Tesis sobre el tema "Retrait de la banquise"
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Himmich, Kenza. "Antarctic sea ice : a seasonal perspective". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS105.
Texto completoAntarctic sea ice has undergone an abrupt reduction in 2016, following more than four decades of a slow increase. This could have wide-ranging consequences given the importance of Antarctic sea ice for climate, ocean, and local ecosystem. Yet, climate models fail to capture this observed evolution, leaving considerable uncertainty regarding its origin, impacts and future evolution. Models failure relates, but not only, to a poor understanding of fundamental Antarctic sea ice processes. In this thesis, we contribute to progress understanding of Antarctic sea ice, adopting a seasonal perspective. We investigate the drivers of seasonal sea ice edge advance and retreat, analyzing the roles of thermodynamic preconditioning, air-ice-sea heat fluxes and sea ice dynamics. We show that, in the mean state, timings of ice edge advance and retreat are largely controlled by thermodynamics, via preconditioning from mixed layer heat content and sea ice thickness, respectively. Variations in air-ice-sea heat fluxes and sea ice dynamics have a significant but secondary importance. This conclusion is supported by a simple thermodynamic model, observational analyses and the NEMO ice-ocean model. We also show that recent changes in sea ice seasonality are mainly driven by thermodynamics, similar to the mean state. The reduction in Antarctic sea ice following 2016 coincides with nearly circumpolar earlier retreat and later advance of the ice edge. Our analysis links these changes to thinner ice in winter, faster melt in spring and warmer upper ocean in summer, in line with ice-albedo feedback processes. Based on the circumpolar footprint of these changes, we argue that they likely have an oceanic origin
Boutin, Guillaume. "Interactions vagues-banquise en zones polaires". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0050/document.
Texto completoSea ice, which covers most of the ocean near the poles, is a key component of the climate system. Global warming is driving its massive melting, especially in the Arctic. Where sea ice cover decreases, fetch increases leading to more energetic sea states. This means potentially enhanced wavesice interactions effects in the future. The quick evolution of sea ice extent and volume combined with the intensification of human activities in polar regions urge us to improve our understanding of waves-ice interactions.Sea ice attenuates waves. They can however propagate through it and break it far into the ice cover. Attenuation depends on ice properties such as floe size, thickness, etc. Once broken, resulting floes are more likely to drift and melt. In addition, wave attenuation yields a force which pushes the floes in the direction of wave propagation.A simplified representation of sea ice, including a floe size distribution, has been incorporated in a wave model.It allows us to show the important contribution of dissipative mechanisms in the wave attenuation, especially those induced by the bending of the ice plates. After validation, the modified wave model is coupled to an ice model. The floe size distribution is exchanged in the coupled framework and used in ice lateral melt computation. The force exerted by the waves on the ice floes is sent from the wave model and is shown to compact sea ice in summer. This reduces the melting and significantly increases the temperature and salinity in the surface ocean close to the ice edge
Mercadier, Thomas. "Retrait particulaire par étalement et retrait d’un film de résine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALT095.
Texto completoEfficient particle contamination removal is crucial in maximizing yield within the microelectronics industry. However, conventional particle removal techniques may become impractical when dealing with complex and fragile surface structures, as their application can potentially cause physical damage. This challenge has led to the development of new cleaning processes based on innovative concepts, such as a resist film lift off approach. The resist film lift-off leads to the particle removal due to the particle surface bonded to the resist. One of these particle removal processes is studied in this manuscript. In this process, the resist film is composed of two immiscible organic polymers. The process consists of the resist spin-coating followed by a diluted ammonia dispense at room temperature. Thanks to the latter chemical step, one of the polymers is dissolved inducing the delamination and lift-off of the remaining polymer with drag and lift forces.This manuscript sheds light on the critical role of the organization of two immiscible polymers within the resist film in the context of film lift-off. The organization of these polymers was shown to depend on the substrate surface energy through Tof SIMS analysis. For instance, on a hydrophilic substrate, the soluble polymer exhibits a pronounced affinity for the interface. Such an organization on hydrophilic surface minimizes the interfacial area that needs to be delaminated during the resist removal step. Consequently, the effectiveness of ammonia-based film removal relies on the substrate’s surface energy and is only achievable if the substrate surface energy is below 66mN/m.This manuscript provides valuable insights into the modification of the polymers’ organization. The tuning of some parameters from the resist formulation as the blend ratio or the resist thickness and the addition of a bake after the coating are shown to modify this surface energy peeling limit. Additionally, a Particle Removal Efficiency study was conducted on blanket wafers to determine and understand how these three parameters influence cleaning efficiency. It has led to the optimization of process efficiency. This optimized process efficiency was evaluated on structured surfaces. The results showcased its capability to efficiently remove particles while preserving the integrity of delicate structures.This PhD project has contributed to broadening the comprehension of particle removal using a resist peeling process. Moreover, it has demonstrated the potential application of this method in an industrial context
Garric, Gilles. "Simulation couplée globale : atmosphère, banquise et océan superficiel". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30241.
