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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Residues"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 9 de junio de 2025

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Residues"

KUMAR, KULDIP, K. M. GOH, W. R. SCOTT, and C. M. FRAMPTON. "Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008522.

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Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).

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Kulkarni, Prachi, Megan Shoff, and Anne Lucas. "Comparison of Test Methods To Screen For Residual Chemical Contamination On Medical Device Surfaces." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-46.5.388.

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Abstract Reprocessing medical devices involves several steps including cleaning and disinfection or sterilization. Chemical residuals can occur at various stages of reprocessing. These residues could interfere with device function and potentially harm patients. These solutions are composed of a combination of various chemicals and their residues are highly diluted post rinsing, therefore, it is difficult to find a sensitive and rapid method to detect toxicity due to chemical residues. This study focused on (1) finding the levels of residues that are cytotoxic using two mammalian cell lines and Daphnia magna, and (2) evaluating two test methods, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and the Luminescent Bacteria Test (LBT), to measure residual chemicals levels. The two mammalian cell lines were equal in their cytotoxicity responses. However, Daphnia were more sensitive to some chemical residue than the two mammalian cell lines. TOC and LBT were able to detect the presence of residue well below the levels that were determined to cause mammalian cytotoxicity. LBT was more sensitive for some chemicals and TOC for others, both in solution and in simulated cleaning and rinsing for the limited number of solutions tested in this study.

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Sukitprapanon, Tanabhat-Sakorn, Metawee Jantamenchai, Duangsamorn Tulaphitak, Nattaporn Prakongkep, Robert John Gilkes, and Patma Vityakon. "Influence of Application of Organic Residues of Different Biochemical Quality on Phosphorus Fractions in a Tropical Sandy Soil." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020248.

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Understanding phosphorus (P) dynamics in tropical sandy soil treated with organic residues of contrasting quality is crucial for P management using organic amendments. This research determined P fractions in a tropical sandy soil under the application of organic residues of different quality, including groundnut stover (GN), tamarind leaf litter (TM), dipterocarp leaf litter (DP), and rice straw (RS). The organic residues were applied at the rate of 10 t DM ha−1 year−1. The P fractions were examined by a sequential extraction procedure. Organic residue application, regardless of residue quality, resulted in P accumulation in soils. For unamended soil, 55% of total P was mainly associated with Al (hydr)oxides. Organic residue application, regardless of residue quality, diminished the NH4F-extractable P (Al-P) fraction, but it had a nonsignificant effect on NaOH-extractable P (Fe-P). The majority of Al-P and Fe-P fractions were associated with crystalline Al and Fe (hydr)oxides. NH4Cl-extractable P (labile P), NaHCO3-extractable P (exchangeable P and mineralizable organic P), HCl-extractable P (Ca-P), and residual P fractions in soil were significantly increased as a result of the incorporation of organic residues. The application of organic residues, particularly those high in ash alkalinity, increase soil pH, labile P, and Ca-P fractions. In contrast, applications of residues high in lignin and polyphenols increase residual P fraction, which is associated with organo-mineral complexes and clay mineral kaolinite.

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Drabikowska, A. K., and G. Woźniak. "Modification of uridine phosphorylase from Escherichia coli by diethyl pyrocarbonate. Evidence for a histidine residue in the active site of the enzyme." Biochemical Journal 270, no. 2 (September 1, 1990): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2700319.

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Uridine phosphorylase from Escherichia coli is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH 7.1 and 10 degrees C with a second-order rate constant of 840 M-1.min-1. The rate of inactivation increases with pH, suggesting participation of an amino acid residue with pK 6.6. Hydroxylamine added to the inactivated enzyme restores the activity. Three histidine residues per enzyme subunit are modified by diethyl pyrocarbonate. Kinetic and statistical analyses of the residual enzymic activity, as well as the number of modified histidine residues, indicate that, among the three modifiable residues, only one is essential for enzyme activity. The reactivity of this histidine residue exceeded 10-fold the reactivity of the other two residues. Uridine, though at high concentration, protects the enzyme against inactivation and the very reactive histidine residue against modification. Thus it may be concluded that uridine phosphorylase contains only one histidine residue in each of its six subunits that is essential for enzyme activity.

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Takim, Kasim, and Mehmet Emin Aydemir. "GC-MS and LC-MS Pesticide Analysis of Black Teas Originating from Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey, and India." Toxics 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010034.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate pesticide residues in the imported and domestic tea sold in Turkey and to detect their compliance with maximum residue limits (MRL) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). A total of 79 samples were analyzed by using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS devices with AOAC 2007.01 method to investigate 603 pesticide residues. According to the results, pesticide residues were found in a total of 28 tea samples. Pesticide residues were found in the countries of origin at the rates as follows: Iran (100%), India (33.3%) and Sri Lanka (17.3%). No pesticide residue was detected in the tea produced in Turkey. The compounds such as Diuron, Ethion, Cypermethrin, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Fenpyroximate, Acetamiprid, Imidacloprid, Flubendiamide, Deltamethrin and Hexythiazox were detected in positive samples. Seven types of pesticide residues exceeded the MRL determined by the Turkish Food Codex for 15 types (53.57%) for 28 samples with pesticide residue detected. Additionally, 4 types of pesticide residues were determined to exceed the ADI determined by the Codex Alimentarius for 13 (46.42%) of 28 samples with pesticide residue detected. These results have showed that the imported tea entering Turkey was not adequately analyzed in the customs control laboratories or the maximum residual limits were not clearly determined.

