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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Rheumatoid arthritis Immunological aspects"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 31 de enero de 2023

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1

Gergely, Peter. "New Immunological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis". Allergy & Clinical Immunology International - Journal of the World Allergy Organization 12, n.º 2 (2000): 0077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0838-1925.12.2.77.

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2

YOSHINO, KAZUYA. "Immunological aspects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pediatrics International 35, n.º 5 (octubre de 1993): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1993.tb03087.x.

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3

Sugimoto, Masakuni, Yoshihisa Wakabayashi, Shun-Ichi Hirose y Fumimaro Takaku. "Immunological aspects of the anemia of rheumatoid arthritis". American Journal of Hematology 25, n.º 1 (mayo de 1987): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.2830250102.

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4

Karateev, D. E. "Low activity and remission in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical, immunological and morphological aspects". Rheumatology Science and Practice, n.º 5 (15 de octubre de 2009): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2009-582.

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5

Rodríguez, Sandra, Andrés Muñoz, Rosa-Helena Bustos y Diego Jaimes. "Pharmacovigilance of Biopharmaceuticals in Rheumatic Diseases, Adverse Events, Evolution, and Perspective: An Overview". Biomedicines 8, n.º 9 (23 de agosto de 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8090303.

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Since we have gained an understanding of the immunological pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, treatment based on biological drugs has become a fundamental axis. These therapies are oriented towards the regulation of cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and the modulation of cell-mediated immunity (B cells and T cells) by anti CD20 or anti CTAL-4 agents, and can increase the risk of associated infections or adverse events (AE). In this context, the entry of biotherapeutics represented a challenge for pharmacovigilance, risk management and approval by the main global regulatory agencies regarding biosimilars, where efficacy and safety are based on comparability exercises without being an exact copy in terms of molecular structure. The objective of this review is divided into three fundamental aspects: (i) to illustrate the evolution and focus of pharmacovigilance at the biopharmaceutical level, (ii) to describe the different approved recommendations of biopharmaceuticals (biological and biosimilars) and their use in rheumatic diseases (RDs) such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other less frequent RD like cryopyrin-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (CAPS), and (iii) to identify the main AE reported in the post-marketing phase of RD biopharmaceuticals.

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6

OTTEN, H. G., M. R. DAHA, M. G. J. MAARL, L. I. HOOGENDOORN, E. M. BEEM, H. H. ROOY y F. C. BREEDVELD. "IgA rheumatoid factor in mucosal fluids and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: immunological aspects and clinical significance". Clinical & Experimental Immunology 90, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2008): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb07938.x.

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7

Pandolfi, Franco, Laura Franza, Valentina Carusi, Simona Altamura, Gloria Andriollo y Eleonora Nucera. "Interleukin-6 in Rheumatoid Arthritis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 15 (23 de julio de 2020): 5238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155238.

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The role of interleukin (IL)-6 in health and disease has been under a lot of scrutiny in recent years, particularly during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The inflammatory pathways in which IL-6 is involved are also partly responsible of the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), opening interesting perspectives in terms of therapy. Anti-IL-6 drugs are being used with variable degrees of success in other diseases and are being tested in RA. Results have been encouraging, particularly when anti-IL-6 has been used with other drugs, such as metothrexate (MTX). In this review we discuss the main immunologic aspects that make anti-IL-6 a good candidate in RA, but despite the main therapeutic options available to target IL-6, no gold standard treatment has been established so far.

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Reyes-Castillo, Zyanya, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle y Mara A. Llamas-Covarrubias. "Clinical and immunological aspects of anti-peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (anti-PAD4) autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis". Autoimmunity Reviews 17, n.º 2 (febrero de 2018): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.023.

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9

Skovsgaard Itenov, K., N. Søe, E. M. Bartels, H. Bliddal y M. Andersen. "AB0103 SITE SPECIFICITY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS INFLAMMATION: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF BIOPSIES FROM RADIAL AND ULNAR ASPECTS OF MCP JOINTS". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (23 de mayo de 2022): 1182.2–1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.5196.

