance among Brachiaria hybrid genotypes, the hybrid clones were evaluated for their variability in resistance, and their disease reaction was also determined and characterized. Results led to the identification of hybrids that not only were highly resistant to the blight but also had excellent agronomic characteristics.

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22

Ghosh, Srayan, Santosh Kumar Gupta, and Gopaljee Jha. "Identification and functional analysis of AG1-IA specific genes of Rhizoctonia solani." Current Genetics 60, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-014-0438-x.

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23

Nurhayati, Yeyet, Suryanti Suryanti, and Arif Wibowo. "In Vitro Evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum Isolate UGM-LHAF against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Sheath Blight Disease of Rice." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, no. 1 (July 28, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.65290.

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Trichoderma spp. is a fungus widely used to control soil-borne pathogens, such as Rhizoctonia solani which is plant pathogenic fungi in widely host range, especially on rice. This research aimed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma asperellum isolate UGM-LHAF against R. solani causing sheath blight disease of rice in vitro condition. Trichoderma sp. used in this research was obtained from The Biological Laboratory of Pakem, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Rhizoctonia sp. was obtained through isolation of diseased rice obtained from rice fields in Yogyakarta. The two isolates were characterized base on morphology and molecular identification based on ITS rDNA. The pathogenicity test of Rhizoctonia sp. was evaluated by adding four sclerotia of Rhizoctonia sp. near rice roots at 6 days after sowing. The in vitro test used dual culture and antifungal activity (0%, 10%, 25%, 50% culture filtrate of Trichoderma sp.) with three replicates of each treatment. Two isolates were identified as T. asperellum and R. solani. Sheath blight symptoms appeared after 12 days inoculation. In the in vitro test, T. asperellum isolate UGM-LHAF was able to inhibit the mycelial growth of R. solani (64.23% on dual culture and 68.5% on antifungal activity). This study suggests that T. asperellum isolate UGM-LHAF able to inhibit the growth of R. solani and can be a further potential candidate as a biocontrol agent against R. solani causing sheath blight disease of rice.

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24

Fitriarni, Dian, and Rina Sri Kasiamdari. "Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Leave and Stem of Calopogonium mucunoides." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.32477.

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Thirty-seven isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves and stems of Calopogonium mucunoides collected from PTPN PTPN XII (Persero) Rubber Plantation, Klatakan, Kecamatan Tanggul, Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur. All isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics using the light microscope. The 37 isolates of endophytic fungi are members of Deuteromycota and Basidiomycota and classified to genera Phoma, Phomopsis, Corynespora, Rhizoctonia, Helicosporium, Curvularia, Torulomyces, Gliocladium, Gloeosporium, Acremonium, Tripospermum, Aureobasidium, Colletotrichum, Humicola, Fusarium, Sclerotium, and sterile hyphae.

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25

Fenille, Roseli C., Maísa B. Ciampi, Eiko E. Kuramae, and Nilton L. Souza. "Identification of Rhizoctonia solani associated with soybean in Brazil by rDNA-ITS sequences." Fitopatologia Brasileira 28, no. 4 (August 2003): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582003000400011.

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The aim of this study was to identify isolates of Rhizoctonia solani causing hypocotyl rot and foliar blight in soybean (Glycine max) in Brazil by the nucleotide sequences of ITS-5.8S regions of rDNA. The 5.8S rDNA gene sequence (155 bp) was highly conserved among all isolates but differences in length and nucleotide sequence of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions were observed between soybean isolates and AG testers. The similarity of the nucleotide sequence among AG-1 IA isolates, causing foliar blight, was 95.1-100% and 98.5-100% in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, respectively. The nucleotide sequence similarity among subgroups IA, IB and IC ranged from 84.3 to 89% in ITS1 and from 93.3 to 95.6% in ITS2. Nucleotide sequence similarity of 99.1% and 99.3-100% for ITS1 and ITS2, respectively, was observed between AG-4 soybean isolates causing hypocotyl rots and the AG-4 HGI tester. The similarity of the nucleotide sequence of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region confirmed that the R. solani Brazilian isolates causing foliar blight are AG-1 IA and isolates causing hypocotyl rot symptoms are AG-4 HGI. The ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence was not determinant for the identification of the AG-2-2 IIIB R. solani soybean isolate.

