Literatura académica sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
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Scarpa, Simone. "The impact of income inequality on economic residential segregation: The case of Malmö, 1991–2010". Urban Studies 52, n.º 5 (7 de abril de 2014): 906–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098014529347.
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As in other Western countries, in Sweden there is a widespread conviction that residential segregation influences the opportunities for residents’ social mobility and therefore is a cause of income inequality. But the opposite direction of causality, from income inequality to residential segregation, is often ignored. The paper fills this gap and analyses income inequality and economic residential segregation developments in Malmö in the years 1991–2010. During this period, changes in population composition owing to increased immigration had a negligible impact on income inequality, while the latter was primarily influenced by changes in the distribution of labour market earnings and capital incomes. At the same time, neighbourhood income inequality was predominantly driven by overall household income inequality and only to a much lower extent by the increase in residential sorting by income. Policy influencing income distribution rather than area-based strategies should thus be at the centre of current debates on residential segregation in Sweden.
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Hu, Xiao y Che-Yuan Liang. "Does income redistribution prevent residential segregation?" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 193 (enero de 2022): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.11.012.
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Kawachi, I. "Income inequality and economic residential segregation". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2002): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.165.
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Taylor, Kendra y Erica Frankenberg. "Student Assignment Policies and Racial and Income Segregation of Schools, School Attendance Zones, and Neighborhoods". Educational Administration Quarterly 57, n.º 5 (22 de noviembre de 2021): 747–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x211024720.
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Purpose: This article examines the relationship between educational and residential segregation in three school districts with differing approaches to student assignment. Racial and income segregation within school districts is often only examined at the school level, even as school patterns are often related to residential and attendance zone segregation depending on integration policies aimed at decoupling these relationships. Research Method/Approach: Using an innovative data set, the School Attendance Boundary Survey, along with Census and Common Core of Data data, this analysis examines racial and income segregation at the neighborhood, school zone, and school levels in three districts with varied student assignment policies to explore the relationship between districts’ diversity policies and school, attendance zone, and residential segregation. Findings: We find that, despite high residential segregation, educational segregation varies in these three districts. In the two districts that sought to increase diversity in their student assignment policies, educational segregation was lower than in the third district that did not consider diversity, despite similar levels of residential segregation. The findings suggest that district leaders’ use of diversity-focused student assignment policies may be one way to disrupt the link between residential and school segregation. Conclusions: Understanding the segregation of educational boundaries within school districts, and the relationship between school zone segregation and segregation at other geographic scales, offers insights into how district leaders could utilize student assignment policies to reduce racial and income segregation.
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Großmann, Katrin, Johan Buchholz, Carsten Buchmann, Christoph Hedtke, Carolin Höhnke y Nina Schwarz. "Energy Costs, Residential Mobility, and Segregation in a Shrinking City". Open House International 39, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2014): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2014-b0003.
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In debates related to energy poverty, the link to questions of residential segregation remains somewhat peripheral. Because, usually, only energy-poor households are at the focus and residential mobility is not addressed, the interdependencies between households’ energy costs and the residential segregation of cities remain out of sight. Concern that energy efficiency measures could foster socio-spatial segregation in cities has recently emerged in Germany. If only households with higher incomes can afford housing with high energy efficiency standards, whereas low income households tend to choose non-refurbished but, in sum, more affordable housing stock, an increasing concentration of poor households in poor housing conditions would result. German energy efficiency and CO2 reduction policies are relatively insensitive to such questions. Using survey data from a small shrinking city in Germany, we explore how energy costs are interrelated with residential location decisions and, thus, with segregation processes and patterns. Shrinking cities represent an interesting case because, here, a decreasing demand for housing stimulates residential mobility and paves the way for dynamic reconfigurations of socio-spatial patterns. We found that energy-related aspects of homes play a role in location decisions. Low income households seek to minimize housing costs in general, paying specific attention to heating systems, thermal insulation and costs. Resulting segregation effects depend very much on where affordable and, at the same time, energy-efficient housing stock is spatially concentrated in cities. These findings should be taken into consideration for future policies on energy in existing dwellings.
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Reardon, Sean F., John T. Yun y Michal Kurlaender. "Implications of Income-Based School Assignment Policies for Racial School Segregation". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 28, n.º 1 (marzo de 2006): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737028001049.
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A number of public school districts in the United States have adopted income-based integration policies—policies that use measures of family income or socioeconomic status—in determining school assignment. Some scholars and policymakers contend that such policies will also reduce racial segregation. In this article this assumption is explored by computing upper and lower bounds on the possible and probable levels of racial segregation that would result from race-neutral income-based school assignment policies. The article finds that, in general, income integration is no guarantee of even modest racial desegregation. In particular, the extent of ancillary racial integration produced by an income-integration policy will depend on the size of racial income disparities within a given district, the specifics of an income-integration policy, and the patterns of racial and socioeconomic residential segregation in a school district. Data on racial income inequality and income segregation in urban districts throughout the United States indicate that very high levels of racial segregation are possible under any practical income-integration policy. The authors conclude that, given the extent of residential racial segregation in the United States, it is unlikely that race-neutral income-integration policies will significantly reduce school racial segregation, although there is reason to believe that such policies are likely to have other beneficial effects on schooling.
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Darden, Joe T. y Luis Rubalcava. "The Measurement of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Detroit". Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 40, n.º 3 (19 de abril de 2018): 312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986318769316.
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In the United States, past research has shown that Hispanics are less residentially segregated from non-Hispanic Whites than are Blacks. Such research has also shown that like Blacks, Hispanic households are located in poorer neighborhoods than are the average lower-income non-Hispanic White households. However, such studies have been limited for two reasons: (1) they have used a single variable, income, to characterize neighborhoods which is not sufficient to capture the complexity of such areas; and (2) such studies have not focused on Metropolitan Detroit where, unlike in many other large metropolitan areas, the Hispanic population is relatively small and concentrated within a large majority Black central city. This is the first study to examine Hispanic–non-Hispanic White residential segregation and the socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods in Metropolitan Detroit using multiple variables to characterize neighborhoods. The Modified Darden-Kamel Composite Socioeconomic Index was used to characterize neighborhoods and the index of dissimilarity was employed to measure Hispanic–non-Hispanic White residential segregation. The results revealed that the level of Hispanic—non-Hispanic White residential segregation was modest, but Hispanics were restricted to neighborhoods that are of lower quality than neighborhoods occupied by non-Hispanic Whites.
