Tesis sobre el tema "Résistance au virus"
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Morfin-Sherpa, Florence. "La résistance à l'aciclovir des virus herpès simplex et varicelle-zona : caractérisation phénotypique et génétique de virus résistants". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T048.
Texto completoMa, Xiaofang. "Dissection génétique de la résistance végétale contre les virus". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7721.
Texto completoAbstract : To live in host cells or to escape from host immunity, plant viruses involved a series of defense strategies. Here we investigated Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) population structures and molecular diversity of ASPV pear isolates based on its function important gene CP and TGB in China, so as to infer the evolution mechanisms of ASPV. Our study showed that mutations (including insertions or deletions), purifying selection, and recombination were important factors driving ASPV evolutions in China or maybe even in the world. And also ASPV defends against it hosts by encoding a VSR. We also showed that ASPV molecular diversity not only induced different biological properties on its herbaceous host N. occidentails but also resulted in antigenic variation of different ASPV CP isolates, which leaded to differences in serological reactivity among rCPs of different ASPV isolates. Plants have developed a series of mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses. Here we how Arabidopsis defend against. We show that virus susceptibility, recovery, and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) appear to be separable phenomena, with AGO2 and AGO4 playing important roles in the initial susceptibility to TRV, AGO1 playing an important role in VIGS, and as yet unidentifid players mediating recovery. These results suggest the existence of distinct RNA-induced silencing complexes that target different RNA populations within the cell and over time. Furthermore, we showed that translational repression of viral RNA is likely to play an important role in virus recovery and that decapping function plays an important role in clearing viral RNA from the cell. We also showed that a decapping mutant (DCP2) displayed an increased VIGS and virus RNA accumulation, an important role for PBs in eliminating viral RNA.
Ghosn, Jade. "Résistance du VIH-1 aux antirétroviraux dans les réservoirs anatomiques et cellulaires". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D031.
Texto completoWe showed that HIV resistant strains are frequent (70 %) in the semen of heavily pretreated men, and the diversity of genotypic resistance pattern confirmed HIV compartmentalization. The storage of archived proviruses differed according to the anatomic reservoir. Thus, the risk of transmission of resistant HIV strain is only partially predicted by the study of the blood compartment. We then described the distribution of antiretroviral drugs in blood in semen. We provided the first results regarding the penetration of enfuvirtide and tenofovir in semen. Enfuvirtide did not cross the blood-testis barrier despite optimal concentrations reached in blood plasma. Conversely, tenofovir proved to accumulate in semen. Finally, we characterized the early establishment of the viral cellular reservoir, and to analyse the temporal evolution of resistance-mutations acquired at the time of primary HIV-infection not only in circulating recently produced HIV particles, but also in strains stored in the cellular reservoir, in treated and in untreated patients. We confirmed that acquired resistant viruses establish themselves as the dominant viral population at primary infection
Bastet, Anna. "Élargissement du spectre de résistance aux potyvirus : utilisation de la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0373.
Texto completoThe development of genetic resistance is important to avoid viral infections in cultivated crops. In this context, translation initiation factors eIF4E have a major role in resistance to potyviruses, a family of viruses damageable to crops. Although natural resistance alleles are often used in crops breeding, there are still species devoided of such natural resistance, making it impossible to develop genetic resistance. Using the Arabidopsis thaliana-potyviruses pathosystem, I aim at developing new sources of resistances as a proof of concept before considering their application to crop species. For this, I am developing artificial resistance alleles created by directed mutagenesis before testing them for both their functionality and their resistance efficiency in plants. By combining these synthetic resistance alleles with others eIF4E factors-mediated resistance, my aim is to enlarge resistance spectrum to potyviruses as well as to increase the resistance durability. This study will make proof of the feasibility of this system to obtain large spectrum resistance plants with the perspective of extending it to cultivated plants
Hily, Jean-Michel. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance virale d'une plante ligneuse transgénique". Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21199.
Texto completoThe stability of resistance to Plum pox virus under field conditions has been demonstrated in the transgenic C5 plum (Prunus domestica L). This particular clone, transformed with the PPV-CP gene, is immune to aphid inoculation with PPV and still displays PTGS hallmarks with hypermethylation of the PPV-CP sequence and no detectable transgene expression. To better characterize RNA silencing in woody perennial crops, hallmarks of PTGS were investigated C5 clone constitutively produced both short (22 nt) and long (25-27 nt) siRNA species from embryo to mature plant. Following this concept of gene silencing-based virus resistance, constructions using RNA interference technology were engineered. This technology of dsRNA through expression of a self-complementary hairpin structure will interfere with the virus at the RNA level. Two transgenic clones containing an ihpRNA construct were obtained. Preliminary results of PPV infection under containment conditions indicated immunity to virus inoculation, confirming the potential use of RNA interference technology in tree breeding
Deback, Claire. "Variabilité génétique des virus herpès simplex : épidémiologie moléculaire et résistance aux antiviraux". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066155.
Texto completoGourdon, Germain. "Identification et caractérisation de facteurs hôtes impliqués dans la résistance au Pepino Mosaic Virus chez la tomate". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EVRY0002.
Texto completoWithin the plant kingdom, crops struggle with numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. The fabulous diversity of pathogens still leads to dramatic economic losses by impairing yield and fruit quality. Chemical treatments are available and effective against some pathogens but unfortunately drive to critic environmental damage and remain useless to face viruses. Nowadays, best ways to eradicate or at least to restrain viruses are empirical and expensive. Tomato is one of the most cultivated plants among vegetable crops in agriculture and the major challenge consists in a intense battle against serious damages on industrial benefits caused by pathogens diseases. The emergent virus PepMV is a worldwide scourge and the limited knowledge deserves to be explored. Unfortunately, natural resistance in tomato has not been identified yet and consequently, it appears as an emergency to develop effective strategies in order to improve tomato production. At first, this study has been based on new crops improvement strategies and focused on identifying mechanisms involved in the PepMV/tomato pathosystem by a yeast two hybrid strategy. This approach leads to the determination of tomato candidate genes potentially essential for the viral cycle of PepMV. TILLING screening method has been used for host susceptible factors to possibly acquire marketable non OGM and sustainable resistant plants to a wide range of pathogens. To go one step further with other candidates for which a loss of function strateg might lead to amplified plant susceptibility following by PepMV infection, fundamental investigation has been pursued. Mechanisms and implications of a few candidates in the PepMV/tomato pathosystem have been unraveled
Maiga, Almoustapha Issiaka. "Caractérisation des bases moléculaires de la résistance des virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 ( VIH-1) de sous-type non-B aux antirétroviraux". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066304.