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BackgroundUlnar drift is a common complication of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (1,2). There is no clear consensus regarding the etiology of the hand deformity. Observations from corrective hand surgery and other studies have noted more pronounced inflammation in the radial site of the MCP-joints (3,4). This could partly explain the pathophysiology behind the ulnar deviation.ObjectivesTo determine if there is more pronounced inflammation, measured by increased CD-68 expression (5) and Krenn-synovitis score (6), at the radial side of the MCP joints when compared to the ulnar side, in patients with verified RA.MethodsWe included RA patients from a previous study who had biopsies taken from the most affected joints based on clinical examination and ultrasound (7). Twenty-nine PIP-, MCP- and wrist-joints were biopsied. Biopsies from the MCP-joints were taken from the dorso-ulnar and dorso-radial concavity. Inflammation was graded by the Krenn-synovitis score (0-9) and the density of CD-68-positive cells (%). The difference between radial and ulnar joint inflammation was calculated by paired t-test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn 8 patients biopsies were taken from both the ulnar and the radial site of the same MCP-joint. The mean difference in inflammation on the radial and ulnar site of MCP-joints was based on differences in CD-68 density: 0,67% (95%-CI -4,77 to 6,10; P = 0,77) (Figure 1) and Krenn-score: 0,83 (95%-CI -1,31 to 2,98; P = 0,36), respectively.Figure 1.Paired data on CD-68 percentage in radial and ulnar sitesConclusionThere was no difference in concentration of inflammatory cells or overall synovial pathology between the radial and ulnar site of MCP-joints in RA patients. The impression of a more pronounced inflamed synovium on the radial site of MCP joints, as observed during surgery, does not seem to arise from an immunological preference, but rather to be linked to a larger synovial volume.References[1]Wise KS: The anatomy of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, with observations of the aetiology of ulnar drift. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 1975; 57:485–90[2]Johnsson PM, Eberhardt K: Hand deformities are important signs of disease severity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2009; 48:1398–1401[3]Philpott H.T. Synovial tissue perivascular edema is associated with altered gait patterns in patients with knee osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2022; 30(1): 42-51[4]Tan AL, Tanner SF, Conaghan PG, et al.: Role of metacarpophalangeal joint anatomic factors in the distribution of synovitis and bone erosion in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003; 48:1214–22[5]Zhang X.-P: Addition of Fibroblast-Stromal Cell Markers to Immune Synovium Pathotypes Better Predicts Radiographic Progression at 1 Year in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis, Frontiers in Immunology 2021; 12: 778480[6]Krenn V, Morawietz L, Burmester G-R, et al.: Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitis. Histopathology 2006; 49:358–364[7]Andersen M, Ellegaard K, Hebsgaard JB, et al.: Ultrasound colour Doppler is associated with synovial pathology in biopsies from hand joints in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2014; 73:678–683AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the study participants as well as Inger Wätjen, Eva Littrup Andersen, Mette Okkels, Jette Møller Frøsig and Suzi Høeg Madsen for technical assistance. I have no acknowledgements to declare.Disclosure of InterestsKatrine Skovsgaard Itenov: None declared, Niels Søe: None declared, Else Marie Bartels: None declared, Henning Bliddal: None declared, Martin Andersen Grant/research support from: The primary study was supported by unrestricted grants from Novo Nordisk, Employee of: Was employed at Novo Nordisk A/S during the conduction of the study.

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Dekhtiarenko, N. О., L. M. Panchenko, M. P. Hrytsai, O. M. Linenko, V. I. Sabadosh y K. M. Salmanova. "Analysis of Some Immunological Aspects of Joint Infections Developed as a Result of Intra-Articular Glucocorticoid Injection". Visnyk Ortopedii Travmatologii Protezuvannia, n.º 4(111) (20 de diciembre de 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37647/0132-2486-2021-111-4-21-27.