Texto completoLebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Texto completoLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Girard, Lucas. "Vers un nouveau cadre de modélisation rhéologique de la banquise". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU021.
Texto completoIn this thesis, new approaches are used to model the mechanical behavior of sea ice and to evaluate sea ice models in terms of ice drift and deformation. It is first shown how the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice drift and deformation can be used as an evaluation metric for sea ice models. These properties are known to play an important role regarding ice growth estimates and should therefore be captured in sea ice models. The evaluation metric is applied to simulations performed with a coupled ocean/sea ice model, where the mechanical behavior of sea ice is represented using the Viscous-Plastic (VP) rheology, as in most current global ocean and climate models. The VP model is shown to be unable to capture the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice deformation. As these properties are a signature of the ice mechanical behavior, it suggests that the VP rheology is inappropriate for sea ice modeling. The new mechanical model developped during this thesis is based on the hyopthesis that sea ice deformation is mainly accommodated by fracturing and frictional sliding (brittle behavior) over a wide range of scales (stresses can be transmitted on long distances). The main characteristics of this new model, named the Elasto-Brittle (EB) rheology, are progressive damage to represent the brittle behavior, and an elastic constitutive law to allow long-range elastic interactions to take place. The EB rheology is first used to carry out a fundamental study of fracture in heterogeneous media. Simulations show that fracture is preceded by a divergence of the correlation length, measured from a correlation analysis of discrete events and from a scaling analysis of the continuous strain-rate field. The scaling properties of deformation that emerge in the vicinity of failure ressemble those observed for the brittle deformation of geophysical objects such as sea ice or the earth's crust. These results, that argue for a critical point interpretation of fracture, are discussed in the context of fracture at geophysical scales. Secondly, short term simulations of the winter Arctic sea ice cover are carried out using the EB rheology. The results show that the EB rheology captures well the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice deformation, motivating the implementation of the EB rheology in global sea ice models. On longer time scales, sea ice can recover its mechanical properties through refreezing of fractures. A healing law accounting for this process is presented along with preliminary results from simulations accounting for the effect of healing. Finally, a methodology for the implementation of the EB rheology within a global sea ice model is presented and discussed
Verin, Gauthier. "Propriétés physiques et optiques du manteau neigeux sur la banquise arctique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU010/document.
Texto completoThe Arctic ocean shows a very strong seasonality trough the permanent presence of sea ice whose extent varies from 6 to 15 millions km2. As an interface, sea ice limits ocean - atmosphere interactions and impacts the global energy budget by reflecting most of the short-wave incoming radiations. The snow cover, at the surface, is a key element contributing to the optical properties of sea ice. Snow enhances further the surface albedo and thus delays the onset of the ice melt. In addition, snow is the main responsible for the vertical light extinction in sea ice. However, after the polar night, this low light transmitted to the water column is a limiting factor for primary production at the base of the oceanic food web. The snow cover, through the temporal evolution of its physical properties, plays a key role controlling the magnitude and the timing of the phytoplanktonic bloom. In the actual global warming context, sea ice undergoes radical changes including summer extent reduction, thinning and shifts in snow thickness, all of which already alter Arctic primary production on a regional and global scale.This PhD thesis aims to better constrain the snow cover contributions to the radiative transfer of sea ice and its impact on Arctic primary production. It is based on a dataset collected during two sampling campaigns on landfast sea ice. Physical properties of snow such as snow specific surface area (SSA) and density allow a precise modeling of the radiative transfer which is then validated by optical measurements including albedo, transmittance through sea ice and vertical profiles of irradiance in the snow.During the melt season, marine snow which shows strong spatial heterogeneity evolves fol- lowing four distinctive phases. The melting, which first appears at the surface and gradually propagates to the entire snowpack, is characterized by a decrease in SSA from 25-60 m2kg-1 to less than 3 m2kg-1 resulting in a decrease in albedo and an increase in sea ice transmittance. This is a chaotic period, where optical properties show a very strong temporal variability induced by alternative episodes of surface melting and snowfalls. The physical properties of snow are used in a radiative transfer model in order to calculate albedo, transmittance through sea ice and vertical profiles of irradiance at all depths. The comparison between these simulations and measured vertical profiles of irradiance in snow highlights the presence of snow absorbing impurities which were subsequently qualitatively and quantitatively studied. In average, impurities were composed of 660 ngg-1 of mineral dust and 10 ngg-1 of black carbon. They were responsible for a two-fold reduction in light transmitted through sea ice. The light extinction, calculated at all depths in sea ice, and represented by isolums, was compared to the temporal evolution of ice algae biomass. The results show that every significant growth in ice algae population is related to an increase of light in the ice. These growths were observed even at very low light intensities of 0.4 uEm-2s-2. Light variations in the ice were linked by snow metamorphism and snow melting at the surface
Balkowski, Tatiana. "Daniel Danis : une dramaturgie du retrait". Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0075.