Texto completoTamalet, Catherine. "Emergence des résistances multiples aux analogues nucléosides : étude épidémiologique, clinique et biochimique de la résistance du VIH-1 aux inhibiteurs nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse". Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX20665.
Texto completoPoque, Sylvain. "Identification de nouveaux mécanismes de résistance au Plum Pox Virus chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21998/document.
Texto completoThe Plum Pox Virus (PPV) infects Prunus species (stone fruit) and is the causal agent of the Sharka disease. This disease is vastly devastating for fruit and plant productivity and quality. Its cost reaches 10 billions of euros over the last 30 years. Breeding programs have been carried out with the aim to implement resistant cultivars but the number of sources of resistance in Prunus species is rather limited. It has been shown in the laboratory that this virus is able to infect Arabidopsis thaliana with a wide range of response to infection. Indeed, we observed that accessions St-0 and JEA had a resistant behavior, while accession Cvi-1 was partially resistant. Two inoculation methods were compared: mechanical inoculation from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves inoculated with pICPPVnkGFP and agro-inoculation infection from an Agrobacterium strain containing the viral isolate tumesfasciens pBINPPVnkGFP. The use of these two methods of inoculation allows us to highlight variability in the response to PPV depending on the method used. This study aims to identify the factor (s) of the host (s) involved in viral infection. Agro-infection of recombinant populations (F2 and RIL), multi-parental lines and the use of genetic association demonstrate in St-0 and several distinct accessions (seven) a major locus on linkage group 3, called sha3. It appears essential in the long-distance movement of PPV. Use of association genetics helped initiate the fine mapping of sha3 and significantly reduce the number of candidate genes. Screening of mutants was initiated to determine the gene controlling the phenotype Sha3. After mechanical inoculation, the analysis of a recombinant population revealed the presence of a major locus positioned in the middle of the long arm of linkage group 1. This locus co-localizes with rpv1, previously identified in Cvi x Ler offspring (Sicard, Loudet et al. 2008). The same locus was also confirmed with a multi-parental population and by a genetic association approach. A candidate gene is currently being validated in the laboratory. The study of the resistance mechanism carried by the accession JEA was initiated. In this case, it appears that the spread of the virus is inhibited in basal leaves but not in floral stem. The resistance / susceptibility to PPV in JEA appear to be strongly influenced by the physiological stages of the host plant. Further work will be necessary to describe more precisely this resistance mechanism very special. At the end of this thesis, we expect that the identification of these new resistance genes in Arabidopsis allows, after transfer, to increase the diversity of sources of resistance to plum pox virus in fruit trees
Ayme, Valérie. "Mécanismes de contournement des résistances et évaluation "a priori" de leur durabilité dans l'interaction piment ("capsicum annuum L. ") - virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY)". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20121.
Texto completoBestman-Smith, Julie. "Caractérisation des mutations du virus Herpès simplex impliquées dans la résistance aux antiviraux". Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21483/21483.pdf.
Texto completoDrug resistant HSV isolates are responsible form substantial morbidity among immunocompromised subjects. The genetic basis for resistance to nucleoside analogs such as acyclovir (ACV) have been mapped to point mutations in the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene while mutations within the viral DNA pol gene, the main target for all anti-herpetic drug actually available, could lead to a multidrug resistance phenotype. However, the distinction between viral mutations (TK and DNA pol) involved in antiviral resistance or part of viral polymorphism can be difficult to evaluate with current methodologies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research project is thus to evaluate the role of particular mutations within the HSV TK and DNA pol gene with regard to drug-resistance patterns and viral fitness, by designing new gene expression systems. METHODS: The protozoan parasite Leishmania stably transfected with a TK expression vector (pSP72αNEOα) was used as an heterologous system to evaluate the role of several different point mutations within the coding region of the TK gene in conferring resistance to nucleoside analogs. Susceptibility of TK-expressing parasites to nucleoside analogs can thus be tested very easily by a simple measurement of the optic density of cultures grown in the presence or in the absence of the drug. Finally, a set of overlapping viral cosmids and plasmids for the rapid generation of recombinant HSV-1 DNA pol mutants have been developed. RESULTS: Expression of the TK gene from ACV-susceptible clinical isolates resulted in Leishmania susceptibility to the antiviral, whereas expression of a TK gene with frameshift mutations or nucleotide substitutions from ACV-resistant isolates gave rise to parasites with high levels of antiviral resistance. Twenty HSV-1 recombinants with single or dual mutations within the DNA pol gene were successfully generated with the cosmid/plasmid based approach. Mutations within the central part of the enzyme’s catalytic domain (regions II and VI) were associated with resistance to ACV, FOS, and ADV, whereas mutations inserted within extremities (δ-region C, I, V, and VII) were mostly related to the replicative activity of the enzyme. CONCLUSION: Such new strategies provide an easy, reliable, and sensitive means of evaluating the functional role of viral mutations which should translate in improved management of drug-resistant HSV infections.
Marandel, Grégoire. "Organisation génomique de la résistance quantitative au Plum pox virus chez les Prunus". Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21562.
Texto completoThe Plum pox virus (PPV), the causal agent of the sharka disease, is the most detrimental virus on stone-fruit trees, worldwide. Infected fruits are not marketable. To date, no peach cultivar is resistant. However sources of resistance have been identified and mapped in apricot and Prunus davidiana, a wild peach-related species. Several of the mapped QTL co-localize with candidate genes previously identified. Among them are the translation initiation factors. In this study, resistance in P. Davidiana was confirmed in an F2 population and two new QTL were identified. Quantitative analysis of the apricot cultivar 'Harlayne' resistance was also performed. A candidate gene strategy followed, including translation initiation factors elF4E, elF4G and their isoforms. Molecular markers targeting these genes were developped as a tool for marker-assisted selection. It revealed a striking co-localization with several resistance QTL identified in P. Davidiana and P. Armeniaca cv. 'Harlayne'. The implication od these genes in PPV resistance is discussed. In order to validate the consistency of these results with those previously published, data were merged in a QTL meta-analysis. It enabled to refine the boundaries of the genomic region controlling PPV resistance in both species, P. Davidiana and P. Armeniaca
Sergerie, Yan. "LE VIRUS HERPES SIMPLEX DE TYPE 1 : RÉSISTANCE AUX ANTIVIRAUX ET RÉPONSE INFLAMMATOIRE CÉRÉBRALE". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24960/24960.pdf.