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Ismail, Mohammad, Abukar Warsame y Mats Wilhelmsson. "Do segregated housing markets have a spillover effect on housing prices in nearby residential areas?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 14, n.º 2 (27 de mayo de 2021): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-06-2020-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse the trends regarding housing segregation over the past 10–20 years and determine whether housing segregation has a spillover effect on neighbouring housing areas. Namely, the authors set out to determine whether proximity to a specific type of segregated housing market has a negative impact on nearby housing markets while proximity to another type of segregated market has a positive impact. Design/methodology/approach For the purposes of this paper, the authors must combine information on segregation within a city with information on property values in the city. The authors have, therefore, used data on the income of the population and data on housing values taken from housing transactions. The case study used is the city of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. The empirical analysis will be the estimation of the traditional hedonic pricing model. It will be estimated for the condominium market. Findings The results indicate that segregation, when measured as income sorting, has increased over time in some of the housing markets. Its effects on housing values in neighbouring housing areas are significant and statistically significant. Research limitations/implications A better understanding of the different potential spillover effects on housing prices in relation to the spatial distribution of various income groups would be beneficial in determining appropriate property assessment levels. In other words, awareness of this spillover effect could improve existing property assessment methods and provide local governments with extra information to make an informed decision on policies and services needed in different neighbourhoods. Practical implications On housing prices emanating from proximity to segregated areas with high income differs from segregated areas with low income, policies that address socio-economic costs and benefits, as well as property assessment levels, should reflect this pronounced difference. On the property level, positive spillover on housing prices near high-income segregated areas will cause an increase in the number of higher income groups and exacerbate segregation based on income. Contrarily, negative spillover on housing prices near low-income areas might discourage high-income households from moving to a location near low-income segregated areas. Local government should be aware of these spillover effects on housing prices to ensure that policies intended to reduce socioeconomic segregation, such as residential and income segregation, produce desirable results. Social implications Furthermore, a good estimation of these spillover effects on housing prices would allow local governments to carry out a cost–benefit analysis for policies intended to combat segregation and invest in deprived communities. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is to go beyond the traditional studies of segregation that mainly emphasise residential segregation based on income levels, i.e. low-income or high-income households. The authors have analysed the spillover effect of proximity to hot spots (high income) and cold spots (low income) on the housing values of nearby condominiums or single-family homes within segregated areas in Stockholm Municipality in 2013.
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Galster, George y Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection". City & Community 18, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.
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Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and neighborhood median disposable incomes) critically shapes neighborhood selection, though heterogeneously across income groups. All income groups sort into neighborhoods that have more of their own status group in residence. Middle– or high–income households avoid neighborhoods with above–average shares of low–status households and median incomes that are higher than their own. High–income households are more attracted to a place the greater the superiority of their incomes compared to the neighborhood median. Our findings suggest that although the drivers of residential income segregation are powerful, public policies aimed at neighborhood diversification have potential efficacy nevertheless.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jaap y Jiayi Xu. "Residential Segregation and Unequal Access to Schools". Social Inclusion 9, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2021): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3606.
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Socio-spatial inequality and school inequality are strongly related. Where people live affects the opportunities individuals have in life, such as the opportunity to send your children to a good school. The level of urbanisation is related to the number of options people have to choose good schools, so more urbanised areas likely offer more options for good schools. However, the families that can choose good schools are likely families with high income or education levels. Data for this study come from two waves of the Taiwan Youth Project (N = 2,893), which consists of two cohorts of students from 162 classrooms in 40 junior high schools in northern Taiwan. When school quality is proxied by socioeconomic status (SES), the results show that, in general, students from the most urbanised areas, wealthier parents, and higher-educated parents, are more likely to go to higher SES schools. However, the strongest effects are for higher income and higher-educated parents in the most urbanised areas. This suggests that in the most urbanised areas, families have the most options regarding school choice, and richer and more educated families are better able to circumvent school catchment areas, either because they can afford an address in a better catchment area or because they understand the importance of school choice.
Tesis sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
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Akhmetzyanova, Leyla. "Modeling Income-Based Residential Segregation in Moscow, Russian Federation". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105298.
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This thesis investigates spatial patterns of income-based residential segregation at the neighborhood level in the Russian capital city Moscow within new administrative boundaries, which have received relatively little attention in prior studies. It is argued that Moscow faces high levels of income inequality exacerbated by growing levels of spatial segregation between the affluent and prestigious Center – South-West and poor industrial South – South-East. Applying a whole set of quantitative methods complemented with computer mapping techniques, based on the latest 2013 data by the City of Moscow Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics and 2010 Census data, this study provides new insights into spatial differentiation processes and elaborates policy solutions aimed at addressing economic disparities in the city. A key finding of this thesis is that income segregation in the study area has been driven to a larger extent by the isolation of very poor neighborhoods from middle- and upper-income areas.
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Bremer, Jonathan Eddy. "Rusk's elasticity and residential income segregation in contemporary American cities". Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217386.
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David Rusk claims in Cities Without Suburbs that elastic American cities are less segregated than other American cities. I demonstrate through statistical analyses that there is a strong correlation between Rusk's elasticity (an index comprised of a central city's annexation history since 1950 and its population density) and his income segregation index. The statistical correlation between these two variables is stronger than between Rusk's segregation index and any other variable I test, including city age, size, regional location, and black population percentage. I then consider several hypotheses that may explain these correlations and propose that the continuous annexation of peripheral, developing land by a central city prevents the incorporation of affluent suburbs. Suburban boundaries, especially those of affluent suburbs, function as population sorting mechanisms, which segregate migrant households by socioeconomic status and life-style. I ascertain that only rapidly growing, unbounded central cities prevent or ameliorate segregation by being elastic.Department of Urban Planning
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Nuru-Jeter, Amani M. "Income inequality and mortality the role of race and residential segregation /". Available to US Hopkins community, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3080737.