Texto completoThis essay provides a thematic, structural and stylistic analysis of Daniel Danis' dramatic writings, with the main goal of defining the concept of withdrawal (retrait). A fundamental pattern and a foundation of the author's writing, the figure of withdrawal appears as an essential one, on the one hand because it lies at the basis of Daniel Danis' dramaturgie system, and on the other hand because it is related to the author's "fundamental concern" with the "Being". Seeing that withdrawal is the place and the form of the "Being", the phenomenology of withdrawal in Danis' work enables us to answerthe ontological question: "What is the Being?" Moreover, ontology being inseparable from the ontic, the figure of the withdrawal enables the author to consider the question of representation and, in doing so, to reflect on theater, which is the art of representing the absence. In relation with the different characteristics of the withdrawal in our body of texts, we will establish four types of withdrawal: withdrawal as a mark of absence; "with-drawal" as an attempt to demarcate, to draw a dividing line; withdrawal (retrait) as a repetition of the absence (in reference to the meaning of the prefix "re-" in French, as the mark of the repetition); withdrawal as a presence of the absence, or as a denoted and noted absence. Such a categorization will enable us to highlight all that is withdraw in Daniel Denis’ work (words, images, ideas, figures) and, more generally, to evidence the unfailing link between ontology and dramaturgy, between speech on the Being and speech of the being
Sauget, Isabelle. "Le droit de retrait de l'associé". Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100039.
Texto completoStudy of different hypothesis of right of retreat. Elaboration of a notion and a juridical system
Bergey, Bernadette. "Le retrait de l'associé du GAEC". Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT4003.
Texto completoThe gaec, groupement agricole d'exploitation en commun, usually set up by the same family's members and mainly father and son, this in order to make the tool of work more profitable by a collective work and means of running, may disappear in case of departure of a partner. This kind of company intended to last only two generations, father's and son's. The partner's departure from the gaec may indeed creates two situations: - either the perennity of the gaec, if the departure is followed by the leaving partner's transfer of shares or free (of charge) if "disposition inter vivos" or a succession. However it is not without juridical or fiscal effect. - or its dissolution, if the impossibility of a partner's transfer of shares makes it impossible keeping the gaec in harmony with the law, or the statutes which control it. Out of the juridical distraints such a process creates, the dissolution is not neutral about the taxes and often requires important expenses. So, solutions will be found to try to minimize it or avoid this event
Humbert, Jean-François. "Le Retrait des dirigeants de sociétés". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375942477.
Texto completoBergey, Bernadette. "Le Retrait de l'associé du GAEC". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602927c.
Texto completoSoriot, Clément. "Caractérisation de la banquise Arctique à partir d'observations micro-ondes multi-satellites". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS451.
