Artículos de revistas: "Reproductive endocrine system"

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Visentin, Lorenzo. "6 Endocrine System and Reproductive System Riddle J T E Endocrine System and Reproductive System 138PP 0-443-03939-9". Nursing Standard 4, n.º 4 (24 de octubre de 1989): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.4.4.56.s82.

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Michal, Ješeta, Chmelíková Eva, Crha Igor, Sedmíková Markéta, Žáková Jana y Ventruba Pavel. "Endocrine disruptive compounds and male reproduction". Medical Journal of Cell Biology 6, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2018-0021.

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AbstractEndocrine disruptors (EDs) are chemical substances that affect physiological processes in the organism via hormonal regulation. The EDs are present in the environment and objects of everyday use. They are often detected in food, particularly released from packaging of canned food, but also from plastic water bottles, and they are also found in cosmetics and fertilizers. They are commonly detected in children's toys, banknotes, receipts and many more objects. Permanent and long-term utilization of EDs has harmful effects on human reproductive health mainly by interference with sex hormone synthesis and mechanism of action. The endocrine disruptors show many negative effects on male reproductive system. Any change during synthesis or activity of sex hormones can cause abnormal reproduction, including developmental anomalies of the sexual system, disruption of testicular development or deterioration of sperm quality. Mainly the impact on the development of testicles in prenatal and early postnatal period can be crucial for reproductive health in males. This review provides an overview of the EDs and their possible impact on reproductive health in males with focus on sperm quality and development of testicles.

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3

Коrytko, О. О. "Influence of Endocrine Diseases on Reproductive System Functioning". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, n.º 7.71 (29 de diciembre de 2015): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.7.71.2015.72598.

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4

Kubokawa, K., Y. Tando y S. Roy. "Evolution of the Reproductive Endocrine System in Chordates". Integrative and Comparative Biology 50, n.º 1 (24 de mayo de 2010): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icq047.

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Shepelska, Ninel, Mykola Prodanchuk y Yana Kolianchuk. "Pesticides as endocrine distruptors of the reproductive system (literature review and own research)". JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE, Issue 1; 2021 (26 de mayo de 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37621/jnamsu-2020-1-6.

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Currently, one of the main threats to human health is undoubtedly endocrine disruptors (ED), since they directly disrupt the processes of homeostasis maintenance, controlled by the endocrine system, the purpose of which is to maintain normal functions and development in a constantly changing environment. Pesticides can disrupt the physiological functioning of many endocrine axes, including the endocrine mechanisms that ensure reproductive health. It should be noted that research aimed at preventing chemically induced reproductive disorders in the human population is one of the central areas of preventive medicine, both in terms of their importance and the complexity of the tasks being solved. Analysis and generalization of the results of our own long-term studies have shown that the selective, and, therefore, the most dangerous toxicity of pesticides for the reproductive system is determined by endocrine-mediated mechanisms of etiopathogenesis. The low level of doses inducing pathological changes in reproductive function in our studies fully confirms one of the universal signs inherent in endocrine-distruptive compounds. The above examples demonstrate a wide range of possible endocrine-mediated mechanisms of reproductive toxicity of pesticides - endocrine disruptors. However, it is very important to note that low doses may be more effective in changing some endpoints compared to high (toxic) doses. Currently, several mechanisms have been identified and studied that demonstrate how hormones and ED induce non-monotonic reactions in animal cells, tissues and organs. The reproductive system, the functioning of which is ensured by a fine balancing of the action of androgens and estrogens, is one of the systems that presents a unique opportunity for modeling a non-monotonic dose dependence. All of the above indicates the extreme danger of the impact of hormonally active agents on the reproductive health of a person and his offspring. At the same time, the threat of endocrine-mediated disorders for subsequent generations can also be realized through the induction of mechanisms of development of epigenetic transgenerational effects. Taking into account the results of studies of the mechanisms of the ED destructive action, as well as their ability to induce non-monotonic dose dependence at an extremely low dose level, it should be admitted that, apparently, there is a need to revise the paradigm of methodological approaches to the regulation of pesticides with endocrine-disruptive properties. Key words: pesticides, endocrine disruptors, reproductive system

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Chedrese, P., Martina Piasek y Michael Henson. "Cadmium as an Endocrine Disruptor in the Reproductive System". Immunology‚ Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 6, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2006): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152206775528941.

