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KUMAR, KULDIP, K. M. GOH, W. R. SCOTT, and C. M. FRAMPTON. "Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008522.
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Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).
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Kulkarni, Prachi, Megan Shoff, and Anne Lucas. "Comparison of Test Methods To Screen For Residual Chemical Contamination On Medical Device Surfaces." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-46.5.388.
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Abstract Reprocessing medical devices involves several steps including cleaning and disinfection or sterilization. Chemical residuals can occur at various stages of reprocessing. These residues could interfere with device function and potentially harm patients. These solutions are composed of a combination of various chemicals and their residues are highly diluted post rinsing, therefore, it is difficult to find a sensitive and rapid method to detect toxicity due to chemical residues. This study focused on (1) finding the levels of residues that are cytotoxic using two mammalian cell lines and Daphnia magna, and (2) evaluating two test methods, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and the Luminescent Bacteria Test (LBT), to measure residual chemicals levels. The two mammalian cell lines were equal in their cytotoxicity responses. However, Daphnia were more sensitive to some chemical residue than the two mammalian cell lines. TOC and LBT were able to detect the presence of residue well below the levels that were determined to cause mammalian cytotoxicity. LBT was more sensitive for some chemicals and TOC for others, both in solution and in simulated cleaning and rinsing for the limited number of solutions tested in this study.
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Sukitprapanon, Tanabhat-Sakorn, Metawee Jantamenchai, Duangsamorn Tulaphitak, Nattaporn Prakongkep, Robert John Gilkes, and Patma Vityakon. "Influence of Application of Organic Residues of Different Biochemical Quality on Phosphorus Fractions in a Tropical Sandy Soil." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020248.
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Understanding phosphorus (P) dynamics in tropical sandy soil treated with organic residues of contrasting quality is crucial for P management using organic amendments. This research determined P fractions in a tropical sandy soil under the application of organic residues of different quality, including groundnut stover (GN), tamarind leaf litter (TM), dipterocarp leaf litter (DP), and rice straw (RS). The organic residues were applied at the rate of 10 t DM ha−1 year−1. The P fractions were examined by a sequential extraction procedure. Organic residue application, regardless of residue quality, resulted in P accumulation in soils. For unamended soil, 55% of total P was mainly associated with Al (hydr)oxides. Organic residue application, regardless of residue quality, diminished the NH4F-extractable P (Al-P) fraction, but it had a nonsignificant effect on NaOH-extractable P (Fe-P). The majority of Al-P and Fe-P fractions were associated with crystalline Al and Fe (hydr)oxides. NH4Cl-extractable P (labile P), NaHCO3-extractable P (exchangeable P and mineralizable organic P), HCl-extractable P (Ca-P), and residual P fractions in soil were significantly increased as a result of the incorporation of organic residues. The application of organic residues, particularly those high in ash alkalinity, increase soil pH, labile P, and Ca-P fractions. In contrast, applications of residues high in lignin and polyphenols increase residual P fraction, which is associated with organo-mineral complexes and clay mineral kaolinite.
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Drabikowska, A. K., and G. Woźniak. "Modification of uridine phosphorylase from Escherichia coli by diethyl pyrocarbonate. Evidence for a histidine residue in the active site of the enzyme." Biochemical Journal 270, no. 2 (September 1, 1990): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2700319.
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Uridine phosphorylase from Escherichia coli is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH 7.1 and 10 degrees C with a second-order rate constant of 840 M-1.min-1. The rate of inactivation increases with pH, suggesting participation of an amino acid residue with pK 6.6. Hydroxylamine added to the inactivated enzyme restores the activity. Three histidine residues per enzyme subunit are modified by diethyl pyrocarbonate. Kinetic and statistical analyses of the residual enzymic activity, as well as the number of modified histidine residues, indicate that, among the three modifiable residues, only one is essential for enzyme activity. The reactivity of this histidine residue exceeded 10-fold the reactivity of the other two residues. Uridine, though at high concentration, protects the enzyme against inactivation and the very reactive histidine residue against modification. Thus it may be concluded that uridine phosphorylase contains only one histidine residue in each of its six subunits that is essential for enzyme activity.
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Takim, Kasim, and Mehmet Emin Aydemir. "GC-MS and LC-MS Pesticide Analysis of Black Teas Originating from Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey, and India." Toxics 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010034.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate pesticide residues in the imported and domestic tea sold in Turkey and to detect their compliance with maximum residue limits (MRL) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). A total of 79 samples were analyzed by using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS devices with AOAC 2007.01 method to investigate 603 pesticide residues. According to the results, pesticide residues were found in a total of 28 tea samples. Pesticide residues were found in the countries of origin at the rates as follows: Iran (100%), India (33.3%) and Sri Lanka (17.3%). No pesticide residue was detected in the tea produced in Turkey. The compounds such as Diuron, Ethion, Cypermethrin, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Fenpyroximate, Acetamiprid, Imidacloprid, Flubendiamide, Deltamethrin and Hexythiazox were detected in positive samples. Seven types of pesticide residues exceeded the MRL determined by the Turkish Food Codex for 15 types (53.57%) for 28 samples with pesticide residue detected. Additionally, 4 types of pesticide residues were determined to exceed the ADI determined by the Codex Alimentarius for 13 (46.42%) of 28 samples with pesticide residue detected. These results have showed that the imported tea entering Turkey was not adequately analyzed in the customs control laboratories or the maximum residual limits were not clearly determined.
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Indraningsih, Indraningsih, and Yulvian Sani. "Pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in Lembang." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 11, no. 1 (February 5, 2012): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v11i1.510.
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The use of pesticides to control plant diseases may cause residual formation in crops, its byproduct and environmental. Furthermore, the use of agriculture byproduct as animal feed may cause poisoning or residual formation in animal products. The purpose of this study is to investigate of pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in relation to animal feed as a contamination source. Samples consisted of animal feeds (19 samples of fodder and 6 samples of feed), 31 samples of sera and 25 samples of brain tissues of dairy cattle collected from Lembang, West Java. Feeds and fodders were collected from dairy farms located in Lembang. Sera were directly collected from 31 heads of Frisien Holstein (FH) cattle from the same location, while brain tissues of FH cattle were collected from a local animal slaughtering house. Pesticide residues were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). Both residues of organochlorines and organophosphates were detected from brain tissues with average residue concentration OP was 22.7 ppb and OC was 5.1 ppb and a total residue was 27.8 ppb. The pesticide residues in brain tissues are new information that should be taken into consideration since the Indonesian consumed this tissues as an oval. Although pesticides residue concentration was low, pathological changes were noted microscopically from the brain tissues including extracellular vacuolisation, focal necrosis, haemorrhages, dilatation of basement membrane without cellular infiltration. Both pesticide residues were also detected in sera, where OP (9.0 ppb) was higher than OC (4.9 ppb). These pesticides were also detected in animal feeds consisting fodders and feeds. Residues of OP (12.0 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8 ppb) in feeds, but residues of OP (16.8 ppb) were lower than OC (18.7 ppb) in fodders. Although, pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues were below the maximum residue limits (MRL) of fat, the presence of pesticides in brain tissues should be taken into consideration as their effects in brain lesions. There was a correlation between contaminant found in animal feeds and pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues of dairy cattle.Key Words: Pesticides, Residues, Brain, Dairy Cattle
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Malgwi, K. D., B. Umaru, S. A. Chabri, N. Daniel, L. Sanya, U. A. Maina, and S. Saka. "Assessment of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G Residues Levels in Raw and Fermented Milk in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 03 (March 3, 2023): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2023.v09i03.001.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the presence and concentration of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G residues in raw cow and Fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 172 (86 raw and 86 fermented) milk samples were randomly collected from different milk selling points in Maiduguri. A Spectrophotometer ultraviolet visible spectrum machine was used to detect and quantify the oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in the milk samples. All samples (raw and fermented milk) tested positive for oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues with a mean residual concentration of 36 µg/L and 20 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively for oxytetracycline while the mean residue concentration of penicillin G is 649 µg/L and 397 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively. However, the oxytetracycline residues detected were all below the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) standards of 100 µg/L, while the penicillin G residue detected were all above the maximum residue standard of 5 µg/L. The maximum and minimum residue for oxytetracycline detected in raw milk was 79 and 10 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 42 and 9 (µg/L) respectively. The maximum and minimum residue detected for penicillin G residue in raw milk was 1993 and 767 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 288 and 164 (µg/L). This study revealed the presence of both oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in raw and fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri. However, oxytetracycline residues detected in this study were found to be within the acceptable limits, while the penicillin G residues were highly above the MRL standard set by CODEX.
