Literatura académica sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Ulubay, Gaye. "SOLUNUM KAS FİZYOLOJİSİ VE KAS GÜCÜ ÖLÇÜMÜ". Toraks Cerrahisi Bulteni 10, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2017): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/tcb.2017.006.
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Bigatello, Luca y Antonio Pesenti. "Respiratory Physiology for the Anesthesiologist". Anesthesiology 130, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2019): 1064–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002666.
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Abstract Respiratory function is fundamental in the practice of anesthesia. Knowledge of basic physiologic principles of respiration assists in the proper implementation of daily actions of induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, delivery of mechanical ventilation, discontinuation of mechanical and pharmacologic support, and return to the preoperative state. The current work provides a review of classic physiology and emphasizes features important to the anesthesiologist. The material is divided in two main sections, gas exchange and respiratory mechanics; each section presents the physiology as the basis of abnormal states. We review the path of oxygen from air to the artery and of carbon dioxide the opposite way, and we have the causes of hypoxemia and of hypercarbia based on these very footpaths. We present the actions of pressure, flow, and volume as the normal determinants of ventilation, and we review the resulting abnormalities in terms of changes of resistance and compliance.
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Rose, Christopher C. y Allan B. Wolfson. "Respiratory Physiology". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 7, n.º 2 (mayo de 1989): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30332-1.
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Golish, J. A. y K. McCarthy. "Respiratory Physiology". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 55, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 1988): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.55.3.285.
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Stanojevic, Sanja. "Respiratory physiology". Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine 5, n.º 2 (4 de marzo de 2021): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24745332.2021.1875935.
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Hamick, Steven K. "Respiratory Physiology". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, n.º 10 (octubre de 2006): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000242900.14925.76.
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Widdicombe, John y Andrew Davies. "Respiratory Physiology". Critical Care Medicine 13, n.º 4 (abril de 1985): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198504000-00015.
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Bigatello, Luca M. "Respiratory Physiology". ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology 38, n.º 1 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/asa.0b013e3181fe954c.
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NEUFELD, GORDON R. "Respiratory Physiology". Anesthesiology 72, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1990): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199004000-00047.
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Forster, R. E. "Respiratory Physiology". Science 263, n.º 5149 (18 de febrero de 1994): 998–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5149.998.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Kelsall, Angela. "Respiratory physiology in chronic cough". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491479.
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Introduction: Varying methods of cough quantification have been used to describe cough frequency, although there is no consensus which method best relates to subjective rating of cough. With increased availability of semi-automated cough recording devices, the capability to carryout anti-tussive studies is greatly increased. However, there is no data available describing the magnitude of change in cough frequency necessary to provide therapeutic benefit. Female patients are over represented in specialist cough clinics. There is little data describing pulmonary function and airway inflammation in phenotyped patients and how these measures may relate to objectively measured cough. Airway inflammation isa common feature of chronic cough, regardless of the trigger for cough. The repetitive mechanical insult of the act of coughing may be responsible for the presence ofthis inflammation. Methods: 100 patients with unexplained chronic cough under went full diagnostic testing in order to determine potential triggers for cough. Procedures included pulmonary function testing; (spirometry, eND, EBC pH, BHR, Cough challenge, induced sputum, objective and subjective cough monitoring), Bronchoscopy, 24 hour impedance monitoring with simultaneous cough monitoring, Gastroscopy and ENT. A subset of cough recordings were quantified in cough sounds, cough seconds and cough epochs to determine the best way to quantify cough. 20 healthy volunteers performed voluntary coughing manoeuvres to determine the acute effects of coughing on airway function and inflammation. Results: Cough sounds and seconds correlate moderately with subjective and QDL . methods. Patients reported a reduced cough frequency whilst undergoing impedance testing; a reduction of33% was seen although patients were unable to quantify the scale of change. Female patients coughed substantially more than male patients, with the largest difference seen at night. Cough frequency was predicted by gender, C5 and age. Cough frequency was not related to a specific trigger for cough. Reduced small airway flows were seen that were independent of BHR. Prominent airway neutrophilia was seen regardless of the trigger for cough. Acute changes in eND and EBC were seen after short periods ofvoluntary coughing. Sputum inflammatory mediator levels showed huge variability and did not change as a result of coughing. Bronchodilation ofthe small airways was also seen after coughing. Conclusion: The use of objective cough monitoring has enabled me for the first time to describe the most appropriate current methods of cough quantification and to demonstrate the magnitude ofreduction in cough frequency that is appreciated by -patients.-I-havereportedimportant significant genderdifferences in cough frequency and shown that cough frequency is predicted not only by gender but also age and cough reflex sensitivity showing important implications for underlying mechanisms of chronic cough. I have also shown for the first time that pulmonary function measures are reduced in patients without indication of asthma. The mechanical act of coughing causes acute bronchodilation of small airways and reduces eND and EBC pH.