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Indraningsih, Indraningsih, and Yulvian Sani. "Pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in Lembang." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 11, no. 1 (February 5, 2012): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v11i1.510.

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The use of pesticides to control plant diseases may cause residual formation in crops, its byproduct and environmental. Furthermore, the use of agriculture byproduct as animal feed may cause poisoning or residual formation in animal products. The purpose of this study is to investigate of pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in relation to animal feed as a contamination source. Samples consisted of animal feeds (19 samples of fodder and 6 samples of feed), 31 samples of sera and 25 samples of brain tissues of dairy cattle collected from Lembang, West Java. Feeds and fodders were collected from dairy farms located in Lembang. Sera were directly collected from 31 heads of Frisien Holstein (FH) cattle from the same location, while brain tissues of FH cattle were collected from a local animal slaughtering house. Pesticide residues were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). Both residues of organochlorines and organophosphates were detected from brain tissues with average residue concentration OP was 22.7 ppb and OC was 5.1 ppb and a total residue was 27.8 ppb. The pesticide residues in brain tissues are new information that should be taken into consideration since the Indonesian consumed this tissues as an oval. Although pesticides residue concentration was low, pathological changes were noted microscopically from the brain tissues including extracellular vacuolisation, focal necrosis, haemorrhages, dilatation of basement membrane without cellular infiltration. Both pesticide residues were also detected in sera, where OP (9.0 ppb) was higher than OC (4.9 ppb). These pesticides were also detected in animal feeds consisting fodders and feeds. Residues of OP (12.0 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8 ppb) in feeds, but residues of OP (16.8 ppb) were lower than OC (18.7 ppb) in fodders. Although, pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues were below the maximum residue limits (MRL) of fat, the presence of pesticides in brain tissues should be taken into consideration as their effects in brain lesions. There was a correlation between contaminant found in animal feeds and pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues of dairy cattle.Key Words: Pesticides, Residues, Brain, Dairy Cattle

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Malgwi, K. D., B. Umaru, S. A. Chabri, N. Daniel, L. Sanya, U. A. Maina, and S. Saka. "Assessment of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G Residues Levels in Raw and Fermented Milk in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 03 (March 3, 2023): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2023.v09i03.001.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the presence and concentration of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G residues in raw cow and Fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 172 (86 raw and 86 fermented) milk samples were randomly collected from different milk selling points in Maiduguri. A Spectrophotometer ultraviolet visible spectrum machine was used to detect and quantify the oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in the milk samples. All samples (raw and fermented milk) tested positive for oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues with a mean residual concentration of 36 µg/L and 20 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively for oxytetracycline while the mean residue concentration of penicillin G is 649 µg/L and 397 µg/L in raw and fermented milk respectively. However, the oxytetracycline residues detected were all below the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) standards of 100 µg/L, while the penicillin G residue detected were all above the maximum residue standard of 5 µg/L. The maximum and minimum residue for oxytetracycline detected in raw milk was 79 and 10 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 42 and 9 (µg/L) respectively. The maximum and minimum residue detected for penicillin G residue in raw milk was 1993 and 767 (µg/L) respectively while the maximum and minimum residue detected in fermented milk was 288 and 164 (µg/L). This study revealed the presence of both oxytetracycline and penicillin G residues in raw and fermented milk consumed in Maiduguri. However, oxytetracycline residues detected in this study were found to be within the acceptable limits, while the penicillin G residues were highly above the MRL standard set by CODEX.

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Ahmed, Md Sultan, Md Arifur Rahman, Afroza Begum, Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury, and Md Shahed Reza. "Multi insecticide residue analysis in vegetables collected from different regions of Bangladesh." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v1i3.64036.

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An investigative study was conducted to determine the left over residue of five commonly used insecticides in cauliflower and yard long bean samples collected from local market of eight different regions like Bogra, Comilla, Dhaka, Gazipur, Jessore, Khagrachari, Rajshahi and Rangpur and carried out to the lab for analysis. Among 47 analyzed vegetable samples, 20 had insecticide residues, of them 11 had above maximum residue limit (MRL) set by FAO/WHO. Of 24 analyzed cauliflower samples, 11 contained residue of cypermethrin, diazinon, quinalphos, fenitrothion and malathion in which 8 had above MRL. Most of the sample contain diazinon and cypermethrin residue. Three samples showed 0.202-0.603 mgkg-1diazinon resides and two samples contain 0.590-0.640 mgkg-1cypermethrin residues which were above MRL. Cauliflower samples also showed two of three multi insecticide residues which were above MRL. Among 23 analyzed yard long bean samples, 9 showed the residue of five tested insecticides but only three had the residue of 0.410 mgkg-1quinalphos, 0.651 mgkg-1malathion and 0.591 mgkg-1cypermethrin which were above MRL and the next 6 samples including three multi insecticide residues were of below MRL. Bogra, Jessore and Comilla showed more residues irrespective of single or multiple insecticide then other locations. No residue of the tested insecticide was found in the samples collected from Dhaka and Rajshahi in both the vegetables. Cauliflower in Khagrachari and yard long bean in Rangpur did not show any insecticide residue. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (3), 547-551

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Bixler, G. S., M. Bean, and M. Z. Atassi. "Site recognition by protein-primed T cells shows a non-specific peptide size requirement beyond the essential residues of the site Demonstration by defining an immunodominant T site in myoglobin." Biochemical Journal 240, no. 1 (November 15, 1986): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400139.