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Summary. The work is devoted to the studies of immune status of patients with infectious complications after local glucocorticoid injections. Objective: to assess the state of the immune system of patients with infectious complications after local glucocorticoid injections, to monitor the dynamics of immunological parameters before and after sanitizing surgical treatment, and to reveal factors that are important for predicting the course of the disease and treatment results. Materials and Methods. The immune status of 26 patients with purulent inflammatory processes after local glucocorticoid injections in rheumatoid arthritis, deforming osteoarthritis, and chronic synovitis was studied. Immunological, hematological, and statistical research methods were used. Results. Changes of immunity factors as well as hematological parameters were revealed: a decrease in the content of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), T-helpers (CD4+), T-suppressors / cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+), immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G; an increase in the levels of circulating immune complexes (СIC), the number of thrombocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the reaction of the neutrophil leukocytes. It has been shown that the improvement of the immune status and the decrease in the level of inflammatory reactions after the sanitizing surgical intervention occurs slowly, which requires the inclusion of immunocorrective therapy in the treatment of such patients. Conclusions. Primary examination of patients before surgery for the purpose of sanitizing the infection showed that the local inflammatory process in the bones and joints occurs against the background of altered immunological and hematological parameters. Dynamic follow-up showed that we are dealing not only with a local process, but also with a systemic inflammatory response. A variant of the laboratory criterion for the course of infectious complications and the effectiveness of the treatment can be the determination in the dynamics of the content of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations, the levels of the CIC, platelets and ESR.

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11

Maeda, Shinji, Yoshihito Hayami, Taio Naniwa y Ryuzo Ueda. "The Th17/IL-23 Axis and Natural Immunity in Psoriatic Arthritis". International Journal of Rheumatology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/539683.

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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that causes enthesitis and destructive arthritis and significantly lowers patient quality of life. Recognition of the two target organs (the skin and joints) involved in the immunopathophysiology of PsA helped in elucidating the pathology of various systemic autoimmune diseases targeting multiple organs. Recent advances in immunology and genetics have made it clear that acquired immunity, especially that mediated by the Th17/IL-23 axis, plays an important role in the inflammatory pathology observed in psoriasis and PsA. Additionally, involvement of natural immunity has also been suggested. Microbial infection has been known to trigger psoriasis and PsA. Recent clinical studies using biopharmaceuticals, such as tumor-necrosis-factor- (TNF-)αinhibitors and IL-12/23 p40 antibodies, indicate that studies need not be based only on the immunological phenomena observed in PsA pathology since disease pathology can now be verified using human-based science. Considering this aspect, this paper discusses the immunopathology of PsA compared to psoriasis (cutaneous) and rheumatoid arthritis in humans and immunopathology of PsA with respect to the Th17/IL-23 axis and microbial infection.

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12

RAMOS-CASALS, MANUEL, SANDRA MUÑOZ, FRANCISCO MEDINA, LUIS-JAVIER JARA, JOSÉ ROSAS, JAIME CALVO-ALEN, PILAR BRITO-ZERÓN, XAVIER FORNS y JOSE-MARIA SÁNCHEZ-TAPIAS. "Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Characterization of 1020 Cases (The HISPAMEC Registry)". Journal of Rheumatology 36, n.º 7 (15 de abril de 2009): 1442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.080874.