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HOIT, JEANNETTE DEE. "AGE AND SPEECH BREATHING (KINEMATICS, PHYSIOLOGY, RESPIRATORY)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183956.
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The present investigation was designed to elucidate the potential influence of age on speech breathing. Toward this end, 30 men representing three widely different age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied. These individuals were carefully selected to meet stringent criteria, the most important of which related to health and physical characteristics. Speech breathing was studied via anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen. Recordings were made during extemporaneous speaking and reading and during the performance of various chest wall maneuvers used in the measurement of the speech breathing data. In addition to speech breathing, selected measures of general respiratory function were obtained. These included measures of subdivisions of the lung volume and measures of resting tidal breathing. Results indicated that these 30 subjects were representative of other subjects studied with respect to measures of general respiratory function. Subdivisions of the lung volume were found to differ with age in the manner predicted by previous investigations. Age-related differences were most marked for measures of vital capacity and residual volume. By contrast, there were no age-related differences for measures of resting tidal breathing. Several speech breathing measures were found to differ with age. Age-related differences were usually between the 25- and 75-year-old subject groups and less commonly between the 25- and 50-year-old subject groups. For extemporaneous speaking, differences were found for lung volume excursion, rib cage volume initiation (referenced to the rib cage volume associated with the relaxed configuration of the chest wall), number of syllables per breath group, and lung volume expended per syllable (in percent vital capacity). For reading, differences were found for lung volume expended per syllable (in percent vital capacity). Age-related similarities and differences in general respiratory function and speech breathing are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, implications are drawn regarding evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders.
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Pfitzer, Silke. "The respiratory physiology of opioid immobilisation in African antelope". Thesis, Pfitzer, Silke (2019) The respiratory physiology of opioid immobilisation in African antelope. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/54072/.
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This thesis addresses the mitigation of opioid-induced respiratory depression in wild African antelope species.
Potent opioids such as etorphine or thiafentanil are often used for the immobilisation of wild herbivores. One disadvantage of using these potent opioids is that they can cause clinically significant respiratory depression which is due to their potent effect on mu-opioid receptors. Activation of mu-opioid receptors in the respiratory centres of animals depresses neurons that generate the normal respiratory rhythm. At the same time activation of mu-opioid receptors on chemo receptors in the brain stem, on the aortic arch and carotid bodies depresses the normal respiratory drive as these chemo receptors become less sensitive to activation by hypercapnia, hypoxaemia and acidaemia. This effect in turn leads to a reduction of the respiratory frequency and tidal volume. Furthermore, pulmonary vasoconstriction, caused by the sympathomimetic actions of etorphine, decreases pulmonary perfusion. This effect leads to impaired diffusion of oxygen through the alveolar membrane. Studies have found that serotonergic ligands, specifically 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OHDPAT), improved blood oxygenation by reducing opioid-induced respiratory depression and improving pulmonary perfusion through their serotonergic effects on the lungs and brain. More specifically, 8-OH-DPAT binds to 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 serotonin receptors in the lungs and brain. This binding results in smooth muscle relaxation and improved pulmonary perfusion without affecting catatonia and sedation caused by opioids. It was thought that the use of the R-enantiomer of 8-OH-DPAT (R-8-OH-DPAT) in comparison to the racemic form (RS-8-OH-DPAT), might produce even better results because of its high specificity at the 5- HT1A receptors.
Although some literature on the pharmacokinetic data of 8-OH-DPAT in rats and marmosets existed, there was no published literature available on the pharmacokinetics of 8-OH-DPAT in ungulates.
Therefore, the investigation into the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of R-8-OH-DPAT in goats served as the first step in a series of experiments to understand the viability of adding R-8-OH-DPAT to an opioid-based immobilisation protocol for wild antelope species in order to alleviate respiratory depression. It was hypothesised that the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of R-8-OH-DPAT in goats would be similar but different to that reported in other species. It was established that the bioavailability of R-8-OH-DPAT when injected intramuscularly (IM) into goats was 66%. At the dosage used in this experiment (0.1 mg kg- 1), signs of serotonin toxicity were observed in some of the goats. The bioavailability results, as well as the encountered side effects in goats, guided the choice of three experimental R-8- OH-DPAT dosages for the next experiment.