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In previous studies, six T sites within myoglobin (Mb) were localized. To define precisely the boundaries of the T sites, a new approach is introduced and applied here to the T site residing within residues 107-120 of Mb. Two sets of peptides were synthesized. One set represents a stepwise elongation by one-residue increments of the Mb sequence. The other set represents an identical stepwise addition of one-residue increments of the Mb sequence, but which were extended by additional unrelated (nonsense) residues to a uniform size of 14 residues. The longer peptides (nonsense-extended) usually gave higher proliferative responses than did their shorter counterparts having the same Mb region. Thus a minimum peptide size is required for optimal T-cell stimulation. The T site subtends, in three high-responder mouse strains, residues 109-119 or 110-120, depending on strain, and, in three low-responder strains, maps to residues 108-120. Thus, in this case, the T site coincides with the site of B-cell recognition and resides in a small discrete surface region of the protein chain.

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Nining, Euis, Rizal Sjarief Sjaiful Nazli, Zainal Alim Mas’ud, Machfud Machfud, and Sobir Sobir. "Profil Residu Insektisida Organofosfat di Kawasan Produksi Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Kabupaten Brebes Jawa Tengah." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 9, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 999–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.4.999-1009.

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Excessive use of pesticides can have an impact on the environment, including the loss of pesticide residues in soil and agricultural products. The purpose of this study was to determine the spreading of organophosphate pesticide residues in the shallot production area of Brebes Regency, Central Java. Research locations were two districts selected by purposive sampling based on production area, namely Kersana and Wanasari Districts. Organophosphate compounds analyzed include chlorpyrifos, paration, profenofos, diazinon, fenitrotion, metidation and malation. Organophosphate residue analysis was carried out on seven soil samples and seven shallot products. Pesticide residue analysis was carried out using the standard method by using a gas chromatography device with an electron capture detector. Based on analysis, seven residues of organophosphate pesticides were chlorpyrifos, paration, profenofos, diazinon, fenitrotion, metidation and malation, spread in Kersana District, and six pesticides residues (except profenofos) spread in Wanasari District. In soil samples, the highest residues obtained in two districts were chlorpyrifos compounds, chlorpyrifos compounds in Kersana District was higher than Wanasari District. In the shallot sample, the highest residues in two districts are diazinon compounds, diazinon compounds in the sample of Kersana District was higher than Wanasari District. There were several samples of shallot product contained organophosphate residue exceed the maximum concentration of residual limit (RML).

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Tesis sobre el tema "Residues"

Collins, Shane. "Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.

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[Truncated abstract] A greater adoption of stubble retention, minimum-till and no-till farming practices for the purposes of conserving soil, water and fertility requires a greater understanding of the complexity of physical and chemical interactions between the soil and crop residues. There is currently insufficient knowledge to allow reliable predictions of the effects of different residue types in different environments on soil fertility and crop growth, owing to the many residue characteristics and environmental interactions that have been shown to affect decomposition or nutrient release. The role of fibre and nutrient composition in nutrient release from crop residues, and implications for residue management techniques, were studied. Canola, lupin and field pea residues, obtained from farmland in Meckering and Northam, Western Australia, were separated into upper and basal stems, leaves, and siliques or pods. This was done to provide materials with a wide range of chemical and physical characteristics, and also allowed consideration of differential residue management of plant organs, such as comparing harvested canola siliques and retained canola stubble. Pre-treatment by chopping and/or humidification was applied to residues to provide some information about the processes of nutrient release. Residues were subjected to simulated rainfall to assess nutrient leaching from plant material, and placed on soil in pots in constant-temperature glasshouse conditions to assess decomposition. Amounts and rates of change of residue fibre and nutrients were determined throughout leaching and decomposition. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was used to assess the location of diffusible ions in air-dried residues and the effects of humidification on nutrient positioning and release. ... However, the release of calcium and magnesium depended on the decomposition of the more recalcitrant components such as cellulose and lignin, as supported by microscopy results showing changes in nutrient distribution following humidification. The proportionality of amounts of calcium and magnesium leached and released during decomposition is likely to suggest a similarity of chemical form more than similarity of function or position of the two elements. Management of crop residues for maximising and optimising the timing of release of different nutrients will need to take into account the placement of different plant types and parts, particle sizes distribution and pre-treatment of material to efficiently manage short- and long-term soil fertility to sustain crops, particularly on degraded soils. Significant nutrient release of potassium, sulphur and magnesium from crop residues can be achieved from surface placement, with the release of potassium and sulphur managed by modifying residue particle size through appropriate harvesting, ploughing or sowing implement selection. High nutrient uptake crops and plant parts where they can be economically viable to grow or separated by the harvesting technique are particularly valuable as sources of nutrients and soil organic matter.

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Alderman, Delton R. Jr. "Assessing the Availability of Wood Residues and Residue Markets in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36777.

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A statewide mail survey of primary and secondary wood product manufacturers was undertaken to quantify the production and consumption of wood residues in Virginia. Two hundred and sixty-six wood product manufacturers responded to the study and they provided information on the production, consumption, markets, income or disposal costs, and disposal methods of wood residues. Hardwood and pine sawmills produce approximately 66 percent of Virginia's wood residues. Virginia's wood product manufacturers produce three primary residues: chips, bark, and sawdust. These three residues comprised nearly 83 percent of Virginia's total residue production in 1996. Approximately 200,000 tons or 6 percent of Virginia's wood residues appear not to have adequate markets. A second survey was directed to all municipal waste, construction and demolition, and "other" waste facilities in Virginia. The focus of this survey was to quantify the volume of solid wood residues received at the facilities. In addition, the study was conducted to ascertain tipping fees, did the landfill(s) actively market wood residues, were wood residues recycled, were wood residues restricted from being landfilled, and disposal methods for wood residues. Additionally, the survey was conducted to determine the type of waste facility operated, the quantity of all wastes directed to each landfill, and tipping fees. Seventy-five respondents provided information on the total and solid wood waste volumes received at their respective facilities, recycling efforts, and disposal practices. Approximately 689,000 tons of solid wood, or 8 percent of all wastes, was received at Virginia's landfills in 1996. Virginia's waste facilities reported processing or recycling approximately 406,000 tons or 59 percent of the solid wood received in 1996. Master of Science

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Wallace, James Smyth. "Firearms discharge residues." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57720/.