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Objective.To describe the clinical and immunologic characteristics of a large series of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD) associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.Methods.The HISPAMEC Registry is a multicenter international study group dedicated to collecting data on patients diagnosed with SAD with serological evidence of chronic HCV infection. The information sources are cases reported by physicians of the HISPAMEC Study Group and periodic surveillance of reported cases by a Medline search updated up to December 31, 2007.Results.One thousand twenty HCV patients with SAD were included in the registry. Patients were reported from Southern Europe (60%), North America (15%), Asia (14%), Northern Europe (9%), South America (1%), and Australia (1%). Countries reporting the most cases were Spain (236 cases), France (222 cases), Italy (144 cases), USA (120 cases), and Japan (95 cases). The most frequently reported SAD were Sjögren’s syndrome (SS; 483 cases), rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 150 cases), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 129 cases), polyarteritis nodosa (78 cases), antiphospholipid syndrome (59 cases), inflammatory myopathies (39 cases), and sarcoidosis (28 cases). Twenty patients had 2 or more SAD. Epidemiological data were available in 677 cases. Four hundred eighty-seven (72%) patients were female and 186 (28%) male, with a mean age of 49.5 ± 1.0 years at SAD diagnosis and 50.5 ± 1.1 years at diagnosis of HCV infection. The main immunologic features were antinuclear antibody (ANA) in 61% of patients, rheumatoid factor (RF) in 57%, hypocomplementemia in 52%, and cryoglobulins in 52%. The main differential aspect between primary and HCV-related SAD was the predominance of cryoglobulinemic-related markers (cryoglobulins, RF, hypocomplementemia) over specific SAD-related markers (anti-ENA antibodies, anti-dsDNA, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) in patients with HCV.Conclusion.In the selected cohort, the SAD most commonly reported in association with chronic HCV infection were SS (nearly half the cases), RA and SLE. Nearly two thirds of SAD-HCV cases were reported from the Mediterranean area. In these patients, ANA, RF and cryoglobulins are the predominant immunological features.

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13

Burlutskaya, A. V., N. V. Savelyeva y S. V. Polischuk. "THE STRUCTURE AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS IN CHILDREN IN KRASNODAR". Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 25, n.º 6 (21 de diciembre de 2018): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-6-38-43.

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Aim. The research was conducted to study the structure (variants, sexual and age characteristics) and manifestations of articular syndrome in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Krasnodar.Materials and methods. There was conducted a retrospective analysis of 89 case histories in patients aged 2-15 diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis for the first time.Results. As a result of the study, the following variants of juvenile idiopathic arthritis were diagnosed: oligoarticular – in 62 patients (69,6%), polyarticular – in 24 patients (27%) and systemic – in 3 children (3,4%). Group 1 consisted of 62 patients with oligoarticular variant, and group 2 consisted of 24 patients with polyarticular variant. In the sexual aspect, there were 1,5 times more girls than boys among all the studied children. There are also a higher number of the females within the groups. The average age of the onset of the disease in all patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis was 8,9±0,4 years. In group 1, the average age was 9,6±0,5 years, in group 2 – 7,4±0,4 years. In children with oligoarticular variant of the disease, knee and ankle joints were more often involved in the process. In group 2, the pathological process involved both large joints and small joints of the hands and feet. Leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive results of immunological studies were more often detected among the children of the second group. On the radiographs, cartilage and bone changes were found in 9% of patients.Conclusion. Among the patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the residents of Krasnodar, the oligoarticular variant dominates (69,7%), the polyarticular RF-negative variant is in second place (25,8%), the systemic variant is in third place (3,4%), and the polyarticular RF-positive variant is in last place (1,1%). In the sexual aspect, there were 1,5 times more girls than boys among all the patients. The onset of the joint syndrome mainly occurs in early school and puberty age. The articular syndrome was manifested mainly by the arthritis of the knee, ankle joints, and the polyarticular variant was also manifested by the arthritis of the wrist joints and small joints of the hands and feet. Among the patients, the signs of humoral activity and immune inflammation were more characteristic of the polyarticular variant. At the onset of disease, the changes of cartilaginous and bony tissues of the joints were identified by the radiography only in 9% of cases.

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Todorovic-Djilas, Ljiljana, Tijana Icin, Jovanka Novakovic-Paro y Ivana Bajkin. "Autoimmune thyroid disease and other non-endocrine autoimmune diseases". Medical review 64, n.º 3-4 (2011): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1104183t.