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Ahmed, Md Sultan, Md Arifur Rahman, Afroza Begum, Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury, and Md Shahed Reza. "Multi insecticide residue analysis in vegetables collected from different regions of Bangladesh." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v1i3.64036.
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An investigative study was conducted to determine the left over residue of five commonly used insecticides in cauliflower and yard long bean samples collected from local market of eight different regions like Bogra, Comilla, Dhaka, Gazipur, Jessore, Khagrachari, Rajshahi and Rangpur and carried out to the lab for analysis. Among 47 analyzed vegetable samples, 20 had insecticide residues, of them 11 had above maximum residue limit (MRL) set by FAO/WHO. Of 24 analyzed cauliflower samples, 11 contained residue of cypermethrin, diazinon, quinalphos, fenitrothion and malathion in which 8 had above MRL. Most of the sample contain diazinon and cypermethrin residue. Three samples showed 0.202-0.603 mgkg-1diazinon resides and two samples contain 0.590-0.640 mgkg-1cypermethrin residues which were above MRL. Cauliflower samples also showed two of three multi insecticide residues which were above MRL. Among 23 analyzed yard long bean samples, 9 showed the residue of five tested insecticides but only three had the residue of 0.410 mgkg-1quinalphos, 0.651 mgkg-1malathion and 0.591 mgkg-1cypermethrin which were above MRL and the next 6 samples including three multi insecticide residues were of below MRL. Bogra, Jessore and Comilla showed more residues irrespective of single or multiple insecticide then other locations. No residue of the tested insecticide was found in the samples collected from Dhaka and Rajshahi in both the vegetables. Cauliflower in Khagrachari and yard long bean in Rangpur did not show any insecticide residue.
 Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (3), 547-551
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Bixler, G. S., M. Bean, and M. Z. Atassi. "Site recognition by protein-primed T cells shows a non-specific peptide size requirement beyond the essential residues of the site Demonstration by defining an immunodominant T site in myoglobin." Biochemical Journal 240, no. 1 (November 15, 1986): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400139.
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In previous studies, six T sites within myoglobin (Mb) were localized. To define precisely the boundaries of the T sites, a new approach is introduced and applied here to the T site residing within residues 107-120 of Mb. Two sets of peptides were synthesized. One set represents a stepwise elongation by one-residue increments of the Mb sequence. The other set represents an identical stepwise addition of one-residue increments of the Mb sequence, but which were extended by additional unrelated (nonsense) residues to a uniform size of 14 residues. The longer peptides (nonsense-extended) usually gave higher proliferative responses than did their shorter counterparts having the same Mb region. Thus a minimum peptide size is required for optimal T-cell stimulation. The T site subtends, in three high-responder mouse strains, residues 109-119 or 110-120, depending on strain, and, in three low-responder strains, maps to residues 108-120. Thus, in this case, the T site coincides with the site of B-cell recognition and resides in a small discrete surface region of the protein chain.
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Nining, Euis, Rizal Sjarief Sjaiful Nazli, Zainal Alim Mas’ud, Machfud Machfud, and Sobir Sobir. "Profil Residu Insektisida Organofosfat di Kawasan Produksi Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Kabupaten Brebes Jawa Tengah." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 9, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 999–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.4.999-1009.
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Excessive use of pesticides can have an impact on the environment, including the loss of pesticide residues in soil and agricultural products. The purpose of this study was to determine the spreading of organophosphate pesticide residues in the shallot production area of Brebes Regency, Central Java. Research locations were two districts selected by purposive sampling based on production area, namely Kersana and Wanasari Districts. Organophosphate compounds analyzed include chlorpyrifos, paration, profenofos, diazinon, fenitrotion, metidation and malation. Organophosphate residue analysis was carried out on seven soil samples and seven shallot products. Pesticide residue analysis was carried out using the standard method by using a gas chromatography device with an electron capture detector. Based on analysis, seven residues of organophosphate pesticides were chlorpyrifos, paration, profenofos, diazinon, fenitrotion, metidation and malation, spread in Kersana District, and six pesticides residues (except profenofos) spread in Wanasari District. In soil samples, the highest residues obtained in two districts were chlorpyrifos compounds, chlorpyrifos compounds in Kersana District was higher than Wanasari District. In the shallot sample, the highest residues in two districts are diazinon compounds, diazinon compounds in the sample of Kersana District was higher than Wanasari District. There were several samples of shallot product contained organophosphate residue exceed the maximum concentration of residual limit (RML).
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Kellogg, Glen E. "Three-Dimensional Interaction Homology: Deconstructing Residue–Residue and Residue–Lipid Interactions in Membrane Proteins." Molecules 29, no. 12 (June 14, 2024): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122838.
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A method is described to deconstruct the network of hydropathic interactions within and between a protein’s sidechain and its environment into residue-based three-dimensional maps. These maps encode favorable and unfavorable hydrophobic and polar interactions, in terms of spatial positions for optimal interactions, relative interaction strength, as well as character. In addition, these maps are backbone angle-dependent. After map calculation and clustering, a finite number of unique residue sidechain interaction maps exist for each backbone conformation, with the number related to the residue’s size and interaction complexity. Structures for soluble proteins (~749,000 residues) and membrane proteins (~387,000 residues) were analyzed, with the latter group being subdivided into three subsets related to the residue’s position in the membrane protein: soluble domain, core-facing transmembrane domain, and lipid-facing transmembrane domain. This work suggests that maps representing residue types and their backbone conformation can be reassembled to optimize the medium-to-high resolution details of a protein structure. In particular, the information encoded in maps constructed from the lipid-facing transmembrane residues appears to paint a clear picture of the protein–lipid interactions that are difficult to obtain experimentally.
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Šuk, Jaroslav, Kateřina Hamouzová, Jana Hajšlová, and Miroslav Jursík. "Dynamics of herbicides degradation in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots and leaves." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 6 (May 21, 2021): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/46/2021-pse.
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This research had two main aims. First, to analyse the degradation dynamics of herbicides commonly used in carrot (aclonifen, clomazone, flufenacet, linuron, metribuzin, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor). Second, to compare the amount of herbicide residues with the maximum residue level and with requirements of non-residual production. The field experiments were conducted in 2012–2016. All tested herbicides resulted in relatively low concentrations of residues in carrot roots (up to 10 µg/kg) when the recommended withdrawal period was followed between application and harvest. The concentration of S-metolachlor in carrot roots exceeded the maximal residual limit (MRL) if the application was carried out four days before harvest. The measured values of other tested herbicide residues in carrot roots did not exceed the MRL in any of the tested samples. Pre-emergent use of clomazone, linuron and flufenacet could be recommended for non-residue carrot production. Post-emergent use of metribuzin can be used for non-residue carrot production if the interval between application and harvest is at least 80 days. Concentrations of herbicide residues in carrot leaves were many times higher than in roots. All tested herbicides can be applied for safe carrot production if applicators adhere to the requirements for use.
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Malladi, Haritha, Meron Asnake, Andrew LaCroix, and Cassie Castorena. "Low-Temperature Vacuum Drying Procedure for Rapid Asphalt Emulsion Residue Recovery." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (August 8, 2018): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791913.
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Asphalt emulsions are used extensively in tack coats and preservation surface treatments. The current specifications for asphalt emulsion residue recovery in AASHTO PP 72 are based on low-temperature evaporative drying. The shortest residue recovery procedure included in AASHTO PP 72 requires 6 h of conditioning in an oven to dry an emulsion. The ability to recover emulsion residues efficiently is of great interest given the ongoing efforts to develop emulsion performance-graded specifications based on residual binder properties. In this study, a rapid, vacuum drying technology was evaluated for asphalt emulsion residue recovery. The procedure enables the recovery of sufficient residual binder for dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing within 20–40 min. Five emulsions of different classifications were evaluated using both the vacuum drying procedure and the AASHTO PP 72 procedures. The vacuum drying procedure leads to similar water loss to the AASHTO PP 72 procedures. Based on the temperature-frequency sweep and multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test results, the vacuum-dried residues are softer and more viscous than residues recovered using the AASHTO PP 72 procedures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to identify if oxidation levels could explain the observed in rheological trends. However, the results suggest no clear trend in the oxidation levels of residues recovered using AASHTO PP 72 compared with the rapid vacuum procedure. Future work is necessary to infer which method best reflects residual binders placed in the field.
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Dike-Iheanyi, Evelyn Ifeyinwa, J. C. Ifemeje, Chinenye Justy, Okoye, F. C. Okoroigwe, and V. C. Ezeanyanwu. "Determination of Residual Pesticides in Selected Grains, Fruits and Vegetables Commercially Sold in Eke Awka Market, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria." IDOSR JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ALLIED FIELDS 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jbbaf/24/93.16000.