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Choi, Donchan. "The Consequences of Mutations in the Reproductive Endocrine System". Development & Reproduciton 16, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2012): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12717/dr.2012.16.4.235.

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Queiroz, Erika Kaltenecker Retto de y William Waissmann. "Occupational exposure and effects on the male reproductive system". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 22, n.º 3 (marzo de 2006): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2006000300003.

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A significant increase in the incidence of male infertility has been described in the international literature, raising questions about its causes. Part of this effect may result from synthetic toxic substances acting on the endocrine system (endocrine disruptors), many of which are routinely used in work processes. We provide a critical review of the specialized literature on work-related chemical substances capable of causing male infertility. Pesticides such as DDT, linuron, and others, heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, and copper, and substances from various industrial uses and residues such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), ethylene dibromide (EDB), phthalates, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ethanol are among the main endocrine disruptors that can cause male infertility. Based on the literature, gonadal dysfunction and congenital malformation are the main alterations caused by these substances in the male reproductive system. We conclude that despite the relative lack of studies on this issue, the relevance of such risk calls for further studies as well as measures to prevent workers' exposure to the various substances.

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9

Koifman, Sergio, Rosalina Jorge Koifman y Armando Meyer. "Human reproductive system disturbances and pesticide exposure in Brazil". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 18, n.º 2 (abril de 2002): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000200008.

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The observation of reproductive disturbances in humans and in the wildlife has been reported in the last decade in different countries. Exposure to different chemicals possibly acting in the endocrine system or endocrine disruptors, including pesticides, has been a hypothesis raised to explain the observed changes. This paper aimed to present results of an epidemiological ecologic study carried out to explore population data on pesticides exposure in selected Brazilian states in the eighties and human reproductive outcomes in the nineties. Pearson correlation coefficients were ascertained between available data pesticides sales in eleven states in Brazil in 1985 and selected further reproductive outcomes or their surrogates. Moderate to high correlations were observed to infertility, testis, breast, prostate and ovarian cancer mortality. Despite the restrains of ecologic studies to establish cause-effect relationships, the observed results are in agreement with evidence supporting a possible association between pesticides exposure and the analyzed reproductive outcomes.

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10

Rattan, Saniya y Jodi A. Flaws. "The epigenetic impacts of endocrine disruptors on female reproduction across generations†". Biology of Reproduction 101, n.º 3 (11 de mayo de 2019): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz081.

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AbstractHumans and animals are repeatedly exposed to endocrine disruptors, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. Endocrine disruptors interfere with hormone action; thus, causing non-monotonic dose responses that are atypical of standard toxicant exposures. The female reproductive system is particularly susceptible to the effects of endocrine disruptors. Likewise, exposures to endocrine disruptors during developmental periods are particularly concerning because programming during development can be adversely impacted by hormone level changes. Subsequently, developing reproductive tissues can be predisposed to diseases in adulthood and these diseases can be passed down to future generations. The mechanisms of action by which endocrine disruptors cause disease transmission to future generations are thought to include epigenetic modifications. This review highlights the effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the multi- and transgenerational epigenetic effects of these exposures.

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11

Fujiwara, Hiroshi, Atsushi Ideta, Yoshihiko Araki, Yumi Takao, Yukiyasu Sato, Noboru Tsunoda, Yoshito Aoyagi y Ikuo Konishi. "Immune System Cooperatively Supports Endocrine System-Primed Embryo Implantation". Journal of Mammalian Ova Research 26, n.º 3 (octubre de 2009): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1274/jmor.26.122.

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12

van Duursen, Majorie B. M., Julie Boberg, Sofie Christiansen, Lisa Connolly, Pauliina Damdimopoulou, Panagiotis Filis, Paul A. Fowler et al. "Safeguarding Female Reproductive Health Against Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals—The FREIA Project". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 9 (1 de mayo de 2020): 3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093215.