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Introduction, Autoimmune diseases are chronic conditions initiated by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. They constitute heterogeneous group of disorders, in which multiple alterations in the immune system result in a spectrum of syndromes that either target specific organs or affect the body systematically. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a possible shift of one autoimmune disease to another or the fact that more than one autoimmune disease may coexist in a single patient or in the same family. Numerous autoimmune diseases have been shown to coexist frequently with thyroid autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune thyroid disease and other organ specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. This part of the study reviews the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease coexisting with: pernicious anaemia, vitiligo, celiac disease, autoimmune liver disease, miastenia gravis, alopecia areata and sclerosis multiplex, and several recommendations for screening have been given. Autoimmune thyroid disease and other organ non-specific non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. Special attention is given to the correlation between autoimmune thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, syndrome Sj?gren, systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease. Conclusions. Screening for autoimmune thyroid diseases should be recommended in everyday clinical practice, in patients with primary organ-specific or organ non-specific autoimmune disease. Other?wise, in patients with primary thyroid autoimmune disease, there is no good reason of seeking for all other autoimmune diseases, although these patients have a greater risk of developing other autoimmune disease. Economic aspects of medicine require further analyzing of these data, from cost/benefit point of view to justified either mandatory screening or medical practitioner judgment.

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Bogmat, L. F., V. V. Nikonova, N. S. Shevchenko y I. M. Bessonova. "Features of coagulation system in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis". CHILD`S HEALTH 16, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0551.16.2.2021.229873.

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Background. It is known that the hemostasis system, inflammation and innate immunity have a common evolutionary origin, which explains the pathogenetic aspects of the relationship between inflammation and disorders in the hemostasis system. When the immune response is disturbed (autoimmune diseases), the inflammation becomes chronic. Unlike thrombosis associated with injury, the inflammatory process can initiate thrombosis in an intact vessel. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the state of the hemostasis system in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the dynamics of observation. Materials and methods. Eighty-five children aged 8–18 years with juvenile idiopathic arthritis were examined in the dynamics of observation. The immunological activity of the disease, coagulogram parameters, functional state of the kidneys, blood lipids were studied. Statistical processing of the material was performed using Statgraphics 16.0 Centurion. Results. Analysis of the coagulogram in the group as a whole showed an increase in the level of D-dimer in the dynamics of observation (p < 0.03) against the background of constant use of basic therapy. As inflammation is the main connecting factor for atherosclerosis and thrombosis, the parameters of the hemostasis system were analyzed in the group with high total cholesterol. It was found that in the presence of atherogenic changes in the blood lipids, there were also signs of increased clot formation. The parameters of the coagulogram were studied in the group of patients with signs of kidney damage. A probable increase in prothrombin time (p < 0.05) and a significant level of D-dimer in both the first and second studies were detected indicating a tendency to thrombosis in these children. According to some authors, methotrexate, which is most often used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of atherosclerosis and the total number of cardiovascular diseases. It was found that on the background of methotrexate therapy, there was an increase in the prothrombin index and the preservation of high levels of D-dimer. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors helps reduce the level of autoimmune inflammation. It was found that only in children who received combination therapy with methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor α blocker adalimumab, there was a probable decrease in the level of the main factor in thrombus formation, D-dimer (p < 0.05). Conclusions. In children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, with the long-term course of the disease, there are early preclinical signs of thrombus formation. Monotherapy with methotrexate helps reduce autoimmune inflammation, but only the inclusion in the treatment measures of biologically active compounds prevents the further development of such life-threatening conditions as athero- and venous thrombosis.

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Matuszewska, Agnieszka, Marta Madej y Piotr Wiland. "Immunological markers of rheumatoid arthritis". Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 70 (25 de marzo de 2016): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1198270.

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Edwards, Christopher J. "Immunological therapies for rheumatoid arthritis". British Medical Bulletin 73-74, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2005): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldh051.

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McGonagle, Dennis, Abdulla Watad y Sinisa Savic. "Mechanistic immunological based classification of rheumatoid arthritis". Autoimmunity Reviews 17, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2018): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.001.

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Ally, Mahmood M. T. M. y Bridget Hodkinson. "Rheumatoid Arthritis". South African Family Practice 58, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v58i2.4446.

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Immune-mediated inflammatory disorders include a clinically diverse group of conditions sharing similar pathogenic mechanisms. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, spondyloarthropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and connective tissue diseases are characterised by immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation. This review will focus immuno-pathogenic mechanisms, aspects of early disease, co-morbidity and therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

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Massarotti, Elena M. "MEDICAL ASPECTS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS". Hand Clinics 12, n.º 3 (agosto de 1996): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0712(21)00336-x.