Texto completoHerpes simplex virus (HSV) resistance to antiviral treatment is a real concern among immunocompromised population. Mutations localized in the thymidine kinase (TK) and/or the DNA polymerase (pol) genes are mainly responsible for those resistance issues. Thus, it is becoming important to increase knowledge in this area and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Also, HSV has this unique biological property to invade the nervous central system and causes encephalitis. During this type of infection, an important immunological process occurs. However, this inflammatory response is still very controversial and needs to be elucidated. The main objectives of this doctoral thesis consisted of: 1- the characterization of antiviral resistance and 2- the elucidation of the brain inflammatory response to HSV. The first part consisted in the development of an in vitro system allowing the characterization of several mutations in the TK and/or the DNA pol genes responsible for antiviral resistance and the elaboration of a new antiviral strategy. The second part was to characterize the inflammatory response following the induction of HSV-1 encephalitis in a mouse model and to develop an alternative immunomodulatory approache. Mutations localized in conserved and non-conserved regions of the TK are associated with ACV resistance. Hydroxyurea increases the activity of nucleoside (ACV) and nucleotide (CDV) analogues. A delayed glucocorticoid treatment is highly beneficial by decreasing the brain viral load as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the brain of infected mice. TNF- and IL-1permit the initiation of an innate immune response allowing a control of the viral replication and an efficient transition to the adaptive immune response required for viral clearance during HSV-1 encephalitis. A prophylactic treatment with a TLR3 agonist significantly increases the mean life expectancy and survival rate of mice infected with HSV-1 compared to non-treated mice. The experimental models developed during this Ph. D. allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance and of the brain inflammatory response to the HSV.
Cosset, François-Loïc. "Tranfert de gènes par des vecteurs rétroviraux aviaires : élaboration de lignées cellulaires transcomplémentantes aviaires, mise au point d'un nouveau procédé de vaccination utilisation des vecteurs rétroviraux". Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10102.
Texto completoLegnani, Robert. "Analyse, comparaison et exploitation des résistances au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) et au tobacco etch virus (TEV) chez la tomate". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20240.
Texto completoVanwalscappel, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation de la résistance du VIH-1 à l'effet antiviral des interférons de type I". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC155.
Texto completoType-I interferon (IFN) induces the expression of hundreds of cellular genes, some of which have direct antiviral activity IFN-induced effectors can restrict numerous steps in the HIV replicative cycle, resulting in potent inhibition of HIV replication in tissue culture and transient reduction of viremia in IFN-treated patients. Overall our project aimed at analyzing the evolution of HIV in the presence of IFN in two situations: i) in tissue culture of T lymphocytes treated by IFN, where the virus is passages to select for resistant variants; and ii)HIV-infected patients, treated by IFN because of a concurrent HCV infection. Concerning the study in vitro, by forcing the HIV to replicate in culture in the presence of IFN, we aimed to select variants with decrease susceptibility to IFN and characterize them genotypically, in order to determine possible escape strategies. For this purpose, initially, culture conditions were optimized to force HIV to replicate in a T-cell line (MT4R5) in the presence of IFNa2. The data collected from these experiments were fitted in a mathematical model of virus replication. This approach allowed to determine several viral and cellular parameters of HIV replication and inhibition by IFN. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization showed the emergence of mutations in env gene, which improves the efficiency viral entry associated with an increased infectivity. This represents an evolutionary strategy that allows the virus to overcome antiviral aetivities induced by IFN, including those act post-entry. Concerning the study in patients, we analyzed the evolution of HIV populations under treatment by IFN, in 7 HIV-HCV co-infected patients who were not treated for HIV. The aim was to identify HIV genomic regions that could be under selective pressure by IFN in vivo. The gene in which we saw more frequently a replacement of the dominant population over time was vpu, for which in 5 of 7 patients the population present during IFN-treatment carried changes in the N-terminal half of the protein. Changes were seen also for vpr and vif, but concerned fewer patients. We thus explore whether Vpu present during IFN-treatment conferred a replication advantage to the virus in IFN-treated cultures. For 2 of the 5 patients, we described that Vpu present during IFN-treatment confer to the virus a better fitness in presence of IFN associated with a better virions release efficiency, allowing the virus to overcome the antiviral activities induced by IFN
Nugier, Fabienne. "Étude de la résistance des virus herpès simplex à l'aciclovir : épidémiologie, caractérisation phénotypique et génotypique des mutants". Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1H180.
Texto completoGoldschmidt, Valérie. "La rétrotranscription de HIV-1 : Etude du complexe d'initiation et des mécanismes de résistance aux inhibiteurs nucléosidiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/GOLDSCHMIDT_Valerie_2004.pdf.
Texto completoReverse transcription of HIV-1 genomic RNA is primed by tRNA3Lys, whose 3' end 18 nucleotides are complementary to the viral primer binding site (PBS). However, in the HIV-1 MAL isolate, additional interactions between tRNA3Lys and the genomic RNA occur during formation of the initiation complex. We studied the role of the different structural elements of the initiation complex of the HIV-1 MAL isolate and showed that the overall 3D structure of the complex is required for efficient initiation of reverse transcription. We also compared the initiation complexes formed by two highly divergent isolates (MAL and HXB2) by performing in situ structural probing as well as in vitro structural and functional studies. Surprisingly, our results showed that the structure of the initiation complex is not conserved and therefore highlighted the versatility of the HIV-1 system. Indeed, in the MAL isolate and, according to sequence analysis, in 14% of all HIV-1 isolates, formation of the initiation complex requires complex rearrangements of the viral RNA and extensive interactions with tRNA3Lys. In contrast, in the HXB2 isolate, as well as in most isolates, tRNA3Lys annealing only minimally affects the viral RNA structure and no interaction outside the PBS is required. AZT is a widely used inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) that acts as a chain terminator. However rapid emergence of multiresistant HIV-1 strains appears. It was believed that resistance toward AZTTP is due to the increased unblocking, by the AZT-resistant RT, of the AZT-terminated primer via ATP-lysis. However, detailed comparisons performed with the wild type and resistant enzymes indicated that pyrophosphorolysis is more efficient than the ATP-mediated unblocking. Both the polymerase and RNase H activities of HIV-1 RT are strongly affected by the Mg2+ concentration. We found that the selectivity of RT against some NRTIs is also influenced by free Mg2+ concentration
Chopy, Damien. "Modulation de la réponse immunitaire au cours d'une infection virale du système nerveux, l'étude du virus de la rage". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066129.