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Six samples from cucumber (Cucumis sativus), apple (Malus domestica), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus), Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Green peas (Pisum sativum) were purchased from Eke Awka market, Awka in Anambra state, and were evaluated for their residual pesticides. Estimation of Pesticides residues were carried out using American Public Health Association Method. The result of the pesticide residues analysis showed that all the samples contain pesticide residues but the most prevalent one was Isopropylamine. The pesticide residues in beans have highest concentration of Isopropylamine (0.094 0.001%), followed by cucumber (0.058 0.01%) and then apple (0.040 0.001%) while the least was cabbage (0.023 0.001%). Among all samples studied, beans have the highest level of pesticide residues (0.245 mg/kg) followed by Apple (0.206 mg/kg) and cucumber (0.178 mg/kg) and least was cabbage (0.121mg/kg). Among all the pesticides studied, lindane was above maximum residue limit (0.01 mg/kg) in apple and tiger nut (0.048 0.001%) and 0.043 0.001%) respectively Conclusion: Pesticide residues in most of the samples analyzed were above limits which portends danger. There is urgent need to for action by policy makers and farmers respectively. Keywords: Pesticide residue, Grains, Fruits, Vegetables
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She, Xiaoyun, Yu Gao, and Yan Shi. "Determination of glufosinate-ammonium residue in wheat and soil by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 15, no. 2 (May 26, 2023): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i2.1163.
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The worldwide use of glufosinate-ammonium has dramatically increased, but concern over its impact on plants and soil is also increasing. With the aim of clarifying whether the application of glufosinate-ammonium will generate residue in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soil, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to detect wheat plants, grains, and soil. Under experimental conditions, no residue of glufosinate-ammonium was detected in wheat plants and grains during each growth period. The residual level of glufosinate decreased gradually with the increment of soil layer during the same reproductive period. In the same soil layer, the sequence of glufosinate residues in the reproductive period were wintering, recovering, jointing, and heading stage. The residues of glufosinate after 2.0 times applied amount was significantly greater than the 1.0 times applied amount. During the wintering period, the residuals after 2.0 times application of glufosinate were 1.50 and 28.27 times higher than 1.0 times application in the field and soil column experiment, respectively, in the 0–20 cm soil layer. No residue of glufosinate was detected in the different soil layers of each treatment during the flowering, filling, and maturation stages of wheat. The residues of glufosinate-ammonium in wheat and soil were far less than 0.2 ng kg−1 in all treatments. It shows that the application of glufosinate-ammonium is safe for wheat field soil and the next crop under the spraying rate of this experiment.
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Memon, Tarique Ahmed. "Assessment of Rice Residues as Potential Energy Source in Pakistan." Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjet.v5i1.982.
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Pakistan produces enormous quantity of biomass wastes for example rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH), wheat straw, and other biomass wastes that are being burned in the field after crop harvest to prepare the land for next crop. Biomass is known as potential energy source which can be effectively utilized as an alternative to fossil fuels. This study aims to assess the energy potential and gaseous pollutant emissions from rice residues such as RS and RH. The Energy potential of crop residues in Pakistan was obtained by considering the residual characteristics like residue to crop product ratio, moisture level and lower heating value of dry biomass was obtained from the South Asian countries. The mathematical models were defined for the assessment of amount of residues, available energy potential and emissions of gaseous pollutants. The estimated amount of rice residues is 10147.65 thousand tons dry biomass. The theoretical and available energy potential of the rice residues were estimated as 159219TJ, and 100,431TJ respectively. Based on dry matter fraction and proportion of crop residue burnt, the total amount of crop residue burnt for RS and RH were 1356.38 thousand tons and 307.7 thousand tons respectively. Total emissions from burning of rice residues were 1749.59, 27.639, 2.432, 1.265, 4.997, and 0.549 Gg for CO₂, CO, NO, NO₂, NOx, and SO₂ respectively. It was concluded that the crop residues generated in Pakistan can be effectively utilized as an alternative energy source, to reduce demand supply gap, reliance on fossils fuels and lower contribution in global warming.
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Zhang, Qiu Rong, Shuang Quan Zhang, and Ting Ting Pan. "Fraction Distribution Changes of Heavy Metals in Co-Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge and Corn Straw." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.187.
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Maiz’s short sequential extraction procedure was used to extract the heavy metals in the carbon residues made from sewage sludge by co-pyrolysis with corn straw. The content of heavy metals in the residues was determined by ICP-MS to study the fraction distribution changes of heavy metals. It is concluded that the content of mobile and mobilization heavy metals exsisted in the residue decrease and the content of residual heavy metals increase due to the co-pyrolysis. The co-pyrolysis temperature has great effect on the fraction distribution changes of heavy metals. The content of residual fraction for Cr, Ni, Pb is up to the top at 700°C and for Cd、Cu、Zn is at 500°C. The carbon residues are unhazardous and safe.
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Suhartana, Sona, Yuniawati, Seca Gandaseca, Dulsalam, Soenarno, and Jegatheswaran Ratnasingam. "Potential of Wood Harvesting Residues and Residual Stand Damage due to Timber Harvesting: A Case Study at PT Austral Byna in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." International Journal of Forestry Research 2022 (January 12, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3251945.
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The practice of timber harvesting in natural forests which has been conducted up to now still leaves wood harvesting residue and residual stand damage. Most condition of wood harvesting residue is still good and can be utilized. The objective of this research was to determine the potency of wood harvesting residue and residual stand damage on timber harvesting in natural forests. The data on wood utilization, wood harvesting residue, and residual damage were collected from three sample plots. The sample plots were arranged in a systematic and purposive manner, and the data were processed with tabulation and average analysis. Research results showed that the average volume of wood being utilized was 9.212 m3 tree−1. The average volume of wood harvesting residues was 2.310 m3 tree−1, and the total average volume of wood harvesting residues which were good, defected, and broken was 2.121 m3 (80.952%), with an average volume for good wood harvesting residue condition of 1.038 m3 (34.808%). Proportions of wood harvesting residues were 2.154 m3 (94.444%) consisting of buttress as large as 0.102 m3 (5.159%), stumps as large as 0.375 m3 tree−1 (23.597%), butt as large as 0.855 m3 (35.930%), and end part as large as 0.821 m3 (29.758%). The average number of trees with a diameter of 20 cm which were damaged due to felling and skidding was 5 trees ha−1 (5.40%) and 6 trees ha−1 (6.58%), respectively.
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Song, Qiaoling, Zhenan Wu, Chenghao Jin, Zhichao Yu, Peng Xu, and Zhouting Jiang. "Effects of Residual Composition and Distribution on the Structural Characteristics of the Protein." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214263.
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The effect of ratio and consecutive number of hydrophobic residues in the repeating unit of protein chains was investigated by MD simulation. The modified off-lattice HNP model was applied in this study. The protein chains constituted by different HNP ratios or different numbers of consecutively hydrophobic residues with the same chain length were simulated under a broad temperature range. We concluded that the proteins with higher ratio or larger number of sequentially hydrophobic residues present more orientated and compact structure under a certain low temperature. It is attributed to the lower non-bonded potential energy between H-H residual pairs, especially more hydrophobic residues in a procession among the protein chain. Considering the microscopic structure of the protein, more residue contacts are achieved with the proteins with higher ratios and sequential H residues under the low temperature. Meanwhile, with the ratio and consecutive number of H residues increasing, the distribution of stem length showed a transition from exponential decline to unimodal and even multiple peaks, indicating the specific ordered structure formed. These results provide an insight into 3D structural properties of proteins from their residue sequences, which has a primary structure at molecular level and, ultimately, a practical possibility of applying in biotechnological applications.
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Kim, Chang Jo, Won Tae Jeong, Kee Sung Kyung, Hee-Dong Lee, Danbi Kim, Ho Sung Song, Younkoo Kang, and Hyun Ho Noh. "Dissipation and Distribution of Picarbutrazox Residue Following Spraying with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris var. pekinensis)." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185671.
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We assessed the residual distribution and temporal trend of picarbutrazox sprayed by agricultural multicopters on Chinese cabbage and considered fortification levels and flying speeds. In plot 2, 14 days after the last spraying, the residues decreased by ~91.3% compared with those in the samples on day 0. The residues in the crops decreased by ~40.8% of the initial concentration owing to growth (dilution effect) and by ~50.6% after excluding the dilution effect. As the flight speed increased, picarbutrazox residues decreased (p < 0.05, least significant deviation [LSD]). At 2 m s−1 flight speed, the residual distribution differed from the dilution rate of the spraying solution. The average range of picarbutrazox residues at all sampling points was 0.007 to 0.486, below the limit of quantitation −0.395, 0.005–0.316, and 0.005–0.289 mg kg−1 in plots 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, showing significant differences (p < 0.05, LSD). These results indicated that the residual distribution of picarbutrazox sprayed by using a multicopter on the Chinese cabbages was not uniform. However, the residues were less than the maximum residue limit in all plots. Accordingly, picarbutrazox was considered to have a low risk to human health if it was sprayed on cabbage according to the recommended spraying conditions.