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Yang, G. H., S. Naito, and W. H. Dong. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. Causing Wirestem of Betula nigra in China." Journal of Phytopathology 154, no. 2 (February 2006): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01063.x.

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LILJA, A., A. M. HIETALA, and R. KARJALAINEN. "Identification of a uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp. by pathogenicity, hyphal anastomosis and RAPD analysis." Plant Pathology 45, no. 5 (October 1996): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02912.x.

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Zhao, Chang-Jiang, Ai-Rong Wang, Yu-Jun Shi, Liu-Qing Wang, Wen-De Liu, Zong-Hua Wang, and Guo-Dong Lu. "Identification of defense-related genes in rice responding to challenge by Rhizoctonia solani." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116, no. 4 (December 13, 2007): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0686-y.

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29

Stojsin, Vera, Dragana Budakov, Barry Jacobsen, Eva Grimme, Ferenc Bagi, and Stevan Jasnic. "Identification of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from sugar beet roots by analyzing the ITS region of ribosomal DNA." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 113 (2007): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0713161s.

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Rhizoctonia solani (K?hn) is one of the most important sugar beet pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AGs) 2-2 and 4 are proven to be the most common pathogenic strains on sugar beet. AG 2-2 (intraspecific groups IIIB and IV) can cause root and crown rot while damping-off of seedlings is most frequently attributed to AG 4. Four isolates of R. solani from sugar beet roots showing characteristic crown and root rot symptoms, collected from different localities in Vojvodina Province, were chosen and compared to the well-characterized R. solani isolate R9, AG 2-2 IV, from the USA. All Vojvodinian isolates showed medium level of pathogenicity and were able to cause crown and root rot symptoms on inoculated sugar beet roots. Based on anastomosis reaction, isolates from Vojvodina did not belong to the AG 2-2 group. Sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of ribosomal DNA was performed on the Vojvodinian isolates from R9 in order to determine their relatedness. Sequence analysis showed that these isolates were different than R9 and were closely related (99-100% sequence homology) to anastomosis group 4, subgroup HG II.

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30

Abdoulaye, Assane Hamidou, Mohamed Frahat Foda, and Ioly Kotta-Loizou. "Viruses Infecting the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Rhizoctonia solani." Viruses 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2019): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121113.

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The cosmopolitan fungus Rhizoctonia solani has a wide host range and is the causal agent of numerous crop diseases, leading to significant economic losses. To date, no cultivars showing complete resistance to R. solani have been identified and it is imperative to develop a strategy to control the spread of the disease. Fungal viruses, or mycoviruses, are widespread in all major groups of fungi and next-generation sequencing (NGS) is currently the most efficient approach for their identification. An increasing number of novel mycoviruses are being reported, including double-stranded (ds) RNA, circular single-stranded (ss) DNA, negative sense (−)ssRNA, and positive sense (+)ssRNA viruses. The majority of mycovirus infections are cryptic with no obvious symptoms on the hosts; however, some mycoviruses may alter fungal host pathogenicity resulting in hypervirulence or hypovirulence and are therefore potential biological control agents that could be used to combat fungal diseases. R. solani harbors a range of dsRNA and ssRNA viruses, either belonging to established families, such as Endornaviridae, Tymoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Narnaviridae, or unclassified, and some of them have been associated with hypervirulence or hypovirulence. Here we discuss in depth the molecular features of known viruses infecting R. solani and their potential as biological control agents.

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31

Kim, Han-Woo, Jong-Young Park, Hyun-Ju Kim, Kwang-Youll Lee, Jin-Woo Lee, Woobong Choi, Seon-Woo Lee, and Byung-Ju Moon. "Isolation and Identification of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BW-13 Active Against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Crisphead Lettuce Bottom Rot." Research in Plant Disease 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2005.11.2.152.

