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1
Scarpa, Simone. "The impact of income inequality on economic residential segregation: The case of Malmö, 1991–2010". Urban Studies 52, n.º 5 (7 de abril de 2014): 906–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098014529347.
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As in other Western countries, in Sweden there is a widespread conviction that residential segregation influences the opportunities for residents’ social mobility and therefore is a cause of income inequality. But the opposite direction of causality, from income inequality to residential segregation, is often ignored. The paper fills this gap and analyses income inequality and economic residential segregation developments in Malmö in the years 1991–2010. During this period, changes in population composition owing to increased immigration had a negligible impact on income inequality, while the latter was primarily influenced by changes in the distribution of labour market earnings and capital incomes. At the same time, neighbourhood income inequality was predominantly driven by overall household income inequality and only to a much lower extent by the increase in residential sorting by income. Policy influencing income distribution rather than area-based strategies should thus be at the centre of current debates on residential segregation in Sweden.
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Hu, Xiao y Che-Yuan Liang. "Does income redistribution prevent residential segregation?" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 193 (enero de 2022): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.11.012.
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Kawachi, I. "Income inequality and economic residential segregation". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2002): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.165.
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Taylor, Kendra y Erica Frankenberg. "Student Assignment Policies and Racial and Income Segregation of Schools, School Attendance Zones, and Neighborhoods". Educational Administration Quarterly 57, n.º 5 (22 de noviembre de 2021): 747–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x211024720.
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Purpose: This article examines the relationship between educational and residential segregation in three school districts with differing approaches to student assignment. Racial and income segregation within school districts is often only examined at the school level, even as school patterns are often related to residential and attendance zone segregation depending on integration policies aimed at decoupling these relationships. Research Method/Approach: Using an innovative data set, the School Attendance Boundary Survey, along with Census and Common Core of Data data, this analysis examines racial and income segregation at the neighborhood, school zone, and school levels in three districts with varied student assignment policies to explore the relationship between districts’ diversity policies and school, attendance zone, and residential segregation. Findings: We find that, despite high residential segregation, educational segregation varies in these three districts. In the two districts that sought to increase diversity in their student assignment policies, educational segregation was lower than in the third district that did not consider diversity, despite similar levels of residential segregation. The findings suggest that district leaders’ use of diversity-focused student assignment policies may be one way to disrupt the link between residential and school segregation. Conclusions: Understanding the segregation of educational boundaries within school districts, and the relationship between school zone segregation and segregation at other geographic scales, offers insights into how district leaders could utilize student assignment policies to reduce racial and income segregation.
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Großmann, Katrin, Johan Buchholz, Carsten Buchmann, Christoph Hedtke, Carolin Höhnke y Nina Schwarz. "Energy Costs, Residential Mobility, and Segregation in a Shrinking City". Open House International 39, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2014): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2014-b0003.
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In debates related to energy poverty, the link to questions of residential segregation remains somewhat peripheral. Because, usually, only energy-poor households are at the focus and residential mobility is not addressed, the interdependencies between households’ energy costs and the residential segregation of cities remain out of sight. Concern that energy efficiency measures could foster socio-spatial segregation in cities has recently emerged in Germany. If only households with higher incomes can afford housing with high energy efficiency standards, whereas low income households tend to choose non-refurbished but, in sum, more affordable housing stock, an increasing concentration of poor households in poor housing conditions would result. German energy efficiency and CO2 reduction policies are relatively insensitive to such questions. Using survey data from a small shrinking city in Germany, we explore how energy costs are interrelated with residential location decisions and, thus, with segregation processes and patterns. Shrinking cities represent an interesting case because, here, a decreasing demand for housing stimulates residential mobility and paves the way for dynamic reconfigurations of socio-spatial patterns. We found that energy-related aspects of homes play a role in location decisions. Low income households seek to minimize housing costs in general, paying specific attention to heating systems, thermal insulation and costs. Resulting segregation effects depend very much on where affordable and, at the same time, energy-efficient housing stock is spatially concentrated in cities. These findings should be taken into consideration for future policies on energy in existing dwellings.
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Reardon, Sean F., John T. Yun y Michal Kurlaender. "Implications of Income-Based School Assignment Policies for Racial School Segregation". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 28, n.º 1 (marzo de 2006): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737028001049.
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A number of public school districts in the United States have adopted income-based integration policies—policies that use measures of family income or socioeconomic status—in determining school assignment. Some scholars and policymakers contend that such policies will also reduce racial segregation. In this article this assumption is explored by computing upper and lower bounds on the possible and probable levels of racial segregation that would result from race-neutral income-based school assignment policies. The article finds that, in general, income integration is no guarantee of even modest racial desegregation. In particular, the extent of ancillary racial integration produced by an income-integration policy will depend on the size of racial income disparities within a given district, the specifics of an income-integration policy, and the patterns of racial and socioeconomic residential segregation in a school district. Data on racial income inequality and income segregation in urban districts throughout the United States indicate that very high levels of racial segregation are possible under any practical income-integration policy. The authors conclude that, given the extent of residential racial segregation in the United States, it is unlikely that race-neutral income-integration policies will significantly reduce school racial segregation, although there is reason to believe that such policies are likely to have other beneficial effects on schooling.
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Darden, Joe T. y Luis Rubalcava. "The Measurement of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Detroit". Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 40, n.º 3 (19 de abril de 2018): 312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986318769316.
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In the United States, past research has shown that Hispanics are less residentially segregated from non-Hispanic Whites than are Blacks. Such research has also shown that like Blacks, Hispanic households are located in poorer neighborhoods than are the average lower-income non-Hispanic White households. However, such studies have been limited for two reasons: (1) they have used a single variable, income, to characterize neighborhoods which is not sufficient to capture the complexity of such areas; and (2) such studies have not focused on Metropolitan Detroit where, unlike in many other large metropolitan areas, the Hispanic population is relatively small and concentrated within a large majority Black central city. This is the first study to examine Hispanic–non-Hispanic White residential segregation and the socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods in Metropolitan Detroit using multiple variables to characterize neighborhoods. The Modified Darden-Kamel Composite Socioeconomic Index was used to characterize neighborhoods and the index of dissimilarity was employed to measure Hispanic–non-Hispanic White residential segregation. The results revealed that the level of Hispanic—non-Hispanic White residential segregation was modest, but Hispanics were restricted to neighborhoods that are of lower quality than neighborhoods occupied by non-Hispanic Whites.