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Dari, Linda, Ahmad ADDO, and Komla Agbeko DZISI. "Determination of Pesticide Residuals in Soil and Tomato Fruits from Two Tomato Production Areas in northern Ghana." Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47881/167.967x.
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Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is an important vegetable commodity in Ghana, as it is consumed daily in many households either heat-treated or without any form of heat treatments. Tomato production is a major source of income for many smallholder producers in Northern Ghana especially through dry season farming when the major supply of tomatoes from Southern Ghana is exhausted. Research conducted for the past decade confirmed the presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables such as cabbage, onion, cucumber, lettuce, tomatoes, okra and pepper. The objective of this study was to identify and estimate pesticide residual levels in the soil and tomato fruits in comparison with the maximum allowable residual limits. The research was carried out in two production communities namely Doba where the “Burkina” variety is mostly grown in the Kassena Nankana East District of the Upper East Region and Bunglung where the “Wosowoso” variety is cultivated in the Savelugu/Nanton Municipality of Northern Region. Soil samples were collected for residue determination before transplanting of tomato seedlings. Matured and ripe tomato fruits were also collected for the determination of the presence and amount of pesticide residues. All soil and plant samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography to determine the presence of twenty-four organochlorines and thirteen organophosphate pesticide residues. From the analysis, pesticide residues were present in different variations which ranged from 0.002 – 0.033 and 0.003 – 0.022 (soils) and 0.330 – 1.187 and 0.002 – 0.088 (fruits) for organochlorines and organophosphates respectively for both communities. Levels of pesticide residues were generally above the acceptable maximum residue limits as farmer practices produced fruits with more pesticide residues since the land areas could have been predisposed with residues from previous seasons for other food crops, which could be translocated into the tomato plant and through into the fruits. The presence of pesticide residues could also be attributed to the influence of run-off and drift from other cultivated lands. For effective determination of pesticides residues in the tomato plants, it is essential to use uncontaminated soil and water to facilitate the efficient estimation of pesticide residues in tomatoes and plants in general.
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Griffin, James L., and John F. Robinson. "Metolachlor and Alachlor Persistence in Rice (Oryza sativa) Following Soybean (Glycine max)." Weed Technology 3, no. 1 (March 1989): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031365.
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Field studies were conducted for 3 yr to evaluate the persistence of metolachlor and alachlor applied to ‘Centennial’ soybean and to determine their residual effect on ‘Mars' rice. At labeled use rates of metolachlor at 2.8 kg ai/ha and alachlor at 3.9 kg ai/ha, soil residue levels in the fall 5 months after application on Crowley and Midland silt loam soils averaged 0.04 and 0.05 ppmw, respectively. Metolachlor fall soil residues averaged 3.5 times higher when applied at 5.6 and 11.2 kg/ha compared to 2.8 kg/ha, but residues for labeled and double rates of alachlor were similar. In the spring 9 months after herbicide application, soil residues averaged over years did not exceed 0.06 ppmw. The 3-yr rice yields were not affected by residual metolachlor or alachlor.
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Tian, Chunlan, Ju Zhou, Chunxiao Ren, Mamdouh Omran, Fan Zhang, and Ju Tang. "Drying Kinetics of Microwave-Assisted Drying of Leaching Residues from Hydrometallurgy of Zinc." Materials 16, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 5546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16165546.
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In the hydrometallurgical process of zinc production, the residue from the leaching stage is an important intermediate product and is treated in a Waelz kiln to recover valuable metals. To ensure optimal results during the Waelz kiln process, it is necessary to pre-treat the residues by drying them first due to their higher water content. This work studies the residue’s drying process using microwave technology. The study results indicate that microwave technology better removes the residue’s oxygen functional groups and moisture. The dehydration process’s effective diffusion coefficient increases as the microwave’s heating power, the initial moisture content, and the initial mass increase. The Page model is appropriate for imitating the drying process, and the activation energy of the drying process for the residues is −13.11217 g/W. These results indicate that microwave technology efficiently dries the residues from the leaching stage. Furthermore, this study provides a theoretical basis and experimental data for the industrial application of microwave drying.
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Sagara, H. M., S. A. Schliebe, and M. C. Kong. "Pyrotechnic Residues in Gunshot Residue Analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117649.
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Particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x- ray analysis is one of the current methods used in crime laboratories to aid law enforcement in identifying individuals who have recently fired or handled a firearm. During the discharge of a firearm, the high pressure caused by the detonation of the cartridge materials forces a portion of the generated gases through leaks in the firing mechanism of the weapon. These gases contain residues of smokeless powder, primer mixture, and contributions from the projectile itself. The condensation of these hot gases form discrete, micrometer-sized particles, which can be collected, along with dry skin cells, salts, and other hand debris, from the hands of a shooter by a simple adhesive lift technique. The examination of the carbon-coated adhesive lifts consist of time consuming systematic searches for high contrast particles of spherical morphology with the characteristic elemental composition of antimony, barium and lead. A detailed list of the elemental compositions which match the criteria for gunshot residue are discussed in the Aerospace report.
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Ulomi, Winstone J., Fauster X. Mgaya, Zuhura Kimera, and Mecky I. Matee. "Determination of Sulphonamides and Tetracycline Residues in Liver Tissues of Broiler Chicken Sold in Kinondoni and Ilala Municipalities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091222.
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In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0–3 µg/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 µg/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.
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Malico, Isabel, and Ana Cristina Gonçalves. "Eucalyptus globulus Coppices in Portugal: Influence of Site and Percentage of Residues Collected for Energy." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115775.
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Studies that quantify forest bioenergy potentials hardly address the questions of site quality, proportion and type of residues removed from the stands, and environmental impacts of those removals. However, those factors are important for energy-potential results and forest sustainability. This study compares, in terms of residual biomass availability for energy production and of sustainability, different locations, site indices, and forest management strategies in Eucalyptus globulus stands for pulp and paper in northern and central Portugal. A growth and production simulator was used to calculate the availability of residues and the area needed to supply a biomass-fired power plant under a variety of scenarios. Regions with more rainfall generate more residues, but site index and quantity and type of residues harvested are the most important factors. Under the different scenarios analyzed, the amount of residues potentially harvested range from 0.7 to 4.3 Mg ha−1 a−1, the upper bound corresponding to a scenario where stumps are valorized. The maximization of residue removal maximizes the bioenergy produced but has to be considered prudently. Studies indicate that stump removal has limited effect on Eucalyptus globulus stand productivity, diversity, and system sustainability, but impacts of residue removals increase with a decrease in site index.
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Das, Anuj Kumer, and G. M. M. Anwarul Hasan. "Analysis of Pesticide Residual Levels In Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain, Flour and Processed Items in Selected Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380319.
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In this study, the residual levels of Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in maize grain, maize flour and processed items were determined. A total of 90 samples were collected and analyzed by Gas chromatography Tandem Mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Several OPPs residues including Dichlorvos (964.38 ± 143.21 μg/kg), Methyl Parathion (43.98 ± 12.90 μg/kg) and Dursban (Chlorpyrifos) (39.82 ± 10.75 μg/kg) were detected in maize grain samples while Dichlorvos (128.65 ± 22.78 μg/kg) and Dursban (Chlorpyrifos) (12.54 ± 7.66 μg/kg) were detected in maize flour samples and no OPPs residues were detected in processed maize items. Among the OCPs residues, p′,p′-DDE (6.54 ± 2.66 μg/kg), p′,p′-DDD (3.54 ± 2.98 μg/kg) and p′,p′-DDT (4.32 ± 2.98 μg/kg) were detected in maize grain samples while no residues were detected in maize flour and processed items. None of detected pesticide residual concentration exceeds the maximum residue limits (MRLs). From this analysis it can be concluded that, there have no potential health hazards from raw and processed maize items from the studied area.
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Fitriadi, Bayu Refindra, та Ayutia Ciptaningtyas Putri. "Dampak Aplikasi Pestisida Sipermetrin, Deltametrin, Klorpirifos dan λ-Sihalotrin Terhadap Kandungan Residu Pestisida pada Biji Kakao". Jurnal AGROSAINS dan TEKNOLOGI 4, № 1 (2 липня 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/jat.4.1.10-18.