The second experiment aimed to determine the ability of R-8-OH-DPAT, when administered in combination with etorphine in a dart, to prevent opioid-induced respiratory depression in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) and impala (Aepyceros melampus). The experiment also aimed to establish the most clinically effective dosage of R-8-OH-DPAT, in these species.
Blesbok and impala were chosen for the second experiment as they were abundant and readily available in the study area. Both are antelope species commonly immobilised with potent opioids. Impala are regularly used in immobilisation experiments. It was hypothesised that R-8-OH-DPAT would mitigate opioid-induced respiratory depression in wild ungulates without affecting the quality of immobilisation. R-8-OH-DPAT did not influence induction, immobilisation or recovery scores in either of the species. However, this experiment revealed that there were substantial differences between the two antelope species and their physiological changes after the administration of etorphine alone as well as etorphine in combination with 0.005, 0.02 and 0.07 mg kg-1 R-8-OH-DPAT respectively. Surprisingly, opioid-induced hypoxia was substantially more severe in impala compared to blesbok. Respiratory rate in blesbok, but not impala, increased with an increasing dosage of R-8-OHDPAT but this did not translate into clinically relevant improvements in partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) values in blesbok.
In impala, the medium and higher dosages of R-8-OH-DPAT combined with etorphine led to an improved PaO2 and decreased opioid-induced tachycardia during the first ten minutes of immobilisation.
It was concluded that species-specific effects and the possibility of serotonin toxicity at higher dosages, which seemed most effective, might not allow the routine use of R-8-OHDPAT at appropriate dosages for wildlife immobilisation.
These results lead to the third experiment which aimed at comparing physiological effects of two commonly used potent opioids, namely etorphine and thiafentanil, in both antelope species. It was hypothesised that the time to recumbence, immobilisation quality and physiological variables during immobilisation of blesbok and impala respectively would differ between the two potent opioids.
The results of this experiment demonstrate that both opioids used in high dosages are suitable for immobilisation of blesbok and impala without the addition of any sedative or tranquillisers. Both, blesbok and impala developed hypertension with either of the opioids. The thiafentanil treated animals of both species developed higher systemic blood pressure compared to the etorphine treated animals. The healthy animals used for these experiments recovered from hypertension without apparent adverse consequences.
Thiafentanil in impala achieved a faster time to recumbence compared to etorphine but thiafentanil also was responsible for more incidences of prolonged apnoea during the beginning of the monitoring period in impala. Overall, there were large differences in the reaction of individual impalas to the opioid immobilisation, which seemed to result in unpredictable immobilisation.
In blesbok, opioid-induced respiratory depression, hypoxia and hypercapnia were much less pronounced than in impala. Thiafentanil treated blesbok had higher respiratory rates, higher PaO2 and lower partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) compared to etorphine treated blesbok. There was no difference in time to recumbence between the two opioids in blesbok.
In conclusion, for short term management procedures of impala and blesbok, both opioids are suitable. No matter which opioid is used, both cause hypoxaemia to a greater or lesser degree and oxygen supplementation should be considered for both species.
Veterinarians should also be aware that in some species, such as impala, thiafentanil can achieve a faster time to recumbence than etorphine. However, this statement cannot be applied across all species as in blesbok there was no significant difference between both drugs with regards to time to recumbence. In addition, time to recumbence has to be weighed against potential negative respiratory, pulmonary and cardiovascular side-effects of the drug.
While these experiments did not give the desired positive results with regards to the use of R-8-OH-DPAT to alleviate opioid-induced respiratory depression, they led to insights into differences between the two opioids which will enable veterinarians to make a more educated decision as to which opioid should be used preferentially.
New insights into the differences between blesbok and impala with respect to reaction and physiological changes caused by opioids will also enable researchers to make decisions with regards to species selection for wildlife trials. It may also explain some of the difficulties encountered when immobilising impala.
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Hallifax, Robert. "Understanding pneumothorax : epidemiology, physiology and predicting outcome". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6090cef1-318a-4220-970e-2d5b6e3edfac.