Texto completoSea ice plays a major role in ocean circulation as well as in the climate and weather system. In the context of global warming, the extent of the Arctic sea ice has been decreasing steadily over the last 40 years and monitoring of the Arctic is essential. Microwave instruments on board satellites allow the study of this region of the Earth under all weather conditions, and regardless of the day/night cycle. Particularly suited over polar regions with high cloud cover and a six-month polar night, microwave satellite provide key observations for estimating geophysical parameters of the sea ice. Nevertheless, the understanding of the physics underlying the observed microwave signatures is still partial. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the microwave signals of the sea ice and is part of the preparation of two upcoming Earth observation missions led by the European Space Agency: the Copernicus Imager Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) and the Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter (CRISTAL). In a first part, the covariabilities of passive microwave signals, highlighted by an unsupervised classification technique, will be analyzed and interpreted jointly with active microwave signals, using a microwave radiative transfer model. The results showed that it is possible to identify specific behaviors of sea ice concentration and thickness, and snow structure. The importance of metamorphism within the snowpack for the interpretation of passive microwave signals was highlighted. In a second part, an algorithm for estimating sea ice thickness from passive microwave observations was developed using an artificial intelligence technique. The results were compared to in situ sea ice thickness measurements and also showed good performance compared to other satellite-based sea ice thickness products. By applying the algorithm to a long collection of intercalibrated satellite data, a time series of Arctic sea ice thickness was constructed between 1992 and 2020, making it the longest to date. A final section deals with microwave altimetry techniques for measuring geophysical parameters of the sea ice. The sensitivity of microwave altimetry waveforms to the thickness of the snow cover of the Arctic sea ice is analyzed
Gani, Sarah. "Analyse des processus physiques régissant les évolutions récentes de la banquise Arctique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS377.
Texto completoIn the Arctic, the consequences of global warming are stronger than anywhere else on the planet : the increase in air temperature over the last two decades is more than twice the average increase, according to the latest IPCC report. The evolution of the ice pack is a prime example of these changes. We observe a significant decrease in sea ice cover, associated with a loss of volume in all seasons. The sea ice becomes younger, more breakable, and more mobile. These changes in sea ice have brought the Arctic into a new state where air/snow/ice/ocean interactions are altered and difficult to apprehend. More observations and efficient numerical models are required to better understand and predict these changes and to correctly simulate the interactions between sea ice and the other components that control the Arctic climate. In this climate change context, the objective of this thesis is to analyze observations mainly collected in winter by IAOOS -Ice Atmosphere Arctic Ocean Observing System- drifting buoys (equipped with SIMBAs -SAMS Ice Mass Balance for the Arctic-), to understand which processes determine the recent Arctic sea ice evolution. We confront these analyses with numerical simulations made from the one-dimensional ice and snow model LIM1D (Louvain-la-Neuve sea Ice Model)
Apaya, Ingrid. "Retrait endogène et de séchage des BAP à air entrainé [sic] contenant divers composés organiques comme anti-retrait". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5507.
Texto completoGarcia, Boivin Sandra. "Retrait au jeune age du beton : developpement d'une methode experimentale et contribution a l'analyse physique du retrait endogene". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENPC9912.
Texto completoGimbert, Florent. "Mécanique de la banquise Arctique et des matériaux granulaires : deux milieux, deux approches". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846380.
Texto completoDansereau, Véronique. "Un modèle Maxwell-élasto-fragile pour la déformation et dérive de la banquise". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU003/document.
Texto completoIn recent years, analyses of available ice buoy and satellite data have revealed the strong heterogeneity and intermittency of the deformation of sea ice and have demonstrated that the viscous-plastic rheology widely used in current climate models and operational modelling platforms does not simulate adequately the drift, deformation and mechanical stresses within the ice pack.A new alternative rheological framework named ''Maxwell-Elasto-Brittle” (Maxwell-EB) is therefore developed in the view of reproducing more accurately the drift and deformation of the ice cover in continuum sea ice models at regional to global scales. The model builds on an elasto-brittle framework used for ice and rocks. A viscous-like relaxation term is added to a linear-elastic constitutive relationship together with an effective viscosity that evolves with the local level of damage of the material, like its elastic modulus. This framework allows for part of the internal stress to dissipate in large, permanent deformations along the faults/leads once the material is highly damaged while retaining the memory of small, elastic deformations over undamaged areas. A healing mechanism is also introduced, counterbalancing the effects of damaging over large time scales.The numerical scheme for the Maxwell-EB model is based on finite elements and variational methods. The equations of motion are cast in the Eulerian frame and discontinuous Galerkin methods are implemented to handle advective processes.Idealized simulations without advection are first presented. These demonstrate that the Maxwell-EB rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics and deformation : the strain localization, the anisotropy and intermittency of deformation and the associated scaling laws. The successful representation of these properties translates into very large gradients within all simulated fields. Idealized numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the amount of numerical diffusion associated with the advection of these extreme gradients in the model and investigate other limitations of the numerical scheme. First large-deformation simulations are carried in the context of a Couette flow experiment, which allow a comparison with the result of a similar laboratory experiment performed on fresh-water ice. The model reproduces part of the mechanical behaviour observed in the laboratory. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results allow identifying some numerical and physical limitations of the model in the context of large-deformation and laboratory-scale simulations. Finally, the Maxwell-EB framework is implemented in the context of modelling the drift and deformation of sea ice on geophysical scales. Idealized simulations of the flow of sea ice through a narrow channel are presented. The model simulates the propagation of damage along arch-like features and successfully reproduces the formation of stable ice bridges
Beltzung, Françoise. "Approche colloïdale du retrait des matrices cimentaires /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=15122.