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The use of various types of active ingredients with high intensity pesticides in dealing with pest disturbances often makes farmers pay less attention to the negative impacts. Deltamethrin, sipermetrin, λ-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos are active ingredients of pesticides that are often used by cocoa farmers to control pests Helopeltis sp. spp. which is one of the main pests in cocoa plants. Field tests on pesticide application were carried out on cocoa plants with Helopeltis sp. spp. High. This test was carried out on 4 treatment blocks applied with different active ingredients. Pesticide residue testing was carried out on cocoa beans, before and after pesticide application using the QuEChERS method on GC-ECD. The results of pesticide residue testing showed that the use of λ-cyhalothrin pesticides did not leave pesticide residues, while sipermetrin pesticides left far fewer pesticide residues compared to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticides. The results of these pesticide residues are compared to the Pesticide Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) according to the European Commission Part A of Annex I to Reg. 396/2005, shows the results of λ-cyhalothrin and cipermethrin pesticide residues test under pesticide MRL, while the results of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticide residue test are above the specified pesticide MRL.
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Pichayakorn, Buasuwan, Pusuwan Ratchaneevipa, Runhiwa Nuttida, and Prasertphon Suphatchaya. "Prevalence of Pesticide residues in Fresh Chili sold in Fresh Markets in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand." International Journal of Life Sciences Research 10, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 56–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7053562.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Background: Pesticide residues were found in many samples of vegetables sold in fresh markets for consumers. Chili pepper is one of the most popular food ingredients. Objective: Find the percentage of vegetables from the produced market and organic vegetables from the department store that were detected Organophosphate and Carbamate pesticide residue above MRL (maximum residue limit for pesticide). Method: In this research, the samples were tested for pesticide residues with MJPK pesticide test kit that applies colorimetric cholinesterase inhibitor assay. Result: The detection of pesticide residues in Chili pepper, a total of 60 samples, consisted of 30 samples of Chili pepper and 30 samples of red pepper was found Carbamate residues at safe level in 6 samples representing for 20% of Chili pepper and Organophosphate were detected residues at safe level in 5 red pepper samples, representing 16.67% of the 60 samples of Chili pepper and red pepper, did not detect Organophosphate and Carbamate residues at unsafe level. Conclusion: The results of this study examined 60 chili pepper samples and found no residuals of Organophosphate and Carbamate at Unsafe Level in Chili pepper. <strong>Keywords:</strong> pesticide residues in vegetable, Organophosphate, Carbamate. <strong>Title:</strong> Prevalence of Pesticide residues in Fresh Chili sold in Fresh Markets in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand <strong>Author:</strong> Pichayakorn Buasuwan, Ratchaneevipa Pusuwan, Nuttida Runhiwa, Suphatchaya Prasertphon <strong>International Journal of Life Sciences Research</strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 3, July 2022 - September 2022</strong> <strong>Page No: 56-60</strong> <strong>Research Publish Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 06-September-2022</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7053562</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/prevalence-of-pesticide-residues-in-fresh-chili-sold-in-fresh-markets-in-nonthaburi-province-thailand</strong>
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Galt, Ryan E. ""It just goes to kill Ticos": national market regulation and the political ecology of farmers' pesticide use in Costa Rica." Journal of Political Ecology 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v16i1.21689.
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This paper addresses pesticide residues on vegetables in developing countries through the specific case of Costa Rica. Pesticide residues are often very high on vegetables in developing countries, generally considerably higher than in industrialized countries. Using a political ecology approach, I combine qualitative and quantitative primary data with secondary data to answer two questions. Why do farmers use pesticides in a manner that results in high levels of residues on vegetables? And, how do markets with unequal regulatory strength affect farmers' pesticides use, and, by inference, the resulting exposure of different populations fed by different market segments? While usually attributed to farmer ignorance, I argue that the pesticide residue problem arises from a triad of causes: higher efficacy of more residual and toxic pesticides, combined with many vegetables' biological trait of consecutive harvests, and a volatile vegetable market upon which farm household reproduction depends. With high input costs and low farm gate prices, farmers in markets with minimal regulation will use more residual and toxic pesticides. Using the idea of a double standard, I show that lax regulation in the open national market means that farmers are less cautious about residues on national market produce than export produce, and that some export farmers use the open national market as an outlet for their produce when they use highly residual pesticides. Uneven regulations between North and South are manifested in farmer's management decisions, and lead to the injustice of higher residues in developing country vegetables.Keywords: pesticide residues; pesticide use; uneven regulation; Costa Rica; developing countries; national market vegetables; export vegetables; environmental injustice
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Ferdous, Most Rifat Ara, Md Raju Ahmed, Sayekul Hasan Khan, Mufsana Akter Mukta, Tasnia Tabassum Anika, Md Tarek Hossain, Md Zahorul Islam, and Kazi Rafiq. "Effect of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on residual status in broiler soft tissues." January-2020 13, no. 1 (January 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.61-67.
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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on hematological parameters, residual status in soft tissue of broiler and of thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status. Materials and Methods: Eighteen, day-old male broiler chickens were purchased and were divided into three different groups (control group, discriminate group, and indiscriminate group). The control group received no antibiotics. The discriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water for 5 consecutive days, and 10 days' withdrawal period was maintained before sacrifice. The indiscriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water till the sacrificed day. Blood samples were collected before sacrificing for hematological analysis. After sacrificing liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples were collected for analysis of oxytetracycline residues in raw soft tissues. Since meat is used to cook by traditional method in Bangladesh before consumption that is why positive meat samples were cooked by traditional cooking method to evaluate the thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status as well. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was done for screening of oxytetracycline residues in soft tissues. Results: Mean differences of total erythrocyte count (million/mm3), hemoglobin estimation (gm%), and packed cell volume (%) estimation were not statistically significant among the groups. TLC analysis of raw samples showed 100% positive results of all samples collected from the indiscriminate group. In contrast, samples collected from the discriminate group were negative for oxytetracycline residues. In the control group, all samples were negative for oxytetracycline residue. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship of oxytetracycline residues among three different groups for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples. Positive liver and muscle samples from the indiscriminate group were subjected to thermal treatment by traditional cooking method of Bangladesh. Oxytetracycline residues had found in cooked meat, liver, and juice part, suggesting that antibiotic residues disseminated to juice part from flesh part after cooking. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that proper maintenance of withdrawal period would minimize oxytetracycline residues in broiler soft tissues, whereas antibiotics retained in soft tissues of broiler in case of indiscriminate use. Traditional cooking does not change oxytetracycline residual status in edible tissues. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment of broiler is one of the best strategies which may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in meat.
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El-Sheikh, El-Sayed A., Mahmoud M. Ramadan, Ahmed E. El-Sobki, Ali A. Shalaby, Mark R. McCoy, Ibrahim A. Hamed, Mohamed-Bassem Ashour, and Bruce D. Hammock. "Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072.
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The use of pesticides leads to an increase in agricultural production but also causes harmful effects on human health when excessively used. For safe consumption, pesticide residues should be below the maximum residual limits (MRLs). In this study, the residual levels of pesticides in vegetables and fruits collected from farmers’ markets in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt were investigated using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. A total number of 40 pesticides were detected in the tested vegetable and fruit samples. Insecticides were the highest group in detection frequency with 85% and 69% appearance in vegetables and fruits, respectively. Cucumber and apple samples were found to have the highest number of pesticide residues. The mean residue levels ranged from 7 to 951 µg kg−1 (in vegetable samples) and from 8 to 775 µg kg−1 (in fruit samples). It was found that 35 (40.7%) out of 86 pesticide residues detected in vegetables and 35 (38.9%) out of 90 pesticide residues detected in fruits exceeded MRLs. Results for lambda-cyhalothrin, fipronil, dimothoate, and omethoate in spinach, zucchini, kaki, and strawberry, respectively, can cause acute or chronic risks when consumed at 0.1 and 0.2 kg day−1. Therefore, it is necessary for food safety and security to continuously monitor pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in markets.
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Atassi, M. Z., M. Yoshioka, M. Bean, and G. S. Bixler. "Non-specific peptide size effects in the recognition by site-specific T-cell clones. Demonstration with a T site of myoglobin." Biochemical Journal 246, no. 2 (September 1, 1987): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2460307.