Texto completoGoubard, Armelle Angélique. "Etude de deux stratégies d'échappement du VIH-1 : résistance des virus primaires à un inhibiteur de fusion et protection vis-à-vis d'un facteur de restriction cellulaire". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077022.
Texto completoIn vivo, HIV-1 populations may exist as complex swarm of mutants termed quasi-species. In the face of strong selective pressure, HIV-1 must rapidly adapt to survive. We studied two viral escape strategies: (i) the development of résistance to Enfuvirtide (ENF), an inhibitor which targets the fusion process between the viral and cellular membranes, and (ii) the protection mediated by the viral central PPT element against restriction by APOBEC family members. (i) We have examined the evolution of ENF susceptibility of sequential plasma-derived virus populations in 6 patients failing ENF-based salvage therapy. Phylogenetic analysis of env sequences in sequential samples from two patients showed that the HR1 mutations had emerged in the context of env quasispecies that were different from those prevalent at baseline. Interestingly, in four patients the emergence of résistance mutations was not associated with reduced Env-associated virus replicative capacity. Thus, the envelope genetic context appears to play a critical role in the selection of HR1 mutations and the expression of ENF resistance. To test this hypothesis, individual env clones were generated from plasma HIV RNA from one of these patients. ENF résistance mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis in a representative baseline clone, provoking an increase in ENF IC50. This increase, however, was well below that observed when these mutations emerged in vivo, in the context of a different env background. During ENF treatment in vivo, HR1 mutations are selected in unique env quasi-species, not prevalent at baseline, but that favour the expression of ENF resistance, Within each time point, Env replicative capacity is variable among clones. This disparity suggests that the viral property driving the selection of env quasi-species under ENF pressure is résistance rather than Env replicative capacity. (ii) Lentiviruses use two polypurine tracts for initiation of plus-strand viral DNA synthesis. We have examined whether plus-strand initiation at the central polypurine tract (cPPT) may protect the viral genome from editing by APOBEC3G and APOBEC3B. The presence of a functional cPPT, but not a mutated cPPT, largely reduced DNA editing by both APOBEC3G and APOBEC3B of sequences downstream, but not upstream, of the cPPT. A significant protection was observed as far as 400 nucleotides downstream. Thus, in addition to other functional properties, the cPPT protects lentiviruses against DNA editing by cytidine deaminases of the APOBEC family. This work elucidates an additional viral strategy for protection from cellular antiviral factors
Dostert, Catherine. "Etude de la réponse antivirale de la drosophile". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13146.
Texto completoBoisnard, Arnaud. "Caractérisation des QTL de résistance au Rice yellow mottle virus chez le riz et relation avec les facteurs d’initiation de la traduction de type 4E et 4G". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20080.
Texto completoThis document presents the analysis of QTLs of partial resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus in rice. Classical genetic and mapping approaches were associated with a candidate-gene approach on eIF4E and eIF4G translation initiation factor genes, which seems to be largely involved in plant/virus interactions. In a first step, QTL mapping was improved by the analysis of two populations in a multi-cross design using an integrative map. In a second step, translation initiation factor eIF4E and eIF4G genes were identified on the rice genomic sequence; four of them were co-located with QTLs. In a third step, near-isogenic lines were developed in order to confirm or to reject these co-locations. EIF4E candidate gene, located near a major QTL on chromosome 1, was rejected. On chromosome 2, an eIF4G-like candidate gene was also rejected, whereas an eIF(iso)4G gene was neither confirmed, nor rejected. Finally, a co-location between a major QTL of chromosome 12 and an eIF4G-like gene was confirmed. The QTL was mapped to a 1,66 Mb interval, but a suppression of recombination impaired the reduction of this interval. The interval presents characteristics of pericentromeric regions: low gene density and large stretches of nested transposable elements. EIF4G-like characterization revealed non-synonymous polymorphisms between susceptible and resistant varieties, and the insertion of a retrotransposon in an intron, in resistant varieties. Finally, our results suggest that genes from eIF4E family do not control partial resistance and that two genes from eIF4G family are candidate for governing QTLs of resistance
Zarrouk, Karima. "Étude des mécanismes biochimiques et moléculaires de la résistance du cytomégalovirus humain et du virus herpès simplex 1 au foscarnet". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70273.