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32

Basbagci, Gurkan, Filiz Unal, Ayse Uysal, and Fatma S. Dolar. "Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root rot on chickpea in Turkey." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): e1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019172-13789.

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In the 2016-17 growing seasons, surveys were conducted in the Isparta, Uşak, Kütahya and Denizli provinces of Turkey to identify the Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 associated with root and crown rot of chickpea. A total of 75 isolates of Rhizoctonia were obtained from surveyed areas. Visual diagnostic, isolation and microscopic observation identified the causal organism as R. solani. Sequence data of the ITS rDNA region confirmed the species identity and revealed that the anastomosis group of the 23 isolates were AG-4 HGII. The isolates were variable in their morphological characters. The sequences generated during this study were clustered in the same branch with the reference isolates of R. solani AG-4 HGII based on their ITS sequencing on chickpea and the isolate grouping was not related to their geographic origins or virulence pattern. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all AG-4 isolates were pathogenic on chickpea and the disease severity values of 23 isolates varied between 42.8% and 100%. Based on the virulence, the isolates were grouped into two categories: 5 of them exhibited moderately virulence and 18 of them exhibited highly virulence reaction on chickpea. The high virulent isolate level (>50% disease severity) was determined as 78.2% of all 23 isolates. This is the first report of R. solani AG-4 as a pathogen of chickpea in Turkey.

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33

Reed, Jerry D., David L. Edwards, and Carlos F. Gonzalez. "Synthetic Peptide Combinatorial Libraries: A Method for the Identification of Bioactive Peptides Against Phytopathogenic Fungi." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 5 (July 1997): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.5.537.

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Synthetic combinatorial libraries were evaluated with an iterative process to identify a hexapeptide with broad-spectrum activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi. A D-amino acid hexapeptide (FRLKFH) and pentapeptide (FRLHF) exhibited activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group 1), Ceratocystis fagacearum, and Pythium ultimum. The peptides showed no hemolytic or mutagenic activity. Fluorescent microscopy studies with a membrane impermeant dye indicated that fungal cytoplasmic membranes were compromised rapidly and that the nuclear membrane was also affected.

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34

A. Saido, Khadeeja, Halben I. Mohammed, and Raed A. Haleem. "Isolation And Identification of Fungi Associated with Different Species of Stored Graines." Journal Of Duhok University 23, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.29.

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This study was conducted on different species of stored grains obtained from Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, of Iraq to investigate the occurrence of seed borne fungi. Nine types of grains were collected and two methods were selected (agar plate method and blotter method) for fungal isolation. A total of 19 species assigned to 13 genera were identified. The high frequent genera were Aspergillus (4 species), Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium (2 species), while other genera include Rhizopus, Cladosporium, Stemphylium, Ulocladium, Humicola, Bipolaris, Curvularia Phoma and Rhizoctonia were represented only in a single species. The results showed a variation in the fungal species and contamination percentage according to the detection and incubation methods. The lowest occurrence percentage was detected in lentils seeds with only one genus represented by Penicillium spp., while the highest occurrence percentage was detected with Chickpea seeds represent by six genera. The most common fungal genera displayed by agar plate method in wheat and chickpea were Rhizoctonia sp. (34.1%) and Penicillium sp. (42.5%) respectively. The highest fungal detection by blotter method was recorded with barley seeds while the lowest was chickpea seeds. The most common fungal genera recorded by blotter method under room temperature after 7 days and 14 days was Penicillium spp, with a percent 100% from chickpea seeds followed by Aspergillus spp with percent of (66.7%, 47.6%) from barley and raisin seeds respectively. While the highest frequent fungus in seeds incubated at 25°C after 7 and 14 days was Aspergillus parasiticus (88.9%) from mash seeds and Rhizopus sp. (80.1%) from lima bean respectively. Blotter method considered an efficient and economically reliable method.

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35

Assefa, Mekonnen, Woubit Dawit, Alemu Lencho, and Tariku Hunduma. "Assessment of Wilt Intensity and Identification of Causal Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens on Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Bako Tibbe and Nonno Districts of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia." International Journal of Phytopathology 4, no. 1 (May 2, 2015): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.004.01.0972.