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Demer, Marcellus. "The Interconnection of the Great Recession, Income Disparity, Segregated Metropolitan Districts, and Their Significance to All in the U.S". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1538.
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In the United States, nobody can survive without depending on the income of oneself or of those that support them. Thus, economic opportunity and its skewed availability is pertinent to everyone. With income inequality in the United States measured in the early 2010s reaching some of the highest estimates among nations around the globe, people seek to investigate the forces behind this phenomenon and reverse it. This paper focuses on some of the many cycles and structures that exist to reinforce the challenges of achieving economic equality. Specifically, I extrapolate data to measure the correlations between the Great Recession and measures of income disparity. I then measure the effects across suburban, urban, and rural areas to highlight their differences. The paper further explains the relationship among the three, their relevance to the economy, and general directions in which organizations can circumvent the negative trends observed from the data.
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Aidinezhad, Katayoun. "The Effects of Income Inequality on Racial Residential Segregation in the Portland Metropolitan Area". PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2876.
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Changes in the patterns of income and residential segregation were examined in the Portland Metropolitan Area. The 1970 and 1980 Census of Population and Housing were used in calculating the indexes of dissimilarity between black and white populations. The data indicated a significant decrease in the residential segregation of blacks in suburban areas between 1970 and 1980. The central city area still remained highly segregated with a segregation index of 69.5.
Taeuber's index of dissimilarity was used in calculating the unevenness in the distribution of income between blacks and whites. Suburbia showed a significant decrease in income segregation compared to the central city area. Overall, both residential and income segregation were dropping at a much faster rate in the suburban areas than the central city areas.
To examine the effects of socio-economic status on residential segregation, a sample of 138 blacks was drawn from the population of higher status blacks in the city of Portland. Residential choices of the influential blacks were examined to determine whether or not their influential status was accompanied by a tendency toward greater integration as opposed to greater segregation. The 1980 Census Tract Street Index was used in this analysis. The data show that despite the improvement in socio-economic status, a majority of these blacks still lived in the "ghetto" area (59%) and only 14% lived in suburbia. Therefore, the data show no significant relationship between the gains in the status and the tendency toward more integration. This tendency bears directly upon the issue of voluntary segregation.
The data shows strong support for hypothesis two holding that change in income inequality results in change in residential segregation. That is, if we reduce the income differentials between black and white populations, racial residential segregation will be minimized.
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Spencer, Hannah Louise. "Interracial Couples and Neighborhood Attainment in Percent White, Entropy, and Average Income". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7549.
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Previous studies of interracial couples' residential outcomes in the United States have limited their focus to a truncated selection of interracial couple-types. To provide a more complete understanding of the residential patterns of interracial couples and how they fit into the contemporary color line, I assess an expanded set of interracial and monoracial couple-types' outcomes in percentage White, entropy, and neighborhood income. I do this by employing multiple OLS regression analysis using data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act from 2005 to 2015. My results suggest that different types of interracial couples follow residential patterns that are distinctive from those of monoracial White couples and in many instances, from those of their monoracial couple-type counterparts.
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Jackson, Tanjanesia. "The Impacts of Exclusionary Zoning Practices and Gentrification on Low-Income and Minority Populations in America's Inner Cities". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2004. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/89.
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This thesis will examine the effects of residential segregation, exclusionary zoning, and gentrification on low-income minorities in inner cities. The research will show the relationship between housing inequalities and institutional classism and racism. In addition, the research will examine the use of public policies and regulations that maintain the existing isolation and concentration of minorities and low-income families through disinvestment.
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Dubois, Florent. "Dynamic models of segregation". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0313.
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Cette thèse étudie les causes et conséquences du processus de ségrégation résidentielle dans l’Afrique du Sud (AFS) post-Apartheid. Nous nous intéressons à plusieurs aspects encore débattus dans la littérature. Le premier concerne l’impact des préférences des individus pour la composition raciale de leur voisinage sur la ségrégation. Le second a trait à l’impact de la ségrégation résidentielle sur les niveaux de revenus des différents groupes raciaux. Le dernier quantifie les différentes causes de la ségrégation. Dans le premier chapitre, nous réconcilions la littérature théorique sur l’impact des préférences pour la composition raciale du voisinage avec les observations empiriques de niveaux décroissants de ségrégation aux US et en AFS. Nous soutenons l’idée que si les individus internalisent les apports économiques et sociaux de chaque nouvel arrivant dans leur voisinage alors des voisinages intégrés peuvent émerger. Cet effet est empiriquement plus fort que l’homophilie et le racisme. Dans le second chapitre, nous étudions l’impact de la ségrégation sur l’ensemble de la distribution des revenus. Nous montrons que la ségrégation a un effet positif sur les hauts revenus pour les Blancs tandis qu’elle a un effet négatif pour les Noirs au bas de la distribution. L’effet de la ségrégation est souvent plus important que l’effet de l’éducation. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous quantifions l’impact de chaque déterminant de la ségrégation. Nous trouvons que le manque d’accès aux services publics de base est le déterminant principal, alors que les différences de caractéristiques sociodémographiques ne comptent que pour une faible part pour les quartiers les plus ségréguésThis thesis studies the causes and consequences of the residential segregation process in the post-Apartheid South Africa.Inside this general issue, we are interested in several aspects still debated in the literature on residential segregation. Thefirst concerns the impact of individuals’ preferences for the racial composition of their neighborhood on the segregationlevels. The second question deals with the impact of residential segregation on the income levels of each racial group. Thelast issue is related to quantifying the different causes of segregation.Three chapters constitute this thesis. In the first chapter, we reconcile the theoretical literature on the impact of preferencesfor the racial composition of the neighborhood with the empirical evidences of declining levels of segregation in theUnited-States and South Africa. We argue that if individuals internalize the economic and social life that a new entrantbrings with him, then integrated neighborhoods can emerge. This effect is empirically stronger than homophilly andracism. In the second chapter, we study the impact of residential segregation on the whole income distribution. We showthat residential segregation has a positif effect on top incomes for Whites, whereas it has a negatif effect for Blacks at thebottom of the distribution. The effect of residential segregation is even more important than the effect of education inmost cases. In the third chapter, we quantify the impact of each determinant of segregation. We find that the lackof access to basic public services is the main determinant, whereas differences in sociodemographics only account for asmall part in the most segregated areas
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Vargas, Miguel. "Four essays on residential segregation". Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541955.