Texto completoBarrier, Joris. "Chiffrement homomorphe appliqué au retrait d'information privé". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0041/document.
Texto completoPrivate information retrieval, named PIR, is a set of protocols that is a part of privacy enhancement technologies.Its major feature is to hide the index of a record that a user retrieved from the host.Without neglecting the scientific contributions of its authors, the usability of this protocol seems hard since that, for a user, it seems more and more efficient to receive all the records.Thus far, PIR can be achieved using mutually distrustful databases replicated databases, trusted hardware, or cryptographic systems.We focus on computational private information retrieval, and specifically on thus based on cryptographic systems.This decision is contingent to the spread of cryptographic systems based on lattices who provide specific properties.To demonstrate it usability, we offer an efficient and easy-to-use private Information retrieval based on homomorphic encryption
Kohn-Fiszel, Nadine. "L' auto-retrait : les voies de l'évidement". Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010577.
Texto completoNowamooz, Hossein. "RETRAIT/GONFLEMENT DES SOLS ARGILEUX COMPACTES ET NATURELS". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00331856.
Texto completoL'ensemble des résultats expérimentaux permet de déterminer les surfaces de charge : la limite de séparation de micro/macro (Lm/M) ; la surface de chargement-effondrement (LC) et la surface de comportement saturé (SCS). La succion limite entre la micro- et la macrostructure (Lm/M) dépend parfaitement de la structure interne et du diamètre qui délimite les deux familles de pores. L'évolution de la pression de préconsolidation en fonction de la succion imposée est présentée par la surface LC. Les courbes de compressibilité sous différentes succions convergent vers la courbe correspondant à l'état saturé sous de fortes contraintes appliquées. La pression à partir de laquelle, le sol continue son chemin sur la courbe du comportement normalement consolidé est appelée la pression de saturation (Psat). Plus la succion imposée est élevée, plus la charge nécessaire pour atteindre cette pression de saturation est importante. La surface SCS présente la variation de la pression de saturation en fonction de la succion imposée. Nous pouvons considérer que les surfaces de charge SCS et LC sont uniques pour les sols denses cependant elles se superposent à la fin des cycles de succion pour les sols lâches. Les cycles hydriques augmentent aussi la limite (Lm/M) entre la micro- et la macrostructure pour les deux sols.
Elyakime, Bernard. "Encheres de bois a prix de retrait secret". Toulouse 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU10045.
Texto completoWe consider a first-price sealed bid auction of woods with a secret reservation price and a second-round of bargoining. Such anctions are used frequently in france to sell timber. In first, we characterize strategies for the buyer and the seller in a first-price sealed bid auction with a secret reservation price. We also estimate the model : mean and variance of the distributions of seller's and buyer's private values. We evaluate the expected gain for the seller from moving from a secret to the optimal and public recervation price. In a second stage, we consider a first-price sealed bid auction in which the seller's reservation price is also not announced in advance and where a second-round of bangaining outcome between the seller and the highest bidder when the auctioneed lot of woods has remained unsold in the first-round. We characterize buyer's and seller's strategies. We estimate the model : mean and variance of the distributions of seller's and buyer's private values. Then, we compute the optimal and public reservation price of the seller. We evaluate the expected gain for the seller from moving from a secret to the optimal public reservation price
TAGHI, ZADEH DANIEL. "Le retrait ou l'etre de la poesie rimbaldienne". Lille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL30018.