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Currently available test methods are not well-suited for the identification of chemicals that disturb hormonal processes involved in female reproductive development and function. This renders women’s reproductive health at increasing risk globally, which, coupled with increasing incidence rates of reproductive disorders, is of great concern. A woman’s reproductive health is largely established during embryonic and fetal development and subsequently matures during puberty. The endocrine system influences development, maturation, and function of the female reproductive system, thereby making appropriate hormone levels imperative for correct functioning of reproductive processes. It is concerning that the effects of human-made chemicals on the endocrine system and female reproductive health are poorly addressed in regulatory chemical safety assessment, partly because adequate test methods are lacking. Our EU-funded project FREIA aims to address this need by increasing understanding of how endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can impact female reproductive health. We will use this information to provide better test methods that enable fit-for-purpose chemical regulation and then share our knowledge, promote a sustainable society, and improve the reproductive health of women globally.

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13

Happ, G. M. "Maturation of the Male Reproductive System and its Endocrine Regulation". Annual Review of Entomology 37, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001511.

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14

Sidorkiewicz, Iwona, Kamil Zaręba, Sławomir Wołczyński y Jan Czerniecki. "Endocrine-disrupting chemicals—Mechanisms of action on male reproductive system". Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, n.º 7 (3 de mayo de 2017): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233717695160.

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Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that can cause disturbances in the endocrine system and have multiple harmful effects on health by targeting different organs and systems in the human body. Mass industrial production and widespread use of EDCs have resulted in worldwide contamination. Accumulating evidence suggest that human exposure to EDCs is related to the impairment of male reproductive function and can interrupt other hormonally regulated metabolic processes, particularly if exposure occurs during early development. Investigation of studies absent in previous reviews and meta-analysis of adverse effects of EDCs on functioning of the male reproductive system is the core of this work. Four main modes of action of EDCs on male fertility have been summarized in this review. First, studies describing estrogen- pathway disturbing chemicals are investigated. Second, androgen-signaling pathway alterations and influence on androgen sensitive tissues are examined. Third, evaluation of steroidogenesis dysfunction is discussed by focusing on the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway, which is targeted by EDCs. Last, the reportedly destructive role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on sperm function is discussed. Spermatogenesis is a remarkably complex process, hence multiple studies point out various dysfunctions depending on the development state at which the exposure occurred. Collected data show the need to account for critical windows of exposure such as fetal, perinatal and pubertal periods as well as effects of mixtures of several compounds in future research.

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15

Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P. "The impact of endocrine disrupters on the female reproductive system". Human Reproduction Update 7, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2001): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/7.3.323.

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16

Leso, V., L. Fontana, A. Marinaccio, K. Leopold, C. Fanali, D. Lucchetti, A. Sgambato y I. Iavicoli. "Palladium nanoparticle effects on endocrine reproductive system of female rats". Human & Experimental Toxicology 37, n.º 10 (6 de febrero de 2018): 1069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327118756722.

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The widespread industrial application of nanomaterials (NMs) has dramatically increased the likelihood of environmental and occupational exposure of humans to such xenobiotics. This issue, together with the increasing public health interest in understanding the effects of chemicals on endocrine system, encouraged to investigate the disruptive potential of NMs on the endocrine function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) on the female reproductive system of Wistar rats, intravenously exposed to different doses (0.12, 1.2, and 12 µg/kg), through the assessment of possible quantitative changes in the serum concentrations of several sex hormones. Our results demonstrated that the highest exposure doses significantly reduced the estradiol and testosterone concentrations, while increased the luteinizing hormone levels in treated animals compared to controls. Such alterations are indicative for an abnormal reproductive axis function. However, further investigations are needed to clarify the role of the different NP physicochemical properties in determining such effects, and possible underlining molecular mechanisms, as well as their relevance for the development of diseases in the female reproductive system. Overall, this may be helpful to define accurate risk assessment and management strategies to protect the health of the general and occupational populations exposed to Pd-NPs.

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17

Toppari, Jorma, Wiwat Rodprasert y Jaakko J. Koskenniemi. "Exposure Variation and Endocrine Disruption of the Male Reproductive System". Hormone Research in Paediatrics 86, n.º 4 (2016): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446436.