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Pepper wilt disease intensity was assessed on-farm in Bako Tibbe and Nonno districts of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia during the main cropping season of October 2012. The wilt causing pathogens were identified from 50 diseased samples collected from the two districts. Of the 120 hot pepper fields surveyed, 116 fields were found to be infected with wilt disease. The overall percent prevalence and incidence of wilt disease was 96.7 and 86.4%, respectively. Identification and pathogenicity tests revealed that Ralstonia solanacearum and four fungal wilt pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium spp.) were detected in the surveyed fields. The percentage of occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium spp. were 45.0, 17.48, 12.59 and 11.89%, respectively; whereas, the frequency of R. solanacearum was 100%. Wilt disease in pepper in these two districts was caused by more than one wilt causing pathogen, thus management strategies should focus on these complex pathogens.

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SHINDE, SNEHAL, S. K. PRASHANTHI, and P. U. KRISHNARAJ. "Identification and utilization of actinobacteria for biocontrol of rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani." ASIAN JOURNAL OF BIO SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (October 15, 2014): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajbs/9.2/227-233.

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37

Wahleithner, J. A., Feng Xu, Kim M. Brown, Stephen H. Brown, Elizabeth J. Golightly, Torben Halkier, Sakari Kauppinen, Anders Pederson, and Palle Schneider. "The identification and characterization of four laccases from the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani." Current Genetics 29, no. 4 (March 14, 1996): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050061.

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38

Misawa, Tomoo, and Daisuke Kurose. "Anastomosis group and subgroup identification of Rhizoctonia solani strains deposited in NARO Genebank, Japan." Journal of General Plant Pathology 85, no. 4 (March 8, 2019): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-019-00848-8.

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Mercado Cárdenas, Guadalupe E., Marta Z. Galván, Viviana A. Barrera, Marcela S. Rodriguero, Marcelo A. Carmona, Guillermo J. March, Ana C. Ramallo, and H. David Shew. "Molecular identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. from tobacco growing areas in northwestern Argentina." Tropical Plant Pathology 40, no. 3 (June 2015): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-015-0035-7.

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40

Kumari, Krishna. "Studies on Characterization of Molecular Variability Using RAPD Markers in Rhizoctonia solani Isolated from Different Gerographical Regions of South India." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13684.

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Molecular techniques have become reliable and are highly suitable tools for identifying pathogen species and for genetic variation. The molecular marker is a useful tool for assessing genetic variations. RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers have been used to characterize the numerous filamentous fungi collected from different fields of experimental mycology. Rhizoctonia solani is a plant pathogenic fungus which cause sheath blight in rice. Present work focused on polymorphic identification and characterization of Rhizoctonia solani isolate. Twenty eight samples were collected from different locations of South India and Punjab. Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) were isolated and used polymorphic examination by molecular markers. Molecular analysis was done with OPC-5, OPC-2, OPA-8 and OPA-11primers and the variability of isolated fungus DNA, allowed the visualization of 265 polymorphic bonds with molecular weight ranging from 0.5kb to 20kb significant differences in RAPD profiles of 28 isolates of R. Solani were found with two primers OPC-5 and OPC-2. To analyze the resolving ability of these primers, cumulative RAPD profiles generated by the primers were analyzed by UPGMA. The dendrogram constructed using 265 polymorphic bonds obtained from 28 isolates with 5 primers was divided into 7 clusters. Based on these results it was concluded that there was a molecular variability among the isolates of R. solani was depicted.

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41

Paulitz, T. C. "First Report of Rhizoctonia oryzae on Pea." Plant Disease 86, no. 4 (April 2002): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.442d.