Texto completoTouré, Habib Badjinri. "Le retrait des États membres des organisations internationales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/220708_TOURE_260opryg869i89wvqno178ye_TH.pdf.
Texto completoThe specificity of the constituent instruments of International organizations lies in the fact that they are constitutions for the latter, whereas they are treaties for the member States. It thus remains for the States an instrument of International cooperation. At the same time, it is the basis of the organization's legal existence from which its International legal personality derives. Despite this specificity, States do not lose their right of withdrawal under International law. Moreover, they do not hesitate to threaten to use this right in the event of opposition between their will and that of the organization. Thus, while withdrawal is the legal act by which a State ends its participation, its exercise raises questions about the relationship that the organization maintains with its member States. However, the exercise of this right is subject to several conditions that help to limit the unilateral action of States on the one hand and to protect the integrity of the organization on the other. These rules are essentially inspired by those governing the denunciation of treaties. However, the specificity of the founding act requires a particular adaptation in view of the issues raised by the question of withdrawal from an International organization
Ferraris, Chiara Francesca Ferraris Chiara F. "Mécanismes du retrait de la pâte de ciment durcie /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1986. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=621.
Texto completoShen, Yong Xiang. "Le retrait des états membres des organisations internationales universelles". Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE0013.
Texto completoThe majority of the international organizations, the member states enjoy the institutional right of withdrawal. The absence of the clause of withdrawal in some constitutional instruments doesn't signify the interdiction of the withdrawal. The traditional clauses to denounce a treaty also serve as the arguments for the withdrawal of the state. Last, the special right of withdrawal is justified by the states' will and the nature of the constitutional instruments of the international organizations. The withdrawal should conform to the procedure, generally composed of a previous notification and of a liquidation. It is difficult to consider the liquidation as a precondition for the withdrawal to take effect. If the withdrawal signifies juridically a rupture between the state and the organization, because of constitutional ambiguities and of compromises of the organization, an ex-member state is often in a more advantageous position than a non-member state of the international organization
Durafour, Jean-Michel. "Howard Winchester Hawks (1896-1977) : la trace du retrait". Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0096.
Texto completoThe aesthetics of the Hollywood film director Howard Winchester Hawks (1896-1977) is structured by a conceiving of the world based on the immanent interaction between two (apparently paradoxical) parameters : a method, the repetition; a tool, the withdrawal. According to the essence of the repetition, the generating of the difference, the Hawksian repetition will not be confused with the duplicating reiteration, but it founds an ontology of the fading by a deducting addition. "To be" is "to be repeated", that is to say re-asserted in its evanescing. Therefore, a threefold withdrawal, constituent of the humanity of human being questioned by the artist in a critical movement toward the American ideology (especially in the Emersonian tradition), crosses the Hawksian world : out of nature, out of society, out of myself. The cinema is then, on this occasion, re-examined by the light of its capacity, trough the intervention of the human vector, to lead us to the revelation of the being
Touati, Abdellaziz. "Analyse du retrait et réduction des déformations en stéréolithographie". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL041N.
Texto completoMiao, Buquan. "Effets mécaniques dus au retrait de dessiccation du béton". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENPC8912.
Texto completoSeigneur, Valérie. "Étude de l'influence du mûrissement à l'eau et de l'ajout d'un agent réducteur de retrait sur le retrait endogène de bétons à haute performance". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0033/MQ67327.pdf.
Texto completoSeigneur, Valérie. "Étude de l'influence du mûrissement à l'eau et de l'ajout d'un agent réducteur de retrait sur le retrait endogène de bétons à haute performance". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
Buscar texto completoSadeghi, Mehrad. "Contribution à l'étude du retrait au cours d'un séchage microonde". Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT047H.
Texto completoTurcry, Philippe. "Retrait et fissuration des bétons autoplaçants : influence de la formulation". Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2098.