Texto completoThe structure of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA polymerase (pol), belonging to the Herpesviridae family, is associated to a right hand with palm, thumb and fingers domains. The viral DNA pol adopts different conformations (open and closed) that implies a move of the fingers domain to facilitate the interaction between the nucleotide and the elongating DNA. It has been shown that the antiviral foscarnet (FOS) which targets the HCMV and HSV-1 DNA pol binds to the enzyme in its closed conformation and mutations confering resistance to this antiviral and localised in the fingers domain would favor a more open conformation of the enzyme for which FOS has a lower affinity. The aim of this thesis was to analyse whether this hypothesis could be extended to mutations localised in the NH2-terminal and the palm domains which interact with the fingers domain during the conformational changes of the enzyme during the polymerization process. Our hypothesis is that mutations localized in the helix K (NH2-terminal domain) and region II (palm domain) that participate in the conformational changes of the enzyme could favor a more open conformation of the viral DNA pol, and thus, decrease the susceptibility of viruses to FOS. We selected theoretical substitutions using a strategy based on amino acid sequences alignement of the DNA pol of HCMV and HSV-1 (susceptible to FOS) with those of RB69 and T4 bacteriophages (naturally resistants to this antiviral). We tried to generate recombinant HCMV and HSV-1 containing the different theoretical substitutions that we selected. However, the introduction of some theoretical substitutions [Q578P, R581T, L587F (helix K), P712Y, F718L (region II) for HCMV and Q617P, R620T, L626F (helix K), F718L (region II) for HSV-1] was so detrimental for the DNA pol that recombinant viruses were not able to grow in cell culture. Among the substitutions selected in the helix K, the substitution I619K confers resistance of HSV-1 to FOS. In the helix K, we also characterized the theoretical Q579I substitution that confers hypersusceptibility of HCMV to FOS. We compared this substitution with the K805Q substitution located in the helix P (fingers domain), already known to induce hypersusceptibility of HCMV to FOS. In region II, substitutions V715S and A719T confer resistance of both viruses to FOS whereas the Q697P substitution was associated with resistance of HCMV to FOS but not for HSV-1. The susceptibility profiles of recombinant viruses to FOS were confirmed by enzymatic assays that allowed us to determine the inhibition of the recombinant mutated DNA pol activity by this antiviral compound. We observed a decrease of the replicative capacities of recombinant HCMV and HSV-1 harboring these mutations compared to their wild-type counterparts. Tri-dimensional modeling was also performed to better understand the impact of these substitutions on the DNA pol of HCMV and HSV-1. On the one hand, substitutions confering resistance to FOS were associated to a destabilization of the closed conformation of the DNA pol and would favor a more open conformation for which the antiviral has a lower affinity. On the other hand, substitutions associated to a hypersusceptibility profile would favor a more closed conformation of the DNA pol for which FOS has a higher affinity. The characterization of the theoretical substitution V715S of HCMV and HSV-1 (FOSR/GCVR and FOSR/ACVR, respectively) was compared to the substitutions V715G of HSV-1 (FOSR/ACVR), V715M of HCMV and HSV-1 (FOSR/GCVS and FOSS/ACVR, respectively), already described in the literature and that were, thus, associated with different antiviral susceptibility phenotypes compared to those of V715S. Briefly, we showed that the introduction of these different substitutions could induce varying changes of the hydrophobic environment of the valine at position 715 influencing the antiviral susceptibility profile. Altogether, these results support our hypothesis that substitutions in helix K and region II could influence the susceptibility of HCMV and HSV-1 to FOS by modifiying the protein structure and impacting the correct conformational changes of the enzyme.
Masquelier, Bernard. "Etude virologique de la résistance du VIH-1 aux analogues de nucléosides : applications à des situations cliniques". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28293.
Texto completoThe more used molecules in antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection are nucleoside analogs, inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RT). The efficacy of anti HIV-1 therapy is limitated by the outcome of HIV-1 variants resistant to these drugs. Mutations in the RT have been described as responsible for HIV drug resistance. In order to study resistance mecanism to nucleoside analogs, we collabored to the design of a consensus phenotypic drug sensitivity assay. We also developed genotypic techniques enabling us to study the pol gene variability associated with HIV-1 drug resistance. We could thus follow up the phenotypic and genotypic evolution of HIV-1 isolates from patients under zidovudine (AZT) therapy at a late stage and at an early stage of HIV-1 infection. We also caracterized isolates from patients undergoing a switch of therapy from AZT to ddl. We otherwise could describe the transmission of an AZT-resistant HIV-1 isolate from a mother to her infant. All these studies enabled us to precise the relationship between phenotype and genotype in the evolution of the HIV-1 isolates. A careful study of HIV antiretroviral resistance has to be undertaken in the future therapeutic trials and the biological follow-up of HIV infection
Lassaux, Adeline. "Gènes de résistance aux étapes précoces de la réplication des rétrovirus leucémogènes murins (MLV) et du virus de l’immunodéfiance humaine (VIH)". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20022.
Texto completoDuring my PhD, I first focused my work on the innate restriction mechanisms which occur during the early phase of the viral replication. The Fv1 mechanism, first discovered in the seventies have been extensively studied and then slowly fallen down in the lapse of memory until the identification of the responsable gene. More recently, this mechanism acquired a renewed of interest with the discover of a similar antiretroviral mechanism to Fv1 in the mammalian cells called Ref1/Lv1. While the Fv1 mechanism blocks MLVs in mouse cells, the Ref1 mechanism blocks MLVs in the primate cell, and the Lv1 mechanism blocks HIV in simian cells. Fv1 has been shown to code for a protein related to retroviral capsids, while Ref1 and Lv1 are associated to TRIM5a, a member of a large family of multidomain proteins. Human and simian TRIM5a block the MLV and HIV replication respectively. We have described new determinants in the MLV CA that modulate the Fv1 and Ref1 restriction. For this purpose, I used a three vectors trans-complementation system that reconstitutes single round infectious virions, to precisely identify new residues in CA that are differentially targeted by the Fv1 and Ref1 restrictions. This work has been detailed in an article in J. Virology {Lassaux, 2005 #4}. Furthermore, I derived a series of constructs from the human and simian TRIM5a genes to evaluate the impact of the different TRIM domains in restriction, trans-dominant effect and species-specific restriction abilities. Altogether, we defined the influence of different domains, Ring domain, B-Box domain and coiled-coil in antiretroviral properties of human and simian TRIM5a (Lassaux et al in preparation)
Gaymard, Alexandre. "Étude et suivi de la résistance des virus influenzae A aux inhibiteurs de la neuraminidase". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1135/document.
Texto completoInfluenza viruses are important human pathogens that are responsible for flu, whether seasonal, pandemic or zoonotic. Very few therapeutic options are available against these pathogens and neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) are the only antiviral agents recommended by the WHO for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza virus infections. NAI resistance has already been described and the H274Y, E119V and R292K neuraminidase substitutions are the most frequently encountered substitutions responsible for oseltamivir resistance. During this work, we focused the NAI resistance study around two main objectives: first, we monitored clinical and biological resistance in treated patients and then we studied the impact of substitutions responsible for NAI resistance using avian neuraminidases. For NAI resistance monitoring, viral genomic diversity of a child's influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was characterized in the context of a severe combined immunodeficiency and a chronic viral excretion despite antiviral treatment. For a better detection of H274Y substitution in A(H1N1) influenza viruses, a digital droplet PCR was developed and evaluated. At a more fundamental level, resistance substitutions (H274Y, R292K, E119V ± I222L) were analysed using all neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A viruses. To summarize, H274Y substitution is preferentially isolated in N1 but also decreases oseltamivir susceptibility in all group 1 neuraminidases (N1, N4, N5 and N8). The E119V substitution impact on oseltamivir susceptibility depends on the neuraminidase and decreases oseltamivir susceptibility especially within N2, N7, N9 and N5. Moreover, the E119V+I222L substitutions has a synergistic effect on oseltamivir resistance profile. The R292K substitution decreases all NAI susceptibility for all group 2 neuraminidases (N2, N3, N6, N7 and N9). The production of a recombinant N9 bearing the R292K substitution allows to highlight the substitution impact on the sialidasic activity. Development of new technological tools are still in progress to allow a more accurate analysis of the mechanisms that underlie the NAI resistance
Thomas, Rozenn. "Action des phycoDNAvirus sur les populations phytoplanctoniques (Mamiellophyceae) : étude de la résistance aux infections virales". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066683.