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Ismail, Mohammad, Abukar Warsame y Mats Wilhelmsson. "Do segregated housing markets have a spillover effect on housing prices in nearby residential areas?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 14, n.º 2 (27 de mayo de 2021): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-06-2020-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse the trends regarding housing segregation over the past 10–20 years and determine whether housing segregation has a spillover effect on neighbouring housing areas. Namely, the authors set out to determine whether proximity to a specific type of segregated housing market has a negative impact on nearby housing markets while proximity to another type of segregated market has a positive impact. Design/methodology/approach For the purposes of this paper, the authors must combine information on segregation within a city with information on property values in the city. The authors have, therefore, used data on the income of the population and data on housing values taken from housing transactions. The case study used is the city of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. The empirical analysis will be the estimation of the traditional hedonic pricing model. It will be estimated for the condominium market. Findings The results indicate that segregation, when measured as income sorting, has increased over time in some of the housing markets. Its effects on housing values in neighbouring housing areas are significant and statistically significant. Research limitations/implications A better understanding of the different potential spillover effects on housing prices in relation to the spatial distribution of various income groups would be beneficial in determining appropriate property assessment levels. In other words, awareness of this spillover effect could improve existing property assessment methods and provide local governments with extra information to make an informed decision on policies and services needed in different neighbourhoods. Practical implications On housing prices emanating from proximity to segregated areas with high income differs from segregated areas with low income, policies that address socio-economic costs and benefits, as well as property assessment levels, should reflect this pronounced difference. On the property level, positive spillover on housing prices near high-income segregated areas will cause an increase in the number of higher income groups and exacerbate segregation based on income. Contrarily, negative spillover on housing prices near low-income areas might discourage high-income households from moving to a location near low-income segregated areas. Local government should be aware of these spillover effects on housing prices to ensure that policies intended to reduce socioeconomic segregation, such as residential and income segregation, produce desirable results. Social implications Furthermore, a good estimation of these spillover effects on housing prices would allow local governments to carry out a cost–benefit analysis for policies intended to combat segregation and invest in deprived communities. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is to go beyond the traditional studies of segregation that mainly emphasise residential segregation based on income levels, i.e. low-income or high-income households. The authors have analysed the spillover effect of proximity to hot spots (high income) and cold spots (low income) on the housing values of nearby condominiums or single-family homes within segregated areas in Stockholm Municipality in 2013.
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Galster, George y Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection". City & Community 18, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.
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Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and neighborhood median disposable incomes) critically shapes neighborhood selection, though heterogeneously across income groups. All income groups sort into neighborhoods that have more of their own status group in residence. Middle– or high–income households avoid neighborhoods with above–average shares of low–status households and median incomes that are higher than their own. High–income households are more attracted to a place the greater the superiority of their incomes compared to the neighborhood median. Our findings suggest that although the drivers of residential income segregation are powerful, public policies aimed at neighborhood diversification have potential efficacy nevertheless.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jaap y Jiayi Xu. "Residential Segregation and Unequal Access to Schools". Social Inclusion 9, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2021): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3606.
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Socio-spatial inequality and school inequality are strongly related. Where people live affects the opportunities individuals have in life, such as the opportunity to send your children to a good school. The level of urbanisation is related to the number of options people have to choose good schools, so more urbanised areas likely offer more options for good schools. However, the families that can choose good schools are likely families with high income or education levels. Data for this study come from two waves of the Taiwan Youth Project (N = 2,893), which consists of two cohorts of students from 162 classrooms in 40 junior high schools in northern Taiwan. When school quality is proxied by socioeconomic status (SES), the results show that, in general, students from the most urbanised areas, wealthier parents, and higher-educated parents, are more likely to go to higher SES schools. However, the strongest effects are for higher income and higher-educated parents in the most urbanised areas. This suggests that in the most urbanised areas, families have the most options regarding school choice, and richer and more educated families are better able to circumvent school catchment areas, either because they can afford an address in a better catchment area or because they understand the importance of school choice.
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Yu, Chia-Yuan, Ayoung Woo, Christopher Hawkins y Sara Iman. "The Impacts of Residential Segregation on Obesity". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0352.
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Background: This study examined the association between residential segregation and obesity for Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. This study considered 3 dimensions of residential segregation, isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration. Methods: By combining individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and county-level data from the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, the total sample size was 204,610 respondents (160,213 Whites, 21,865 African Americans, 18,027 Hispanics, and 4505 Asians) from 205 counties in the United States. Two-level logistic regression models were performed. Results: African Americans and Hispanics in counties with high levels of isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration were more likely to be obese; these relationships did not hold true for Whites and Asians. Counties with a higher percentage of populations with the income below the poverty line and a higher percentage of fast food restaurants in the county were associated with a higher likelihood of obesity for all racial/ethnic groups. African Americans and Hispanics with low levels of education and income were more likely to be obese. Conclusions: Residential segregation had a contextual influence on weight status, and the context of counties influenced racial/ethnic groups differently. Obesity reduction programs should consider the contextual influence on minority populations and target subgroups living in highly segregated areas.
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Marsh, Kris y John Iceland. "The Racial Residential Segregation of Black Single Living Alone Households". City & Community 9, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2010): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01338.x.
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While many studies have examined the intersection of race and class with residential segregation and residential preferences, little is known about the role played by household composition in shaping residential patterns. This article focuses on the residential patterns of a particular kind of household: those consisting of persons single and living alone (SALA). We compare the residential segregation of black SALA households—an important subset of nonfamily households and a rapidly growing segment of the population—from white SALA households and from both white and black married–couple households. We examine how group and metropolitan characteristics influence segregation levels for these household types. Using data from the 2000 census, we find that black SALA households are less segregated from white SALA households than from white married–couple households. Multivariate analyses show that smaller income differences across SALA households account for these segregation patterns, indicating the importance of economic resources in influencing residential patterns. Nevertheless, race continues to play an important role, as black SALA household segregation from both kinds of white households is high in absolute terms and in relation to their segregation from black married–couple households.