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Legeby, Ann. "URBAN SEGREGATION AND URBAN FORM : From residential segregation to segregation in public space". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad (ABE), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26006.
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Urban segregation is considered a major social problem in Sweden and several national anti-segregation initiatives have been launched to decrease social and ethnic segregation but so far only with marginal effects (SOU 2005:29). Urban design and town planning are rarely the focus in national anti-segregation initiatives; the architectural issue has mainly been confined to matters concerning housing policies. This thesis argues that the strong focus on residential segregation in prevailing research on urban segregation is unfortunate and skewed, confusing issues related to urban design.This licentiate thesis explores urban segregation in relation to urban form because physical separation between people or between activities has an obvious direct relationship to how cities are shaped and structured by built form. Urban public space is often neglected in discussions on segregation and this thesis suggests that its role has been underrated. If it can be shown that segregation in public space influences such aspects of life as accessibility to other people and amenities, movement flows, co-presence in public space, and movement patterns, then it can be established that urban public space – as it is structured and shaped by built form – very directly influences people’s everyday lives. The thesis explores how urban segregation can be conceptualized, analysed, and described in a way that increases knowledge and understanding regarding the role of urban form. Using a configurational morphological approach, this study shifts the focus by bringing attention to spatial relations within the city through public space, i.e., from spatial location to spatial relations. Hence, analysis focuses on distributions of space and through space rather than distributions in space. The result shows that configurational theories, methods, and tools contribute to more nuanced descriptions of spatial relations on both a local and a comprehensive level and analysis has the ability to shed light on essential differences in neighbourhoods and in the city as a whole. Using Södertälje as a case study, this thesis found a pronounced ruptured interface between the global and the local structure that clearly speaks of segregation in public space; this finding suggests that whether the neighbourhoods are residentially segregated or not, public space in most areas already is segregated. Results show that the built environment has a significant influence: urban space can both reinforce and mitigate certain social outcomes. This thesis identifies various negative social consequences of the hierarchical and segregated spatial structure found in Södertälje. Although it is not possible to say that integration processes are hindered by urban form, it is possible to conclude that spatial properties may both create and reproduce segregation patterns.Segregation in public space is found to be a far more urgent issue in the context of urban segregation than earlier recognised, and the result shows that urban form has a distinguishable influence on people’s everyday lives. This understanding opens for the possibility to address urban segregation from an urban design perspective, contributing to a significant discussion of space and society as well as issues related to urban sustainability. The findings of this study widen the possibility for urban design practice to be an important tool within anti-segregation initiatives in the future, a tool that in Sweden is used only to a very limited extent.QC 20101109
Libros sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
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Fry, Richard A. (Richard Allan), ed. The rise of residential segregation by income. Washington, D.C: Pew Research Center, 2012.
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Palma, Jose Gabriel Lemaitre. Assessing Inclusionary Housing Policy in Santiago, Chile: Residential Segregation by Income, 2006-2016. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2017.
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F, Taeuber Alma, ed. Residential segregation and neighborhood change. New Brunswick: AldineTransaction, A Division of Transaction Publishers, 2008.
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Doherty, P. C. Ethnic residential segregation in Belfast. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster, 1995.
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Bayer, Patrick J. Residential segregation in general equilibrium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Bayer, Patrick J. Separate when equal?: Racial inequality and residential segregation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Meiklejohn, Mark. “Racial Residential Segregation and Interracial Economic Disparities” Revisited. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2016.
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Myles, J. Neighbourhood attainment and residential segregation among Toronto's visible minorities. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2003.
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van Ham, Maarten, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė y Heleen Janssen, eds. Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4.
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Contreras, Dante. Inequality, segregation and the Chilean labour market. [Santiago, Chile]: Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Departamento de Economía., 2002.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
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Tammaru, Tiit, Anastasia Sinitsyna, Alireza Akhavizadegan, Maarten van Ham, Szymon Marcińczak y Sako Musterd. "Income Inequality and Residential Segregation in European Cities". En The Urban Book Series, 39–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_3.
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AbstractBasedonextensiveresearchwithdistinguished scholars within the book project ‘Socioeconomic Segregation in European Capital Cities’, this chapter summarizes the key trends in income inequalityand socioeconomic segregationin Europe. We draw our data from the two last census rounds, and we focus on the most common indicators of incomeinequality(Gini Index) and residential segregation(DissimilarityIndex). We find that levels of residential segregation grew between the two last censuses in most of the cities included in our study. Changes in residential segregation follow changes in income inequality with a time lag, and it tends to happen in both directions. Low levels of income inequality relate to low levels of segregation after 10 years, and high levels of inequality relate to high levels of segregation after 10 years.
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Comandon, Andre y Paolo Veneri. "Residential Segregation Between Income Groups in International Perspective". En The Urban Book Series, 27–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter analyzes income data from 194 cities in 14 countries to provide an overview of residential segregation patterns in a comparative perspective. We use the dissimilarity index to measure segregation between lower income households and middle-income and higher income households. The results expand results consistent with existing research to a larger number of countries. Higher income households segregation from lower income households is significantly higher than for middle-income households. High-inequality cities are more segregated, on average, than low-inequality ones. It is in the deviation from these patterns, however, that the analysis contributes to a comparative research agenda. It highlights cities and countries that do not fit general trends and raises questions about the relative role of national and local factors in influencing levels of segregation, questions the case studies delve into in the rest of the volume.