Texto completoPoulicard, Nils. "Emergence et adaptation du Rice yellow mottle virus : relations entre histoire évolutive, contournement de résistance et interactions hôte/pathogène". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20121.
Texto completoThe Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is an emerging virus currently considered as the major constraint to rice production in Africa. Some varieties of African and Asian cultivated rice (Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa, respectively), have recently been identified as highly resistant to RYMV. This resistance phenotype is caused by a recessive gene RYMV1 encoding the translation initiation factor eIF(iso)4G1 of rice.The objectives of this thesis are (i) to investigate the durability of the high resistance of rice against RYMV before broadly deployment in fields, (ii) to characterize the mechanisms of emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) genotypes and (iii) to identify molecular signatures that influence these processes of adaptation. The resistance-breaking of two resistance alleles, identified in both cultivated rice species, is mainly associated with the emergence of mutations in the viral protein VPg that restore in resistant hosts the interaction with the factor eIF(iso)4G1. A site of VPg under diversifying selection directly affects the ability to overcome the high resistance depending on the host species. This site, near the RB mutations, is involved in the adaptation of the RYMV to O. glaberrima species during its evolutionary history. The approach used during this work combines experimental evolution and functional analyses. The results of this integrative study will participate in the development of effective and sustainable control strategies toward the Rice yellow mottle virus in Africa
Terret-Welter, Zoé. "Identification de gènes de résistance par perte de sensibilité face au Tomato spotted wilt virus chez les Solanacées". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0262.
Texto completoThe Tomato spotted wilt virus is the second most destructive plant virus, particularly in Solanacea. Despite resistance genes found in Tomato and Pepper toward this virus, new isolates were able to overcome those genes. There is an urgent need to develop new durable genetic resistance. Resistance by loss of susceptibility is one of the great opportunities. My thesis falls within the ambition to characterize a TSWV isolate and to identify protein interaction between the virus and his host, Solanum Lycopericum. TSWV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase adaptive evolution and constrained domains was analyzed. TSWV-LYE51 genome was sequenced. We decided to focus on the RdRp which is the key protein for cycle life. This protein is responsible of the transcription and replication of the viral genome. A 3D model of this protein was made by homology modeling. Phylogenetic and selection analysis show up some hot-spot of adaptive mutation and constrained domains. Those results were useful to search resistance genes. Then, we were looking for candidates genes implicated in TSWV sensibility. Virus has to hijack host cellular protein in order to accomplish its cycle and infect its host. Host proteins are susceptibility factors. Those factors could lead to resistance by their absence or their modification. To find them, some yeast-two hybrid screenings were made using constrained domains previously identify as bait. We identify several candidates’ genes which still have to be validated. My work allows us to obtain new information about TSWV infectious mechanism and its adaptation. It brings new perspective in loss-of-susceptibility resistance development by using natural variability
Veillon, Pascal. "Facteurs prédictifs de la réponse au traitement des hépatites chroniques C : étude de la cinétique de deux marqueurs viraux et variabilité du gène NS5A". Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0515.
Texto completoHepatitis C virus infects more than 200 million persons over the world, near 3 % of the world population. During the last decade treatment against HCV had numerous progresses and some predictive factors of response to treatment were described. Despite these progresses, patients infected with HCV genotype 1 have low virological response rate to antiviral treatment. We have studied different viral factors in prediction to response to treatment. We have studied the clearance of two viral markers (HCV RNA and HCV core antigen) under treatment. We have also analysed the genetic variability of NS5A protein before and during treatment, found more mutations in responders than in non-responders in the NS5A gene and a new insertion in the V3 region leading to a duplication of this region
De, Cillia Julia. "Poleroviruses : functional analysis of the PO silencing suppressor protein and investigation of the phloem-restricted tropism in transgenic plants". Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2011/DE_CILLIA_Julia_2011_ED414.pdf.
Texto completoRNA silencing is a major antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Viral double-stranded RNAs are cleaved into siRNA duplexes by Dicer proteins and subsequently incorporated into the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), which guides sequence specific degradation of homologous RNAs. In order to counteract this plant defense, most plant viruses evolved silencing suppressor proteins. Poleroviruses, a group of single-stranded RNA plant viruses belonging to the Luteoviridae family, encode the strong silencing suppressor P0. This protein interacts with plant SKP-like proteins through an F-box-like motif, which appears important for its function. Recently, it was demonstrated that P0 destabilizes ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins, key members of RISC. Their degradation leads to the inhibition of the silencing mechanism. In this work we designed several mutants of P0 proteins from two different poleroviruses. The mutant proteins were tested for their silencing suppressor activity, SKP interaction, their ability to induce AGO destabilization and their subcellular localization. These experiments allowed to determine several domains required for P0's function and revealed striking differences between the two P0 proteins. The particular phloem-limited tropism of the Luteoviridae was analyzed in the second part of this thesis. The use of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, expressing a full-length Turnip yellows virus cDNA clone under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter, led to interesting conclusions regarding the silencing response induced against poleroviruses. The results presented here also raise questions about the mechanism of subgenomic RNA synthesis
Boulestin, Anne. "Facteurs viraux et pharmacologiques impliqués dans la résistance du virus de l'hépatite C aux traitements antiviraux". Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20686.