Texto completoSelf compacting concrete (SCC), is a fluid concrete cast without vibration, which is more and more used by building industry. But its development is slowed down by a complex formulation and a delayed behaviour still unknown. This research program was carried out within the framework of a national project called B@P and was financed by VM Matériaux, a French producer of ready made concrete. Its first concern is a comparison of SCC and ordinary concrete regarding shrinkage cracking potential. Its second objective is to find solutions to minimise this cracking potential. In practice, SCC mix design is mainly empirical. However scientific methods can be found in literature. In the first part, a comparison of three mix design methods is done. This study leads us to propose solutions for rationalising current empirical approach. In the second part, mechanism of plastic shrinkage and cracking at the fresh state are studied thanks specially designed devices. First the link between cracking and shrinkage is shown to be difficult to establish. Consistency appears to be a parameter as essential as shrinkage in cracking. We show then that plastic shrinkage of SCC is higher than ordinary concrete one when drying is moderate, but identical when drying rate is high. Restrained shrinkage tests confirm that the risk of cracking at the fresh state is similar for SCC and ordinary concrete when drying rate is high. One concludes first that it is necessary to protect SCC from drying at early age to compensate for their lack of bleeding, then that fluid consistency offers to them a strain capacity higher than that of the ordinary concrete. The third part is devoted to the potential of cracking due to shrinkage after setting. Mechanical properties of SCC and derived ordinary concrete are compared. Compressive strength appears to be a good index of comparison, because for the same resistance, elastic modulus, total shrinkage, creep and rupture parameters differ little from a SCC composition and an ordinary one manufactured with the same components. .
Kahouadji, Amira. "Analyse et modélisation du retrait des bétons de sable fluides". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0060.
Texto completoThe work presented in this thesis, compares the behavior of the fluid concrete to the ordinary one with the exactly the same strength of the free strain of concrete. The bibliographical study, presented in this work, had permitted to analyze the tree principal models used to describe the shrinkage The monitoring of the drying process of microscope and the analysis of their porometry, of the mono modal type, were thus shown. The drying shrinkage of sand concrete has a kinetic which does not greatly differ from of ordinary concrete, however the sand concrete amplitude is almost twice that ordinary concrete. The autogenously shrinkage of the two concrete are almost identical. We have study simu1tanemet the shrinkage at different conditions (T= 2 0° and 30°C) and humidity (HR=50, 60, 70, 9(0 %) and their lost of height. Another important result found is that the desiccation of the sand concrete occurs without major cracking. This is explaining by the velocity and essentially by the uniformity
Martin, Yanick. "Remblai sans retrait : optimisation de la formulation et conditions d'utilisation". Mémoire, Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1114.
Texto completoMakki, Lamis. "Comportement de retrait-gonflement des sols en période de sécheresse". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066657.
Texto completoRampal, Pierre. "Etude de la dérive et de la déformation de la banquise Arctique par l'analyse de trajectoires Lagrangiennes". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00352799.
Texto completoOn observe une disparition significative et progressive de la banquise depuis environ un demi siècle, disparition qui s'est accélérée au cours des dernières années, a tel point qu'elle dépasse les prévisions les plus alarmistes des modèles les plus sophistiqués.
Nous montrons dans cette thèse que cette sous-estimation pourrait être le résultat de l'utilisation d'un cadre de modélisation inadéquat : en considérant la banquise comme un milieu continu fluide, les modèles actuels ne parviennent pas a reproduire, entre autres, les propriétés d'intermittence et d'hétérogénéité de son champs de déformation que nous mettons en évidence. De ce fait, la fracturation de la banquise, bien que largement observable sur le terrain et/ou par satellite, n'est pas correctement reproduite. Or, elle apparait comme essentielle au regard de son contrôle sur le caractère isolant décrit plus haut.
Dans ce travail, nous suggérons également d'adopter un nouveau schéma de modélisation, considérant la banquise comme une plaque rigide ayant un comportement mécanique elasto-fragile.
Rampal, Pierre. "Étude de la dérive et de la déformation de la banquise Arctique par l'analyse de trajectoires Lagrangiennes". Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10239.