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The three introductory chapters are intended to summarise the available knowledge prior to the experimental work and to provide useful background information for chemists, with little or no understanding of firearms, who are required to undertake the chemical aspects of firearms casework examination. Chapter 1 provides a much condensed outline of the historical development of firearms and ammunition, with emphasis on ignition systems up to the development of the percussion primer and self contained ammunition. The second chapter presents a comprehensive literature search on the chemical nature of modem ammunition and firearms, with particular attention to priming compositions and projectiles. The final introductory chapter deals with the nature and properties of firearms discharge residues and outlines the most important developments in the search for a satisfactory detection and identification method. The objective of the experimental work is to record experience gained from the 26 year terrorist campaign in Northern Ireland and to use such experience, coupled with further research and development, to substantially improve existing procedures for firearms and explosives residue detection. The experimental work conducted is detailed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals primarily with the Particle Analysis method for the detection and identification of firearms discharge residue, particular attention being directed towards the particle classification system and discharge residue from mercury fulminate and Sintox primed ammunition. Chapter 6 covers suspect handling procedures and contamination avoidance and makes recommendations for permanent improvements in and regular monitoring of the environment in which suspects are sampled. Chapter 7 outlines the development of a method for the detection of the organic constituents of firearms discharge residues, which is compatible with existing inorganic firearms discharge residue and organic explosive residue detection techniques and which enables all suspects to be routinely screened for inorganic and organic firearms discharge residue and organic explosives residue. The final chapter summanses the conclusions, recommendations and comments arising from the work.

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Quiroz, Christina Carvajal. "Residues and illuminations." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1303238314.

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Cordeiro, Gustavo Quarezemin [UNESP]. "Tratamento de manipueira em reator anaeróbio compartimentado." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88424.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cordeiro_gq_me_sjrp.pdf: 852634 bytes, checksum: afdbb4ebc0a0867ed2c6991e1508045a (MD5) A manipueira, resíduo gerado durante o processamento da mandioca para a produção de fécula ou farinha, é um líquido bastante poluente e tóxico. Para evitar o descarte no meio ambiente, vários estudos estão sendo conduzidos visando minimizar seus efeitos negativos. Um processo bem estudado é o tratamento anaeróbio com separação de fases, uma vez que os reatores em uma única fase mostram-se muito instáveis quanto ao controle da relação acidez/alcalinidade. Para tanto, têm sido utilizados dois reatores, um na fase acidogênica e outro na fase metanogênica para facilitar o controle do processo. Porém, isso acarreta um aumento de espaço de tratamento, uma vez que são duas unidades e a necessidade do controle da alimentação de ambas as fases. Visando eliminar esses inconvenientes, propõe-se o uso de um reator compartimentado, consistindo em uma única unidade e uma única alimentação. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência no tratamento da manipueira em 10 um reator compartimentado, conhecido na literatura como Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, através da variação da concentração de alimentação e do tempo de residência do sistema. Para isso, utilizou-se um reator de vidro com volume útil de 4,6 litros, constituído de três compartimentos (cada um deles com uma zona descendente e outra ascendente), com cerca de 32% do volume do reator de lodo anaeróbio proveniente de um reator do tipo UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor ou reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo) da planta de tratamento de efluentes da Indústria Arco Íris de Refrigerantes. Após uma etapa de aclimatação, o reator foi alimentado com concentrações crescentes de manipueira (DQO de 1000 a 5000 mg DQO L-1) em diferentes Tempos de Residência Hidráulicos (2 a 6 dias).... The manipueira, residue generated during the processing of the cassava for the production of starch or flour, it is a sufficiently pollutant and toxic liquid. To prevent the discarding in the environment, some studies are being lead aiming to minimize its negative effect. A well studied process is the anaerobic treatment with separation of phases, a time that the reactors in only phase reveal very unstable unto the control of the relation acidity/alkalinity. For it in such a way, they have been used two reactors, one in the acidogenesis phase and another one in the metanogenesis phase to facilitate the control of the process. However, this causes an increase of treatment space, a time that are two units, the necessity of control and feeding of both phases. Aiming at to eliminate these inconveniences, the use of a baffled reactor is considered, consisting of an only unit and an only 13 feeding. Thus, the present work had as objective to evaluate the efficiency in the treatment of the manipueira in a reactor, known in literature as Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, through the variation of the concentration of feeding and the residence time of the system. For this, a glass reactor was used with useful volume of 4.6 liters, constituted of three compartments (each one of them with a descending zone and another ascendant), with about 32% of the volume of the reactor filled with anaerobic sludge proceeding from a reactor of type UASB (up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor) of the effluent treatment plant of the Industry Arco Iris of Cooling. After passing at an acclimatization stage, the reactor was fed with increasing concentrations of manipueira (COD at 1000 to 5000 mg COD L-1) in different Hydraulical Residence Times (2 to 6 days). The control of initial pH was made after two months of experiment, with the sodium bicarbonate addition...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

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Shchuplev, Alexey. "Toric varieties and residues." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6870.