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Contrary to traditional teaching, patients with Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP) do not have normal lungs. Emphysema-like change (ELC) and inflammation are common. However, the natural history of ELC and its significance in terms of future disease is not known. Current management of pneumothorax is generic and not personalised. This thesis updates the UK epidemiology of pneumothorax, describes the use of two novel methods to examine the lungs, a method of predicting early treatment failure, the association of CT findings and recurrence, and a systematic review of chemical pleurodesis to reduce recurrence. Analysis of fifty years' data on ~150,000 admissions demonstrated that the incidence of pneumothorax is increasing, and established a method to identify primary from secondary pneumothoraces and their relative risk of recurrence. Reduced ventilation of hyperpolarised Xenon on enhanced-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was seen in those PSP patients with greater low attenuation areas on Computed Tomography (CT) and with reduced pulmonary function. A model of lung inhomogeneity found that metrics of lung ventilation distinguished pneumothorax patients from healthy volunteers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. This may represent subtle or mild disease, not identified on standard testing, which may be exacerbated by smoking. CT scanning found that mild emphysema and cystic airspaces were common in PSP patients. Ex- or current smokers had more (and larger) cysts. Emphysema was more common in smokers and patients with a history of previous pneumothorax: who were at higher risk of recurrence. However, variation in number and size of cysts were seen in both those patients with and without recurrence. As such, no single algorithm to predict recurrence was identified. Airflow measurement early in the patient pathway has the potential to identify those likely to fail treatment, potentially allowing early triage to surgery. The addition of talc or minocycline as an adjunct to surgery provides the lowest recurrence rates, but physician-led talc poudrage may be similarly effective. Those in whom surgery is not suitable, chemical pleurodesis could be offered via chest drain. Data presented in this thesis thus provides insights into the underlying abnormalities in PSP and lays the groundwork for strategies to fundamentally alter the management paradigm.
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Whiteley, Jonathan. "Biomathematical models for some respiratory forcing techniques". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288052.
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Hlongwana, Simangele I. "Investigating adherence of authorised prescribers to standerd treatment guidelines/essential medicine list when treating children presenting with respiratory conditions at primary health care level in the umkhanyakude health district, Kwazulu Nata". Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1076.
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Thesis (MSc(Med)(Pharmacy) ) -- University of Limpopo, 2013.Introduction: Primary Health Care (PHC) is regarded as the first level of contact with the National Health System with health care services provided mainly by nurses with varying competences. PHC is about interaction with people thus the quality of PHC depends extensively on the competence of the people who provide it. Therefore, the way health care personnel are trained and how capacity continues to be developed is of fundamental importance to PHC. Following the Alma-Ala Declaration, policies, such as the National Drug Policy (NDP) were developed in South Africa to guide health care services. The NDP resulted in the formulation of Standard Treatment Guidelines/Essential Medicine List (STGs/EML). Emphasis has been placed on all prescribers to strictly adhere to these guidelines when providing clinical patient care. Despite these developments reports still indicate that antibiotics are irrationally used when treating respiratory infections. It is therefore imperative that localised reasons for deviations from the STGs/EML when treating respiratory conditions are thoroughly investigated to facilitate relevant interventions. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to: (1) document the treatment prescribed to children up to 12 years of age for respiratory conditions, (2) assess adherence of the authorised prescribers to the 2008 PHC STGs/ EML and (3) determine factors impacting on deviations from the 2008 STGs/EML. Method: Twenty randomly selected PHC facilities in the district participated in the study. In each of the 20 selected PHC facilities, three prescribers were randomly selected for the structured interview and auditing of their prescription registers. Five prescriptions from each of the sampled prescription registers of the selected authorised prescribers, containing any of the children's respiratory conditions to be studied, were audited. A total of 15 prescriptions from each of the selected PHC facilities were audited. Descriptive statistics was used to xii analyse data and responses to categorical variables were summarised as frequency counts and percentages. Results were presented as tables, figures and graphs. Results: Pneumonia (39.7%) was found to be the most common respiratory condition seen at Umkhanyakude Health District followed by the common cold and influenza. Amoxicillin (52%) was the most often prescribed antibiotic for these respiratory conditions. Only 4% of prescribers showed full adherence to the 2008 PHC STGs/EML. While prescribers had a positive attitude towards the 2008 PHC STGs/EML, their sense of adherence, content understanding of these guidelines, as well as knowledge of medicine used for respiratory conditions, were exaggerated. Failure to accurately diagnose respiratory conditions and lack of implementation and monitoring strategies were also amongst the factors impacting on adherence. Conclusion: Adherence to the 2008 PHC STGs/EML for the treatment of respiratory conditions in children up to 12 years of age was found to be a challenge in Umkhanyakude PHC facilities with only four percent of prescribers adhering to these guidelines. The Umkhanyakude Health District Management team must consider employing multifaceted interventions from the recommendations of this study in order to improve adherence to the PHC STGs/EML. Recommendations: Strategies such as intensified monitoring and evaluation, improved supervision, targeted training and education together with compulsory in-service training are recommended to improve adherence to the STGs/EML in the Umkhanyakude Health District. Guideline implementation strategies with integrated approaches to guideline dissemination must also be strengthened.