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18

Sweeney, M. F., N. Hasan, A. M. Soto y C. Sonnenschein. "Environmental endocrine disruptors: Effects on the human male reproductive system". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 16, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2015): 341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9337-4.

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19

Gonsioroski, Andressa, Vasiliki E. Mourikes y Jodi A. Flaws. "Endocrine Disruptors in Water and Their Effects on the Reproductive System". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 6 (12 de marzo de 2020): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061929.

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Anthropogenic contaminants in water can impose risks to reproductive health. Most of these compounds are known to be endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs can impact the endocrine system and subsequently impair the development and fertility of non-human animals and humans. The source of chemical contamination in water is diverse, originating from byproducts formed during water disinfection processes, release from industry and livestock activity, or therapeutic drugs released into sewage. This review discusses the occurrence of EDCs in water such as disinfection byproducts, fluorinated compounds, bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, and estrogens, and it outlines their adverse reproductive effects in non-human animals and humans.

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20

Esina, M. M. "SYSTEM OF REPRODUCTION IN HYPOTHYREOSIS". V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/2313-8726-2017-4-2-77-83.

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Hypothyreosis is one of the most common endocrine pathologies closely related with the reproductive system. In female patients with hypofunction of the thyroid gland, various disorders occur in the reproductive system: menstrual cycle deteriorations, miscarriage, infertility. Therefore, the study of thyroid function should be carried out as a screening in women planning pregnancy, as well as in infertile couples in the treatment of the infertility. When hypothyreosis is detected, L-thyroxine replacement therapy is necessary.

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21

Narayan, Edward y Simone Parisella. "Influences of the stress endocrine system on the reproductive endocrine axis in sheep (Ovis aries)". Italian Journal of Animal Science 16, n.º 4 (9 de mayo de 2017): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2017.1321972.

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22

Guillette, L. J. y Taisen Iguchi. "Contaminant-induced endocrine and reproductive alterations in reptiles". Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, n.º 11-12 (1 de enero de 2003): 2275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112275.

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Many chemicals introduced into the environment by humans adversely affect embryonic development and the functioning of the vertebrate reproductive system. It has been hypothesized that many developmental alterations are due to the endocrine-disruptive effects of various environmental contaminants. The endocrine system exhibits an organizational effect on the developing embryo, altering gene expression and dosing. Thus, a disruption of the normal hormonal signals can permanently modify the organization and future functioning of the reproductive and endocrine system. We have worked extensively with contaminant-exposed and reference populations of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) as well as performed a number of experimental studies exposing developing embryos to various persistent and nonpersistent pesticides. Using this species, we have described altered steroidogenesis, circulating hormone levels, and hepatic transformation of androgen and endocrine organ (gonad, thyroid) morphology in juvenile alligators living in polluted environments. Given the adverse observations reported to date, we recommend several important future needs: Further development of "receptor zoos" and other molecular tools that include key reptiles from various major ecosystems, in addition to freshwater ecosystems. Global studies extending the current knowledge base on crocodilians and freshwater turtles to comparable ecosystems on other continents, such as linked studies examining and extending current molecular to population level studies in Florida (USA) to tropical and temporate regions of Africa, Australia, and South America. Further studies of actual exposure, assimilation and excretion of contaminants by ectothermic vertebrates, especially reptiles that occupy high levels of the food chain.

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Wen, Lixin, Rongfang Li, Ji Wang y Jine Yi. "The reproductive stress hypothesis". Reproduction 158, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2019): R209—R218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0592.

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In this paper, we propose the reproductive stress hypothesis that describes the pregnant females response to reproductive events based upon the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary system. The main components of the reproductive stress hypothesis can be summarized as follows: (1) events unique to reproduction including empathema, pregnancy, parturition and lactation cause non-specific responses in females, called active reproductive stress; (2) the fetus is a special stressor for pregnant females where endocrine hormones, including corticotropin-releasing hormones and fetal glucocorticoids secreted by the fetus and placenta, enter the maternal circulatory system, leading to another stress response referred to as passive reproductive stress and (3) response to uterine tension and intrauterine infection is the third type of stress, called fetal intrauterine stress. Appropriate reproductive stress is a crucial prerequisite in normal reproductive processes. By contrast, excessive or inappropriate reproductive stress may result in dysfunctions of the reproductive system, such as compromised immune function, leading to susceptibility to disease. The novel insights of the reproductive stress hypothesis have important implications for deciphering the pathogenesis of certain diseases in pregnant animals, including humans, which in turn may be applied to preventing and treating their occurrence.