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Larrabee Sonderlund, Anders, Mia Charifson, Antoinette Schoenthaler, Traci Carson y Natasha J. Williams. "Racialized economic segregation and health outcomes: A systematic review of studies that use the Index of Concentration at the Extremes for race, income, and their interaction". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2022): e0262962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262962.
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Extensive research shows that residential segregation has severe health consequences for racial and ethnic minorities. Most research to date has operationalized segregation in terms of either poverty or race/ethnicity rather than a synergy of these factors. A novel version of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICERace-Income) specifically assesses racialized economic segregation in terms of spatial concentrations of racial and economic privilege (e.g., wealthy white people) versus disadvantage (e.g., poor Black people) within a given area. This multidimensional measure advances a more comprehensive understanding of residential segregation and its consequences for racial and ethnic minorities. The aim of this paper is to critically review the evidence on the association between ICERace-Income and health outcomes. We implemented the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct a rigorous search of academic databases for papers linking ICERace-Income with health. Twenty articles were included in the review. Studies focused on the association of ICERace-Income with adverse birth outcomes, cancer, premature and all-cause mortality, and communicable diseases. Most of the evidence indicates a strong association between ICERace-Income and each health outcome, underscoring income as a key mechanism by which segregation produces health inequality along racial and ethnic lines. Two of the reviewed studies examined racial disparities in comorbidities and health care access as potential explanatory factors underlying this relationship. We discuss our findings in the context of the extant literature on segregation and health and propose new directions for future research and applications of the ICERace-Income measure.
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Graham, Bryan S. "Identifying and Estimating Neighborhood Effects". Journal of Economic Literature 56, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2018): 450–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160854.
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Residential segregation by race and income are enduring features of urban America. Understanding the effects of residential segregation on educational attainment, labor market outcomes, criminal activity, and other outcomes has been a leading project of the social sciences for over half a century. This paper describes techniques for measuring the effects of neighborhood of residence on long-run life outcomes. ( JEL C51, I24, J15, K42, R23)
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Ibekwe, Lynn N., Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer, Sandi L. Pruitt, Nalini Ranjit y Maria E. Fernández. "Racism and Cancer Screening among Low-Income, African American Women: A Multilevel, Longitudinal Analysis of 2-1-1 Texas Callers". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 21 (27 de octubre de 2021): 11267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111267.
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Although racism is increasingly being studied as an important contributor to racial health disparities, its relation to cancer-related outcomes among African Americans remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to help clarify the relation between two indicators of racism—perceived racial discrimination and racial residential segregation—and cancer screening. We conducted a multilevel, longitudinal study among a medically underserved population of African Americans in Texas. We assessed discrimination using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale and segregation using the Location Quotient for Racial Residential Segregation. The outcome examined was “any cancer screening completion” (Pap test, mammography, and/or colorectal cancer screening) at follow-up (3–10 months post-baseline). We tested hypothesized relations using multilevel logistic regression. We also conducted interaction and stratified analyses to explore whether discrimination modified the relation between segregation and screening completion. We found a significant positive relation between discrimination and screening and a non-significant negative relation between segregation and screening. Preliminary evidence suggests that discrimination modifies the relation between segregation and screening. Racism has a nuanced association with cancer screening among African Americans. Perceived racial discrimination and racial residential segregation should be considered jointly, rather than independently, to better understand their influence on cancer screening behavior.
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Zhang, Tong, Xiaoqi Duan, David W. S. Wong y Yashan Lu. "Discovering income-economic segregation patterns: A residential-mobility embedding approach". Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 90 (noviembre de 2021): 101709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101709.
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Lobmayer, P. "Inequality, residential segregation by income, and mortality in US cities". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2002): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183.
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Anderson, Laurie M., Joseph St. Charles, Mindy T. Fullilove, Susan C. Scrimshaw, Jonathan E. Fielding y Jacques Normand. "Providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 24, n.º 3 (abril de 2003): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00656-6.
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Haddad, Mônica A. "Residential income segregation and commuting in a Latin American city". Applied Geography 117 (abril de 2020): 102186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102186.
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Pangallo, Marco, Jean-Pierre Nadal y Annick Vignes. "Residential income segregation: A behavioral model of the housing market". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 159 (marzo de 2019): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.01.010.
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Tammaru, Tiit, Szymon Marcin´czak, Raivo Aunap, Maarten van Ham y Heleen Janssen. "Relationship between income inequality and residential segregation of socioeconomic groups". Regional Studies 54, n.º 4 (4 de enero de 2019): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1540035.
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Hansen, Julia L. "Residential segregation of blacks by income group: Evidence from Oakland". Population Research and Policy Review 15, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00128430.
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Reardon, Sean F., Lindsay Fox y Joseph Townsend. "Neighborhood Income Composition by Household Race and Income, 1990–2009". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 660, n.º 1 (9 de junio de 2015): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215576104.
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Residential segregation, by definition, leads to racial and socioeconomic disparities in neighborhood conditions. These disparities may in turn produce inequality in social and economic opportunities and outcomes. Because racial and socioeconomic segregation are not independent of each other, however, any analysis of their causes, patterns, and effects must rest on an understanding of the joint distribution of race/ethnicity and income among neighborhoods. In this article, we use a new technique to describe the average racial composition and income distributions in the neighborhoods of households with different income levels and race/ethnicity. Using data from the decennial censuses and the American Community Survey, we investigate how patterns of neighborhood context in the United States over the past two decades vary by household race/ethnicity, income, and metropolitan area. We find large and persistent racial differences in neighborhood context, even among households with the same annual income.
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Owens, Ann. "Assisted Housing and Income Segregation among Neighborhoods in U.S. Metropolitan Areas". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 660, n.º 1 (9 de junio de 2015): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215576106.
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Over the past 40 years, assisted housing in the United States has undergone a dramatic geographic deconcentration, with at least one unit of assisted housing now located in most metropolitan neighborhoods. The location of assisted housing shapes where low-income assisted renters live, and it may also affect the residential choices of nonassisted residents. This article examines whether the deconcentration of assisted housing has reduced the segregation of families by income among neighborhoods in metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2005–9. I find that the deconcentration of assisted housing resulted in modest economic residential integration for very low-income families. However, high-income families became even more segregated, as assisted housing was deconcentrated, potentially offsetting the economic integration gains and ensuring that very low-income families are living in neighborhoods with only slightly higher-income neighbors. I conclude by discussing features of housing policies that might promote greater income integration among neighborhoods.
