Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Réseaux spectraux"

The perovskite CH3NH3PbCl3 presents two low-temperature phase transitions [Formula: see text] The various phases are characterized by Raman scattering. We restrict ourselves to the low-frequency domain (10–250 cm–1), which includes the lattice vibrations, these being more sensitive to the symmetry variations and to the structural phase transitions. Studying the crystal dynamics and the spectral evolution requires a detailed assigment of the Raman spectrum. Consequently, we bring in a molecular model and carry out a theoretical calculation of the vibration frequencies of the perovskite sublattice PbCl3 using the semiempirical self-consistent field method. The model considers the interaction of a PbCl6 octahedron with its six octahedron neighbors. The vibrating cell is thus a 43-atom molecule. The calculated vibration frequencies agree well with the frequencies that have been assigned by a comparaison with the homologous compound CsPbCl3[Journal translation]

La détection des haies à partir d'images Pléiades est abordée dans cet article. Un système de détection en deux étapes estproposé. Il est basé sur l'utilisation conjointe de l'information spatiale et de l'information spectrale. Tout d'abord, leséléments ligneux sont détectés en utilisant l'information spectrale. Puis, l'orientation locale de chaque pixel est calculéeà l'aide de filtres directionnels. Les expériences menées sur une image multispectrale Pléiades acquise en septembre2013 montrent une bonne performance de l'approche proposée (> 90% de pixels bien classés) et permet d'envisager unedétection du réseau de haies sur de grandes étendues.

In the last few years, intensive research by several groups has shown that neural networks can be used to analyse spectral data for structural elucidation, and that their performance approaches that of an expert in the field. The construction of such networks, their training and evaluation, requires large structural and spectral databases and significant computational resources and time. However, once the network has been completed it can be used very effectively for practical applications on an ordinary desktop computer. In this article we describe the methodology for creating such a network for infrared and mass spectra, and present a program for use on a personal computer, either connected to a spectrometer or independently. The program accepts data in ASCII format, both for the network description and for the spectral information. This approach permits the use of neural networks in an analytical laboratory with limited computational resources. Keywords: neural networks, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, structure determination.

Abstract Due to its universal significance, photography as a means of representation of reality becomes the ideal tool on the Facebook social network to speak about the war and by offering an image of the child in crisis. A kind of violence that claims to disavow violence in co-constructing of a new "values" and a new side of a digital humanism. This joint construction is achieved through the interaction of three basic elements, namely, the operator, the spectator and the spectrum. Résumé De part sa signifiance universelle, la photographie comme moyen de représentation de la réalité devient l’outil idéal sur le réseau social Facebook pour s’exprimer au sujet de la guerre et ce, en proposant une image de l’enfant en crise. Un genre de violence qui prétend dénier la violence en co-construisant de nouvelles « valeurs » et une nouvelle facette d’un humanisme numérique. Cette co-construction se réalise grâce à l’interaction entre trois éléments fondamentaux, à savoir, l’operator, le spectator et le spectrum.

In this study, three months of records (January–March 2010) that were acquired by a geodetic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) station from the permanent network of RGP (Réseau GNSS Permanent), which was deployed by the French Geographic Institute (IGNF), located in Socoa, in the south of the Bay of Biscay, were used to determine the tide components and identify the signature of storms on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) during winter 2010. The Xynthia storm hit the French Atlantic coast on the 28th of February 2010, causing large floods and damages from the Gironde to the Loire estuaries. Blind separation of the tide components and of the storm signature was achieved while using both a singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and a continuous wavelet transform (CWT). A correlation of 0.98/0.97 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.21/0.28 m between the tide gauge records of Socoa and our estimates of the sea surface height (SSH) using the SSA and the CWT, respectively, were found. Correlations of 0.76 and 0.7 were also obtained between one of the modes from the SSA and atmospheric pressure from a meteorological station and a mode of the SSA. Particularly, a correlation reaches to 0.76 when using both the tide residual that is associated to surges and atmospheric pressure variation.