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Davidson, Glen William. "The respiratory physiology of the New Zealand paddle crab, Ovalipes catharus". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5535.
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Ovalipes catharus is a back-burrowing brachyuran which makes temporary burrows in soft sandy sediments. Like many burrowing crabs, O. catharus shows prolonged periods of sustained reverse ventilation. Well settled individuals were found to exclusively reverse-ventilate, regardless of burial state. However following activity, both buried and unburied animals showed periods of forward ventilation. Immediately following 15 minutes of exercise by swimming, crabs remaining unburied spent an average of 75.4 ± 14.2% of the time forward ventilating, while crabs that were allowed to burrow in sand spent only 32.5 ± 12.1% of the time in the forward mode.
Previous studies suggest that buried crabs reverse the direction of ventilation in order to maintain a respiratory water stream by utilising super incumbent water. (Garstang, 1897b; Hartnoll, 1972; Taylor, 1984; McLay and Osborne, 1985; Otwell and Webb, 1990). Caine (1974) went further to suggest that interstitial oxygen tensions may be too low to sustain the oxygen demands of buried crabs. In laboratory studies the interstitial water in sediments inhabited by O. catharus, indeed, were found to be hypoxic. Values of interstitial Po2 were as low as 50% of that of the super incumbent water. Despite this, the present study has shown that both forward and reverse ventilation are utilised by
O. catharus, regardless of burial state. When buried, Pio2 is maintained at near normoxic levels during forward ventilation by the utilisation of super incumbent water for ventilation. This is enabled by the formation and use of exostegal channels which provide a conduit for water flow from above the sediment to the primary inhalent openings, the Milne-Edwards apertures.
In unburied O. catharus, branchial water flow patterns were found to be as described for other species (Hughes et al., 1969; McDonald et al., 1977). Water is drawn into the ventral hypobranchial space of the branchial chambers at the bases of the limbs and flows dorsally through the gills to the epibranchial space before passing anteriorly and being exhaled via ducts near the mouthparts. This flow is roughly countercurrent to the direction of haemolymph flow within the gills. When the direction of ventilation was reversed, this pattern of flow was disrupted. Anteriorly, water enters the prebranchial chambers, where the scaphognathites are situated before passing into the epibranchial space. Much of this water flows posteriorly and is exhaled via apertures between the fourth and fifth pereiopods. Some exhalent flow appears at the Milne-Edwards apertures suggesting some concurrent exchange may be possible. From the major sites of inhalation, the patterns of flow appear to be similar in buried crabs. However, the proportions of flow exiting each aperture were highly variable, suggesting an ability to regulate patterns of gill irrigation in this species.
In unburied crabs, the mean oxygen extraction efficiency was significantly lower and the mean convection requirement (Vw/Mo2) was significantly higher during periods of reverse ventilation (Ew% = 23.7 ± 1.8%; Vw/Mo2 = 18.4 ± 1.7 ml µmol-1) when compared to adjacent periods of forward ventilation (Ew% = 32.9 ± 4.1%; Vw/Mo2 = 13.9 ± 1.9 ml µmol-1). In contrast, in buried crabs, values of Ew% and Vw/Mo2 were similar during adjacent periods of forward (Ew% = 53.3 ± 4.6%; Vw/Mo2 = 10.5 ± 1.4 ml µmol-1 ) and reverse ventilation (Ew% = 49.4 ± 2.9%; Vw/Mo2 = 9.7 ± 0.5 ml µmol-1). The lower values of Ew% and higher values of Vw/Mo2 recorded from unburied reverse ventilating crabs are presumably due to disruption of the counter current gill perfusion/irrigation relationship that exists when ventilating in forward mode. When buried, the improved efficiency of oxygen extraction and convection requirements seen during periods of reverse ventilation compared to unburied crabs utilising this mode, may be due to better irrigation of the gills resulting from regulation of the branchial water flow pathways, or to utilisation of an alternative site for gas exchange. The potential of the branchiostegal lining of the branchial chambers to fulfil such a role was examined. From vascular corrosion casts it was apparent that this region is well supplied with venous haemolymph which returns to the pericardium without being reoxygenated at the gills. This would create a large Po2 gradient across the cuticle of the branchiostegite which is relatively thin (10-20 µm), thus diffusion of oxygen across this barrier and into the haemolymph may be possible. Possible mechanisms of regulation of perfusion of the gills and branchiostegites are discussed.