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Six regions (T sites) of myoglobin (Mb) were found by a comprehensive synthetic strategy to stimulate Mb-primed lymph-node cells. To define precisely the N-terminal boundary of the immunodominant T site (residues 107-120) with site-specific T-cell clones and to determine the effects of peptide size on their stimulation, two sets of peptides were employed. In one set, the peptides were elongated to the left from His-113 by one-residue increments of the Mb sequence. The other set represented an identical stepwise elongation by one-residue increments of the Mb sequence, but which were extended by additional unrelated (‘nonsense’) residues to a uniform size of 14 residues. Examination of the proliferative responses of eight T-cell clones, derived from Mb-primed DBA/2 (H-2d) or SJL (H-2s) mice, revealed a dramatic non-specific size requirement. In every clone, the longer nonsense-extended peptides achieved maximum stimulating activity at a lower optimum peptide dose than its natural-sequence, but shorter, analogue. In addition, slight (one-residue) differences in the N-terminal boundaries among the clones was observed. Thus, the fine specificity of each clone was mapped to the region from residue 111 or 112 to about residue 120 of Mb, which coincides with the site of B-cell recognition and resides in a small discrete surface region of the protein chain.
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Xu, Chunyuhang, Siyu Chen, Tiange Liu, Haowen Zhu, Chien-Liang Kuo, Zhuoyu Zhou, Guo Chen, Fion Wei Lin Chin, Xin Yang, and Dejian Huang. "Antrodia cinnamomea Residual Biomass-Based Hydrogel as a Novel UV-Protective and Antimicrobial Wound-Healing Dressing for Biomedical Use." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 10 (May 8, 2025): 4496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104496.
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Antrodia cinnamomea is widely known for its bioactive properties, particularly in anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial areas. Despite the full use of the bioactive compounds from its fruiting body, high-value residues remain largely underexploited. This study presents a novel one-pot gel formation method, utilizing cinnamomea cellulose-riched residues to create hydrogels as an effective wound-healing dressing. The hydrogels derived from these residues show desirable properties, including non-drying characteristics, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 1768, and cytocompatibility. Residual bioactive compounds, such as Antcin-K, Dehydroeburicoic acid, and (25S,R)-Antcin H, were identified in the residues, adding to the hydrogel’s efficacy. A UVB irradiation model was employed to evaluate the protective effects of the residues on UVB-damaged HaCaT skin cell lines, with an IC50 of 0.045 mg/mL. The results indicated that A. cinnamomea residue extracts reduced the upregulation of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9 proteins caused by UVB exposure, suggesting high UV-protective activity. Additionally, antibacterial tests on Staphylococcus aureus strains, including Staphylococcus ATTC 1768, showed promising results, with inhibition zones ranging from 10.64 to 12.11 mm. In summary, Antrodia cinnamomea residue hydrogels combine UV protection with antimicrobial activity, making them a promising candidate for medical applications, particularly as a wound-healing dressing.
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Hoffman, Melinda L., Leslie A. Weston, John C. Snyder, and Emilie E. Regnier. "Separating the Effects of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Rye (Secale cereale) Root and Shoot Residues on Weed Development." Weed Science 44, no. 2 (June 1996): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094078.
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Greenhouse experiments that used capillary mat subirrigation to maintain constant soil moisture and to supply fertilizer continuously were conducted to evaluate the effects of sorghum or rye residue on early growth of barnyardgrass and velvetleaf. The separate effects of root residue and of shoot residue were compared to the combined effects of root plus shoot residues and to an uncovered soil control. Residues included as nontoxic controls were leached shoot tissue and poplar excelsior. Shoot residue, leached shoot tissue, and poplar excelsior were surface-applied on an equal light transmittance basis such that mass of poplar excelsior > shoot residue > leached shoot tissue. The presence of rye root residue delayed emergence of barnyardgrass. Surface-applied residues tended to decrease barnyardgrass height, but velvetleaf stem length was greater in treatments with surface residue. Although cover crop shoot residues had little effect on weed growth after 18 d, weed growth decreased in the presence of cover crop root residues and poplar excelsior.
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Cotten, T. K., and G. P. Munkvold. "Survival of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans in Maize Stalk Residue." Phytopathology® 88, no. 6 (June 1998): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.6.550.
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The roles of residue size and burial depth were assessed in the survival of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans in maize stalk residue. Stalk pieces (small or large sizes) were soaked in a spore suspension of F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, or F. subglutinans and placed in a field on the soil surface or buried at 15- or 30-cm depths. Residue pieces were recovered periodically, cultured on a selective medium, and microscopically examined for the presence of the inoculated Fusarium species. After 630 days, the inoculated Fusarium species were recovered from 0 to 50% of the inoculated stalk pieces in a long-term, continuous maize field, from 0 to 28% of the inoculated stalk pieces placed in a maize/soybean/oat rotation field, and from 0 to 25% of the noninoculated stalk pieces at both locations. Residue size and residue depth had significant effects on survival, but there were significant interactions among strain, depth, residue size, and time. Up to 343 days after placement in the field, survival of the three Fusarium species was not consistently different between buried residues and surface residues, but after 630 days, survival was greater from surface residues. Overall, fungus survival decreased more slowly in the surface residues than in the buried residues. Linear coefficients of determination ranged from 0.35 to 0.82 for the surface residues and from 0.81 to 0.98 for the buried residues. Decline in survival over time followed a more linear pattern in buried residues than in surface residues. Vegetative compatibility tests confirmed that F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans strains can survive at least 630 days in surface or buried maize residue. These results demonstrate that maize residue can act as a long-term source of inoculum for infection of maize plants by these three Fusarium species.
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Ebikiton, Ndiwari, and Ongodiebi Zuonaki. "Time Impact on Residue in a Non - homogeneous Equation of Statics in the Theory of Elastic Mixture." International Journal of Mathematics And Computer Research 09, no. 05 (May 31, 2021): 2303–8. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmcr/v9i5.04.
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Residual stress in continuum has not been quantified because time relationship with residues has not been proven analytically. This is achieved in this paper by analyzing a two component mixture with the non-homogeneous equation of statics in the theory of elastic mixture, and second order differentialequations with variable coefficients. A dry mixture of sand and cement is transformed into acontinuum, which is been determined as an entire or a meromorphic function, as a result of the existence of residues that are contained in the principal component of the mixture obtained directly from the earth. The time relationship with residue, in these two functions are determined. Our result shows that time places a limit on residues, making the meromorphic function prone to implosion.
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Burgess, M. S., G. R. Mehuys, and C. A. Madramootoo. "Decomposition of grain-corn residues (Zea mays L.): A litterbag study under three tillage systems." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-013.
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This study was undertaken to obtain litterbag decomposition data for grain-corn residues in eastern Canadian conditions, to determine tillage and/or depth effects on residue mass loss, and to compare decomposition patterns for the different plant parts that constitute the residue (cobs, stems, leaves, husks). Mesh bags containing residues were buried or left on the soil surface in grain-corn plots under no-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage, and retrieved over a 2-yr period. Data were obtained separately for each plant part, then used to calculate pooled totals for all residues combined, for all residues except cobs, or for stems and leaves only, to facilitate comparison with studies based on different residue mixes. Buried residues lost mass faster than surface residues. Despite low overwinter temperatures, residue mass decreased substantially between placement in November and first sampling in mid- May. Surface litterbag residues lost 20% of initial mass during this period, residues buried at 5 cm lost 33%, and those at 20 cm lost 41%. Corresponding losses from mid-May to mid-October were 21, 42 and 32%, respectively. Mass loss was fastest for buried leaves, husks and stems (89-98% loss in 2 yr) and slowest for surface cobs (32% loss in 2 yr). Key words: Corn, maize, crop residue decomposition, litterbag, no-till, tillage
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SILFRANY, R. O., R. E. CABA, F. SOLÍS de LOS SANTOS, and I. HANNING. "Detection of Quinolones in Poultry Meat Obtained from Retail Centers in Santiago Province, the Dominican Republic." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-310.
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In the Dominican Republic, poultry consumption per capita is greater than 34 kg of poultry meat per year. However, antibiotics, specifically the quinolone group, may be overused and can result in residues in the poultry meat. These residues are of concern because consumers may have allergies to antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria can develop from overuse of antibiotics in production. Little is known concerning this issue specifically for Santiago Province in the Dominican Republic. Thus, the main purpose of this research was to evaluate the incidence of residual quinolones in poultry meat and determine whether any residues detected were higher than the residue maximum limits (100 μg/kg) established by food industry authorities, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Food Safety Authority. A total of 135 samples of chicken breast were taken from different retail meat centers in the nine municipalities of Santiago Province (Santiago, Tamboril, Sabana Iglesia, Villa Bisonó, Puñal, Villa González, Licey, Jánico, and San José De Las Matas) and were analyzed using the Equinox test (Immunotec, Swanton, VT). Of the 135 samples analyzed, 50% from Sabana Iglesia, 20% from Licey, 20% from San Jose De Las Matas, and 6.25% from Santiago contained residues of quinolones higher than the residue maximum limits. No quinolone residues were detected in samples obtained from Janico, Punal, Tamboril, Villa Bisono, or Villa Gonzalez. The results of this investigation suggest that some poultry meat sold for human consumption in Santiago Province of the Dominican Republic contains quinolone residues and may represent a health risk to some consumers.