Texto completoAlpha Interferon (IFN-α) combinated to ribavirin is the mainstay of the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Since glycoprotein E2 and protein NS5A have been involved in resistance to treatment, we studied these two genes and failed to find a correlation between their sequence and treatment outcome. Genotype and viral load were shown to affect early response. Although pretherapeutic immune response appears to be decisive, an Il-2 based immunotherapy gave disappointing results. We also studied IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Suboptimal serum concentrations of IFN-α were associated with a poor early response to treatment in high weighted patients. A bioassay allows to compare serum concentrations of the two forms of pegylated IFN, as these two molecules are not equivalent in terms of antiviral potency. Pharmacological parameters play a role in response to treatment but study of patient immune response could give new insights
Maestro, Tejada Maria Carmen. "Résistance du melon aux virus : interaction avec les pucerons vecteurs, analyse génétique sur des lignées halodiploi͏̈des". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30021.
Texto completoMertens, Eva. "Viral Determinants of West Nile Virus résistance to antiviral action of 2',5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase Ib". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077016.
Texto completoWest Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus of global significance that can infect the central nervous System and cause severe neurological disease. Recent attention focused on the ability of WNV to circumvent antiviral mechanisms mediated by Type-[ interferons (IFNs). The IFN-inducible 2',5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase Ib (Oaslb) contributes to the establishment of an antiviral state against WNV by suppressing vRNA accumulation in infected cells. This study aimed to identify viral determinants that promote WNV to counteract antiviral activity of Oaslb. We report the characterization of a WNV variant produced by serial passage in mouse fibroblasts expressing Oaslb that shows increased growth capacity. Our data suggest that the rescue of viral growth in Oaslb-expressing cells infected with the WNV variant did not arise from impairment of Oaslb-mediated vRNA suppression, but from overall increased vRNA production. Genetic analysis of the Oaslb-resistant WNV variant identified a Ser-365-Gly change in the NS3 ATPase/helicase domain and a Val-9-Met change in the C-terminal 2K segment of NS4A. Mechanistic study demonstrated that the mutation in the NS3 ATPase/helicase alters the requirement of ATP for its ATPase activity. The effect of the two amino acid substitutions on Oaslb-mediated WNV inhibition was investigated by engineering the individual mutations into an infectious WNV cDNA clone. Although growth of NS3-mutant virus was impaired in Oaslb-expressing cells, a rescue of Oaslb-mediated vRNA inhibition compared to WT virus was observed. Our data suggests that the 2K-mutation is critical for WNV résistance to antiviral action of Oaslb by enhancing vRNA replication and promoting viral growth in Oaslb-expressing cells. The NS3 mutation might contribute to this mechanism by conferring increased résistance to Oaslb-mediated vRNA degradation
Guivier, Emmanuel. "Variabilité de la résistance/tolérance des campagnols roussâtres à lhantavirus Puumala et conséquences épidémiologiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20194.
Texto completoThe bank vole Myodes glareolus is the main reservoir of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), the agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE) in Europe. This work aims at describing the variability of M. glareolus resistance / tolerance to PUUV and at exploring its role in the distribution and transmission of the virus. We hypothesized that tolerance to PUUV should favour its persistence and transmission, what could increase the risk of NE emergence.We developed a candidate gene approach to determine the role of three immune genes in the resistance / tolerance to PUUV. Both the detection of positive associations between Drb alleles and PUUV infection and the negative relationship observed between Tnf-α gene expression and PUUV prevalence corroborated the evolution of tolerance in NE endemic areas. The costly inflammatory response activated against PUUV infection could mediate this evolution.Using landscape population genetics, we revealed the role of M. glareolus population dynamics in PUUV epidemiology. The comparison of Drb and Tnf-α genetic differentiation with the neutral pattern detected at microsatellites indicated that selection weakly acted on these immune genes. This result suggested the potential effect of phenotypic plasticity in the balance of resistance/tolerance to PUUV. The study of helminth communities confirmed this hypothesis as it revealed the impact of two nematode species on the risk of PUUV infection
Fage, Clément. "Étude de la résistance des virus influenza B contemporains aux inhibiteurs de la neuraminidase et son impact sur le fitness viral". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36444.
Texto completoDupin, Valérie. "Chimiothérapie des infections à VIH et à Herpesviridae : modes d'action : mécanismes de résistances : revue de la littérature". Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2P017.
Texto completoBonte, Dorine. "Interactions des protéines NS5A et p7 du virus de l'hépatite C avec la cellule hôte ou les molécules antivirales". Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077020.
Texto completoBarbier, Diane. "Impact du virus Influenza de type A sur la régulation de MUC5AC, l’une des principales mucines respiratoires". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066683.
Texto completoSire, Christelle. "Etude des effets de la protéine P1 et du virus de la panachure jaune du riz (Rice yellow mottle virus) sur l'extinction post-transcriptionnelle des gènes : application à la construction de vecteurs viraux chez le riz". Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0598.
Texto completoMost plant viruses have evolved to conteract the defence mechanism based on RNA silencing. Thus, many viral proteins have been well studied for their features in silencing suppression. Among these proteins, P1 protein from Rice yellow mottle virus, responsible for serious disease in irrigated rice systems in Africa, has been described. This study characterised silencing suppression features of RYMV under natural infection on rice plants. Biolistic delivery assays on rice leaves and Agrobacterium-based leaf infiltration assays on Nicotiana benthamiana, determined that P1 undergoes silencing with variable efficiency when inoculating different P1. Moreover, as RYMV is a highly diverse virus, both at genetic scale or at pathogenicity scale, we attempted to evaluate variability of silencing suppression with RYMV particles. Infected O. Sativa with different RYMV isolates, exhibited contrasted silencing suppression on uidA transgene. We thus revealed that RYMV has a qualitative effect on silencing suppression, which is not correlated to virus phylogeny. Silencing suppression at virus scale was also inversely correlated to pathogenicity of isolates. These results suggested that silencing suppression occuring under RYMV infection, is a complex mechanism. Thus, the involvement of the coat protein, on miRNA accumulation regulation, was demonstrated in transgenic rice lines expressing this protein. Moreover these results will be usefull to improve RYMV-based expression and VIGS vectors, that have been developed in a second study. The purpose of this work is to assess the ability of construction of RYMV-based expression and VIGS vectors and to evaluate gene insertion constraint
Martin, Mélanie. "Étude des mécanismes de résistance du cytomégalovirus humain et développement de nouveaux antiviraux contre les virus herpétiques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27103/27103.pdf.
