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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Réseaux d'interactions écologiques"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Réseaux d'interactions écologiques"
Génin, Alexandre. "Réseaux d'interactions écologiques, stabilité et résilience des écosystèmes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG031/document.
Texto completoEcological systems are not simple but composed of many different elements(species, for example) interacting with each other. These networks ofinteractions exhibit structural properties that determine ecological systems’ability to absorb and recover from perturbations. Mappinginteractions along with their changes in time and space is therefore key tounderstand and predict empirical communities' response to global changes.In this thesis, we used plant communities as model systems (i) to explore howspatial patterns may help identify feedbacks loops which make communities morefragile to upcoming changes and (ii) to map species interactions in empiricalcommunities and describe how they change along stress gradients and recover fromperturbations. To do so, we used two datasets documenting plant communities insubalpine meadows (USA) and Mediterranean grasslands (France).Our results show that feedback loops can be inferred to some extent from thespatial patterns of plant communities and hence help identify communities thatmay respond more abruptly to perturbations. Going to a more detailed level ofdescription, plant-plant interactions (as measured through spatial associations)were shown to respond strongly and consistently to stress but exhibited a weakresilience to disturbances.This work shows that plant-plant interactions -- which are linked to the response of the community to perturbations -- can be uncovered using spatial patterns. It paves the way towards a better understanding and a better anticipation capacity of how ecological communities might reorganize when subject to disturbances
Sauve, Alix. "Relations structure-stabilité dans les réseaux écologiques combinant différents types d'interactions". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077133.
Texto completoThe purpose of this PhD thesis is to investigate the "structure-stability" relationship in networks with two different types of interaction: mutualistic and antagonistic. To do this, I considered mutualistic and antagonistic networks combined (or "inteconnected" at the level of a guild of species involved in both systems simultaneously (for instance plants interacting with herbivores and pollinators). When studied separately, mutualistic networks and antagonistic networks are characterised by different structures that promote their stability. Numerical simulations of a dynamical model indicate that the effects of these structures are greatly reduced when mutualistic and antagonistic networks are combined together. How antagonistic and mutualistic networks are interconnected also affects the stability of the whole community. By analysing an empirical network combining pollination and herbivory networks at the level of plants, I have highlighted the existence of a specific interconnection pattern between these two types of network and its contribution to. The stability of the whole community. The analytical study of a module consisting of two species sharing a mutualist and an antagonist allows to better understand the conditions that favour species coexistence and the stability of a community With multiple interaction types
Auclair, Etienne. "Réseau bayésien dynamique étiqueté : cadre et apprentissage de structure pour application aux réseaux écologiques". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30002.
Texto completoAn ecological network represents the interactions between living species within an ecosystem. The knowledge of the structure of such a network is an important challenge in the field of ecology.This task can be realized by inference methods : a set of methods that uses ecological observations data (species abundance, presence or absence of species...) in order to learn the interactions mathematically, by the exploitation of the effect of these interactions on the observed data.This thesis describes a case where the ecological data we dispose of are only data of presence/absence of species observed at different moments. The goal is to develop a method that exploits those kind of data in order to learn the interaction between these species. The main difficulty is that binary variables carry little information. Expert knowledge on the system is used to help learning the network's structure.We use the framework of dynamic Bayesian network : temporal presence/absence data are modeled as the realization of a set of dynamic random variables whose dependencies are described by an oriented graph. Such a model can be simplified using expert knowledge.This thesis describes a particular model of "labelled" dynamic Bayesian network. In this model, the graph is defined by a small number of different types of interactions that constitute a set of labels attributed to the edges of the graph.This model can describe several phenomena where an information or a perturbation can be propagated by contact (rumour, disease, forest fire....)This model describes the presence or absence probabilities of each species as a function of the number of interactions of each label this species is subject to. This model allows to describe every presence/absence probability of species using a small number of parameters independent from the network's structure. This is the framework used for the modeling of species dynamics within an ecological network : the information propagated is the presence or the absence of a species, knowing the interaction between the species of the network. Then, we describe the processes we use for learning the structure of a labelled dynamic Bayesian network using time series of binary variables. This 'Estimation-Restoration' algorithm alternates two steps : a phase of parameter estimation knowing the structure, and a phase of structure learning knowing the parameters. This last step can be complex. It is done by solving a integer linear programming problem. This allows to use efficient existing tools for solving those kind of problems. Moreover, we can easily add expert knowledge by the form of linear constraints. This process has been used on a particular case study :the observation of arthropods species trapped in experimental fields in the united kingdom. In order to highlight the differences between the different crops, different networks have been learnt. Finally, we compare the learnt network with others, learnt with different learning methods on the same data
Nicvert, Lisa. "Méthodes statistiques et outils logiciels pour l'analyse et l'inférence de réseaux écologiques et le traitement de données multi-espèces". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10130.