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Aguilera, Antonio y Edgardo Ugalde. "A Spatially Extended Model for Residential Segregation". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2007 (2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/48589.
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We analyze urban spatial segregation phenomenon in terms of the income distribution over a population, and an inflationary parameter weighting the evolution of housing prices. For this, we develop a discrete spatially extended model based on a multiagent approach. In our model, the mobility of socioeconomic agents is driven only by the housing prices. Agents exchange location in order to fit their status to the cost of their housing. On the other hand, the price of a particular house depends on the status of its tenant, and on the neighborhood mean lodging cost weighted by a control parameter. The agent's dynamics converges to a spatially organized configuration, whose regularity is measured by using an entropy-like indicator. This simple model provides a dynamical process organizing the virtual city, in a way that the population inequality and the inflationary parameter determine the degree of residential segregation in the final stage of the process, in agreement with the segregation-inequality thesis put forward by Douglas Massey.
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Botello Mares, Adrián y Erick Sánchez Flores. "Spatial multicriteria model to analyze residential segregation in the colonias of El Paso, Texas". DECUMANUS 5, n.º 5 (2020): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20983/decumanus.2020.1.6.
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Residential segregation, as an expression of the socio-economic differences of the population in the territory, is a phenomenon that has been studied from different perspectives, since segregation spaces manifest themselves in different ways, depending on the socio-cultural context in which they occur. However, having tools that allow its systematic identification and characterization, facilitates its approach as public policy spaces, for the improvement of the population’s living conditions. In this paper, we present the conceptual and methodological bases to approach the phenomenon of residential segregation from a set of spatial variables that explain objectively its distribution, using a multicriteria evaluation model. Particularly, we analyzed the case of study of the border city of El Paso, Texas, and its colonias, considering basic services, accessibility and population characteristics variables, derived from 2015 census data. Results show the highest concentration of residential segregation in the so-called colonias, because of the income conditions, below the poverty line, the distance from the central business district of the city, the lack of public transportation routes, and the deficiencies in residential services. The spatially expressed segregation variables allow for a better understanding of the phenomenon in measurable terms.
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Liao, Kaihuai, Peiyi Lv, Shixiang Wei y Tianlan Fu. "A Scientometric Review of Residential Segregation Research: A CiteSpace-Based Visualization". Sustainability 15, n.º 1 (27 de diciembre de 2022): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010448.
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Residential segregation (RS) is a global phenomenon that has become an enduring and important topic in international academic research. In this review, using RS as the search term, 2520 articles from the period 1928–2022 were retrieved from the Scopus database and were visually analyzed using CiteSpace software. The results revealed the following: (1) The United States and its institutions have made outstanding contributions to RS research, while various scholars (e.g., Johnston, Massey, Forrest, Poulsen, and Iceland) have laid the foundation for RS research. (2) Mainstream RS research originates from three fields—psychology, education, and social sciences—while the trend of multidisciplinary integration is constantly increasing. (3) The research hotspots of RS include racial difference, sociospatial behavior, income inequality, mixed income communities, guest worker minorities, typical district segregation, occupational segregation, health inequalities, metropolitan ghetto, and migrant–native differential mobility. Furthermore, (4) gentrification, spatial analysis, school segregation, health disparity, immigrant, and COVID-19 have become new themes and directions of RS research. Future research should pay more attention to the impact of multi-spatial scale changes on RS as well as propose theoretical explanations rooted in local contexts by integrating multidisciplinary theoretical knowledge.
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Mehdipanah, Roshanak, Kiana Bess, Steve Tomkowiak, Audrey Richardson, Carmen Stokes, Denise White Perkins, Suzanne Cleage, Barbara A. Israel y Amy J. Schulz. "Residential Racial and Socioeconomic Segregation as Predictors of Housing Discrimination in Detroit Metropolitan Area". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (13 de diciembre de 2020): 10429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410429.
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This study examined neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics associated with housing discrimination (HD) in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan. Using novel neighborhood level data from the Fair Housing Center of Metropolitan Detroit in combination with the American Community Survey, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were derived to examine associations between HD cases and percentage of homeowners, non-Hispanic White (NHW) residents, and median income. Models were stratified to examine these associations for race-, disability- and rent-related HD outcomes. Between 2008–2017, 988 HD incidents were reported. Independently, neighborhood proportion NHW, income, and homeownership were inversely associated with all-types of HD. Jointly, the neighborhood predictors remained significant indicators. Similar patterns were observed in race-, disability- and rent-related HD when neighborhood predictors were examined independently. In the joint models, household income no longer predicted race-related HD, while proportion NHW no longer predicted disability- and rent-related HD. Results suggest HD may be more frequent in neighborhoods with greater proportions of NHB or Hispanic residents, those with lower incomes, and greater proportion of rental households. These findings have great social and health implications and warrant further exploration of how HD contributes to social and health inequities in lower income, predominantly NHB and Hispanic neighborhoods and those with more renters.
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Wichowsky, Amber. "Civic Life in the Divided Metropolis: Social Capital, Collective Action, and Residential Income Segregation". Urban Affairs Review 55, n.º 1 (22 de enero de 2017): 257–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416688097.
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Social capital is presumed to help individuals who lack financial or human capital achieve collective action through their social ties and networks of relationships. But does it help individuals overcome their socioeconomic disadvantages relative to their wealthier neighbors, or does the accumulation of social capital merely reproduce socioeconomic disparities, particularly in economically segregated places? Leveraging data from the Current Population Survey, I test whether residential income segregation is associated with larger income differences in social capital investments and collective action. I find that in more economically segregated places, wealthier residents are more likely to be members of neighborhood organizations and report working with other community members to address local issues. These results are robust to the inclusion of other potential confounders, including income inequality, racial context, and racial residential segregation. This research has implications for policy makers and stakeholders interested in building a more inclusive civic arena.
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Richards, Meredith P. y Kori J. Stroub. "Metropolitan Public School District Segregation by Race and Income, 2000–2011". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 122, n.º 5 (mayo de 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200504.