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Khurana, Ritu y Seth Mark Berney. "Clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis". Pathophysiology 12, n.º 3 (octubre de 2005): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.07.009.

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SMITH, CAROLYN A. y FRANK C. ARNETT. "Epidemiologic Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, n.º 265 (abril de 1991): 23???35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199104000-00004.

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Yoshida, Yuji y Toshio Tanaka. "Interleukin 6 and Rheumatoid Arthritis". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/698313.

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Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a representative cytokine featuring pleiotropic activity and redundancy. A transient synthesis of IL-6 contributes to host defense against infectious agents and tissue injuries by inducing acute phase reactions and immunological and hematopoietic responses. However, uncontrolled persistent production of IL-6 may lead to the development of several immune-mediated diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease with joint and systemic inflammation resulting from immunological abnormalities and it has been found that IL-6 plays a key role in the development of this disease. Clinical trials in various parts of the world of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, have proved its efficacy and tolerable safety either as monotherapy or in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. As a result, it is currently used as a first-line biologic for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA in more than 100 countries. Clarification of the mechanism(s) through which tocilizumab exerts its effect on RA and of the reason(s) why IL-6 is continuously produced in RA can be expected to lead to the best use of this agent for RA patients and aid in investigations into the pathogenesis of RA.

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Sany, J. "Prospects in the Immunological Treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 16, sup66 (enero de 1987): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009748709102530.

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Sokolova, V. V., S. V. Lapin, A. V. Moskalev y V. I. Mazurov. "CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS". Medical Immunology (Russia) 9, n.º 6 (18 de julio de 2014): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2007-6-635-642.

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Dibrov, D. A. "ACCP-negative rheumatoid arthritis – clinical and immunological features". Rheumatology Science and Practice 60, n.º 3 (9 de julio de 2022): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2022-314-326.

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Depending on the presence of laboratory biomarkers: rheumatoid factor IgM and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACCP), “seropositive” and “seronegative” variants of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are distinguished. Immunological subtypes differ in risk factors, immunopathogenesis, and the course of the disease. A review of data concerning immunology and clinical features of ACCP-negative rheumatoid arthritis is presented. The presence of ACCP in the peripheral blood reflects the progressive erosive process with a predominance of the inflammatory component and involvement of the B cells. Proliferative changes predominate in the ACCPnegative subtype; disorders associated with the T-cell link, primarily with CD4+ T-lymphocytes, play an important role in pathogenesis. This variant of the disease is characterized by a less pronounced erosive process, but the inflammatory activity in both subtypes of RA can be comparable. Early diagnosis, regular monitoring of the disease activity and the «treat to target» strategy are recommended for both positive and negative ACCP RA, however, the effectiveness of individual drugs in these subtypes may vary significantly.

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Shostak, N. A., A. A. Muradyants, T. K. Loginova y V. T. Timofeev. "Clinical and immunological features of early rheumatoid arthritis". Rheumatology Science and Practice, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2004): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2004-1376.

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McInnes, Iain B., Christopher D. Buckley y John D. Isaacs. "Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis — shaping the immunological landscape". Nature Reviews Rheumatology 12, n.º 1 (10 de diciembre de 2015): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2015.171.

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29

Toivanen, A., K. Granfors, R. Lahesmaa-Rantala y P. Toivanen. "Immunological and bacteriological aspects of reactive arthritis". Rheumatology International 9, n.º 3-5 (noviembre de 1989): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00271881.

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30

Henderson, Carol J. y Daniel J. Lovell. "Nutritional Aspects of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 17, n.º 2 (mayo de 1991): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00580-9.

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31

Guseva, I. A., N. V. Demidova, N. E. Soroka, A. A. Novikov, E. L. Luchikhina, E. N. Aleksandrova, G. V. Lukina et al. "Immunogenetic Aspects оf Early Rheumatoid Arthritis". Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 68, n.º 4 (2013): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v68i4.609.