The objective of our work was to identify facilitators of optimal care, as well as potential barriers, for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The design was a focus group study. Individuals with established RA were identified through invitation letters sent using a random sample of the Quebec Arthritis Society mailing list. Patients were eligible for participation if they had a diagnosis of RA confirmed by a rheumatologist and if they had sought care within the McGill Réseau Universitaire Intégré de Santé network. We planned a series of focus group meetings (90 minutes each) to obtain sufficient data in terms of spectrum of ideas. In each moderator-led group, participants were asked to discuss five questions related to quality care. A co-moderator was available to document non-verbal communication, with audio-taping of all sessions and professional transcription for data analysis. Qualitative content analysis, based on grounded theory, was the chosen means of identifying recurring themes and categories. Two focus group sessions have been completed with two more scheduled. Preliminary findings indicate the importance of good communication between family physicians, specialists, and allied health care workers. Final coding of transcripts and computer-assisted content analysis is being completed. However it appears that focus group may be useful in studying optimal care for chronic diseases such as RA. Our preliminary findings emphasize the necessity of good communication among health care providers. Ultimately we hope to generate knowledge that can be transformed into better health for Canadians with arthritis and other chronic diseases.

In the frame of a technological research and innovation network in water and environment technologies (RITEAU, Réseau de Recherche et d'Innovation Technologique Eau et Environnement), our research group, in collaboration with industrial partners and other research institutions, has been in charge of the development of a suitable flowmeter: an ultrasonic device measuring simultaneously the water flow and the concentration of size classes of suspended particles. Working on the pulsed ultrasound principle, our multi-frequency device (1 to 14 MHz) allows flow velocity and water height measurement and estimation of suspended solids concentration. Velocity measurements rely on the coherent Doppler principle. A self developed frequency estimator, so called Spectral Identification method, was used and compared to the classical Pulse-Pair method. Several measurements campaigns on one wastewater collector of the French city of Strasbourg gave very satisfactory results and showed smaller standard deviation values for the Doppler frequency extracted by the Spectral Identification method. A specific algorithm was also developed for the water height measurements. It relies on the water surface acoustic impedance rupture and its peak localisation and behaviour in the collected backscattering data. This algorithm was positively tested on long time measurements on the same wastewater collector. A large part of the article is devoted to the measurements of the suspended solids concentrations. Our data analysis consists in the adaptation of the well described acoustic behaviour of sand to the behaviour of wastewater particles. Both acoustic attenuation and acoustic backscattering data over multiple frequencies are analyzed for the extrapolation of size classes and respective concentrations. Under dry weather conditions, the massic backscattering coefficient and the overall size distribution showed similar evolution whatever the measurement site was and were suggesting a global wastewater particles behaviour. By comparison to sampling data, our data analysis lead to the characterization of two particle groups: the ones occurring during rain events and the ones typical of wastewater under dry weather conditions. Even with already encouraging results on the several weeks of data recorded on several wastewater collectors, the validation of our data inversion method is still under progress.