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Background Recent work has documented declining public school racial/ethnic segregation, as students have become more evenly distributed across schools and districts since the turn of the century. However, we know little about how declines in school racial/ethnic segregation have affected students of different levels of economic resources. While some evidence suggests that class may be supplanting race as the defining force in structuring residential segregation, it is unclear whether this trend toward spatial assimilation is mirrored in schools. Objective In this study, we provide initial evidence linking racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation in schools. First, we disaggregate patterns and trends in metropolitan segregation by student race/ethnicity and household income to examine how changes in racial/ethnic segregation are experienced by students of different income levels. Second, drawing on theories of spatial assimilation and place stratification, we examine the relative importance of race/ethnicity vis-à-vis income in structuring patterns of segregation. Research Design We use unique data on the joint distribution of student race/ethnicity and family income from the National Center of Education Statistics’ Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (NCES EDGE) system. For each U.S. metropolitan area, we calculate measures of between-district segregation from 2000 to 2011. We compute measures of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation using the dual-group index of dissimilarity and the rank-order information theory index. We focus on two key comparisons: the segregation between non-White and white students in the same income quintile, and the segregation between non-White students in each income quintile and all White students. Findings We find that recent declines in racial/ethnic segregation were unevenly distributed across the income distribution. For example, while Black students of all income levels experienced declines in segregation from Whites, decreases were particularly pronounced for affluent Blacks. In addition, poor White students became more segregated from non-White students of all income levels. We also document shifts in the contributions of race/ethnicity and income to segregation: While income is increasingly implicated in Black–White and Hispanic–White segregation, Asian–White segregation is increasingly attributable to race/ethnicity. Conclusions Findings highlight the complexity of student experiences of segregation by race/ethnicity and income. Focusing exclusively on declines in racial/ethnic segregation or increases in income segregation may lead scholars to neglect phenomena such as the worsening segregation of poor White students, or improving segregation among affluent non-Whites. In addition, while racial/ethnic segregation remains high, segregation between non-Whites and Whites is increasingly attributable to income differences between racial/ethnic groups (i.e., spatial assimilation), with the exception of Asian students.
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Nogueira, Mário Círio, Ana Luísa Soares Costa, Juliana Lopes de Oliveira Reis y Ítalo Pereira. "Association between racial residential segregation and homicide mortality in municipalities in Minas Gerais, Brazil". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2022): 3637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022279.06982022en.
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Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between racial residential segregation and homicide mortality in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. We conducted an ecological study in which the units of analysis were municipalities in MG. The outcome was homicide deaths between 2008 and 2012 and the exposure variable was residential segregation measured using the racial interaction index, calculated using data from the 2010 Demographic Census. The covariables were per capita family income and the Gini index. The variables were presented in tables and thematic maps and associations were measured using Bayesian hierarchical models. The results of the model adjusted for per capita family income showed a negative association between the racial interaction index and homicide mortality (coefficient=-1.787; 95%CI=-2.459; -1.119). Homicide mortality was lower in municipalities with higher levels of racial interaction.
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Watson, Tara. "INEQUALITY AND THE MEASUREMENT OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION BY INCOME IN AMERICAN NEIGHBORHOODS". Review of Income and Wealth 55, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2009): 820–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x.
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Ananat, Elizabeth Oltmans. "The Wrong Side(s) of the Tracks: The Causal Effects of Racial Segregation on Urban Poverty and Inequality". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2011): 34–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.2.34.
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A striking negative correlation exists between an area's residential racial segregation and its population characteristics, but it is recognized that this relationship may not be causal. I present a novel test of causality from segregation to population characteristics by exploiting the arrangements of railroad tracks in the nineteenth century to isolate plausibly exogenous variation in areas' susceptibility to segregation. I show that this variation satisfies the requirements for a valid instrument. Instrumental variables estimates demonstrate that segregation increases metropolitan rates of black poverty and overall black-white income disparities, while decreasing rates of white poverty and inequality within the white population. (JEL I32, J15, N31, N32, N91, N92, R23)
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Vaalavuo, Maria, Maarten van Ham y Timo M. Kauppinen. "Income Mobility and Moving to a Better Neighbourhood: An Enquiry into Ethnic Differences in Finland". European Sociological Review 35, n.º 4 (26 de abril de 2019): 538–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz017.
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Abstract The spatial concentration of immigrants in disadvantaged neighbourhoods may hinder their opportunities for social and economic integration. It is therefore important that immigrants can translate their available economic resources into mobility to less disadvantaged neighbourhoods. This study adds to existing research on the relationship between socioeconomic and spatial integration by focusing on the effects of income mobility on residential mobility. We analyse intra-urban residential mobility from low-income neighbourhoods into non-low-income neighbourhoods among immigrants and native-born residents in three urban regions in Finland. We use longitudinal register data for the 2004–2014 period for the full population, allowing a dynamic analysis of changes in income and neighbourhood of residence. Based on fixed-effects multinomial logit modelling of residential outcomes, we found that upward income mobility is connected to exit from low-income areas, but the effect is stronger among the native-born Finns than among those with an immigrant background. This stronger effect for natives is in contrast to findings of previous European studies, suggesting that these might have been influenced by unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. Our findings imply that both policies improving labour market opportunities of immigrants and policies reducing constraints for spatial integration are needed if the aim is to decrease ethnic residential segregation.
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Pichardo, Catherine M., Jesse J. Plascak, Lisa A. Sanchez-Johnsen, Amber Pirzada, Amanda L. Roy, Margaret S. Pichardo, Earle C. Chambers et al. "Abstract 32: Patterns of segregation among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults- implications for cancer prevention". Cancer Research 82, n.º 12_Supplement (15 de junio de 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-32.