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Hohmann, John G., Thomas H. Teal, Donald K. Clifton, James Davis, Victor J. Hruby, Guoxia Han y Robert A. Steiner. "Differential role of melanocortins in mediating leptin's central effects on feeding and reproduction". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2000): R50—R59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.1.r50.

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Leptin serves as a humoral link coupling the status of energy reserves to the functional activity of the reproductive system. Leptin is thought to act through melanocortinergic pathways in the brain to regulate ingestive behaviors; however, whether melanocortins mediate leptin's actions on the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis is unknown. We tested this hypothesis first by determining whether the effects of leptin on feeding behavior and reproduction in the ob/ob mouse could be blocked by the melanocortin receptor (MC-R) antagonist SHU9119 and second, by examining the effects of the MC-R agonist MTII on feeding and the endocrine-reproductive system. Administered by intracerebroventricular injections, leptin inhibited food intake, raised plasma gonadotropin levels, and increased seminal vesicle weights compared with controls; SHU9119 (intracerebroventricularly) attenuated leptin's effects on food intake and body weight but did not alter leptin's stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis. MTII (intracerebroventricularly and intraperitoneally) decreased food intake and increased body temperature compared with controls but had no effect on the reproductive-endocrine axis. These results suggest that although leptin acts centrally through melanocortinergic pathways to inhibit ingestive behaviors and stimulate metabolism, leptin's activational effect on the reproductive axis is likely to be mediated by other, unknown neuroendocrine circuits.

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Kamalova, Dilyafruz. "REPRODUCTIVE AND PERINATAL RISKS IN WOMEN WITH AUTOIMMUNE THYREOIDITIS". UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL 5, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2020-5-7.

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Preservation and promotion of health, prevention of morbidity in Uzbekistan is the most important strategic direction of the state's social policy, the age structure of which is steadily shifting towards aging, which invariably leads to a decrease in the number of children and people of fertile age.Among the most common endocrine pathologies is the pathology of the thyroid system.

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Takeda, Ken. "The Effect of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the Male Reproductive System." Waste Management Research 10, n.º 4 (1999): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.10.271.

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Heindel, Jerrold J. y Kimberley A. Treinen. "Physiology of the Male Reproductive System: Endocrine, Paracrine and Autocrine Regulation". Toxicologic Pathology 17, n.º 2 (febrero de 1989): 411–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019262338901700219.

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Kogevinas, M. "Human health effects of dioxins: cancer, reproductive and endocrine system effects". Human Reproduction Update 7, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2001): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/7.3.331.

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Kogevinas, M. "Human health effects of dioxins: cancer, reproductive and endocrine system effects". APMIS 109, S103 (julio de 2001): S223—S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05771.x.

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30

Pflieger-Bruss, S., H. C. Schuppe y W. B. Schill. "The male reproductive system and its susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemicals". Andrologia 36, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2004): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00641.x.

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31

Yoshimura, Yasunori. "The Ovarian Renin–Angiotensin System in Reproductive Physiology". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 18, n.º 3 (julio de 1997): 247–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/frne.1997.0152.

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32

Nwankudu, O. N. "Endocrine, Reproductive, Neurophysiologic and Extraneous Activities of Estrogen in Vertebrates". Nigerian Veterinary Journal 41, n.º 2 (16 de abril de 2021): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i2.2.