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Jaber, Ali, Zeinab Zahreddine, Simon Abou Haidar, Chadi Hosri, Ghassan Ibrahim, and Edmond Cheble. "HPLC-DAD multi-residue method for determination of florfenicol, penicillin and tetracycline residues in raw cow milk." Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 2, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/017.
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The existence of antibiotic residues in edible products constitutes a health problem to the consumers. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of florfenicol (FF), penicillin (PE), and tetracycline (TC) residues in dairy raw milk samples. The determination of these antibiotics was carried out on HP-ODS Hypersil C18 (5μm, 125*4 mm) column at a flow rate (1mL/min) and temperature (35 ⁰C). The extraction method includes deproteinization of the milk sample followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the International Conference of Harmonization Guidelines. The recoveries for the studied antibiotics ranged from 82–111.54 % making the method suitable for performing routine analysis. The proposed method was applied for the analysis of antibiotic residues in 50 dairy raw milk samples collected from many regions in Lebanon. The results showed the occurrence of these antibiotics residues in milk collected from different Lebanese regions. The numbers indicate that 22 % of milk samples were found to be positive for FF, 42 % for PE, and 28 % for TC residues.
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Dowling, L. M., W. G. Crewther та D. A. Parry. "Secondary structure of component 8c-1 of α-keratin. An analysis of the amino acid sequence". Biochemical Journal 236, № 3 (15 червня 1986): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2360705.
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The amino acid sequence of component 8c-1 from alpha-keratin was analysed by using secondary-structure prediction techniques, homology search methods, fast Fourier-transform techniques to detect regularities in the linear disposition of amino acids, interaction counts to assess possible modes of chain aggregation and assessment of hydrophilicity distribution. The analyses show the following. The molecule has two lengths of coiled-coil structure, each about 20 nm long, one from residues 56-202 with a discontinuity from about residue 91 to residue 101, and the other from residues 219-366 with discontinuities from about residue 238 to residue 245 and at about residue 306. The acidic and basic residues in the coiled-coil segment between residues 102 and 202 show a 9,4-residue structural period in their linear disposition, whereas between residues 246 and 366 a period of 9.9 residues is observed in the positioning of ionic residues. Acidic and basic residues are out of phase by 180 degrees. Similar repeats occur in corresponding regions of other intermediate-filament proteins. The overall mean values for the repeats are 9.55 residues in the N-terminal region and 9.85 residues in the C-terminal region. The regions at each end of the protein chain (residues 1-55 and 367-412) are not alpha-helical and contain many potential beta-bends. The regions specified in have a significant degree of homology mainly due to a semi-regular disposition of proline and half-cystine residues on a three-residue grid; this is especially apparent in the C-terminal segment, in which short (Pro-Cys-Xaa)n regions occur. The coiled-coil segments of component 8c-1 bear a striking similarity to corresponding segments of other intermediate-filament proteins as regards sequence homology, structural periodicity of ionic residues and secondary/tertiary-structure predictions. The assessments of the probabilities that these homologies occurred by chance indicate that there are two populations of keratin filament proteins. The non-coiled-coil regions at each end of the chain are less hydrophilic than the coiled-coil regions. Ionic interactions between the heptad regions of components 8c-1 and 7c from the microfibrils of alpha-keratin are optimized when a coiled-coil structure is formed with the heptad regions of the constituent chains both parallel and in register.
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Li, Ying Yu, Yan Yan Chu, Hao Shen, and Dong Liang. "Study on Fire Residues in Pure Cotton Fabric Combustion." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.1479.
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Residual accelerant from fire debris is the major evidence in the fire investigation. Because all evidences are almost damaged by fire, many isolation methods of analytical chemistry has been already used in extracting trace residue. In this paper, ultrasonic extraction is applied to isolate the residual accelerant and hexane as the solvent. The solution obtained from the residue is tested by GC-MS to analyze their total ion chromatogram (TIC). The chromatographic patterns observed for ignitable liquids are different from the patterns observed for without ignitable liquids. The composition of two samples and content of the fire residues have been analyzed. It’s very important for forensic chemist to distinguish the arson or natural fire.
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Zamora-Cristales, Rene, John Sessions, and Gevan Marrs. "Economic implications of grinding, transporting, and pretreating fresh versus aged forest residues for biofuel production." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 2 (February 2017): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0221.
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The moisture content in forest harvest residues is a key factor affecting the supply cost for bioenergy production. Fresh harvest residues tend to contain higher amounts of water, thus making transportation inefficient. Additionally, fresh harvest residues contain greater amounts of needles and bark that may reduce the polysaccharide content, thus affecting the production of liquid fuels derived from cellulosic components. In this study, we estimated the downstream economic effect in the supply chain of collecting, grinding, transporting and pretreating fresh versus aged residues. Specifically, we analyzed the effect of feedstock moisture content on grinder fuel consumption, bulk density, bark and needle content, and polysaccharide proportion. Fresh forest harvest residues were 60% moisture content (wet basis) and aged forest residues were 15% moisture content. The bark and needle proportion is 6.1% higher in fresh residue than in aged residue. Polysaccharides were 26% higher in aged residue than in fresh residue. On a dry-tonne basis, the cost of grinding fresh residues was about the same as that of aged residues. However, considering the difference in bulk density on transportation cost and the difference in polysaccharide yield, the value gain for in-field drying ranges from US$29.60 to US$74.90 per ovendry tonne.
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Ilari, Alessio, Daniele Duca, Kofi Armah Boakye-Yiadom, Thomas Gasperini, and Giuseppe Toscano. "Carbon Footprint and Feedstock Quality of a Real Biomass Power Plant Fed with Forestry and Agricultural Residues." Resources 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11020007.
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Phasing out fossil fuels to renewables is currently a global priority due to the climate change threat. Advocacy for biomass use as an energy source requires assessing the quality biomass and ecological impacts of bioenergy supply chains. This study evaluated the quality of biomass residues from orchards and silviculture transported from different Northern and Central Italy locations and the carbon footprint of a biomass power plant. The total greenhouse emissions were calculated based on primary data for 2017 according to the ISO/TS 14067. All the residue samples showed their suitability for biofuel use. Ash content was relatively low on average (3–5% d.m.), except for grapevine residues (18% d.m.). The lower heating value was within the expected range of 15–21 MJ kg−1 for plant species. The average GHG emission from the power plant was 17.4 g CO2 eq./MJ of electrical energy, with the energy conversion (38%) and transportation of biomass (34%) phases being the main impact contributors. For this study, impacts of residual agricultural residue were about half that of residues from forest management, mainly due to chipping and greater transport distance. Results show that sourcing residual biomass materials for electricity generation close to power plants significantly reduce GHG emissions compared to conventional fossil fuels.
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Sun, Xuan, Tao Yu, Yi Huang, Ming Xue, Chengtun Qu, Penghui Yang, Xiaofei Zhang, Bo Yang, and Jinling Li. "Effects of Different Heat Treatment Methods on Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metal Content in Oil Sludge Waste and Ecotoxicological Evaluation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 3609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073609.
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The discharge of large amounts of oily sludge heat treatment residues constitutes a severe threat to the environment. However, little is known about the toxicity of these heat-treated residues. Current research has mainly focused on the toxic effects of single heavy metals or single hydrocarbons on plants, whereas the phytotoxic effects of hydrocarbon–metal mixtures have remained largely unexplored. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different proportions of heat treatment residues (pyrolysis, heat-washing, and high-temperature oxidation residues) from three kinds of oily sludge on the physiological and biochemical parameters of mung bean plants. Higher proportions of residues decreased the germination rates and enzyme activity of mung beans compared to uncontaminated soil. When pyrolysis residue, hot-washing residue, and high-temperature thermal oxidation residue are used in green planting soil, their content must be lower than 30%, 90%, and 70%, respectively. Additionally, our findings indicated that the accumulation level of pollutants in oily sludge heat treatment residues was not high. However, the three kinds of residues exhibited different degrees of plant toxicity. The pyrolysis residue still exhibited strong ecotoxicity, even at low concentrations. In contrast, the toxicity of the hot-washing residue was much lower than that of the pyrolysis residue and the high-temperature thermal oxidation residue. Our findings indicated that mung bean is highly tolerant of contaminated soil and is therefore well suited for phytoremediation applications.