Defined as ‘a domain characterized by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify, and exchange data via networked systems and associated physical infrastructures’ cyberspace is created by people for the people. However, this is not always the case. Cyber operations conducted by states may amount to the use of force. The opinions, though, regarding the threshold that must be reached differ, and there are diverse theories on when a cyber operation constitutes the use of force. Furthermore, there are cases of operations that despite not reaching the threshold of use, fall under the definition of threat of force, under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Finally, cyber operations that fail to reach the threshold may still be contrary to international law, constituting a prohibited intervention in the internal affairs of another state. Le cyberespace, défini comme « un domaine caractérisé par l’usage de l’électronique et du spectre électromagnétique pour stocker, modifier et échanger des données via des systèmes en réseaux et les structures physiques qui y sont attachées », est créé par des gens et pour les gens. Ce n’est pourtant pas toujours le cas. Des cyberopérations menées par des États peuvent représenter un emploi de la force. Mais les avis divergent quant au seuil devant être atteint, et les théories pour déterminer quand une cyberopération constitue un emploi de la force sont diverses. En outre, il existe des cas d’opérations qui n’atteignent pas ce seuil, mais qui relèvent pourtant de la définition de menace de la force, au sens de l’article 2(4) de la Charte des Nations unies. Enfin, des cyberopérations n’atteignant pas ce seuil peuvent néanmoins être contraires au droit international, en ce qu’elles constituent une intervention interdite dans les affaires intérieures d’un autre État. Omschreven als ‘een domein dat wordt gekenmerkt door het gebruik van elektronica en het elektromagnetische spectrum om gegevens op te slaan, te wijzigen en uit te wisselen via netwerksystemen en bijbehorende fysieke infrastructuren’ komt cyberspace tot stand door en voor mensen. Dat is echter niet altijd het geval. Cyberoperaties geleid door staten kunnen neerkomen op het gebruik van geweld. Over de drempel die bereikt moet worden lopen de meningen echter uiteen, en er zijn verschillende theorieën om te bepalen wanneer bij een cyberoperatie sprake is van gebruik van geweld. Verder zijn er gevallen van operaties die, ook al wordt de drempel van geweldgebruik niet bereikt, onder de definitie van bedreiging met geweld vallen, zoals bedoeld in artikel 2, lid 4, van het VN-Handvest. Ten slotte kunnen cyberoperaties die de drempel niet bereiken, nog steeds in strijd zijn met het internationaal recht en gelijkstaan aan een verboden interventie in de interne aangelegenheden van een andere staat. Definido como ‘un dominio caracterizado por el uso de la electrónica y el espectro electromagnético para almacenar, modificar e intercambiar datos a través de sistemas en red e infraestructuras físicas asociadas’, el ciberespacio es creado por personas para las personas. Sin embargo, no siempre ocurre así. Las operaciones cibernéticas realizadas por los Estados pueden equivaler al uso de la fuerza. No obstante, las opiniones sobre el umbral que se debe alcanzar difieren, existiendo diversas teorías sobre cuándo una ciber-operación constituye uso de la fuerza. Además, existen casos de operaciones que, a pesar de no alcanzar el umbral de uso propiamente dicho, entran sin embargo dentro de la definición de amenaza de uso de la fuerza, según el artículo 2 (4) de la Carta de la ONU. Finalmente, las operaciones cibernéticas que no alcanzan dicho umbral pueden, no obstante, seguir siendo contrarias al Derecho Internacional, constituyendo una intervención prohibida en los asuntos internos de otro Estado. Definito come ‘un dominio caratterizzato dall'uso dell'elettronica e dello spettro elettromagnetico per memorizzare, modificare e scambiare dati tramite sistemi in rete e infrastrutture fisiche associate’ il cyberspazio è creato dalle persone per le persone. Tuttavia, non è sempre così. Le operazioni cyber condotte dagli Stati possono equivalere all'uso della forza. Le opinioni, tuttavia, per quanto riguarda la soglia che deve essere oltrepassata sono diverse e ci sono differenti teorie su quando un'operazione cyber costituisca uso della forza. Inoltre, ci sono casi di operazioni che, pur non raggiungendo la soglia di utilizzo, rientrano nella definizione di minaccia all’uso della forza, ai sensi dell'articolo 2, paragrafo 4, della Carta delle Nazioni Unite. Infine, le operazioni cibernetiche che non raggiungono la soglia possono tuttavia essere contrarie al diritto internazionale, costituendo un intervento vietato negli affari interni di un altro Stato. Der Cyberspace, der definiert wird als ‘ein Bereich, gekennzeichnet durch den Gebrauch der Elektronik und des elektromagnetischen Spektrums, um Daten über vernetzte Systeme und dazugehörige physische Infrastrukturen zu speichern, zu ändern und auszutauschen’, wird von Menschen für Menschen geschaffen. Dies ist allerdings nicht immer der Fall. Cyberoperationen, die von Staaten durchgeführt werden, können der Anwendung von Gewalt gleichkommen. Allerdings gehen die Meinungen über die zu erreichende Schwelle auseinander, und es gibt verschiedene Theorien zur Frage, wann eine Cyberoperation die Anwendung von Gewalt ausmacht. Außerdem gibt es Fälle von Operationen, die als Androhung von Gewalt im Sinne von Artikel Volume 2 (Issue 4) der Charta der Vereinten Nationen bezeichnet werden können, und dies obwohl die Schwelle der Gewaltanwendung nicht erreicht wird. Schließlich können Cyberoperationen, die die Schwelle nicht erreichen, trotzdem gegen das Völkerrecht verstoßen, und somit ein verbotenes Eingreifen in die inneren Angelegenheiten eines anderen Staates darstellen.