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Moliner, Estopiñán Cristina Elia. "Valorisation of Agricultural Residues." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68495.

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[EN] The aim of the present PhD Thesis is to define, develop and evaluate a methodology for an improved and more sustainable management of waste, in particular agricultural residues, turning them into a new source of energy and into added value products. Particular attention is paid to the use of rice straw as an energy vector and as a precursor of silica-based compounds. The recovery of energy was carried through the gasification of biomass within a Spouted Bed Reactor. An initial definition of the main physico-chemical and thermal properties of the feed was performed. The design and operational parameters of the reactor were set according to the characteristics of the biomass. Due to the particular configuration of the reactor, its fluid dynamic properties were analysed in detail in a lab scale unit. The conditions of stability of the reactor and the prevention of segregation phenomena were studied. A scaled-up unit was used for the evaluation of the reactions of gasification of the different residues. The behaviour of the system was modelled at both fluid dynamic and thermo-chemical levels with the aid of different commercial softwares. Finally, a material valorisation was performed. The extraction of silica from the ashes resulting from the thermo-chemical process was studied. Their application as adsorbent materials for the removal of nitrates in water was discussed. [ES] El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es definir, desarrollar y evaluar una metodología eficiente de gestión de residuos, en particular agrícolas, para convertirlos en una nueva fuente de energía y en productos de valor añadido. Se estudia con especial atención el uso de la paja de arroz como vector energético y como precursor de productos basados en sílice. Las reacciones de recuperación energética se han llevado a cabo a través de la gasificación de la biomasa en reactores de tipo Spouted Bed. Para ello, se han definido las propiedades físico-químicas y de comportamiento térmico de los residuos estudiados. Los parámetros de diseño y operación del reactor han sido definidos de acuerdo a las características del material tratado. Debido a la particular configuración del reactor, las propiedades fluido- dinámicas del sistema se han analizado en detalle en una unidad a escala de laboratorio. En ella se han estudiado las condiciones de estabilidad del reactor y aquellas que previenen los procesos de segregación. Se ha utilizado una unidad escalada a dimensiones de planta piloto para llevar a cabo las pruebas de gasificacion de los residuos. El comportamiento del reactor se ha modelado tanto a nivel fluido dinámico como a nivel térmico mediante el uso de diversos códigos comerciales de simulación. Finalmente, se ha realizado una valorización material basada en la extracción de sílice de las cenizas resultantes del proceso de valorización térmica. Por último, se han realizado pruebas preliminares de la posible aplicación de dicha sílice en procesos de adsorción de nitratos presentes en agua. [CAT] L'objectiu de la present tesi doctoral és definir, desenvolupar i evaluar una metodologia eficient de gestió de residus, en particular agrícoles, per convertir-los en una nova font d'energia i en productes de valor afegit. S'estudia amb especial atenció l'ús de la palla d'arròs com a vector energètic i com a precursor de productes basats en sílice. Les reaccions de recuperació energètica s'han dut a terme a través de la gasificació de la biomassa en uns reactors de tipus Spouted Bed . Per això, s'han definit les propietats físico-químiques i de comportament tèrmic dels residus estudiats. Els paràmetres de disseny i operació del reactor han estat definits d'acord a les característiques del material tractat. A causa de la particular configuració del reactor, les propietats fluid - dinàmiques del sistema s'han analitzat amb detall en una unitat a escala de laboratori. S'hi han estudiat les condicions d'estabilitat del reactor i aquelles que prevenen els processos de segregació. S'ha utilitzat una unitat escalada a dimensions de planta pilot per dur a terme les proves de gasificació dels residus. El comportament del reactor s'ha modelat tant a nivell fluid dinàmic com a nivell tèrmic mitjançant l'ús de diversos codis comercials de simulació. Finalment, s'ha realitzat una valorització material basada en l'extracció de sílice de les cendres resultants del procés de valorització tèrmica. Per ùltim, s'han realitzat proves preliminars de la possible aplicació d'aquesta sílice en processos d'adsorció de nitrats presents en aigua. Moliner Estopiñán, CE. (2016). Valorisation of Agricultural Residues [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68495 TESIS Premiado

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Canettieri, Eliana Vieira [UNESP]. "Obtenção dos parâmetros e estudo cinético da hidrólise ácida dos resíduos florestais de eucalipto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106447.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 canettieri_ev_dr_guara.pdf: 1796157 bytes, checksum: 7fcb0f5216d983d4edb448126758bf47 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) O presenta trabalho visou estabelecer as condições de hidrólise ácida do resíduo florestal de eucalipto a cinética dessa reação. Para atingier os objetivos deste trabalho, foi utilizada metodologia estatística (Planejamento Fatorial e Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta - RSM). A espécie arbórea utilizada neste estudo foi o Eucalyptus grandis de 7 anos de idade. Numa primeira etapa do trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de hidrólise catalisada com ácido em reator de aço inox de 1,4 L de acordo com um Planejamento Fatorial de 2 8-4, para avaliar o efeito de oito variáveis: o tamanho de partícula do resíduo (TR), temperatura (T), tempo de reação (t), umidade do resíduo na solução ácida (E), concentração do ácido (CA), tipo de ácido (A) e relação resíduo/solução ácida (R/A) sobre a extração de xilose da fração hemicelulósica do resíduo de eucalipto. Este estudo revelou que as variáveis significativas foram a temperatura, a concentração do ácido sulfúrico e a relação resíduo/solução ácida para a remoção daxilose da fração hemicelulósica do resíduo de eucalipto na região de estudo... . The aim of this work was to establish optimal conditions for hydrolysis of eucalyptus forest residues and investigate the kinetics of this reaction. Research was conducted making use of response surface methodology (RSM) and a seven-year old Eucalyptus grandis tree. In the first phase of this work, hydrolysis tests were carried out in a 1,4L stainless steel reactor according to a 2 8-4 fractional factorial design, in order to evaluate the effects of eight variables (residue particle size, temperature, reaction time, residue moisture, soaking of the residue in acid solution, acid concetration, type of acid and ratio of residue/acid solution) on xylose extraction from the hemicellulosic fracation of eucalyptus residue. The results showed that, taking into account the type of reactor utilized, the variables temperature, sulfuric acid concentration and ratio of eucalyptus residue/acid solution in the ranges... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