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In May 2001, severe stunting, lateral rot, and brown discoloration of taproots were observed in a field of direct-seed (no-till) pea cv. Columbia southeast of Lewiston, ID. The field had been previously cropped with direct-seeded spring barley. Roots were washed, plated on water agar containing benomyl at 1 μ/ml and chloramphenicol at 100 μg/ml, and incubated at 22°C. Fungal colonies were identified as Rhizoctonia oryzae (teleomorph Waitea circinata Warcup & Talbot) based on hyphal and colony morphology (3) and anastamosis reaction with known tester isolates. Two isolates were grown on autoclaved oat seeds for 3 weeks to produce inoculum for pathogenicity testing. One colonized oat seed was placed below a seed of Pisum sativum ‘Little Marvel’ planted in pasteurized sandy loam soil. There were five pea seeds per 10-cm-diameter pot and three replicate pots per isolate. Both isolates caused severe damping-off and stunting. Both isolates were also tested in nonpasteurized (natural) sandy loam in 4 cm × 20 cm plastic pine seedling tubes. Eight colonized oat seeds were placed in a band 1 cm below a single pea seed planted in each tube. Tubes were watered with metalaxyl (0.1g/liter, technical grade) to inhibit Pythium. Control treatments consisted of soil amended with either autoclaved oat seeds or nothing. Two isolates of R. oryzae were tested with two pea cultivars (B160 and Marjorette), with five replicates per treatment. R. oryzae did not significantly reduce emergence but did cause necrosis and browning of root tips and reduction in lateral root formation. R. oryzae was reisolated from infected roots. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. oryzae causing disease on a dicot in North America. In Australia, a Waitea sp. was weakly virulent to subterranean clover producing constrictions of the taproot but did not affect plant survival and growth (4). W. circinata also caused damping-off of tobacco seedlings in India (2). In the Pacific Northwest, peas are often grown in rotation with wheat and barley, and R. oryzae can be virulent on these cereal crops (1). This finding may have important implications for disease management in wheat and legumes in crop rotation systems. References: (1). M. Mazzola et al. Phytopathology 86:354, 1996. (2) C. A. Raju. Tob. Res. 19:92, 1993. (3) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991. (4) D. H. Wong et al. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 85:156, 1985.

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Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya, Arnaldo Chaer Borges, and Elza Fernandes de Araújo. "Morphological and molecular characterization of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from neotropical orchids in Brazil." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-151.

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To initiate a conservation program of the Orchidaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest with the purpose of ex situ conservation or reintroduction in the State of Minas Gerais, seven mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia-like fungal strains were isolated from roots of seven neotropical orchid species from three different Atlantic rain forest fragments. Taxonomic studies revealed that the isolates belong to the genera Ceratorhiza and Epulorhiza. The Epulorhiza isolates were identified as Epulorhiza repens (N. Bernard) R.T. Moore and Epulorhiza epiphytica Pereira, Rollemberg et Kasuya. RAPD analysis indicated higher polymorphism between Epulorhiza epiphytica and Epulorhiza repens than found in the PCRRFLP analysis. RAPD and morphological analyses indicated a degree of relatedness among the Ceratorhiza isolates obtained from the roots of different Oncidium species. A combination of morphological and molecular characterizations permitted integration of fungal strain identification with genetic relatedness among the isolates, thus allowing some inferences to be made on specificity of these endosymbionts under field conditions.Key words: biodiversity, Ceratorhiza, Epulorhiza, orchid mycorrhiza, Rhizoctonia-like, symbiosis, specificity.

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43

Yang, G. H., R. L. Conner, H. Cai, F. Li, and Y. Y. Chen. "First Report of Rhizome Blight of Ginger Caused by Binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-R in China." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0312c.