FR. Tiré de notre travail de thèse sur la médiatisation de l'opposition au barrage de Sivens sur Internet, cet article suit deux objectifs. Tout d'abord, il tente de réinscrire les mobilisations informationnelles contre les « Grands Projets Inutiles et Imposés » (GPII) dans leur contexte historique, politique, médiatique et technologique. En conséquence, à travers cette étude, nous revenons sur la genèse et la continuité du mouvement altermondialiste, avant de nous intéresser aux termes et aux modalités de sa critique du travail journalistique. En nous approchant progressivement des enjeux plus contemporains de Sivens, l'article se penche alors sur la pérennité de cette critique des médias, qui devient « critique en actes », avec la création puis l'enracinement de pure-players d'information en ligne explicitement politisés, en France. Ce cadre théorique et contextuel étant posé, l'article détaille ensuite le rapport problématique et paradoxal que les militants de notre enquête entretiennent vis-à-vis du champ journalistique. En effet, les acteurs de l'opposition au barrage de Sivens oscillent entre la mise en place de stratégies d'intéressement vis-à-vis des entreprises de presse et l'exploitation d'un potentiel d'autonomie médiatique en ligne (sites internet militants, réseaux socionumériques). Avec la couverture journalistique de la mobilisation par ces médias « de la critique des médias » situés à gauche du spectre politique, les relations entre acteurs évoluent sensiblement. L'article entre ainsi dans la boîte noire des interactions qu'ont entretenues les professionnels de l'information appartenant aux marges du champ journalistique, les entrepreneurs de cause et les média-activistes. Ces parties-prenantes de la médiatisation de la mobilisation ont ainsi cultivé « hors ligne » une proximité qui se décline « en ligne », suivant un mouvement de concentration info-communicationnelle. Autrement dit, l'article cherche à analyser les caractéristiques d'une certaine division du travail médiatique, entre militants-communicants et journalistes engagés, au cœur de l'événement politique en ligne. *** EN. Drawn from our thesis work on Internet media coverage of the Sivens dam opposition, this study has two objectives. First, it attempts to re-contextualize historically, politically, technologically and in the media information disseminated against Grands Projets Inutiles et Imposés (GPII) (Large, Useless and Imposed Projects). This study will go back to the birth and growth of the alter-globalization movement before focusing on definitions and methods in its critique of pertinent journalism. In culminating with the more current Sivens issues, the paper will study the sustainability of this type of media criticism, which becomes “critical in action,” (critique en actes) with the creation and subsequent entrenchment in France of explicitly politicized pure players of online news. After establishing the theoretical and contextual framework, the paper then lays out the problematic and paradoxical relationship activists in our study have with the journalistic field: opponents of the Sivens dam oscillate between strategies to garner press coverage and creating an autonomous online media presence (activist websites and social networks). Journalistic coverage of this movement (including media critical of media, which is situated left on the political spectrum) is significantly altering the relationship between actors. This paper thus enters the “black box” of interactions between news professionals from the fringe of the journalistic field, militants and media activists. These stakeholders in the mediatization of a cause have cultivated an “offline” closeness that is expressed “online,” reflecting the shift toward info-communicational concentration. In other words, the paper analyzes the characteristics of a certain division of media work (e.g., activist-communicators and socially-committed journalists) at the heart of an online political event. *** PT. Retirado de nosso trabalho de tese sobre a cobertura midiática da oposição à barragem de Sivens na Internet, este artigo segue dois objetivos. Em primeiro lugar, tenta registrar novamente as mobilizações de informação contra os “Grandes Projetos Inúteis e Impostos” (GPII) em seu contexto histórico, político, midiático e tecnológico. Consequentemente, por meio deste estudo, voltamos à gênese e à continuidade do movimento alter-globalista, antes de nos concentrarmos nos termos e métodos de sua crítica ao trabalho jornalístico. Aproximando-se gradativamente das questões mais contemporâneas de Sivens, o artigo examina a sustentabilidade dessa crítica midiática, que se torna uma "crítica em ação", com a criação e, posteriormente, a constituição de pure-players da informação online explicitamente politizados na França.Estabelecido esse quadro teórico e contextual, o artigo detalha a relação problemática e paradoxal que os militantes de nossa pesquisa mantêm com o campo jornalístico. Com efeito, os atores da oposição à barragem de Sivens oscilam entre a implementação de estratégias de incentivo às empresas de imprensa e a exploração de um potencial de autonomia dos meios de comunicação online (websites ativistas, redes sociais). Com a cobertura jornalística da mobilização por esses meios de comunicação de "crítica midiática" situados à esquerda do espectro político, as relações entre os atores estão mudando significativamente. O artigo entra, assim, na caixa preta das interações mantidas por profissionais da informação pertencentes às margens do campo jornalístico, empresários de causa e ativistas da mídia. Essas partes interessadas na midiatização da mobilização cultivam, assim, no “offline” uma proximidade que se expressa “online”, seguindo um movimento de concentração informacional-comunicacional. Em outras palavras, o artigo busca analisar as características de uma determinada divisão do trabalho midiático, entre comunicadores-ativistas e jornalistas comprometidos, no seio do acontecimento político online. ***