Texto completoVasilescu, Alexandre. "Etude de la génétique de la résistance face à l'infection par le virus VIH-1 (projet GRIV)". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112089.
Texto completoThe goal of my project was to identify the human genetic factors which may influence the evolution towards AIDS. To perform this study, I used the GRIV cohort gathering the two extremes of disease outcome which contains 253 slow and 84 rapid progressors (SP & RP). We also used 470 DNAs from seronegative subjects as a control group (CTR). My work has targeted the genes coding for proteins clearly suggested to be involved in disease pathogenesis: namely the genes coding the Th1/Th2 cytokines, main messengers of the immune system, and the genes coding for Fas and FasL proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway. We exhaustively genotype these genes by sequencing the promoter regions, the exons and the flanking regions (up to 1000 base pairs). We identified 101 polymorphisms among which the majority are SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). These polymorphisms were tested for their association with resistance/susceptibility to disease progression. Promising associations were found for the IL-4 and IL-10 (Th2 cytokines) genes at the haplotype level. No association was observed for the other genes, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-13, IFN-gamma, Fas and FasL. All these results are discussed in the context of HIV-1 infection. The identification of genetic factors associated with these extreme SP and RP phenotypes should allow a better understanding of HIV-1 pathogenic mechanisms and thus allow the rational design of new therapeutic or prophylactic targets. The 20 newly characterized polymorphisms and the knowledge of haplotype blocks will be useful for the scientific community
Ben, M'Barek Najoua. "La résistance de la protéase du VIH-2 : une approche phénotypique à l'aide de la levure". Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20716.
Texto completoThe viral protease constitutes a major target of the anti-HIV therapy. The emergence of resistant viruses during the treatment is related to the appearance of mutations in the gene of the viral protease. My objective was to work out an original strategy to determine the mutations conferring resistance to the treatments. This strategy is based on the lethal effect of the protease expression in the yeast and its reversion by the addition of inhibitors in the culture medium. We thus could define (I) the phenotype of resistance of the VIH-2 proteases arising from patients in therapeutic failure, (II) the mutations in the VIH-2 protease conffering a resistance to two major inhibitors, starting from a bank of an aleatory mutations proteases, and (III) the molecular bases of the viral protease action in the yeast. All together, our results show that the yeast is an excelent tool for the study of the HIV resistance to the antiretroviral agents
Martin, Estelle. "Les conséquences de l’infection par le virus chikungunya sur les vecteurs du genre Aedes". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066306.
Texto completoShirazi, Parsa Hadi. "Engineering of eIF4E gene to resistance against potyviridae viruses in muskmelon using genome editing". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASB002.
Texto completoMelon (Cucumis melo L.) is a diploid plant of the Cucurbitaceae family. Since the 17th century, melon has been the object of an active varietal selection using hybridization techniques. In order to accelerate the development of varieties adapted to climatic changes and integrating new characteristics of interest, it is important to adapt to melon, the new methods of selection and genome edition. Melon is a recalcitrant species to genetic transformation. Thus, the development of a protocol for genetic transformation and seedling regeneration is a first step towards the use of the latest genome editing technologies. In the first section of this thesis, different factors affecting the efficiency of the transformation were evaluated. First, we showed that the optimal co-culture time between the explant and the inoculation medium was 20 minutes. The transformation efficiency in an agrobacteria culture at an optical density (OD600) of 0.8 was 11% higher than that of a culture with OD600 of 0.4. In a second step, other factors such as filter paper, concentration of culture medium (10 mM MES) and temperature (24 °C) had a positive effect on the transformation efficiency. The use of filter paper instead of agar to solidify the co-culture medium strongly improved the transformation efficiency. Finally, the effect of ethylene, known to inhibit genetic transformation, was evaluated by adding AVG, AgNO₃ and KMnO₄ to plant tissue culture medium. KMnO₄ was found to be the most effective product increasing the transformation efficiency by more than 50%.Once the transformation and regeneration protocol was set up, the first transgenesis experiments showed a transformation efficiency of 4.72%. 90% of the transformed plants were diploid. In order to develop potyvirus resistant melons, we initiated the editing of target amino acids in the translation initiation factor eIF4E. Targeted genomic editing was performed using the CRIPR-Cas-9 system and guide RNAs designed to target specific amino acids of eIF4E. The analysis of 2500 explants, allowed us to identify 59 transformed lines for an overall efficiency of 2.4 %. After amplification and sequencing of the eIF4E gene in these lines, we identified 17 lines presenting sequence modifications within the eIF4E gene. In T1 lines, nine alleles of eIF4E were identified. Eight alleles were predicted to be deleterious to eIF4E function. These edited lines will be evaluated for their resistance to ZYMV, WMV, CMV, PRSV
Caranta, Carole. "Dissection génétique de résistances complexes à plusieurs virus chez le piment (Capsicum annuum L. ) à l'aide de marqueurs moléculaires : organisation des facteurs de résistance sur le génome". Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22065.
Texto completoBonnafous, Pascale. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance du sixième herpèsvirus (HHV-6) aux antiviraux". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066398.
Texto completoRoquebert-Jaubert, Bénédicte. "Interactions entre les mutations de résistance du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) aux antirétroviraux". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066365.
Texto completoAmiel, Corinne. "Limites du traitement de l'infection liée au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 : aspects immuno-virologiques". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066063.
Texto completoAntiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection leads to a dramatic clinical benefit with persistent immunological and virological limits. Restoration of immunity is partial : deficit in IL-2 secretion, in the lymphoproliferative responses to recall and HIV antigens, in EBV-specific cellular immune control. Non specific immunotherapy of HIV-1 would be helpful. Interleukin-16 inhibits HIV viral transcription in endogenously infected cells; murabutide, a synthetic analogue of muramylpeptide improves surrogate markers of antiviral immunity in phase I/IIa clinical trialsResistance mutations are easily emerging with ARV and new profiles appear. Directed mutagenesis was used to evaluate the impact of new mutations on resistance and replicative capacity of HIV variants. We studied a new insertion on the reverse transcriptase gene, substitution at codon 68 (mostly associated with K65R and Q151M), the K219E mutation in association with T215F in patients with moderate virological escape