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Rukmana, Deden y Dinar Ramadhani. "Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in Jakarta". En The Urban Book Series, 135–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_7.
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AbstractSocioeconomic segregation has become a common phenomenon, both in the Global North and Global South, and highly relates to income inequality. The merging of these two notions affects the geography of residential areas which are based on the socio-occupational composition. This chapter focuses on the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Not only is Jakarta the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia, it is also one of the most dynamic. Batavia, the colonial capital of the former Dutch East Indies in the first half of the twentieth century, was a small urban area of approximately 150,000 residents. In the second half of the century, Batavia became Jakarta, a megacity of 31 million people and the capital of independent Indonesia was beset with most of the same urban problems experienced in twenty-first-century Southeast Asia, including poverty, income inequality, and socioeconomic segregation. This study aims to identify the correlation among income inequality, socioeconomic segregation, and other institutional and contextual factors which caused residential segregation in JMA. The analysis consists of two stages. First, we examine income inequality measured by the Gini Index as well as the occupational structure based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Second, we investigate residential segregation by using the Dissimilarity Index as a result of socioeconomic intermixing in residential areas. The data in this study comes from multiple sources including Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia’s National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), Indonesia’s Economic Census, Jakarta’s Regional Bureau of Statistics, and policies related to the housing system and investment in the JMA. This study also produces maps of socioeconomic segregation patterns from several sources including Jakarta’s Geospatial Information Centre, Jakarta’s Spatial Plan Information System, and the Indonesian Poverty Map by the SMERU Research Institute.
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López Martínez, Alexandra y Owen Eli Ceballos Mina. "Socioeconomic Residential Segregation and Income Inequality in Bogotá: An Analysis Based on Census Data of 2005". En The Urban Book Series, 433–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_22.
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AbstractResidential segregation is both a cause and consequence of socioeconomic inequalities. Since the 1990s, segregation patterns in Latin American cities have changed significantly. This is related to major urban transformations caused by privatization policies related to urban development, commercialization, and real estate activity. The main purpose of this chapter is to study residential socioeconomic segregation in the city of Bogotá, Colombia in 2005, using educational attainment as an indicator of socioeconomic status while considering the drivers of segregation during the 1990s. We also introduce a brief analysis of the relationship between residential segregation and inequality based on a model that allows replicating the income distribution of the population using census variables. This chapter shows that residential segregation in Bogotá is related to per capita income inequality, however, segregation may be caused by the dynamics of land and housing markets rather than inequality.
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Hipp, John R. y Jae Hong Kim. "Income Inequality and Economic Segregation in Los Angeles from 1980 to 2010". En The Urban Book Series, 371–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_19.
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AbstractRising income inequality is a critical problem in both the global North and South. In the United States, the Gini coefficient measuring nationwide income inequality rose from 0.403 in 1980 to 0.480 in 2014 (US Census), and residential segregation by income has increasingly occurred in many metropolitan regions and is particularly reflected in the spatial separation of the wealthiest households. This chapter focuses on the change in the level of income inequality in the Los Angeles region since 1980 and how it is related to changes in residential segregation between economic groups over that same time period. We use data from the US Census collected in 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. We measure residential segregation between economic groups based on occupational structure, and measure ‘neighbourhoods’ using Census tracts: these are units defined by the US Census and typically average about 4,000 residents. The overall level of inequality in the region is measured at each decade point using the Gini coefficient for household income. Maps demonstrate where different socioeconomic status groups have tended to locate and how economic segregation has changed in Los Angeles over this time period. We also assess the extent to which changes in inequality are related to changes in economic segregation over the last four and a half decades.
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Fernández-de-Córdova, Graciela, Paola Moschella y Ana María Fernández-Maldonado. "Changes in Spatial Inequality and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Lima". En The Urban Book Series, 471–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_24.
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AbstractSince the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.
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Modai-Snir, Tal. "Increasing Inequality and the Changing Spatial Distribution of Income in Tel-Aviv". En The Urban Book Series, 191–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_10.
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AbstractDespite its egalitarian past, in recent decades Israel followed the footsteps of the United States in terms of growing inequality levels and reduced welfare arrangements. It is assumed, therefore, to have followed similar trends of increasing residential segregation between income groups. This study focuses on the metropolitan area of Tel-Aviv, Israel’s financial and cultural centre and examines the change in the spatial distribution of income groups between the years 1995–2008. It identifies trends in segregation between top and bottom income earners, as well as those between other income groups, given corresponding trends in income inequality. In addition, it examines spatial patterns of affluence and poverty concentration and assesses the influence of concentrated disadvantage among specific income and religious groups on overall segregation trends.
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Uesugi, Masaya. "Changes in Occupational Structure and Residential Segregation in Tokyo". En The Urban Book Series, 209–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_11.
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AbstractSimilar to other industrialized countries, Japan has experienced a growth in income inequality since the 1980s. Furthermore, in the past few decades, Tokyo has come to adopt a more liberalist position for not only welfare and housing policy of the state but also to urban policy. This chapter examines the changes in socio-spatial inequality in Tokyo from 2000 to 2015. During this period, segregation indices confirm some level of residential separation between the top and bottom occupational groups, and segregation is fairly stable over time. This suggests that certain factors counteract the increase of residential segregation. A comparison between the Tokyo Metropolitan Region and the core city reveals that the core city amplifies spatial inequality. In contrast to the limited change in the city-wide levels of segregation, the changes in the residential patterns show that people with high occupational status tend to concentrate around the main railway station in suburban areas in the region and inside the core city, especially adjacent to the central neighborhoods.
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van Ham, Maarten, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė y Heleen Janssen. "Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities. An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book". En The Urban Book Series, 3–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_1.