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Lundqvist, Johannes. "On Amoebas and Multidimensional Residues." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-82843.

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This thesis consists of four papers and an introduction. In Paper I we calculate the second order derivatives of the Ronkin function of an affine polynomial in three variables. This gives an expression for the real Monge-Ampére measure associated to the hyperplane amoeba. The measure is expressed in terms of complete elliptic integrals and hypergeometric functions. In Paper II and III we prove that a certain semi-explicit cohomological residue associated to a Cohen-Macaulay ideal or more generally an ideal of pure dimension, respectively, is annihilated precisely by the given ideal. This is a generalization of the local duality principle for the Grothendieck residue and the cohomological residue of Passare. These results follow from residue calculus, due to Andersson and Wulcan, but the point here is that our proof is more elementary. In particular, it does not rely on the desingularization theorem of Hironaka. In Paper IV we prove a global uniform Artin-Rees lemma for sections of ample line bundles over smooth projective varieties. We also prove an Artin-Rees lemma for the polynomial ring with uniform degree bounds. The proofs are based on multidimensional residue calculus. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4. Manuscript.

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Kochersberger, Kevin B. "A method of determining modal residues using an improved residual model and least squares." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40166.

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A new approach to determining mode vectors is presented which uses predetermined global parameters and an improved residual model to iteratively determine modal residues. The motivation for such a technique is to determine modal parameters rapidly so that, as data acquisition techniques become faster, more structural degrees of freedom can be measured without significantly slowing down the parameter estimation process. The technique requires an accurate determination of the global parameters of natural frequency and damping by means of an FRF curve fit. More than one structural point is recommended to determine the global parameters since they will be used in determining the mode vectors. A structurally damped curve fitter which uses one or two FRFs is described and can be used for determining the global parameters. Examples of curve fitting simulated and measured data are presented and a comparison is made to a commercially available curve-fitter. Once a frequency range-of-interest is selected, frequencies will be chosen at which the mobility is measured using sine excitation. The in-range modal response is represented by a matrix-vector product where the vector contains the residues for the modes of interest. The out-of-range modal content is also represented by a matrix-vector product and forms the improved residual model. The residual content is removed from the measured mobility by an iterative technique which allows for an accurate determination of the residues of interest. An evaluation of the technique is carried out by simulating a dynamic system including the shaker and power supply. The simulated system is closely modeled after a real system used to evaluate the technique on experimental data. Convergence rates are shown for cases of close modes, low amplitude modes and errors in the global parameters. The results of using the technique on experimental data shows that convergence typically occurs in under 15 iterations. Regenerating the FRF from the modal parameters shows close agreement to the original FRF and better agreement than the regeneration from modal parameters derived from a commercially available curve fitter.> Ph. D.

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Libros sobre el tema "Residues"

Wynn, Thomas M., ed. Residues. Tarset, Northumberland: Bloodaxe, 2002.

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Wright, Steve. Quadratic Residues and Non-Residues. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45955-4.

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Cox, Michael, Henk Nugteren, and Mria Janssen-Jurkoviov, eds. Combustion Residues. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470094440.

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Seminario, Internacional sobre Residuos de Plaguicidas (4th 1996 Almería Spain). Residuos de plaguicidas '96 =: Pesticide residues '96 : IV Seminario Internacional sobre Residuos de Plaguicidas. [Almería, Spain]: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, Universidad de Almería, 1989.

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Moats, William A., and Marjorie B. Medina, eds. Veterinary Drug Residues. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0636.

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W, Unger Paul, ed. Managing agricultural residues. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1994.

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Nigam, Poonam Singh. Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial Residues Utilisation: Utilisation of Agro-Residues. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

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FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment. and WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues., eds. Pesticide residues in food. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1986.

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Ireland. Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry. Pesticide residues in food. Dublin: The Stationery Office, 1995.

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FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment. and WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues., eds. Pesticide residues in food. Rome: FAO, 1990.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Residues"

Pap, Endre. "Residues." In Complex Analysis through Examples and Exercises, 191–226. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1106-7_8.

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Lvovski, Serge. "Residues." In Principles of Complex Analysis, 99–125. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59365-0_8.

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Nomura, Seiichi. "Residues." In Synthesis Lectures on Mechanical Engineering, 75–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13067-0_5.

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Willms, Allan R. "Residues." In A First Course in Complex Analysis, 169–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79176-5_7.

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Hettenhaus, James. "Agricultural Residues." In Plant Biomass Conversion, 21–50. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470959138.ch2.

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Gregg, Michael W. "Organic Residues." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 555–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_36.

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Qiao, Xiongwu. "Pesticide Residues." In Food Safety in China, 201–18. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119238102.ch13.

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Childs, Lindsay N. "Quadratic Residues." In A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra, 397–413. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8702-0_27.