In unburied crabs, branchial chamber pressure (Pbranch) was similar in magnitude, but of opposite sign, in the two ventilatory modes. In buried animals, values of Pbranch were much greater than those recorded from unburied crabs, and Pbranch was significantly greater during periods of forward ventilation than reverse ventilation. The increased values of Pbranch in buried crabs indicate a greater resistance to ventilatory water flow, especially when ventilating in the forward direction. This increase in ventilatory resistance affected scaphognathite function in two main ways: Firstly, mean scaphognathite stroke volume (Vs) in buried crabs was reduced compared to unburied animals. In forward and reverse ventilating unburied animals, mean Vs was similar at 4.86 ± 0.14 ml beat-1kg-1 and 4.92 ± 0.15 ml beat-1kg-1, respectively, while in buried crabs, mean values of Vs were 3.63 ± 0.14 ml beat-1kg-1 and 4.11 ± 0.14 ml beat-1kg-1 in forward and reverse ventilation, respectively. Secondly, as a result of the higher values of Pbranch recorded from buried animals, ventilatory stroke work (Ws) and ventilatory power (Wr) were increased when buried, especially when utilising the forward mode.
By converting ventilatory power terms to oxygen equivalents and using efficiency values from the literature (Wilkens et al., 1984), estimates of the energetic cost of ventilation (ie. the fraction of total Mo2 that is devoted to ventilation) were calculated for the four treatment groups at a given ventilatory flow (Vw = 0.6 1 kg-1 min-1). In unburied animals, the ventilatory power and oxygen requirements were
similar in the two modes. However, as a result of the lower values of Ew% and Vw/Mo2 recorded during reverse ventilation, Mo2 was lower at a given Vw in this mode. Because of this, a higher proportion of total Mo2 (23.6%) was required for ventilation in the reverse mode, than the forward mode (12.1%).
In buried crabs, Ew%, Vw/Mo2 and Mo2 were all similar at a given Vw. However, the increased ventilatory resistance seen in the forward mode, required an increased power output from the ventilatory muscles when generating flow, compared to that during reverse ventilation. This translates into an increased oxygen requirement of the ventilatory musculature. As a result, the estimated ventilator fraction during forward ventilation was higher (43.3%) than during reverse ventilation
(20.0%).
The predominant modes of ventilation in buried and unburied crabs following exercise reflect these differences. Unburied crabs primarily utilise forward ventilation while buried crabs utilise reverse ventilation. It is suggested that O.catharus modify their ventilatory behaviour depending on environmental factors and the internal physiological state of the animal, in order to reduce the overall energetic cost of ventilation. Potential mechanisms of control of ventilatory switching are discussed.
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Rogers, Nicholas John. "The respiratory and gut physiology of fish : responses to environmental change". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/19295.
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Many of the habitats occupied by fish are highly dynamic, naturally demonstrating substantial abiotic fluctuations over diurnal, tidal or seasonal cycles. It is also the case that throughout their 545 million year evolutionary history, fish have existed in aquatic environments very different to those of the present day. However, the past several decades have seen unprecedented rates of environmental change, at local and global scales, arising from human activities. The two major themes of the present thesis are: 1) Respiratory responses of fish to changes in environmental oxygen and temperature in the context of exploring intra- and inter-specific trait variation and its ecological implications 2) The effects of environmental factors (oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature and seawater chemistry) on the intestinal precipitation and excretion of calcium carbonate by marine teleosts. In the first study (chapter two) a comprehensive database of fish critical PO2 (Pcrit) data compiled from the published literature is presented. The systematic review of this literature provided the opportunity to critically examine methodologies for determining Pcrit as well as its usefulness as an indicator of hypoxia tolerance in fish. The second study (chapter three) examines whether inter- and intra-specific variation in thermal and hypoxia tolerance in two reef snapper species (Lutjanus carponotatus and Lutjanus adetii) reflects their distributions across the contrasting biophysical environments of the reef flat and reef slope surrounding Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. L. carponotatus was clearly the most thermally and hypoxia tolerant of the two species, demonstrating a ~3.5 °C wider thermal tolerance zone (higher CTmax, lower CTmin) and ~26% lower Pcrit than L. adetii. These results suggest that the contrasting distribution of these species between flat and slope reef zones is reflected in their physiological tolerances. However, there was no evidence of intra-species variation in tolerance between flat and slope caught L. carponotatus individuals, indicating that this species does not form physiologically distinct subpopulations between these reef zones. The third study (chapter four) experimentally quantified the effect of hypercarbia (3000 μatm) and hypoxia (50% air saturation) on gut carbonate production by the European flounder (Platichthys flesus). Both hypercarbia and hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in carbonate excretion rate (1.5-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively) and acted synergistically when combined. In the final study (chapter five), gut carbonate production was measured in the European flounder undergoing conditions simulating the ‘calcite seas’ of the Cretaceous. The results of this study support the hypothesis that ocean conditions prevalent during the Cretaceous period resulted in piscine carbonate production rates substantially higher (~14-fold) than the present day. Ultimately, this thesis directly links the environmental physiology of fish at the individual level to wider scale implications (past, present and future), ranging from local ecological patterns all the way up to global carbon cycles.