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32

King, Karen y Virgil Hanson. "Psychosocial Aspects of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis". Pediatric Clinics of North America 33, n.º 5 (octubre de 1986): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36117-x.

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33

Leistner, Klaus. "14 Occupational aspects of rheumatoid arthritis". Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 3, n.º 1 (abril de 1989): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-3579(89)80046-9.

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34

Miller, Michael L. "Clinical aspects of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology 9, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1997): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002281-199709000-00008.

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35

Kuzmina, N. N. y A. V. Shaikov. "JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (TERMINOLOGICALAND CLASSIFICATION ASPECTS)". Rheumatology Science and Practice, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2000): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2000-785.

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36

Bugatti, Serena, Emanuele Bozzalla Cassione, Ludovico De Stefano y Antonio Manzo. "Established rheumatoid arthritis. The pathogenic aspects". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 33, n.º 5 (octubre de 2019): 101478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.101478.

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37

Kim, Nam Hyun, Kyu Hyun Yang y Ick Hwan Yang. "Clinical significance of the immunological tests in rheumatoid arthritis". Yonsei Medical Journal 30, n.º 1 (1989): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.1989.30.1.23.

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38

Duna, Madalina-Pusa, Denisa Predeteanu, Florian Berghea, Daniela Opris-Belinski, Andra Balanescu, Violeta Bojinca y Ruxandra Ionescu. "Immunological findings in relatives of patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Romanian Journal of Rheumatology 28, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjr.2019.4.2.

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39

Mazurov, Vadim I. N., Inna Z. Gaydukova, Aleksandra Yu Fonturenko, Roman A. Bashkinov, Marianna Semenovna Petrova y Oksana V. Inamova. "Coexistent rheumatoid arthritis and hyperuricemia: clinical and immunological features". HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 13, n.º 3 (15 de octubre de 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov80731.

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BACKGROUND: Currently, the negative role of asymptomatic hyperuricemia (HU) in the development and progression of cardiovascular pathology, metabolic disorders and chronic kidney disease is generally recognized. There is not much data in the literature on the effect of HU on the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), therefore, the study of the relationship of HU with clinical, radiological and immunological features of RA seems relevant. AIM: To study the relationship between HU with the clinical, radiological and immunological features of RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of 262 patients with RA and HU and 262 with RA without HU (comparison group) included in the city register from January 2000 to April 2020 have been analyzed. The information included demographic features (gender, age), diagnosis, presence and duration of HU, duration of observation, disease activity, laboratory, immunological, radiological and functional parameters, therapy of the underlying disease. HU was understood as a recorded 1-fold increase in the level of uric acid (UA) in the blood serum 360 mmol/l. The study has been approved by the local ethics committee. RESULTS: The data of 524 patients with rheumatoid arthritis for the period from January 2000 to April 2020 have been analyzed. The study included 440 women and 84 men. The average age of the patients was 60.0 13.6 y. The patients with HU have been divided into two subgroups: the first with the level of UA less than 500 mmol/l, the second with the level of UA more than 500 mmol/l. The number of males was significantly higher among the patients with high HU than among the patients with low HU and the comparison group. Every third patient had significant structural changes in the joints (radiological stage III-IV) and 98% of the patients had moderate and pronounced functional limitations (functional class 2-3). The patients with HU were older, had more follow-up visits, were observed for a longer period of time, had a lower frequency of radiological progression, a greater number of painful and swollen joints, less often and at a smaller dose had methotrexate and more often sulfasalazine in comparison with the patients without HU (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Thus, we can emphasize the negative impact of hyperuricemia on the course of rheumatoid arthritis: if it is present, there are direct (more PJ, SJ) and indirect signs of a more severe course (longer duration of observation and the number of visits). 2) Immunosuppressive therapy is associated with the absence of differences with the generally recognized markers of disease activity (ESR, CRP, DAS28), the immunological profile (RF, ACCP) and the ambiguous relationship with radiological progression and functional insufficiency of the joints, as well as unreliable relationship with a higher frequency of bone density reduction.