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AbstractThe book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than city-wide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis.
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Işık, Oğuz. "Residential Segregation in a Highly Unequal Society: Istanbul in the 2000s". En The Urban Book Series, 293–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_15.
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AbstractContrary to trends in many European countries, income inequality in Turkey, measured by the Gini coefficient, has declined between 1994 and 2014, with a small but consistent increase since then. Turkish income inequality is among the highest in OECD countries, with levels not lower than 0.4. This chapter will examine residential socio-economic segregation in Istanbul against the backdrop of this relatively stable and high-income inequality. The chapter shows signs that residential segregation is on the rise. Istanbul has undergone a radical change in the 2000s thanks to active intervention by the state in the real estate market by opening up large pieces of land in the outskirts and gentrifying inner-city areas once occupied by unauthorized settlements that once were home to the poor. Dynamics of urban development, fueled by rapid urban sprawl in peri-urban areas and ceaseless gentrification of inner-city areas, gave way to diverse patterns of segregation depending on the already existing divisions and physical geography of cities. Given the lack of neighbourhood level data on either occupations or income, this chapter analyses segregation through indices based on fertility and educational level, which we know from detailed household microdata are closely correlated with income. On the basis of 2000 and 2017 neighbourhood data, we show that in Istanbul, there is a clearly visible pattern where the poor are progressively pushed further to the city limits, while some parts of built-up areas once home to middle classes, were recaptured by the poor. The result in some parts of the city is a juxtaposition of seemingly conflicting patterns: parts of the inner city were reclaimed by the poor while some parts were gentrified led by the nascent urban elite. The urban periphery was partly occupied by the bourgeoning middle classes and was also home to the urban poor who were displaced by urban transformation projects.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
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Menori, Marcelinus Henry y Nugraha P. Utama. "Residential Segregation". En 2019 International Conference of Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory and Applications (ICAICTA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaicta.2019.8904459.
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Song, Tiantian y Shuhua Xu. "Gender Employment: Occupational Gender Segregation and Income Gap". En 7th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210519.175.
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Milacek, McKenna S., Joshua Schultz y Mark Muszynski. "Revisiting Low Income Residential Construction Options in Spokane". En IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0241.
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<p>Affordable housing plays an important role in providing equal opportunity for individuals within most communities in the United States. In the area of eastern Washington State, in particular, there is currently a dearth of affordable housing options; especially for larger families. This lack of three- and four- bedroom residences presents a challenge for the City of Spokane, and the low-income residents seeking housing. This paper provides a preliminary look at certain alternate construction approaches for stand-alone houses with the end goal of optimizing taxpayer funding available, and to reduce living expenses for occupants. Two possible alternative approaches [structural insulated panels (SIPs) and straw bale wall construction] are compared to traditional wood frame construction; all in terms of cost and structural performance. Alternate foundation options are also currently under consideration. It appears that certain alternate construction techniques are worthy of a fresh look; particularly straw bale construction.</p>
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Woo, H., P. Galiatsatos, C. O. Ejike, L. M. Paulin, M. Jones, J. A. Krishnan, C. B. Cooper et al. "Residential Segregation and COPD-Related Health Outcomes in SPIROMICS". En American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4860.
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Csanádi, G. y A. Csizmady. "RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT IN POST-SOCIALIST AGGLOMERATIONS". En “SUBURBAN REVOLUTION” AND PERIPHERAL URBAN TERRITORIES IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0571-1-2019-1-51-56.
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Csanádi, G. y A. Csizmady. "RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT IN POST-SOCIALIST AGGLOMERATIONS". En “SUBURBAN REVOLUTION” AND PERIPHERAL URBAN TERRITORIES IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0571-1-2019-2-152-156.
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Maretto, Raian Vargas, Talita Oliveira Assis y Andre Augusto Gavlak. "Simulating Urban Growth and Residential Segregation through Agent-Based Modeling". En 2010 Second Brazilian Workshop on Social Simulation (BWSS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bwss.2010.27.
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Wells, Kristen, George Stukenborg y M. Norman Oliver. "Abstract B71: Residential racial segregation and prostate cancer treatment decisions". En Abstracts: AACR International Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities‐‐ Sep 30-Oct 3, 2010; Miami, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp-10-b71.
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Gomez Lopez, Claudia, Rosa Lina Cuozzo y Paula Boldrini. "Impactos de las políticas públicas de hábitat en la construcción del espacio urbano: el caso del Área Metropolitana de Tucumán, Argentina". En International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8026.
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En América Latina, la implantación del neoliberalismo como sistema económico ha llevado a un
modelo de desarrollo con elevada heterogeneidad y desigualdad socioeconómica. De la mano
de grandes cambios sociales y demográficos, las áreas urbanas experimentaron un acelerado
desarrollo, crecimiento económico desigual en la distribución del ingreso, el aumento del
desempleo y altos niveles de informalidad urbana.
Enmarcado en esta realidad la producción del espacio urbano, se llevó adelante a través de la
gestión de tres actores sociales: 1.el mercado inmobiliario; 2. el Estado nacional y 3. los
asentamientos informales.
De ellos, el estado cumple un rol fundamental en la construcción de la ciudad encauzando o
restringiendo el desarrollo de ciertos espacios ya sea a través de la acción (implementación de
políticas públicas, normativas, etc.) o de la omisión.
En un contexto en el que persiste la ausencia de planificación, la carencia de un marco que
defina el modo de ocupación del territorio, impone la lógica del mercado inmobiliario como
criterio urbanístico principal, incluso para las actuaciones de promoción pública de vivienda.
Ello impacta de modo negativo en la ciudad en la medida que favorece la especulación en
manos del sector privado, produce segregación residencial y desigualdad en el acceso al suelo
puesto que amplios sectores quedan fuera del mercado formal. Lo cual se tradujo en la
conformación de áreas diferenciadas dentro de la ciudad agudizando la separación entre
sectores sociales.