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Estrogens are reproductive hormones synthesized in the gonads of both male and female vertebrates. This review is geared towards uncovering some endocrine, reproductive, neurophysiologic and extraneous activities of estrogen in vertebrates. The three most common naturally occurring estrogens are: Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). In primates, estradiol is the most potent and predominant estrogen during reproductive years. Estrogens are synthesized primarily in the female ovaries and in small quantities in the male testes and the adrenal glands, brain, and fat of both sexes. Estrogens are steroid hormones. The adipose tissues are considered to be the major source of circulating estrogen after the gonads in both men and women. In essence, the presence of aromatase expression in a local tissue confirms extra-gonadal estrogen synthesis. In reproduction, estrogen promote secondary sexual characteristics in females and regulates maturation of sperm (spermiogenesis) in males. Neurophysiologically, estrogen promote glutamate activity in the central nervous system, facilitates dopaminergic neurotransmission but blocks gammaaminobutyric acid. Extraneously, estrogen decrease serum cholesterol and osteoporosis especially in menopausal females. However, acute estrogen droppostpartum leads to depressed mood experienced by most post parturient females. In this review, it is observed that, while serum estrogen decreases with age in females, in male it increases with age due to the extraneous synthesis of estrogen especially in the adipose tissue. Keywords: Estrogen, Female, Aromatase, Male, adipose tissue

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Thomas, John A. "Drugs and Chemicals that Affect the Endocrine System". International Journal of Toxicology 17, n.º 2 (febrero de 1998): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226666.

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The mammalian endocrine system is very dynamic, and undergoes frequent physiological fluctions due to diurnal variations and cyclical hormonal feedback systems. Both hormonal modulations and chemicall drug perturbations can affect the reproductive systems in males and females. An endocrine disrup-tor, a contemporary term that has been used to define an agent that disrupts the endocrine system, is a hormone or antihormone mimic that can modulate endocrine signaling pathways. Unfortunately, this terminology is confusing and ambiguous and fails to account for the ever-changing endogenous hormonal milieu. The endocrine system can be disrupted or modulated by many physiologic events (e.g., exercise, menstruation, pregnancy), by pharm acologic intervention (e.g., oral contraceptives, antithyroidal medication), and by nutritional states (e.g., iodine deficiencies, vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition). Seasonal changes (e.g., light and temperature) can also modulate endocrine events. Phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens (e.g., chlorinated pesticides) can also affect the dynamics of the endocrine system. Heavy metals and certain anti-cancer agents can interfere with testicular and ovarian function and may cause sterility. Several sites of action can be involved between a drug/chemical and the endocrine system, including the central nervous system, specific target organs or subpopulation of cells, hormone-transporting proteins, and xenobi-otic-m etabolizing enzymes in the liver. At the endocrine target organ level, mechanism(s) of action may involve competition for a cell receptor or affect non-receptor-mediated actions. Some drug!chemicals may act as hormone agonists (i.e., mimic) or conversely act as hormone antagonists (i.e., an antihormone); other agents may act as partial agonists or partial antagonists. Clearly, there are many internal and external factors that can modulate the endocrine system, yet the paracrine and autocrine regulation of specific target organs is finely regulated, and, importantly, is very resilient to drugl chemical perturbation.

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García, María C., Miguel López, Clara V. Alvarez, Felipe Casanueva, Manuel Tena-Sempere y Carlos Diéguez. "Role of ghrelin in reproduction". Reproduction 133, n.º 3 (marzo de 2007): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0249.

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Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of GH secretagogue receptor type 1a, has emerged as a pleiotropic modulator of diverse biological functions, including energy homeostasis and, lately reproduction. Here, we review recent reports evaluating the reproductive effects and sites of action of ghrelin, with particular emphasis regarding its role as a molecule integrating reproductive function and energy status. Data gleaned from rodent studies clearly show that besides having direct gonadal effects, ghrelin may participate in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion and it may influence the timing of puberty. In addition, experimental data showing that ghrelin and/or its receptor are expressed in normal human ovary and testis as well as in human ovarian and testicular tumors raise the possibility that the ghrelin system may be involved in the control of cell proliferation in these tumors. We propose that ghrelin either acting as an endocrine and/or paracrine signal may play a major role in the endocrine network that integrates energy balance and reproduction.