Texto completoInteractions between species in ecological communities are complex: many species can interact with each other in a variety of ways and at different spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, these interaction networks are the result of multiple causes, generate multiple processes and can have indirect effects transmitted through the structure of the network. This complexity calls for a variety of approaches to understand the determinants of interactions and predict their effects in ecological systems. This thesis studies several aspects of ecological interaction networks using a methodological approach that focuses on the description, evaluation and development of statistical methods and software tools. In a first part, I study causes of the structure of interaction networks, focusing on interaction niches and using the notion of trait matching between species. To this end, I use methods from the correspondence analysis family and apply and extend reciprocal scaling methods to the analysis of bipartite networks. I apply these methods to the analysis of a plant-frugivore interaction network in a Peruvian montane forest, and show that species traits can be related to their niche width. In a second part, I study the consequences of interactions through their influence on the spatio-temporal distribution of species. To this end, I use multivariate Hawkes processes to analyze camera trap data. I illustrate these models on five mammals from the South African savanna, showing attraction and avoidance between several of these species at a short spatio-temporal scale. In a third part, I consider camera trap data analysis. I develop a R package to clean and standardize camera trap data intended for the Snapshot Safari program, as well as a Shiny application intended for a more general use to visualize data in an interactive and reproducible way. This thesis presents statistical methods and software tools to analyze complex ecological data and improve our understanding of interaction networks. These results open new perspectives on ecological data analysis and methodological development in ecology
Anakok, Emre. "Prise en compte des effets d'échantillonnage pour la détection de structure des réseaux écologiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASM049.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we focus on the biases that sampling can cause on the estimation of statistical models and metrics describing ecological interaction networks. First, we propose to combine an observation model that accounts for sampling with a stochastic block model representing the structure of possible interactions. The identifiability of the model is demonstrated and an algorithm is proposed to estimate its parameters. Its relevance and its practical interest are attested on a large dataset of plant-pollinator networks, as we observe structural change on most of the networks. We then examine a large dataset sampled by a citizen science program. Using recent advances in artificial intelligence, we propose a method to reconstruct the ecological network free from sampling effects caused by the varying levels of experience among observers. Finally, we present methods to highlight variables of ecological interest that influence the network's connectivity and show that accounting for sampling effects partially alters the estimation of these effects. Our methods, implemented in either R or Python, are freely accessible
Farigoule, Pauline. "De la production de connaissances scientifiques à leur mobilisation dans un processus d'épidémio-surveillance ˸ le cas des réseaux d'interactions écologiques impliquant la bactérie Xylella fastidiosa en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSAM0050.