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In 2004, rhizome blight of ginger (Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Roscoe) (cv. Yunnanxiaojiang) occurred in the Kunming District of China. The surface of ginger rhizome after harvest was crimpled and covered with white hyphae. Initial symptoms on ginger were wilting on the stem and the color of the rhizome turned from white to light brown with no lesion formation. After 2 weeks, the surface of ginger rhizome was covered with white hyphae and a dry rot set in under humid conditions. The yield loss in ginger almost reached 50% because of the disease. An AG-R tester isolate paired with the unknown 37 isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. from the diseased ginger rhizomes caused a C2 reaction that confirmed their identity. Isolates of AG-R (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ885780 and DQ885781) had 100% sequence similarity with 5.8S rDNA-ITS with the AG-R tester isolate (GenBank Accession No. AF354082). To produce infected soil inoculum, 10 isolates were cultured on potato dextrose agar in a 9-cm petri dish for 3 to 4 days and then covered with approximately 20 g of autoclaved soil and kept at 25°C for 3 to 4 days. Seedlings of ginger (cv, Yunanxiaojiang) were planted in natural potting soil at a density of one plant per vinyl pot (8 cm in diameter, 9 cm high) and grown in the greenhouse for 7 days. Each seedling was inoculated with 7 g of infested soil by placing it around the rhizome. Control plants were inoculated with autoclaved soil. The experiments were carried out three times, each time with three replicates in a growth chamber kept at 25 and 16°C with a 16-h light and 8-h dark photoperiod. After 14 days, the disease severity was recorded based on a scale in which – = no symptoms; + = small lesions on seedlings, no blight; ++ = seedling blight; and +++ = plant dead. All of the 10 tested AG-R isolates caused ginger seedling blight. Rhizoctonia spp. was reisolated from these plants, confirming its pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of rhizome blight of ginger caused by Rhizoctonia spp. and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-R in China. References: (1) B. Sneh et al. Page 135 in: Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1998.

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Semer, C. R., and R. Charudattan. "First Report of Rhizoctonia solani Causing a Foliar Leaf Spot on Brazilian Pepper-tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) in Florida." Plant Disease 81, no. 4 (April 1997): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.4.424b.

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The Brazilian pepper-tree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) native to Brazil, recently has become an aggressive perennial weed in southern Florida. During a survey in December 1995, a foliar disease was observed on several pepper-tree plants in Palm Beach County. Disease symptoms consisted of dark, reddish-purple necrotic lesions, either with or without dry necrotic centers, that were distributed randomly over the leaf surface. Infected leaf samples from two separate sites were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco) and water agar and incubated at 25°C in the dark. A fungus resembling a Rhizoctonia sp. was consistently recovered. To prove Koch's postulates, the fungus was grown on PDA for 10 to 14 days, and the cultures blended in a Waring blender. Metamucil (Procter & Gamble) was added to the mixture at the rate of 0.5% wt/vol, and the suspension was used to spray and inoculate 2- and 3-month-old Brazilian pepper-tree seedlings. Seedlings were sprayed until the inoculum dripped off the foliage and after inoculation were maintained at 100% relative humidity. After 48 h in the dew chamber the inoculated seedlings were moved to a greenhouse bench and examined for infection 5 and 10 days later. Inoculation was completed three times with the leaf lesions occurring 94 to 100%. A Rhizoctonia sp. was recovered from the lesions that appeared on the challenged plants. A determination of the anastomosis group was performed by plating it against the tester isolates of R. solani, AG1-1A, AG2-2IV, AG-3, AG-4, and AG-5. In two separate tests anastomosis (imperfect fusion) (1) was observed between the recovered Rhizoctonia sp. and tester strain AG2-2IV of R. solani. The fungus was identified as R. solani, and this is the first report of R. solani causing a leaf lesion of Brazilian pepper-tree in Florida. The potential of this R. solani as a biological control agent of Brazilian pepper-tree remains to be tested. Reference: (1) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. American Phytopathological Society, 1991.

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45

Abdelmagid, Ahmed, Abdel-Moneim Amein, Mohamed Hassan, and Hamdy E. Hares. "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis to Determine the Genetic Variability among Virulent and Less Virulent Isolates of Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani Isolated from Infected Cotton Seedlings." International Journal of Phytopathology 4, no. 3 (February 10, 2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.004.03.1468.