FR. Tiré de notre travail de thèse sur la médiatisation de l'opposition au barrage de Sivens sur Internet, cet article suit deux objectifs. Tout d'abord, il tente de réinscrire les mobilisations informationnelles contre les « Grands Projets Inutiles et Imposés » (GPII) dans leur contexte historique, politique, médiatique et technologique. En conséquence, à travers cette étude, nous revenons sur la genèse et la continuité du mouvement altermondialiste, avant de nous intéresser aux termes et aux modalités de sa critique du travail journalistique. En nous approchant progressivement des enjeux plus contemporains de Sivens, l'article se penche alors sur la pérennité de cette critique des médias, qui devient « critique en actes », avec la création puis l'enracinement de pure-players d'information en ligne explicitement politisés, en France. Ce cadre théorique et contextuel étant posé, l'article détaille ensuite le rapport problématique et paradoxal que les militants de notre enquête entretiennent vis-à-vis du champ journalistique. En effet, les acteurs de l'opposition au barrage de Sivens oscillent entre la mise en place de stratégies d'intéressement vis-à-vis des entreprises de presse et l'exploitation d'un potentiel d'autonomie médiatique en ligne (sites internet militants, réseaux socionumériques). Avec la couverture journalistique de la mobilisation par ces médias « de la critique des médias » situés à gauche du spectre politique, les relations entre acteurs évoluent sensiblement. L'article entre ainsi dans la boîte noire des interactions qu'ont entretenues les professionnels de l'information appartenant aux marges du champ journalistique, les entrepreneurs de cause et les média-activistes. Ces parties-prenantes de la médiatisation de la mobilisation ont ainsi cultivé « hors ligne » une proximité qui se décline « en ligne », suivant un mouvement de concentration info-communicationnelle. Autrement dit, l'article cherche à analyser les caractéristiques d'une certaine division du travail médiatique, entre militants-communicants et journalistes engagés, au cœur de l'événement politique en ligne. *** EN. Drawn from our thesis work on Internet media coverage of the Sivens dam opposition, this study has two objectives. First, it attempts to re-contextualize historically, politically, technologically and in the media information disseminated against Grands Projets Inutiles et Imposés (GPII) (Large, Useless and Imposed Projects). This study will go back to the birth and growth of the alter-globalization movement before focusing on definitions and methods in its critique of pertinent journalism. In culminating with the more current Sivens issues, the paper will study the sustainability of this type of media criticism, which becomes “critical in action,” (critique en actes) with the creation and subsequent entrenchment in France of explicitly politicized pure players of online news. After establishing the theoretical and contextual framework, the paper then lays out the problematic and paradoxical relationship activists in our study have with the journalistic field: opponents of the Sivens dam oscillate between strategies to garner press coverage and creating an autonomous online media presence (activist websites and social networks). Journalistic coverage of this movement (including media critical of media, which is situated left on the political spectrum) is significantly altering the relationship between actors. This paper thus enters the “black box” of interactions between news professionals from the fringe of the journalistic field, militants and media activists. These stakeholders in the mediatization of a cause have cultivated an “offline” closeness that is expressed “online,” reflecting the shift toward info-communicational concentration. In other words, the paper analyzes the characteristics of a certain division of media work (e.g., activist-communicators and socially-committed journalists) at the heart of an online political event. *** PT. Retirado de nosso trabalho de tese sobre a cobertura midiática da oposição à barragem de Sivens na Internet, este artigo segue dois objetivos. Em primeiro lugar, tenta registrar novamente as mobilizações de informação contra os “Grandes Projetos Inúteis e Impostos” (GPII) em seu contexto histórico, político, midiático e tecnológico. Consequentemente, por meio deste estudo, voltamos à gênese e à continuidade do movimento alter-globalista, antes de nos concentrarmos nos termos e métodos de sua crítica ao trabalho jornalístico. Aproximando-se gradativamente das questões mais contemporâneas de Sivens, o artigo examina a sustentabilidade dessa crítica midiática, que se torna uma "crítica em ação", com a criação e, posteriormente, a constituição de pure-players da informação online explicitamente politizados na França. Estabelecido esse quadro teórico e contextual, o artigo detalha a relação problemática e paradoxal que os militantes de nossa pesquisa mantêm com o campo jornalístico. Com efeito, os atores da oposição à barragem de Sivens oscilam entre a implementação de estratégias de incentivo às empresas de imprensa e a exploração de um potencial de autonomia dos meios de comunicação online (websites ativistas, redes sociais). Com a cobertura jornalística da mobilização por esses meios de comunicação de "crítica midiática" situados à esquerda do espectro político, as relações entre os atores estão mudando significativamente. O artigo entra, assim, na caixa preta das interações mantidas por profissionais da informação pertencentes às margens do campo jornalístico, empresários de causa e ativistas da mídia. Essas partes interessadas na midiatização da mobilização cultivam, assim, no “offline” uma proximidade que se expressa “online”, seguindo um movimento de concentração informacional-comunicacional. Em outras palavras, o artigo busca analisar as características de uma determinada divisão do trabalho midiático, entre comunicadores-ativistas e jornalistas comprometidos, no seio do acontecimento político online. ***