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Abstract Background: Residential segregation has been associated with cancer incidence and mortality. Hispanic/Latinos (HL) experience moderate to high residential segregation. Purpose: This study investigates levels of racial and ethnic residential segregation and racialized economic concentrations at the extremes in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Methods: We used baseline data from 16,415 HL adults enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos between 2008-2011 from the Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA. Segregation measures were calculated from census tract-level (2006-2010 American Community Survey and 2010 decennial census). We measured residential segregation using the % HL Gini coefficient, to capture variability of HL residents within the census tract, and the isolation index, to capture the probability that HL residents come into contact with other members of the same minority group. We measured racialized economic (race/ethnicity + income) concentration using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), to capture spatial social polarization at the extremes. We compared means of HCHS/SOL population characteristics using linear regression and adjusted Wald tests for continuous, binary, and categorical variables, respectively, calculated from weighted complex samples analyses. Results: On average, overall segregation was moderate to high (M±SE): Gini (0.39 ± 0.00); Isolation (0.76 ± 0.01); ICE (race: -0.64 ± 0.01; income: -0.29 ± 0.01; race + income: -0.26 ± 0.01). HL adults who were older (> 65 y: 0.80 ± 0.01; 45-65 y: 0.77 ± 0.008; 18-44 y: 0.75 ± 0.75, p = .000) and foreign/territory-born residing in US <10 years (0.81 ± 0.009; p = 0.000; foreign/territory-born residing in US >=10 years: 0.76 ± 0.01; vs. US born: 0.70 ± 0.01) and preferred Spanish (0.79 ± 0.01; p = .000 vs. English: 0.69 ± 0.007) experienced higher racial/ethnic segregation as measured by the Isolation index. HL of Cuban (0.42 ± 0.006, p = 0.049) vs. all other heritage experienced the as measured by the % HL Gini index. We found higher levels of racialized economic segregation among foreign/territory-born residing in US <10 years (-0.32 ± 0.01) vs. foreign/territory-born residing in US >= 10 years (-0.26 ± .01) and US born (-0.21 ± 0.01; p = 0.000); individuals that preferred Spanish (-0.28 ± 0.01) vs. English (-0.21 ± .01; p = 0.000); and self-reported Cuban heritage (-0.42 ± 0.01; p = .000) vs all other heritage. Conclusion: Using multiple, measures of segregation, we found that HL adults who were older, foreign born, and preferred Spanish experienced moderate and high levels of segregation. It is important for future work to examine the impact of racial/ethnic and economic segregation on social determinants of cancer disparities within segregated environments among diverse HL. Citation Format: Catherine M. Pichardo, Jesse J. Plascak, Lisa A. Sanchez-Johnsen, Amber Pirzada, Amanda L. Roy, Margaret S. Pichardo, Earle C. Chambers, Sheila F. Castañeda, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Krista M. Perreira, Tanya P. Garcia, Matthew Allison, Jordan Carlson, Martha L. Daviglus, Gregory A. Talavera, Linda C. Gallo. Patterns of segregation among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults- implications for cancer prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 32.
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Panagiotakopoulos, Theordoros, George-Rafael Domenikos y Alexander V. Mantzaris. "Exploring Simulated Residential Spending Dynamics in Relation to Income Equality with the Entropy Trace of the Schelling Model". Mathematics 10, n.º 18 (13 de septiembre de 2022): 3323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10183323.
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The Schelling model of segregation has provided researchers with a simple model to explore residential dynamics and their implications upon the spatial distribution of resident identities. Due to the simplicity of the model, many modifications and extensions have been produced to capture different aspects of the decision process taken when residents change locations. Research has also involved examining different metrics for track segregation along the trace of the simulation states. Recent work has investigated monitoring the simulation by estimating the entropy of the states along the simulation, which offers a macroscopic perspective. Drawing inspiration from empirical studies which indicate that financial status can affect segregation, a dual dynamic for movements based on identity and financial capital has been produced so that the expenditure of a monetary value occurs during residential movements. Previous work has only considered a single approach for this dynamic and the results for different approaches are explored. The results show that the definition of the expenditure dynamic has a large effect on the entropy traces and financial homogeneity. The design choice provides insight for how the housing market can drive inequality or equality.
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Hernandez, Alexandra, Brianna L. Cohen, Ashly Westrick, Cheyenne Thompson, Susan Kesmodel y Neha Goel. "Abstract PD1-01: The Impact of Structural Racism on Breast Cancer Stage at Presentation". Cancer Research 83, n.º 5_Supplement (1 de marzo de 2023): PD1–01—PD1–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-pd1-01.
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Abstract Background: Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, racial and economic disparities in breast cancer-specific survival persist and this is exacerbated by later stage at presentation. It is essential to assess the factors that contribute to later stage at presentation to target racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast cancer mortality. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity, as measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), on breast cancer stage at presentation in a diverse metropolitan area that mirrors the projected demographics of many US regions. Methods: Patients treated at our medical campus, comprised of a safety-net hospital and an academic cancer center, with stage I-IV breast cancer from 2005-2017 were identified from our tumor registry. Census tracts were used as neighborhood proxies. Using 5-year estimates from the American Community Survey, 5 ICE variables were computed: economic (high vs. low), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White (NHW) vs. non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and NHW vs. Hispanic) and racialized economic (low-income NHB vs high-income NHW and low-income Hispanics vs. high-income NHW) segregation. ICE uniquely captures spatial economic and racial/ethnic segregation by mapping social inequality not otherwise captured by evaluating a population of a specific socioeconomic level or belonging to a particular racial/ethnic group. We used five separate models based on each of the ICE variables to evaluate economic and racial/ethnic segregation. Model 1 captures economic segregation (high vs. low), Model 2 captures racial segregation (NHB vs. NHW), Model 3 evaluates racialized economic segregation (low-income NHB vs high-income NHW), Model 4 captures segregation by Hispanic ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic), and Model 5 captures ethnic and economic segregation (low-income Hispanics vs. high-income NHW). Our main outcome was breast cancer stage at presentation categorized as early (Stage I and II) vs. late (Stage III and IV) disease. All models controlled for the following covariates: race/ethnicity, age, insurance status, tumor subtype, and comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and hyperlipidemia. Results: The study population included 6,145 breast cancer patients. 52.6% were Hispanic, 26.3% were NHW, and 17.2% were NHB. Those living in the most economically marginalized neighborhoods (Quartiles 1 and 2) had significantly increased odds of presenting with later stage disease [ORQ1 1.36 (1.13-1.64), ORQ2 1.43 (1.18-1.75); p< 0.05]. Those living in the most racial/ethnic and economically marginalized neighborhoods (Quartile 1 of Models 3 and 5) had statistically significantly increased odds of presenting with later stage after controlling for all covariates compared to a NHW living in more economically advantaged neighborhoods [ORModel3 1.55 (1.21-1.99), ORModel5 1.43 (1.11-1.85); p< 0.05]. Conclusions: This study is the first to evaluate stage at presentation by ICE, which allows us to uniquely evaluate how residential racial and economic segregation may influence breast cancer disparities. Our study shows that patients in the most economically and racial/ethnically marginalized neighborhoods were more likely to present with later stage disease. This suggests that structural racism is influencing stage at presentation, and therefore effecting racial and economic disparities in breast cancer, even when accounting for demographics and tumor characteristics. To address these disparities, effective interventions are needed that account for the social and environmental contexts in which cancer patients live and can access care. Table 1: Odds Ratios for Later Stage at Presentation with Breast Cancer by Different Types of Residential Segregation Model 1: Economic segregation (high-income vs low-income) Model 2: NHB vs NHW segregation Model 3: NHB and economic segregation (low-income NHB vs high-income NHW) Model 4: Hispanic vs NHW segregation Model 5: Hispanic and economic segregation (low-income Hispanics vs. high-income NHW) Q1: Most disadvantaged neighborhoods; Q4: Reference: most advantaged neighborhoods. *p < 0.05 Citation Format: Alexandra Hernandez, Brianna L Cohen, Ashly Westrick, Cheyenne Thompson, Susan Kesmodel, Neha Goel. The Impact of Structural Racism on Breast Cancer Stage at Presentation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PD1-01.