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Cao, Zhenzhen, Xiaolong Zheng, Meiyan Guan, Wanyue Zhang, Xiaoyan Lin, Xiaohua Zhao, and Mingxue Chen. "Cumulative Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Brown Rice (Oryza sativa L.) from the Three Main Rice-Growing Regions in China during 2016–2020." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (October 8, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5902540.
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The residual levels of 25 monitored pesticides in 6,229 brown rice samples obtained from the 17 provinces of the three main rice-growing regions in China during 2016–2020 were analyzed, and the cumulative risks of chronic and acute exposure to pesticides for the Chinese population were assessed. The QuEChERS extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of 25 pesticide residues in brown rice was developed and validated with good accuracy and precision (recoveries of 70%–120% and RSD ≤20%). The overall detection rate and over the maximum residue limit (MRL) rate of pesticides in brown rice decreased from 39.15% and 3.59% in 2016 to 34.11% and 1.53% in 2020, respectively. The Yangtze River basin had a higher detection rate and over MRL rate (43.14% and 2.88%, respectively) compared with the Southeast Coastal region (37.28% and 2.77%) and the Northeast Plain (11.28% and 0.17%). Isoprothiolane (13.57%) and carbendazim (8.32%) were the most frequently detected in rice samples. Pesticide residues exceeding the MRLs were found most often in triazophos (0.75%) and isocarbophos (0.51%). The risk ranking of pesticide residues based on the ranking matrix showed that carbofuran, methamidophos, and isocarbophos had the highest residual risk scores of 25.09, 25.01, and 25.00, respectively. 17.7% of rice samples contained two or more pesticide residues. The cumulative risk assessments based on the relative potency factor (RPF) approach revealed that the cumulative risks of chronic and acute dietary exposure to organophosphorus, neonicotinoid insecticides, and triazole fungicides from rice ranged from 7.43 × 10−4 to 3.36 × 10−2, which were not considered of health concern. The study provides national-scale information on the contamination levels and health risks of pesticide residues in rice, which can help develop continuous monitoring programs for pesticide residue contamination in rice in China.
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Afzal, Tahseen, Abdul Wakeel, Sardar Alam Cheema, Javed Iqbal, and Muhammad Sanaullah. "Influence of quality and quantity of crop residues on organic carbon dynamics and microbial activity in soil." Soil and Environment 43, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25252/se/2024/243394.
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An incubation study investigated the decomposition patterns, microbial activities, soil aggregates distribution, and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, using four crop residues; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.), at low and high rates (10 and 20 g kg–1). An average increase of about 35% in cumulative C-CO2 emissions and 26% in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was observed at high residue rates as compared to low rates. A positive and strong correlation (0.96) was found between C-CO2 emissions and MBC, and the effect of residue quality on decomposition was found to be less at high rates. The relative reduction in C-CO2 emissions by adding rice residues may be due to their high silica content. Differences in extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) with different residues indicated the effect of residue quality on microbial activities. Cotton residues increased β-glucosidase and chitinase activities by 41 and 38%, respectively, at high rates than at low rates. High maize residues also markedly increased chitinase activity by 41%, implying higher N cycling and fungal prevalence. Acid phosphatase activity was found to increase by about 25 to 32% with high rice and wheat residues, respectively. Higher EEA at high residues input likely reflected the microbial nutritional limitations. Crop residues raised SOC content from 0.7 under control to 1.0% at low residues input but not at high input. Increased macro-aggregates fraction at high residues input may be attributed to higher microbial activities. In summary, high residues input can minimize residue biochemical quality’s effect on decomposition, with no further increase in SOC content. While a positive effect on the soil MBC, but not on the SOC content, was observed at high residue input, suggesting moderation in the additions of organic amendments is key for SOC buildup. Crop residues, added at 10 g kg–1, may help maintain a positive SOC balance in the arid agroecosystems by moderating higher microbial activities and soil respiration.
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Hui, Kwokyin, Deane McIntyre, and Robert J. French. "Conotoxins as Sensors of Local pH and Electrostatic Potential in the Outer Vestibule of the Sodium Channel." Journal of General Physiology 122, no. 1 (June 30, 2003): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308842.
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We examined the block of voltage-dependent rat skeletal muscle sodium channels by derivatives of μ-conotoxin GIIIA (μCTX) having either histidine, glutamate, or alanine residues substituted for arginine-13. Toxin binding and dissociation were observed as current fluctuations from single, batrachotoxin-treated sodium channels in planar lipid bilayers. R13X derivatives of μCTX only partially block the single-channel current, enabling us to directly monitor properties of both μCTX-bound and -unbound states under different conditions. The fractional residual current through the bound channel changes with pH according to a single-site titration curve for toxin derivatives R13E and R13H, reflecting the effect of changing the charge on residue 13, in the bound state. Experiments with R13A provided a control reflecting the effects of titration of all residues on toxin and channel other than toxin residue 13. The apparent pKs for the titration of residual conductance are shifted 2–3 pH units positive from the nominal pK values for histidine and glutamate, respectively, and from the values for these specific residues, determined in the toxin molecule in free solution by NMR measurements. Toxin affinity also changes dramatically as a function of pH, almost entirely due to changes in the association rate constant, kon. Interpreted electrostatically, our results suggest that, even in the presence of the bound cationic toxin, the channel vestibule strongly favors cation entry with an equivalent local electrostatic potential more negative than −100 mV at the level of the “outer charged ring” formed by channel residues E403, E758, D1241, and D1532. Association rates are apparently limited at a transition state where the pK of toxin residue 13 is closer to the solution value than in the bound state. The action of these unique peptides can thus be used to sense the local environment in the ligand-–receptor complex during individual molecular transitions and defined conformational states.
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Barry, Christopher, and Roy Duncan. "Multifaceted Sequence-Dependent and -Independent Roles for Reovirus FAST Protein Cytoplasmic Tails in Fusion Pore Formation and Syncytiogenesis." Journal of Virology 83, no. 23 (September 16, 2009): 12185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01667-09.
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ABSTRACT Fusogenic reoviruses utilize the FAST proteins, a novel family of nonstructural viral membrane fusion proteins, to induce cell-cell fusion and syncytium formation. Unlike the paradigmatic enveloped virus fusion proteins, the FAST proteins position the majority of their mass within and internal to the membrane in which they reside, resulting in extended C-terminal cytoplasmic tails (CTs). Using tail truncations, we demonstrate that the last 8 residues of the 36-residue CT of the avian reovirus p10 FAST protein and the last 20 residues of the 68-residue CT of the reptilian reovirus p14 FAST protein enhance, but are not required for, pore expansion and syncytium formation. Further truncations indicate that the membrane-distal 12 residues of the p10 and 47 residues of the p14 CTs are essential for pore formation and that a residual tail of 21 to 24 residues that includes a conserved, membrane-proximal polybasic region present in all FAST proteins is insufficient to maintain FAST protein fusion activity. Unexpectedly, a reextension of the tail-truncated, nonfusogenic p10 and p14 constructs with scrambled versions of the deleted sequences restored pore formation and syncytiogenesis, while reextensions with heterologous sequences partially restored pore formation but failed to rescue syncytiogenesis. The membrane-distal regions of the FAST protein CTs therefore exert multiple effects on the membrane fusion reaction, serving in both sequence-dependent and sequence-independent manners as positive effectors of pore formation, pore expansion, and syncytiogenesis.
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Tan, Furong, Lin He, Qili Zhu, Yanwei Wang, Guoquan Hu, and Mingxiong He. "Characterization of different types of agricultural biomass and assessment of their potential for energy production in China." BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 6447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6447-6464.
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Agricultural residues are among the most important and abundant biomass resources in the world. This study aimed to highlight the characterization of common agricultural residues in China. Six indicators, including biomass, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, caloric value, and ash, were selected to evaluate agricultural residue for its potential energy utilization using grey relational analysis. The results showed that residues of grain crops, including corn (439.1 million tons, 46.6%), rice (207.1 million tons, 21.5%), and wheat (150.7 million tons, 16.0%) were the top three agricultural residues, accounting for 84.1% of total Chinese agricultural residues. Among the agricultural residue samples, rice, wheat, and corn exhibited relatively low ash content; and sugarcane, cotton, and rape residue exhibited low lignin content. Rape, corn, and hemp showed higher cellulose content; and rice, wheat, and corn exhibited higher hemicellulose content. Among the agricultural residues, hemp, corn, and sugarcane showed higher caloric value compared to other residues. According to the grey relational analysis, these combined properties have shown that corn, rice, and wheat can act as potential candidates for energy utilization. The evaluation results were essentially identical to the performance of agricultural residues. Therefore, the comprehensive evaluation of agricultural residues provides sound scientific evidence for their use in energy production.