Epidemiological modelling and epidemic threshold analysis in the networks are widely used for the control and prediction of infectious disease spread. Therefore, the prediction of the epidemic threshold in networks is a challenge in epidemiology where the contact network structure fundamentally influences the dynamics of the spread. In this paper, we design and experiment a new general structural and spectral prediction approach of the epidemic threshold. This more captures the full network structure using the number of nodes, the spectral radius, and the energy of graph. With data analytic and data visualization technics, we drive simulations overall on 31 different types and topologies networks. The simulations show similar qualitative and quantitative results between the new structural prediction approach of the epidemic threshold values compared to the earlier MF, HMF and QMF widely used benchmark approaches. The results show that the new approach is similar to the earlier one, further captures the full network structure, and is also accurate. The new approach offers a new general structural and spectral area to analyse the spreading processes in a network. The results are both fundamental and practical interest in improving the control and prediction of spreading processes in networks. So these results can be particularly significant to advise an effective epidemiological control policy. La modélisation épidémiologique et l'analyse du seuil épidémique dans les réseaux sont largement utilisées pour le contrôle et la prévision de la propagation des maladies infectieuses. Par conséquent, la prédiction du seuil épidémique dans les réseaux est un challenge en épidémiologie où la structure du réseau de contact influence fondamentalement la dynamique de la propagation. Dans cet article, nous concevons et expérimentons une nouvelle approche générale de prédiction structurelle et spectrale du seuil épidémique. Cette approche capture davantage la structure complète du réseau en utilisant le nombre de nœuds, le rayon spectral et l'énergie du graphe. Grâce à des techniques d'analyse et de visualisation des données, nous effectuons des simulations sur 31 types et topologies de réseaux différents. Les simulations montrent des résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs similaires entre la nouvelle approche de prédiction structurelle des valeurs seuils épidémiques et les approches de référence MF, HMF et QMF largement utilisées précédemment. Les résultats montrent que la nouvelle approche est similaire à la précédente, qu'elle capture davantage la structure complète du réseau et qu'elle est également précise. La nouvelle approche offre un nouveau domaine structurel et spectral général pour analyser les processus de diffusion dans un réseau. Les résultats présentent un intérêt à la fois fondamental et pratique pour l'amélioration du contrôle et de la prévision des processus de propagation dans les réseaux. Ces résultats peuvent donc être particulièrement importants pour être support d'une politique de contrôle épidémiologique efficace.

Goals for public transit agencies and new public transport infrastructure projects include attracting new riders and retaining existing system users. An understanding of the public transport market and its preferences, habits, and attitudes can help public transit agencies reach these goals by shedding light on how to increase customer satisfaction. To understand potential users of one of Montreal’s most recent major transport projects, the Réseau express métropolitain (REM), we conducted a survey in Fall 2019 while the light-rail system was under construction. Drawing on vetted transport market-segmentation frameworks, this study employs an exploratory factor analysis to reveal factors that affect respondents’ propensity to use the REM. A k-means cluster test is applied to the factors to articulate market segments. The analysis returned four clusters that form a clear spectrum of least likely to most likely REM users: car-friendly non-users, urban core potential users, transit-friendly users, and leisure and airport users. Positive opinion, proximity, and desire to use the REM for leisure or non-work trips are three key characteristics of likely users. There is a visible relationship between clusters who are likely to use the REM and clusters who agree that the REM will benefit their neighborhood. Improving people’s perception of the potential benefit of the REM to their neighborhood, better accommodating leisure use, emphasizing and communicating appealing destinations, and highlighting transit connections are four core ways that planners could work to potentially increase the number of people who are likely to use the REM.