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Aira, Lazaro E., Patricia Hernández, Dinorah Prada, Araceli Chico, Jorge A. Gómez, Zuyén González, Karla Fuentes, Carmen Viada y Zaima Mazorra. "Immunological evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with itolizumab". mAbs 8, n.º 1 (15 de octubre de 2015): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420862.2015.1105416.

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Abendroth, K., G. Steiner y G. Wessel. "Immunological mechanism of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis: A histomorphological and immunological study". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 17, sup67 (enero de 1988): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009748809105302.

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42

Gao, Dashuang, Xu Gao, Fan Yang y Qingwen Wang. "Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Rheumatoid Arthritis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 15 (24 de julio de 2022): 8158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158158.

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Recent studies have demonstrated that immunological disease progression is closely related to abnormal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory synovitis-based systemic immune disease of unknown etiology. In addition to joint pathological damage, RA has been linked to neuropsychiatric comorbidities, including depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in life. Immune cells and their secreted immune factors will stimulate the peripheral and central neuronal systems that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. The understanding of autoimmune diseases has largely advanced insights into the molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interaction. Here, we review our current understanding of CNS comorbidities and potential physiological mechanisms in patients with RA, with a focus on the complex and diverse regulation of mood and distinct patterns of peripheral immune activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. And in our review, we also discussed the role that has been played by peripheral neurons and CNS in terms of neuron mechanisms in RA immune challenges, and the related neuron-immune crosstalk.

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Popova, Elka, Liliya Kavlakova y Mariya Panchovska. "Chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis – microbiological aspects". Journal of Medical and Dental Practice 2, n.º 3 (3 de agosto de 2015): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18044/medinform.201523.232.

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Dijkmans, Ben A. C. "Safety Aspects of Cyclosporin in Rheumatoid Arthritis". Drugs 50, Supplement 1 (1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199500501-00007.

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45

Sinachenko, O. V. y L. M. Pasiyeshvili. "Rheumatoid arthritis: definition, clinical and pathogenetic aspects". Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2018, n.º 1 (12 de diciembre de 2018): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2018.01.004.

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46

Khobre, Priyanka y S. Jayachandran. "Temporomandibular joint in rheumatoid arthritis: Clinicoradiological aspects". Indian Journal of Rheumatology 11, n.º 3 (2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-3698.187415.

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47

Schmit, P., Anne-Marie Prieur y Francis Brunelle. "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoedema: lymphangiographic aspects". Pediatric Radiology 29, n.º 5 (23 de abril de 1999): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002470050608.

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Dulyapin, V. A. "Morphological aspects of chondroclasis in rheumatoid arthritis". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 112, n.º 1 (julio de 1991): 1040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00841168.

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49

Pratt, Arthur G. y John D. Isaacs. "Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis: Pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 28, n.º 4 (agosto de 2014): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.016.

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50

Sumathi, Lalitha, Manimekalai Pichaivel, Sabarinath . y Thilagasundari Kandasamy. "Areview On Rheumatoid Arthiritis". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 10, n.º 6 (14 de diciembre de 2022): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i6.1200.

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Rheumatoid arthritis is a persistent, painful inflammatory condition characterized by serious destruction of the bone marrow and cartilage in the joints. It can also affect the body as a whole, including the tissues, leading to disorders of the heart, lungs, nervous system, and eyes. It is an extremely painful inflammatory condition that significantly limits movement due to pain and joint deterioration. Systemic disease rheumatoid arthritis usually affects tissues that constrict. Age, race, inheritance, aberrant immunological functioning, and stress are risk factors. Early rheumatoid arthritis appears to have a unique cytokine profile for the production of interleukin-4, 13, and 15,52, which later show in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The main objectives of rheumatoid arthritis treatment are to minimize pain and stop or slow the disease's progression. Therefore, early disease detection and correct diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Low-dose GCs combined with Awards are a safe and effective therapy choice for radiographic progression, symptom reduction, and high rates of clinical remission.

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