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Santin, Joseph M. "Context-dependence of physiological systems: environment-physiology interactions in the respiratory control system". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright149336916471128.
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Vulesevic, Branka. "Respiratory plasticity in the zebrafish (Danio rerio )". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27070.
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The aim of this thesis was to investigate respiratory plasticity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) confronted with long-term changes in water gas composition (hypoxia, hyperoxia or hypercapnia) either as embryos or adults. The ventilatory responses to acute changes in water gas composition (hypoxia, hypercapnia or cyanide) were assessed using a non-invasive technique (Altimiras and Larsen, 2000) to continuously monitor breathing frequency (f R) and relative breathing amplitude. The ventilatory response to acute hypoxia consisted of an increase in fR while the response to acute hypercapnia was an increase in relative breathing amplitude. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Libros sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Cloutier, Michelle M. Respiratory physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, 2007.
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Prange, Henry D. Respiratory Physiology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1167-6.
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West, John B., ed. Respiratory Physiology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7520-0.
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1924-, Hamilton Lyle H., ed. Respiratory physiology. 5a ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1987.
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Respiratory physiology. 2a ed. New York: Raven Press, 1986.
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Mines, Allan H. Respiratory physiology. 3a ed. New York: Raven Press, 1993.
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Cameron, James N. The respiratory physiology of animals. New York: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1989.
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Cameron, James N. The respiratory physiology of animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
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Basic respiratory physiology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.
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Applied respiratory physiology. 3a ed. London: Butterworths, 1987.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Redmond, James R. "Respiratory Physiology". En Topics in Geobiology, 305–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5040-6_21.
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Redmond, James R. "Respiratory Physiology". En Topics in Geobiology, 305–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3299-7_21.
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Sánchez-Godoy, Jesús Armando. "Respiratory Physiology". En Principles of Pulmonary Protection in Heart Surgery, 9–26. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-308-4_2.
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Mirjalili, S. Ali, Lucy Hinton y Kevin Ellyett. "Respiratory Physiology". En Physiology for General Surgical Sciences Examination (GSSE), 89–116. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2580-9_4.
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Jeffries, Howard E. y Lynn D. Martin. "Respiratory Physiology". En The Respiratory Tract in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, 1–12. London: Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_1.
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Nurok, Michael y George P. Topulos. "Respiratory Physiology". En Practical Handbook of Thoracic Anesthesia, 17–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88493-6_2.
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Mohr, Hans y Peter Schopfer. "Respiratory Metabolism". En Plant Physiology, 187–224. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_13.
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McFadyen, J. Grant, Douglas R. Thompson y Lynn D. Martin. "Applied Respiratory Physiology". En Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 3–18. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_1.
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Bohnhorst, Bettina y Corinna Peter. "Pediatric Respiratory Physiology". En Pediatric Surgery, 181–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43588-5_12.
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Bohnhorst, Bettina y Corinna Peter. "Pediatric Respiratory Physiology". En Pediatric Surgery, 1–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38482-0_12-1.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Bois, John y Brian Newman. "Dynamic Respiratory Criteria In Cardiac Restrictive Physiology". En American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a5822.
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Lua, Stephanie, Anna Taylor, Malcolm Sim, Bruce Henderson, Chris Trueman, Osian Meredith, Shane Burns, Paul Mcginness y Chris Carlin. "COVID-19 advanced respiratory physiology (CARP) wearable respiratory monitoring: early insights". En ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa3867.
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Guan, Lili, Luqian Zhou y Rongchang Chen. "Respiratory Physiology-oriented High-intensity Non-invasive Ventilation". En ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.oa5413.