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Ross, Nancy A., Christian Houle, James R. Dunn y Marcellin Aye. "Dimensions and dynamics of residential segregation by income in urban Canada, 1991-1996". Canadian Geographer/Le G?ographe canadien 48, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2004): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00069.x.
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Darden, Joe, Ron Malega y Rebecca Stallings. "Social and economic consequences of black residential segregation by neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: The case of Metropolitan Detroit". Urban Studies 56, n.º 1 (26 de julio de 2018): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018779493.
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Although research has been done by social scientists on the inability of blacks to use income, like whites, to purchase a home or to rent an apartment in a less disadvantaged neighbourhood, we argue that most past researchers have been limited in the variables they have used to characterise neighbourhoods. Most researchers have overwhelmingly used a single variable – median income. We argue that a single variable is not sufficient to capture the life experiences of children and adults in neighbourhoods. By including multiple variables and a Composite Socioeconomic Index to characterise neighbourhoods, our approach provides a more realistic assessment of the differences blacks and whites experience in separate and unequal neighbourhoods, even though they may have similar incomes. Thus different neighbourhoods have different social and economic consequences for black and white residents.
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Kim, Kyeongmo y Denise Burnette. "Racial segregation and mental health service use by older adults". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3429.
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Abstract Older adults living in racially segregated neighborhoods often lack access to mental health care. This study assessed the role of racial segregation in mental health service use and examined whether the relationship between segregation and mental health service use differs by race/ethnicity. We linked residential segregation data from the National Neighborhood Change Database to the 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The sample included 4,023 adults aged 65 and older. We measured mental health service use as visit(s) to a mental health professional and/or use of prescribed medication for mental health (1=yes, 0=no) during the past year. Residential segregation was assessed using a combined measure of isolation (level of interaction with the same racial and ethnic group members) and dissimilarity (evenness of distribution of racial groups). Indices ranged from 0 (integrated) to 1 (segregated). We adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, attitude toward health care, health insurance, and mental health status. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that older adults living in more segregated counties were less likely to use a mental health service than those living in more integrated counties (OR=0.77, p=.04). The relationship did not differ by race/ethnicity. As expected, Blacks and Hispanics underused mental health services compared to Whites. The findings highlight that racial segregation limits access to mental health care. Practitioners and policy-makers should identify mental health needs and service use patterns to target services effectively and efficiently. Future research should explore the intersection of income and mental health care resources in segregated neighborhoods.
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Lichter, Daniel T., Domenico Parisi y Michael C. Taquino. "Spatial Assimilation in U.S. Cities and Communities? Emerging Patterns of Hispanic Segregation from Blacks and Whites". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 660, n.º 1 (9 de junio de 2015): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215572995.
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This article provides a geographically inclusive empirical framework for studying changing U.S. patterns of Hispanic segregation. Whether Hispanics have joined the American mainstream depends in part on whether they translate upward mobility into residence patterns that mirror the rest of the nation. Based on block and place data from the 1990–2010 decennial censuses, our results provide evidence of increasing spatial assimilation among Hispanics, both nationally and in new immigrant destinations. Segregation from whites declined across the urban size-of-place hierarchy and in new destinations. Hispanics are also less segregated from whites than from blacks, but declines in Hispanic-black segregation have exceeded declines in Hispanic-white segregation. This result is consistent with the notion of U.S. Hispanics as a racialized population—one in which members sometimes lack the freedom to join whites in better communities. Hispanic income was significantly associated with less segregation from whites, but income inequality alone does not explain overall Hispanic segregation, which remains high. The segmented assimilation of Hispanics that we observe supports two seemingly contradictory theories: both the idea that spatial assimilation can come from economic and cultural assimilation and the notion that economic mobility is no guarantee of residential integration.
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Han, Seunghye y Hyunhoe Bae. "Changes in Residential Distribution by Urban Renewal : Does Large-Scale Apartment Complex Cause Residential Segregation by Income Level?" Korean Policy Studies Review 30, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2021): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33900/kaps.2021.30.2.5.
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Karhula, Aleksi, Patricia McMullin, Elina Sutela, Sanna Ala-Mantila y Hannu Ruonavaara. "Rural-Urban Migration Pathways and Residential Segregation in the Helsinki Region". Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 55 (11 de enero de 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.96011.
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Migration and residential segregation are intrinsically linked. However, little attention has been given to internal migration and its relationship with socioeconomic segregation. In this study, we illustrate the pathways individuals take between rural and urban settings and examine the association between these pathways and segregation in the Helsinki region. We use register data from Statistics Finland and sequence analysis to illustrate the mobility patterns of two 1980s birth cohorts aged 7 to 37. The majority of Finnish rural-urban pathways are associated with either a childhood spent in an urban area or a move to an urban area in young adulthood. We show that an even larger majority of people living in Helsinki at age 37 spent their childhood there or in other urban environments. We find that internal migrants are positively selected for education and income. A childhood in the outer urban regions of a city reduces the probability of living in lowincome neighbourhoods when controlling for socioeconomic status and family structure. We found no association between rural childhood and living in poor neighbourhoods.