Texto completoThe bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is the quarantine pest with potential socio-economic and environmental impact considered to be the most serious in Europe. It is transmitted by polyphagous insect vectors. Understanding host plant - insect vector - bacterium interaction networks is an essential prerequisite to implement prophylactic and control measures. This thesis proposes a transdisciplinary approach with the study of insect vectors in ecology and an analysis of the issues around the mobilization of this knowledge for the preparation for a possible crisis. In ecology, the study of insect vectors of the bacterium is carried out both in contaminated areas (Corsica) and in unscathed areas (mainly New Aquitaine). In contaminated areas, research work will make it possible to highlight the bacterium in insect vectors, with the detection of Xylella fastidiosa across the Corsican territory. In free areas, the objective is to study potential and proven insect vectors of the bacterium and plant-insect trophic interactions in crops (mainly vines) and adjacent semi-natural environments. Finally, the mobilization of sociological tools (participant observation and semi-structured interviews) in the field of the study of science and methods will shed light on the production of scientific knowledge and its mobilization or not in regulatory and monitoring systems of the disease. The study of the bacterium in contaminated areas has led to the development of a high-throughput method to detect Xylella fastidiosa in its insect vectors. The application of this method on insects collected in Corsica between 2016 and 2020 makes it possible to demonstrate that the bacterium is present throughout the island. In addition, the results of statistical models show the influence of temperature on bacterial populations with a significant prevalence when winter temperatures are milder. From the perspective of global changes, climate projections up to 2100 were used and showed that the areas favorable to the bacterium and its main insect vector would remain significant in Corsica and largely superimposed with possible movements of the pathosystem at altitude and therefore that the risk of an epidemic would remain present. Studies in free areas have shown that Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus capestris, Neophilaenus lineatus and Cicadella viridis are the four vector insect species mainly found on the mainland in France. These species are mainly collected in herbaceous strata of meadows and on the edges of crops (vineyards) in relation to the inter-rows. These observations show that semi-natural environments and the edges of plots are more favorable to the spread of the bacterium and the risk of transmission of the bacterium to cultivated plants seems more moderate because few insects were collected in the plots. The results from academic research are used in other contexts, including the regulatory context. In the case of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the results show that global research is shared by the entire scientific community although it is grouped according to the discipline and the disease studied. In France, this research is dissociated according to the disciplines and the institutes and it is also impacted by the media coverage of this quarantine bacterium which must be controlled. Finally, the epidemio-surveillance system concerning Xylella fastidiosa in France and supported by the plant health epidemio-surveillance platform results from arrangements between research and the risk manager. Thus, this thesis proposes a transdisciplinary approach in order to shed light on the integrated management of pathogenic organisms within the framework of preparedness with the production of results in ecology and the analysis of the epidemio-surveillance system of the bacterium in France
Prevost, Guillaume. "Modélisation d'écosystèmes multi-niveaux par des systèmes mixtes". Le Havre, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LEHA0053.
Texto completoWe present in that document a meta-model of aquatic ecosystem which is multi-scale and uses hybrid approaches. Ecosystems are complex systems. Therefore, the model is made to give a performant description of multi-level interactions occuring in them. Thus, we propose a multi-scale and multi-level meta-model designed as an holarchy and embodying different approaches (equationnal, individual-based,. . . . ). Moreover, we present an ontology of the meta-model which help users understand and use that one. The methodology to apply the meta-model on a concrete problem using the ontology is shown. Finally, a plateform allowing using to compute their model as far as those ones respect the meta-model assumptions is described. Then, we introduce technics to detect, reify and handle emerging systems during the simulations. Those technics are based on the analysis of the interaction network of predator-preys simulation
Liautaud, Kevin. "Community stability and turnover in changing environments". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30264.