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Kritikos, Nikolaos. "Quadratic Residues." In Universitext, 109–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4888-0_5.

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Ribenboim, Paulo. "Quadratic Residues." In Classical Theory of Algebraic Numbers, 61–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21690-4_4.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Residues"

Pelaez, Diego Alfonso, Juan Esteban Arango, and Oscar Eduardo Gualdron. "Multispectral Characterization of Pesticide Residues in Strawberries." In 2024 IEEE Colombian Conference on Applications of Computational Intelligence (ColCACI), 1–6. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/colcaci63187.2024.10666647.

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Masumoto, Hideaki, Tatsuhito Hasegawa, Atsuharu Horiuchi, Yuta Nakano, Kaisei Wada, and Junko Yotsuya. "Estimation of Meal Residues Using Foundation Models." In 2024 IEEE 13th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE), 580–81. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/gcce62371.2024.10760764.

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Dodia, Hrithika. "Detecting residues of cosmic events using residual neural network." In 2021 IEEE 17th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccp53602.2021.9733482.

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Muth, David, Joshua Koch, Douglas McCorkle, and Kenneth Bryden. "A Computational Strategy for Design and Implementation of Equipment That Addresses Sustainable Agricultural Residue Removal at the Subfield Scale." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71430.

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Agricultural residues are the largest potential near term source of biomass for bioenergy production. Sustainable use of agricultural residues for bioenergy production requires consideration of the important role that residues play in maintaining soil health and productivity. Innovation equipment designs for residue harvesting systems can help economically collect agricultural residues while mitigating sustainability concerns. A key challenge in developing these equipment designs is establishing sustainable reside removal rates at the sub-field scale. Several previous analysis studies have developed methodologies and tools to estimate sustainable agricultural residue removal by considering environmental constraints including soil loss from wind and water erosion and soil organic carbon at field scale or larger but have not considered variation at the sub-field scale. This paper introduces a computational strategy to integrate data and models from multiple spatial scales to investigate how variability of soil, grade, and yield within an individual cornfield can impact sustainable residue removal for bioenergy production. This strategy includes the current modeling tools (i.e., RUSLE2, WEPS, and SCI), the existing data sources (i.e., SSURGO soils, CLIGEN, WINDGEN, and NRCS managements), and the available high fidelity spatial information (i.e., LiDAR slope and crop yield monitor output). Rather than using average or representative values for crop yields, soil characteristics, and slope for a field, county, or larger area, the modeling inputs are based on the same spatial scale as the precision farming data available. There are three challenges for developing an integrated model for sub-field variability of sustainable agricultural residue removal—the computational challenge of iteratively computing with 400 or more spatial points per hectare, the inclusion of geoprocessing tools, and the integration of data from different spatial scales. Using a representative field in Iowa, this paper demonstrates the computational algorithms used and establishes key design parameters for an innovative residue removal equipment design concept.

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Alvin, Kenneth F., and Lee D. Peterson. "Determination of Modal Residues and Residual Flexibility for Time-Domain System Realization." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0667.

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Abstract A linear least-squares procedure for the determination of modal residues using time-domain system realization theory is presented. The present procedure is shown to be theoretically equivalent to residue determination in realization algorithms such as the Eigen-system Realization Algorithm (ERA) and Q-Markov COVER. However, isolating the optimal residue estimation problem from the general realization problem affords several advantages over standard realization algorithms for structural dynamics identification. Primary among these are the ability to identify data sets with large numbers of sensors using small numbers of reference point responses, and the inclusion of terms which accurately model the effects of residual flexibility. The accuracy and efficiency of the present realization theory-based procedure is demonstrated for both simulated and experimental data.

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Dyer, Kirsten P. "Anti-Icing Fluid Residues." In 2007 SAE Aircraft and Engine Icing International Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-3302.

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BERENSTEIN, CARLOS A. "RESIDUES: ANALYSIS OR ALGEBRA?" In Proceedings of Modelling and Control of Mechanical Systems. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776594_0003.

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Atallah, Mikhail J., and Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. "Watermarking with quadratic residues." In Electronic Imaging '99, edited by Ping W. Wong and Edward J. Delp III. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.344677.

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Muth, David, Douglas McCorkle, Jared Abodeely, Joshua Koch, Richard Nelson, and Kenneth Bryden. "Developing an Integrated Model Framework for the Assessment of Sustainable Agricultural Residue Removal Limits for Bioenergy Systems." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48889.

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Agricultural residues have significant potential as a feedstock for bioenergy production, but removing these residues from the land can have negative impacts on soil health. Because of this computational tools are needed that can help guide decisions on the amount of agricultural residue that can be sustainably removed. Models and datasets that can support decisions about sustainable agricultural residue removal are available; however, no tools currently exist that are capable of simultaneously addressing all of the environmental factors that can limit the availability of residue for bioenergy production. This paper presents an integrated framework of models and data that provide a coupled a set of environmental process models and databases that can support agricultural residue removal decisions. Specifically the RUSLE2, WEPS, and Soil Conditioning Index models have been integrated together with the disparate set of databases providing the soils, climate, and management practice data required. The integrated system has been demonstrated for two example cases. In the first case the potential impact of agricultural residue removal is explored. In the second case an aggregate assessment of the agricultural residues available bioenergy production in the state of Iowa is performed.

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Dubrovskis, Vilis, and Imants Plume. "Biogas potential from biodiesel production residues." In 23rd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2024.23.tf104.