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Root-rot of cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most important diseases in Upper Egypt. Isolation has been done from diseased cotton roots and seeds which were collected from 11 counties in Assiut province, Egypt. Identification procedures of the isolated fungi confirmed that the isolated fungi were for Fusarium solani, F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Thirty six isolates of Fusarium spp. and 10 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were tested for their pathogenicity on both Giza 80 and Giza 83 cotton seedlings to verify their virulence on seedlings. The pathogenicity test results have grouped the Fusarium spp. isolates into three groups; highly virulent that caused 91-100% mortalities; moderately virulent that caused 81-90% mortalities and low virulent that caused lower than 81.0% mortalities. Data also shows that, in general Giza 80 cotton cultivar was more susceptible for infection with Fusarium spp. when compared with Giza 83 cotton cultivar. In case of Rhizoctonia solani, data revealed that the infection percentage was significantly affected by isolates while cotton cultivars had no significant influence on infection. Four 10-mer primers (1:6-d, 2:6-d, 4:6-d and 5:6-d) were used in RAPD-PCR to determine the genetic variability between six isolates, one virulent and one less virulent, of F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum and F. solani. Our results showed that the primer 2:6-d clearly separated F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum and F. solani and proved to be quite powerful in distinguishing the three different species and isolates of Fusarium spp.

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Jones, R. K., and D. E. Carling. "Identification of Rhizoctonia solani AG-UNK from Rice and Rice Fields in Texas as AG-11." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.880d.

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A survey of Texas rice fields in 1984 and 1985 yielded collections of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA (causal agent of sheath blight of rice), R. oryzae (causal agent of sheath spot of rice), and a collection of eight multinucleate Rhizoctonia solani-like isolates that would interanastomose, but not anastomose, with tester isolates of AG-1 through AG-8 (representing those available at that time). In 1985, the isolates were characterized as R. solani AG-UNK (2). Isolates were recovered as atypical sclerotia from elutriated field soils in rice-soybean and rice-fallow rotations. Isolates also were recovered from late-season stem lesions nearly identical to those associated with sheath spot disease and from rice residues at locations throughout the upper Gulf Coast of Texas but at extremely low frequencies compared with recovery of R. solani AG-1 IA and R. oryzae. Teleomorphs of R. solani AG-UNK were observed during middle to late season on rice sheaths and matched descriptions of Thanatephorus cucumeris. Isolates were pathogenic on rice and soybean foliage in greenhouse trials but caused no significant yield losses when inoculated on adult rice plants (50 days after emergence) in field trials (2). Isolates exhibited mean hyphal diameters of 5.1 μm, averaged 8.3 nuclei per penultimate cell, grew 0.53 mm/h at 28°C on potato dextrose agar, and were negative in phenol tests (2). From samples maintained in storage during the past 15 years, the isolates have now been identified as AG-11 based on positive anastomosis with tester strains of AG-11 (1). This report records the occurrence of AG-11 in Texas, establishes the identity of the AG-UNK group, and expands the known geographic range of AG-11 in the United States. References: (1) D. E. Carling et al. Phytopathology 84:1387, 1994. (2) R. K. Jones and S. B. Belmar. Plant Dis. 73:1004, 1989.

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Beltrán-Nambo, María De los Ángeles, Juan Carlos Montero-Castro, Miguel Martínez-Trujillo, Rafael Salgado-Garciglia, J. T. Otero-Ospina, and Yazmin Carreón-Abud. "Characterization of mycorrhizal fungi of the genus Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae, Basidiomycota) in the genus of orchids Bletia from Barranca del Cupatitzio Natural Reserve, Mexico." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 75, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2491.

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The goal of this study was the identification of mycorrhizal fungi associated with three terrestrial orchids of the genus Bletia Ruiz & Pav.: B. roezlii Rchb. f., B. purpurata A.Rich., and B. punctata Lex., in Barranca del Cupatitzio Natural Reserve - Michoacán, México - . Thirty-nine strains were isolated and morphologically characterized. Nine strains were selected from the molecular analysis. Bletia punctata, an endemic species of Mexico, showed the lowest variability in mycorrhizal fungi. Morphological analysis showed that 39 isolated strains belong to the ‘Rhizoctonia-like fungal complex’. According with the tree of Euclidian distances generated by the analysis WARD, all isolates were included into four subgroups, all related to the genus Tulasnella J.Schröt - which belongs to the ‘Rhizoctonia-like fungal complex’?. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the nine selected strains corroborated the results of the morphological study: the sequences obtained were clustered in four subclades related to species of Tulasnella. Our results indicate that a single species of Bletia from a single locality can be associated with different species of mycorrhizal fungi, at least during the adult stage and that the combination of morphological and molecular analyses is a good tool to identify orchid mycorrhizal fungi.