Texto completoThe arctic sea ice is a solid plate that floats on the ocean over several millions of squared kilometers. Temporal and spatial variations of the sea ice thickness control the mechanical and thermal exchanges between the arctic atmosphere and the Arctic Ocean. This later plays a fundamental role on the thermohaline circulation, and consequently, on the earth climate. Thus, as it isolates the ocean from the atmosphere, the sea ice cover can be viewed as a key parameter of the global climate. Since approximately five decades, we can observe a significant sea ice shrinking, which accelerated during the last years. All the most sophisticated global climate models under-estimate this acceleration. In this work, we show that this under-estimation can be due to the modeling framework used in these models: indeed, the sea ice cover is modeled as a viscous plastic material and, as an example, do not exhibit some fundamental properties of its dynamics, i. E. The intermittency and the heterogeneity of its deformation field. Then, the induced fracturing of the sea ice cover is not reproduced, and its consequences in terms of energy exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean are neglected. We suggest that the arctic sea ice has to be considered as a deforming solid plate, and modeled with an alesto-brittle rheology
Aouad, Idriss. "Étude de l'influence du rapport eau/liant, de la fumée de silice et d'un agent réducteur de retrait sur le retrait endogène de pâtes de ciment". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0035/MQ67681.pdf.
Texto completoAouad, Idriss. "Étude de l'influence du rapport eau/liant, de la fumée de silice et d'un agent réducteur de retrait sur le retrait endogène de pâtes de ciment". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1998. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1131.
Texto completoBotosso, Paulo Cesar. "Une méthode de mesure du retrait microscopique du bois : application à la prédiction du retrait tangentiel d'éprouvettes de bois massif de Sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill.)". Nancy 1, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1997_0001_BOTOSSO.pdf.
Texto completoAouad, Idriss. "Étude de l'influence du rapport eau/liant, de la fumée de silice et d'un agent réducteur de retrait sur le retrait endogène de pâtes de ciment". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999.
Buscar texto completoKilic, Lise. "Estimation des paramètres de surface des océans et de la banquise à partir d’observations micro-ondes basses fréquences". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS167.
Texto completoThe oceans and sea ice play an important role in the climate and weather system. A future low-frequency passive microwave satellite mission designed to observe the polar regions is currently under study at the European Space Agency for the expansion of the Copernicus programme. Passive microwave satellite observations provide all-weather observation of the Earth surface, both day and night. In this thesis, we are interested in estimating ocean and ice surface parameters from low-frequency passive microwave satellite observations. The objective is to develop new methods for estimating these parameters that are more efficient and adapted to the future passive microwave satellite mission CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer). The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean wind speed. The second part deals with the estimation of sea ice parameters such as sea ice concentration, snow depth and snow-ice interface temperature. Finally, with the methods developed in this thesis, the performances of the CIMR mission are evaluated and compared with the current missions
Georges, Emmanuel. "Essai de généralisation d'un droit de retrait dans la société anonyme /". [Paris] : LGDJ [u.a.], 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/516619268.pdf.
Texto completoDo, Thanh Viet. "Étude du retrait du polyester renforcé par des tissus de verre". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1999. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1080.
Texto completoGeorges, Emmanuel. "Essai de généralisation d'un droit de retrait dans la société anonyme". Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3006.
Texto completoRazafindrafara, Zoary Abéline. "Problèmes financiers liés au retrait de Madagascar de la zone franc". Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA131016.
Texto completoThe french franc area is an area of both monetary and economic cooperation, which is characterized by the coexistence of two main monetary unions that have no equivalent in the rest of the world. France is the leader in this area and also acts there as a policeman, a part that her african partners challenged in 1972-1973. After negotiations between the parties to the case had taken place, the number of the french representatives in the leadership of the two main central banks (bceao and beac) was reduced but the two countries, madagascar and mauritania, preferred to part from the french franc area altogether. As for madagascar, this decision was the consequence of a radical change in the political regime, as a result of the 1972 student demonstrations. Its main aim was to allow the country a real economic independance. Many steps were taken in order to meet a number of difficulties, especially a strict foreign exchange control and a drastic limitation of the imports, but these measures did not allow madagascar to stave off indebtedness, a problem that every developing country met at the end of the seventies, including the members of the french franc area. The excessive recourse to foreign capital and the intervention of the international monetary fund were the cause of an incrased financial dependence, with the result that the welfare of the population was reduced at the sacrifice of the debt service, which absorbed a large part of the income drawn from the exports. However, although madagascar currently is in an apparently more critical situation than the countries which remained in the french franc area, she benefited from her full sovereignty and could freely determine her economic, financial and monetary policy. This experiment will help her rectify past errors and go on progressing
Do, Thanh Viet. "Étude du retrait du polyester renforcé par des tissus de verre". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Buscar texto completoCarotenuto, Sylvie. "La disparition non contentieuse des actes administratifs : contribution à la théorie du retrait et de l'abrogation des actes administratifs". Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32052.
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