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Biogas production is developing rapidly all over the world. In some countries as Germany and Sweden, its supply after purification in naturaL·gas networks has already started. Biogas production is one of the most promising and environmentally friendly alternative energy technologies, so its development will continue. Also in Latvia, the profitability of biogas production will continue to increase, especially from the point of view of environmental protection. Biogas is now more advantageously used for cleaning and feeding into gas networks for electricity and heat production, but in the future it could also be used as a fuel in city buses, as it is already done today in Linköping and Stockholm. This would further reduce GHG emissions. It is also important to use various organic residues from different productions. In order to find out what is the potential of biogas from the raw materials of production residues of the biodiesel production plant, a study was conducted using laboratory equipment. In 16 bioreactors, filled with raw materials taken from the residues of the biodiesel production, anaerobic fermentation took place at 38°C. After 30 days fermentation produced 0.888 L·g-1DOM of biogas (0.497 L·g-1DOM of methane) from rapeseed meal, and 1.371 L·g-1DOM of biogas (0.814 L·g-1DOM of methane) from rapeseed oil refining by-product, as well as 0.765 L·g-1DOM of biogas (0.414 L·g-1DOM methane) from the glycerol distillation residue. 1.265 L·g-1DOM biogas (0.252 L·g-1DOM methane) was obtained from biodiesel production wastewater. The study shows that it is possible to obtain an unusually high amount of methane per unit of dry organic matter from biodiesel production residues, but with a high content of hydrogen sulfide from rapeseed meal and glycerin distillation residues. The use of these residues in the production of biogas could be very useful.

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Informes sobre el tema "Residues"

Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using an 81 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46913.

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Postdetonation energetic residues can have environmental impacts that present a risk to military training-range sustainment. As munitions with new explosive formulations are developed and fielded, quantitative methods for assessing their residues are needed. Command detonation (i.e., static firing) allows residue testing to occur early in the acquisition process; however, its representation of live-fire residue production is uncertain due to differences in the initiation mechanism and cartridge orientation. This study aims to validate residue testing by command detonation through statistical comparison of residue deposition rates between live fire and command detonation. Live-fire residues were collected from fourteen 81 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges fired onto snow, and deposition rates were compared with previous command-detonation tests of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates were 8000 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 60 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 20 mg RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), and 2 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) per cartridge. Compared to command detonation, live fire of the study munition produced significantly greater residues of NTO (p < 0.0001) and RDX (p = 0.01) but not DNAN (p = 0.067). Although absolute deposition rates of some IMX-104 compounds differed, command detonation was successful at predicting the order of magnitude of each IMX-104 compound for the studied 81 mm munition.

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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using a 60 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45266.

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Command detonation (i.e., static firing) provides a method of testing munitions for their postdetonation residues early in the acquisition process. However, necessary modifications to the firing train and cartridge orientation raise uncertainty whether command detonation accurately represents residue deposition as it occurs during live-fire training. This study col-ected postdetonation residues from live-fired 60 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges and then compared estimated energetic-compound deposition rates between live fire and prior command detonations of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates of IMX-104 compounds determined from 11 detonations were 3800 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 34 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 12 mg RDX (1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-Triazine), and 1.9 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane) per cartridge. Total live-fire residue deposition (mean ± standard deviation: 3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge) was not significantly different from command detonation using a representative fuze simulator (3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p = 0.76) but was significantly different from command detonation using a simplified fuze simulator (2200 ± 500 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p < 0.01). While the dominant residue compound NTO was broadly similar between live fire and command detonation, the minor residue compounds RDX and DNAN were underestimated during command detonation by a factor of approximately three to seven.

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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, Charles Ramsey, Warren Kadoya, Arthur Gelvin, and Kate Broberg. Representation of Live-Fire Energetic Residues from Insensitive Mortar Munitions Using Command-Detonation Testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49589.

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Command detonation is critical for testing munitions early in the acquisition process, however its representation of energetic residues produced during live fire has not been assessed. Energetic residue deposition rates were measured on snow from live fire of 60 mm and 81 mm IMX-104 mortar munitions and then compared results with previous command-detonation tests of the same munitions. Mean live-fire deposition rates of IMX-104 compounds were: 3800 mg NTO, 34 mg DNAN, 12 mg RDX, and 1.9 mg HMX per 60 mm cartridge (n = 9); and 8000 mg NTO, 60 mg DNAN, 20 mg RDX, and 2 mg HMX per 81 mm cartridge (n = 13). The predominant residue compound NTO was accurately estimated by command detonation for the 60 mm munition but was significantly underestimated for the 81 mm munition. The minor residues of DNAN and RDX were relatively well estimated by command detonation for the 81 mm munition (p = 0.07 and p= 0.014, respectively), but both were significantly underestimated (p < 0.0001) for the 60 mm munition. Despite some of these differences, the ability demonstrated here for command detonation to predict live-fire residue deposition rates to the correct order-of-magnitude supports its utility in assessing environmental impact.

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Murray, A. M. Characterization Report on Sand, Slag, and Crucible Residues and on Fluoride Residues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/4805.

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Fortuna, Joseph J., and Daniel Lucero. Cost Impact of Residue Sampling and Collection Strategies for Drug and Explosive Residues. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada351400.

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Ng, S., and E. Castellanos. Deasphalting of non-conventional residues. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304565.

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Avens, L. R., D. G. Clifton, and A. R. Vigil. Actinide recovery from pyrochemical residues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6011738.

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Kyser, E. DISSOLUTION OF NEPTUNIUM OXIDE RESIDUES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948120.

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Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.

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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.

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Patterson, David Walter, and Gary W. Zinn. Wood residues as an energy resource. West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station, January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.33915/agnic.597.

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