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Tomaso-Peterson, M., and L. E. Trevathan. "Rhizoctonia solani AG-13 Isolated from Corn in Mississippi." Plant Disease 88, no. 8 (August 2004): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.8.908a.

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Rhizoctonia solani K¨hn anastomosis group (AG) 13 was isolated from asymptomatic root tissue of a corn (Zea mays L.) seedling grown at the Black Belt Branch Experiment Station, Brooksville, MS. Rhizoctonia solani AG-13 was recently reported from cotton grown in Georgia (2). Rhizoctonia solani isolate MS-168 was successfully anastomosed with tester isolate AG-13 (courtesy of D. E. Carling, University of Alaska). The hyphal diameter at the point of anastomosis was reduced, the anastomosis point was obvious, and cell death of adjacent cells was observed. These results were confirmed by D. E. Carling and are consistent with C2 anastomosis hyphal reactions (1). Rhizoctonia solani isolate MS-168 was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 27 ± °C with a 12-h photoperiod for 28 days. Mycelium was buff-brown to beige with diurnal zonation throughout the colony. Aggregates of bulbils developed in the center of the colony that were dark brown, dome shaped, and accompanied by brown exudate. Bulbils were submerged in the medium and scattered across the surface of the colony. The optimal growing temperature of MS-168 was 27°C. Two pathogenicity evaluations were conducted on 170 corn seedlings planted into soilless potting medium. Four-day-old corn seedlings were inoculated with 7-day-old PDA hyphal plugs (2 mm in diameter) of R. solani isolate MS-168 by placing the mycelium side of the hyphal plug in contact with the mesocotyl tissue beneath the soil surface. The hyphal plugs were covered with soil. The nontreated corn seedlings were inoculated with PDA plugs minus the fungus. Corn seedlings were maintained under environmentally controlled conditions at 27 ±2 °C with a 12-h photoperiod and watered to prevent wilting. Disease symptoms on mesocotyl tissue were rated from 1 to 4 in which 1 = no symptoms, 2 = a few pinpoint lesions and diffuse discolored areas, 3 = distinct necrotic lesions, and 4 = girdling lesions (3). Fourteen days postinoculation, treated seedlings had a significantly higher disease rating (1.5) than the nontreated control (1.0). Thirty of eighty-seven corn seedlings inoculated with MS-168 expressed symptoms of discoloration and pinpoint and necrotic lesions on the mesocotyl tissue at the site of inoculation. On the basis of the results of the pathogenicity evaluation, MS-168 can be characterized as weakly virulent on seedling corn when grown under controlled environmental conditions. The identification of R. solani isolate MS-168 (AG-13) from corn in Mississippi broadens the natural distribution of occurrence and host range of this anastomosis group. References: (1) D. E. Carling. Grouping in Rhizoctonia solani by hyphal anastomosis reactions. Pages 37–47 in: Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular, Biological, Ecological, Pathology, and Disease Control. B. Sneh et al., eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1996. (2) D. E. Carling et al. Phytopathology 92:893, 2002. (3) C. S. Rothrock. Report of the cottonseed treatment committee for 1993. Page 216–217 in: Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN, 1994.

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Patro, TSSK, KE Georgia, S. Raj Kumar, N. Anuradha, Y. Sandhya Rani, and U. Triveni. "Identification of Kodomillet varieties resistant sources against banded blight (BB) disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 971–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5n.10422.

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Patro, TSSK, KE Georgia, S. Raj Kumar, N. Anuradha, Y. Sandhya Rani, U. Triveni, and P. Joggarao. "Identification of resistant sources of barnyard millet varieties against sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5n.10423.

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