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Lua, SBH, D. Lowe, A. Taylor, M. Sim, B. Henderson, C. Trueman, O. Meredith, S. Burns, P. McGuinness y C. Carlin. "P24 COVID-19 advanced respiratory physiology (CARP) wearable respiratory monitoring: early insights". En British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2021 Online, Wednesday 24 to Friday 26 November 2021, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2021-btsabstracts.134.
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Matthews, Philip G. D. "Gills versus spiracles: The respiratory physiology of amphibious insects". En 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93518.
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Dufour, Françoise y Gavin Davies. "Virtual Assessment of the Performance of an Inhalation Drug Delivery Device". En ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176368.
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Inhalation therapies are gaining popularity for both respiratory and non-respiratory therapies. However the challenge remains to achieve optimal drug delivery because of the complex interaction between inhaler devices, drug formulations along with patients’ coordination and physiology. In order to lower R&D costs and efforts, and understand better the mechanics of pharmaceutical aerosols, system designers are looking for comprehensive tools enabling them to reproduce virtual inhalation processes. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques represent a non-invasive way of predicting the fate of inhaled medication from oral or nasal delivery devices. The object of this work is to apply CFD methodology to model the full inhalation mechanism, from the drug dispersion inside the device and delivery to the patient, to its journey within the respiratory tract.
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Webb, Jeffrey B., Aaron Bray y Rachel B. Clipp. "Parameterization of Respiratory Physiology and Pathophysiology for Real-Time Simulation". En 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) in conjunction with the 43rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176364.
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Sukul, Pritam, Phillip Trefz, Jochen Schubert y Wolfram Miekisch. "Role of respiratory physiology on real-time breath-gas analysis". En ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2222.
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Vanderhoef, D., N. Marka, N. Kapur, D. M. Perlman y M. Bhargava. "Investigating Clinical Characteristics and Biomarkers of Sarcoidosis Patients with Obstructive Respiratory Physiology". En American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a4877.
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Tom, Z. J. y W. W. Stringer. "Respiratory Pump Failure: Multi-Factorial Dyspnea Physiology Elucidated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)". En American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a1428.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Respiratry physiology"
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Harman, Gary E. y Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, julio de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.
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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology of plants and these would be reflected in changes in the plant proteome as a consequence of root infection by Trichoderma spp. Further, Trichoderma spp. differ in their effects on plants and these changes are largely a consequence of the production of different elicitors of elicitor mixtures that are produced in the zone of communication that is established by root infection by Trichoderma spp. In this work, we demonstrated that both T22 and T-203 increase growth and induce resistance to pathogens in maize. In Israel, it was shown that a hydrophobin is critical for root colonization by Trichoderma strains, and that peptaibols and an expansin-like protein from Ttrichoderma probably act as elicitors of induced resistance in plants. Further, this fungus induces the jasmonate/ethylene pathway of disease resistance and a specific cucumber MAPK is required for transduction of the resistance signal. This is the first such gene known to be induced by fungal systems. In the USA, extensive proteomic analyses of maize demonstrated a number of proteins are differentially regulated by T. harzianum strain T22. The pattern of up-regulation strongly supports the contention that this fungus induces increases in plant disease resistance, respiratory rates and photosynthesis. These are all very consistent with the observations of effects of the fungus on plants in the greenhouse and field. In addition, the chitinolytic complex of maize was examined. The numbers of maize genes encoding these enzymes was increased about 3-fold and their locations on maize chromosomes determined by sequence identification in specific BAC libraries on the web. One of the chitinolytic enzymes was determined to be a heterodimer between a specific exochitinase and different endochitinases dependent upon tissue differences (shoot or root) and the presence or absence of T. harzianum. These heterodimers, which were discovered in this work, are very strongly antifungal, especially the one from shoots in the presence of the biocontrol fungus. Finally, RNA was isolated from plants at Cornell and sent to Israel for transcriptome assessment using Affymetrix chips (the chips became available for maize at the end of the project). The data was sent back to Cornell for bioinformatic analyses and found, in large sense, to be consistent with the proteomic data. The final assessment of this data is just now possible since the full annotation of the sequences in the maize Affy chips is just now available. This work is already being used to discover more effective strains of Trichoderma. It also is expected to elucidate how we may be able to manipulate and breed plants for greater disease resistance, enhanced growth and yield and similar goals. This will be possible since the changes in gene and protein expression that lead to better plant performance can be elucidated by following changes induced by Trichoderma strains. The work was in, some parts, collaborative but in others, most specifically transcriptome analyses, fully synergistic.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson y Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report