A partir del 2003, en Argentina en virtud al crecimiento económico que se produce con
posterioridad a la crisis 2001-2002, el Estado Nacional retomó los planes de vivienda a fin de
dar solución al problema habitacional haciendo hincapié en programas de relocalización,
radicación y regularización dominial de villas y asentamientos informales, articulando con
trabajo cooperativo que implicaba la intervención una medida conjunta con el problema de
desocupación.
A las existentes políticas habitaciones de construcción de viviendas ejecutadas por los
Institutos Provinciales de Vivienda (IPV), se sumaron un conjunto de políticas sociales que
articulan programas de diversos órdenes, nacional, municipal, provincial y del IPV. (Argentina
Trabaja, Municipio+Cerca, PROMEVI, PROMEBA, etc) enlazando la problemática habitacional
a la social.
Sin embargo estas medidas no revierten el sentido dominante que poseen las políticas públicas
en materia de vivienda (del Río y Duarte, 2012) puesto que la construcción de viviendas sin sustento normativo ni planificación, o la consolidación y regularización de asentamientos
populares en áreas vulnerables, lejos de mitigar las desigualdades existentes, producen
efectos negativos en la ciudad.
En este contexto, este trabajo analiza las consecuencias de las nuevas políticas habitacionales
en el Área Metropolitana de Tucumán (AmeT), a casi 10 años de implementación de un
conjunto de medidas sociales específicas, en teoría tendientes a la equidistribución del acceso
al suelo urbano. In Latin America, the implementation of neoliberalism as an economic system has led to a
development model with high heterogeneity and socioeconomic inequality.
The adoption of policies of liberalization, deregulation and economic flexibility, along with the
withdrawal of the state of urban management, major changes occurred in the cities.
In the hands of great social and demographic change, urban areas experienced rapid
development, uneven economic growth in the distribution of income, rising unemployment and
high levels of urban informality.
Framed in this reality, the production of urban space, was carried out by the management of
three social actors: 1.The real estate market; 2 and 3 the national state informal settlements.
Of these, the state plays a key role in building the city damming or restricting the development
of certain areas either through action (implementation of public policies, regulations, etc.) or
omission.
Therefore, in a context in which the lack of planning continues, the lack of a framework defining
how land occupation imposes the logic of urban real estate market as the main criterion, even
for actions of public housing development.
This impacts negatively on the city to the extent that speculation favors the private sector,
produce residential segregation and inequality in access to land as large sections remain
outside the formal market. Which results in the formation of distinct areas within the city
exacerbating the gap between social sectors.
In Argentina, under the economic growth that occurs after the 2001-2002 crisis, the Federal
Government returned home plans to solve the housing problem but with a twist to the social, to
meet the needs of the most vulnerable sectors of society.
From being solely residential construction (turnkey system) executed by the Provincial Housing
Institutes (IPV), policies will be passed to a set of social policies that articulate programs of
various orders, domestic, municipal, provincial and IPV. (Argentina Works, Municipality + Close,
PROMEVI, PROMEBA Law Pierri implementation of regularization, etc.) that link to social
housing problems.
However, this has not had the expected results in relation to urban problems.
While the need for regional planning was promoted through the PET National and Provincial
(Regional Strategic Plan), all implemented programs were developed without proper management tools to define the criteria for the consolidation and development from the Federal
Government city and thus ended conspiring against it, as a stage of collective life. The lack of
training of local technicians, the use of these programs clientelitas purposes by local politicians
and rampant corruption, contributed to aggravating the observed trends.
This suggests that the construction of new housing or consolidation or regularization of squatter
settlements in vulnerable areas without legal justification and planning, far from mitigating the
inequalities, negative effects on the city.
Under this hypothesis, this paper analyzes the impact of new housing policies in the
Metropolitan Area of Tucumán (AMET), nearly 10 years of implementing a set of tending to the
equal distribution of access to urban land social measures.
It is concluded that the actions taken by the State produced an increase and consolidate the
processes of fragmentation and emerging socio-spatial segregation of Tucuman AMET.
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Maycotte Pansza, Elvira y Erick Sánchez Flores. "Ciudades dispersas, viviendas abandonadas: la política de vivienda y su impacto territorial y social en las ciudades mexicanas". En International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7569.
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La política de vivienda en México, implementada en el año 2002, otorgó un apoyo pleno a la iniciativa privada para participar en la producción de la vivienda social. La primera acción que el gobierno federal realizó fue la institución de la Comisión Nacional para el Fomento a la Vivienda, CONAFOVI (hoy CONAVI), órgano descentralizado de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL, creado por el Presidente de la República en el año 2001. Esta Comisión tiene como responsabilidad diseñar, promover, dirigir y coordinar la política nacional de vivienda. Aún cuando atiende a los diversos niveles, desde vivienda residencial hasta interés social, incide particularmente en esta última, vista ahora como un producto inmobiliario de muy alta rentabilidad, cuyo financiamiento está asegurado por los programas subsidiarios del gobierno, y es promovida, además, por el mismo sector público por considerarse un importante generador de actividad económica e impulsor del desarrollo del sector, creando un círculo virtuoso que inminentemente impacta los aspectos sociales y culturales aún en tiempos de recesión.
Si bien la producción de vivienda social se vio estimulada en todo el país, fue en la frontera norte, particularmente en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, donde el eco de este programa tuvo mayor magnitud. En ella se produjo la mayor producción de vivienda económica en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas, de 2004 a 2007, a nivel a nivel nacional. Ciudad Juárez es una de las 52 zonas metropolitanas de México, el principal polo de desarrollo del Estado en donde se asienta el 40.52% de la población de la entidad y la sexta ciudad en el país en cuanto a tamaño de habitantes se refiere. Aproximadamente el 82% de la PEA tiene ingresos iguales o menores a 4 salarios mínimos, lo cual la hace potencialmente beneficiaria de créditos de vivienda económica.