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Andersson, Eva K. y Bo Malmberg. "Segregation and the effects of adolescent residential context on poverty risks and early income career: A study of the Swedish 1980 cohort". Urban Studies 55, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2016): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016643915.
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Will the consequences of residential segregation, that is, spatial concentration of marginalised populations on the one hand, and spatial concentration of affluent populations on the other hand, generate a situation where individual life trajectories are influenced by where individuals grow up? Our aim is to analyse how poverty risks and early income career at adult age are influenced by different neighbourhood contexts in early youth. We use Swedish longitudinal register data, and follow individuals born in 1980 until 2012. Residential context is measured in 1995 at age 15 by expanding a buffer around the residential locations of each individual and, by computing statistical aggregates of different socio-demographic variables for that population. The results show that poverty risks increase for individuals growing up in areas characterised by high numbers of social allowance recipients living nearby, whereas elite geographical context is favourable for both women’s and men’s future income.
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Timberlake, Jeffrey M. y John Iceland. "Change in Racial and Ethnic Residential Inequality in American Cities, 1970–2000". City & Community 6, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2007): 335–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00231.x.
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We complement and extend research on change in racial and ethnic residential segregation by estimating determinants of change from 1970 to 2000 in four measures of residential inequality—dissimilarity, entropy, isolation, and net difference—between American Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Latinos. Because we use a longer time horizon and multiple measures, our findings clearly demonstrate some convergence in residential location patterns across groups, indicating gradual spatial assimilation in U.S. metropolitan areas. Although Blacks continue to be more segregated than either Asians or Latinos, residential inequality has declined more rapidly for Blacks than for the other two groups, particularly in terms of neighborhood socioeconomic status. We also find that all three groups, but particularly Asians, have been converting income gains relative to Whites into improved neighborhood socioeconomic status more than into increased residential integration with Whites.
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Kryvobokov, Marko y Louafi Bouzouina. "WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ACCESSIBILITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION". International Journal of Strategic Property Management 18, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2014): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2013.864342.
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The hypothesis that different income groups have different willingness to pay for accessibility to the city centre is based on the standard monocentric model. This hypothesis is empirically tested with accessibility attributes in a hedonic model of apartment prices in the suburbs of the city of Lyon, France. The conditions of residential segregation are described, and apartment prices in the poor and the rich suburbs are analysed with regression techniques. Travel times to two urban centres are accounted for, as well as centrality and accessibility integral indexes. We found that in the selected areas the hypothesis is true. Spatial differences between the estimates for accessibility measures are significant. In more socially problematic areas, the willingness to pay for better accessibility is higher.
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Ryabov, Igor. "The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity". Youth & Society 50, n.º 4 (23 de septiembre de 2015): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15607165.
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The present study used nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) merged with census-track data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to model race-ethnic disparities in overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease among children and adolescents as a function of neighborhood race-ethnic segregation, socio-economic status, household size and structure, family history of obesity, and other important predictors. Results indicate that African American and Hispanic children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from obesity and obesity-related disease than their non-Hispanic White peers. We also found that race-ethnic segregation proxied by the Index of Dissimilarity has a strong and negative effect on the weight status and health outcomes mentioned above. Moreover, race-ethnic segregation appears to explain up to 20% of the difference between minority children and their non-Hispanic White peers in the prevalence rate of overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease.
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Cortés, Yasna. "Spatial Accessibility to Local Public Services in an Unequal Place: An Analysis from Patterns of Residential Segregation in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile". Sustainability 13, n.º 2 (6 de enero de 2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020442.
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The study of the relationship between the provision of local public services and residential segregation is critical when it might be the social manifestation of spatial income inequality. This paper analyzes how the spatial accessibility to local public services is distributed equitably among different social and economic groups in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MR), Chile. To accomplish this objective, I use accessibility measures to local public services such as transportation, public education, healthcare, kindergartens, parks, fire and police stations, cultural infrastructure, and information about housing prices and exempted housing units from local taxes by block, as well as quantile regressions and bivariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). The main results confirm the accessibility to local public services is unequally distributed among residents. However, it affects more low-income groups who are suffering from significant deficits in the provision of local public services. In this scenario, poor residents face a double disadvantage due to their social exclusion from urban systems and their limited access to essential services such as education, healthcare, or transportation. In particular, I found that social residential segregation might be reinforced by insufficient access to local infrastructure that the most impoverished population should assume.
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Ng, Matthew Kok Ming, Josephine Roper, Chyi Lin Lee y Christopher Pettit. "The Reflection of Income Segregation and Accessibility Cleavages in Sydney’s House Prices". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, n.º 7 (21 de julio de 2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070413.
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Cities often show residential income segregation, and the price of housing is generally related to employment accessibility, but how do these factors intersect? We analyse Greater Sydney, Australia, a metropolitan area of 5 million people. Sydney is found to have reasonably even employment accessibility by car, reflecting the increasingly polycentric nature of the modern city; however, it also shows considerable income segregation and variance in property prices between different parts of the city. Entropy is used to examine diversity and mixing of different income groups. Finally, hedonic price models using ordinary-least squares and geographically-weighted regression techniques show the differing effects of employment accessibility on house prices in different parts of the city. The results show that accessibility has small to negative effects on prices in the most valuable areas, suggesting that other effects such as recreational access and employment type/quality may be more important determinants of house prices in these areas.
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Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline y Emmanuel Saez. "Where is the land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States *". Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, n.º 4 (14 de septiembre de 2014): 1553–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju022.
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Abstract We use administrative records on the incomes of more than 40 million children and their parents to describe three features of intergenerational mobility in the United States. First, we characterize the joint distribution of parent and child income at the national level. The conditional expectation of child income given parent income is linear in percentile ranks. On average, a 10 percentile increase in parent income is associated with a 3.4 percentile increase in a child’s income. Second, intergenerational mobility varies substantially across areas within the United States. For example, the probability that a child reaches the top quintile of the national income distribution starting from a family in the bottom quintile is 4.4% in Charlotte but 12.9% in San Jose. Third, we explore the factors correlated with upward mobility. High mobility areas have (i) less residential segregation, (ii) less income inequality, (iii) better primary schools, (iv) greater social capital, and (v) greater family stability. Although our descriptive analysis does not identify the causal mechanisms that determine upward mobility, the publicly available statistics on intergenerational mobility developed here can facilitate research on such mechanisms.