Texto completoThe question whether communities should be viewed as superorganisms or loose collections of individual species has been the subject of a long-standing debate in ecology. Each view implies different spatial and temporal community patterns. When environment gradually changes in space or in time, the organismic view predicts that species turnover is discontinuous, while the individualistic view predicts gradual changes in species composition. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the theoretical conditions under which these various types of community response can occur. First, I study the role of interspecific competition can play in the emergence of various spatial community patterns. I investigate the theoretical conditions in competition under which smooth or discrete spatial patterns can emerge. Then, I study how interactions between species and their environment can lead to various community patterns in space. I notably show how ecological niche construction can lead to the emergence of abrupt changes in species composition and in the environment, and the role biodiversity plays therein. Finally, I focus on the role biodiversity can play against ecosystem collapse. In this section, I illustrate how diversity loss, through its effects on total biomass, can lead to ecosystem collapse
Laurent, Lisa. "Apports d’une approche écosystémique à l’étude de la dynamique des communautés végétales forestières : vers une prise en compte des interactions écologiques multiples". Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2050/document.
Texto completoOne of the main challenges to predict vegetation dynamics and plant community composition is to identify how biotic and abiotic factors modify the nature and magnitude of plant-plant interactions. The objective of my thesis is to highlight the leading role of multiple interactions (involving more than two biotic compartments) in forest understory dynamics and more specifically regeneration dynamics of target species such as sessile oak. The results emphasize the importance of: (i) effects of deer on response patterns of plant-plant interactions along resource gradients, (ii) indirect interactions, in particular indirect facilitation, (iii) demographic parameters in relation to species phenology, (iv) distinguishing among underlying mechanisms of multiple interactions thanks to environmental monitoring. Thus, my thesis supports the idea that management practices focusing on a single pressure, while ignoring others, are unable to conserve populations of target species because they don’t consider multiple interactions. This highlights the importance to use complementary management strategies to achieve sustainability in the context of global changes (climatic change and deer overabundance)
Subrahmaniam, Jaishree. "Identification des bases génétiques de la coopération plante-plante chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30043.
Texto completoDespite the importance of plant-plant interactions in the functioning of both natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems, studies on plant-plant interactions still have two major gaps to be addressed, that is (i) the genetics of natural variation of plant-plant interactions and (ii) the relative importance of positive interactions within plant species. After writing two reviews on the state-of- the-art related to these gaps, I decided to understand the adaptive genetic bases of intraspecific positive plant-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana at two geographical scales. To do so, I adopted an interdisciplinary approach between quantitative genetics, ecology and genome-wide association mapping. Firstly, based on a field experiment designed to study natural variation of genotype-by-genotype interactions among 52 whole-genome sequenced natural populations from the Midi-Pyrénées region, I identified two different strategies of positive interactions, i.e. kin cooperation and overyielding. Natural variation of positive interactions among these populations were mainly associated with biotic ecological factors varying at a fine spatial scale, such as presence of commensal bacteria or Shannon index of plant communities in the native habitats. Importantly, QTLs associated with variation of positive interactions were significantly enriched in genomic signatures of local adaptation. Secondly, based on a greenhouse experiment using 195 whole-genome sequenced accessions collected in a local French population located in a highly diverse and competitive environment, we revealed the existence of certain genotypic combinations that were benefitting reciprocally to each other’s presence, resulting in a ‘super overyielding’ strategy. Importantly, genetic dissimilarity at the QTLs associated with this strategy was detected for such pairs, supporting the ‘compatibility genes’ hypothesis as underlying this ‘super overyielding’ strategy. Finally, at both geographical scales, we detected a predominance of metabolism related gene functions underlying natural variation of positive interactions, which might be explained by their putative roles in (i) recruitment of similar microbiota by kin to explain kin cooperation, and (ii) potential complementary metabolite cross-feeding to explain overyielding. The next step is undoubtedly cloning of the candidate genes to identify causal associations, thereby allowing to start getting a glimpse on the genetic and molecular landscape associated with positive interactions in A. thaliana
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Réseaux d'interactions écologiques"
AUBERT, Julie, Pierre BARBILLON, Sophie DONNET y Vincent MIELE. "Modèles à blocs latents pour la détection de structures dans les réseaux écologiques". En Approches statistiques pour les variables cachées en écologie, 131–50. ISTE Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9047.ch6.
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