Este hecho puede tener diversas lecturas, sin embargo, la que ahora merece nuestra atención es el impacto que este fenómeno ha tenido en el suelo de uso habitacional y la participación que han tenido el sector público y el privado en su ocupación durante el periodo 2001 a 2006, así como la presión inmobiliaria que se ha ejercido y derivado en la ampliación del fundo legal del municipio sin estar esto considerado en el Plan de Desarrollo del Municipio de Juárez.
Los diferentes porcentajes de participación en la producción de vivienda social del sector público y privado con su proyección en la utilización de suelo, la ubicación de los conjuntos habitacionales desarrollados así como el número de acciones de vivienda realizadas de acuerdo a sus diversos tipos: social, media y residencial, al sumarse constituyen un importante segmento de la panorámica que habrá de llevarnos a conocer el impacto que la política nacional de vivienda ha tenido en la ciudad que ha sido su mejor receptora, y por tanto, su mejor ejemplificación.
A siete años de distancia, tenemos una ciudad segregada, desarticulada y con grandes superficies vacías a su interior. El crecimiento disperso y la cuestionable “demanda de vivienda” han producido un paisaje en donde los barrios consolidados lucen abandonados. A la par, un alto porcentaje de viviendas emplazadas en los nuevos fraccionamientos ni siquiera han sido habitadas ante la falta de accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios urbanos.
El aval de las políticas públicas para adquirir una segunda vivienda, aún de interés social, ha hecho que éstas de incorporen al mercado de vivienda en renta pese a que ello se contrapone a su carácter social. En síntesis, tenemos que el apoyo incondicional a la producción de vivienda social sin visualizar sus efectos colaterales, han sido la piedra angular para la expansión irracional de las ciudades mexicanas. Mexico's housing policy, created in the year 2002, gave the private sector whole support to participate in the production of social housing. The first action of the federal government was creating the National Commission for Housing Support, (CONAFOVI, later CONAVI), a decentralized organization of the Secretary of Social Development, SEDESOL, created by the President on 2001. This Commission has the responsibility to design, promote, direct and coordinate the national housing policy, which despite supporting different housing levels, from high income to social housing, now seen this last one as a highly profitable real state product, whose credit is insured by the government's subsidies. The social housing is promoted by the public sector itself since its considered an important source of economic activity even while in times of a recession and to economic development is granted and being a support for the sector development, creating a virtuous circle which imminently impacts on social and cultural aspects.
Though social housing development was stimulated in the whole country, it was in the northern border, particularly in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where the echoes of this program had a greater magnitude; so much that it is responsible for the biggest production of economical housing on four consecutive years, from 2004 to 2007, in the whole country. Ciudad Juarez is the main pole of development in the state, where 40.52% of the state's population resides and proximately 82% of the PEA has an income equal or less than four minimal wages, which makes it a potentially beneficiary of economic housing credits.
This fact can have several different readings, nevertheless the one now deserves our attention is the impact this phenomenon has had in the residential land use and the participation that the public and private sector have had in its occupation during the 2001 to 2006 period, as well as the real state pressure that has been exerted and is responsible for increasing the city limits without taking into account the Municipal Development Plan of Juarez.
The different percentages of participation in the production of social housing by the public and private sectors with their projection in the land use, the location of developed housing sectors and the number of housing actions that have taken place according to their diverse levels: social, middle and high income, when added constitute an important segment of the panorama that will take us to know the impact that the national housing policy has had in the city, which has been its main receptor, thus, its best example.
Seven years in time, we have a city that suffers from segregation, disarticulation and with a great amount of inner empty spaces. Disperse growth and the questionable "housing demand" have produced a scenery in which consolidated neighborhoods look abandoned; along side, a high percentage of built homes in the new neighborhoods have not been inhabited because of the lack of equipment and urban services.
The ability to acquire a second house, even if it is social level, has caused them to be incorporated to the rental market even though this contradicts their social character. In conclusion, we have found that unconditional support to the production of social housing without foreseeing its collateral effects has been a key factor for the irrational expansion in Mexican cities.
Informes sobre el tema "Residential Segregation by Income"
1
Watson, Tara. Inequality and the Measurement of Residential Segregation by Income In American Neighborhoods. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, abril de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14908.
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Aidinezhad, Katayoun. The Effects of Income Inequality on Racial Residential Segregation in the Portland Metropolitan Area. Portland State University Library, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2872.
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Chauvin, Juan Pablo. Cities and Public Health in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, octubre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003692.
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This paper presents an overview of how health outcomes vary across cities in Latin America and discusses some of the known drivers of this variation. There are large disparities in outcomes across cities and across neighborhoods of the same city. Because health is closely related to the socioeconomic conditions of individuals, part of the spatial variation reflects residential segregation by income. Local characteristics also have a direct effect on health outcomes, shaping individuals' access to health services and the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles. In addition, urban environments affect health through natural atmospheric conditions, through local infrastructure in particular water, sanitation, and urban transit and through the presence of urban externalities such as traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and the spread of transmissible diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates many of these patterns, since the impact of the disease has differed sharply across cities, and much of this variation can be explained by observable local characteristics particularly population, connectivity with other cities and countries, income levels, and residential overcrowding.
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Bayer, Patrick, Robert McMillan y Kim Rueben. Residential Segregation in General Equilibrium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, enero de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11095.
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Boustan, Leah Platt. Racial Residential Segregation in American Cities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, mayo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19045.
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Logan, Trevon y John Parman. The National Rise in Residential Segregation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, febrero de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20934.
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Logan, John, Andrew Foster, Hongwei Xu y Wenquan Zhang. Income Segregation: Up or Down, and for Whom? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, abril de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27045.
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Bayer, Patrick, Hanming Fang y Robert McMillan. Separate When Equal? Racial Inequality and Residential Segregation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, agosto de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11507.
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Wheeler, Christopher H. Urban Decentralization and Income Inequality: Is Sprawl Associated with Rising Income Segregation Across Neighborhoods? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2006.037.
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Borjas, George. To Ghetto or Not to Ghetto: Ethnicity and Residential Segregation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, septiembre de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6176.
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