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35

Latini, Giuseppe, Egeria Scoditti, Alberto Verrotti, Claudio De Felice y Marika Massaro. "Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Mediators of Phthalate-Induced Effects in the Male and Female Reproductive Tract: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence". PPAR Research 2008 (2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/359267.

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There is growing evidence that male as well as female reproductive function has been declining in human and wildlife populations over the last 40 years. Several factors such as lifestyle or environmental xenobiotics other than genetic factors may play a role in determining adverse effects on reproductive health. Among the environmental xenobiotics phthalates, a family of man-made pollutants are suspected to interfere with the function of the endocrine system and therefore to be endocrine disruptors. The definition of endocrine disruption is today extended to broader endocrine regulations, and includes activation of metabolic sensors, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Toxicological studies have shown that phthalates can activate a subset of PPARs. Here, we analyze the epidemiological and experimental evidence linking phthalate exposure to both PPAR activation and adverse effects on male and female reproductive health.

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36

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts y John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, n.º 1 (febrero de 2008): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803600108.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell lines, and the available expert systems and QSARs for developmental and reproductive toxicity, and also covers tests for endocrine disruption. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, particularly the use of an enhanced one-generation reproductive study, which could potentially replace the two-generation study, and therefore considerably reduce the number of animals required in reproductive toxicity. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for developmental and reproductive toxicity and for endocrine disruption, followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of developmental and reproductive toxicity testing, with respect to human risk assessment.

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37

Grindon, Christina, Robert Combes, Mark T. D. Cronin, David W. Roberts y John F. Garrod. "Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 36, n.º 1_suppl (octubre de 2008): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290803601s10.

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Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell lines, and the available expert systems and QSARs for developmental and reproductive toxicity, and also covers tests for endocrine disruption. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, particularly the use of an enhanced one-generation reproductive study, which could potentially replace the two-generation study, and therefore considerably reduce the number of animals required in reproductive toxicity. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for developmental and reproductive toxicity and for endocrine disruption, followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of developmental and reproductive toxicity testing, with respect to human risk assessment.

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38

Schwabl, Hubert, Willow R. Lindsay, Douglas G. Barron y Michael S. Webster. "Endocrine correlates of mate choice and promiscuity in females of a socially monogamous avian mating system with alternative male reproductive phenotypes". Current Zoology 60, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2014): 804–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.804.

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Abstract While our understanding of male reproductive strategies is informed by extensive investigations into endocrine mechanisms, the proximate mechanisms by which females compete for mates and adjust reproduction to social environment remains enigmatic. We set out to uncover endocrine correlates of mate choice, social environment, and reproductive investment in female red-backed fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus. In this socially monogamous, yet highly sexually promiscuous species, females experience discrete variation in the phenotype of their mates, which vary in both plumage signals and level of paternal care, and in the composition of their breeding groups, which consist of either the pair alone or with an additional cooperative auxiliary; female investment varies according to these social parameters. We found that androgen, estrogen, and glucorticoid levels varied with reproductive stage, with highest androgen and estrogen concentrations during nest construction and highest corticosterone concentrations during the pre-breeding stage. These stage-dependent patterns did not vary with male phenotype or auxiliary presence, though androgen levels during pre-breeding mate selection were lower in females obtaining red/black mates than those obtaining brown mates. We found no evidence that androgen, estrogen, or corticosterone levels during the fertile period were related to extra-pair young (EPY) frequency. This study demonstrates clear changes in steroid levels with reproductive stage, though it found little support for variation with social environment. We suggest hormonal responsiveness to social factors may be physiologically constrained in ways that are bypassed through exogenous hormone manipulations.

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39

Foster, Warren G. "Endocrine Disruption and Human Reproductive Effects: An Overview". Water Quality Research Journal 36, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2001): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.015.

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Abstract Humans of all ages interact with their environment on a daily basis and are thus exposed to a variety of both man-made and naturally occurring chemicals through the air they breath, the water they drink and the food they eat. The potential for exposure to environmental contaminants to impact the function of the reproductive system and affect normal development of the reproductive tract has become an area of increasing concern at all levels of society. Environment Canada and Health Canada jointly organized a workshop to review the current state of knowledge on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and to establish a national science agenda on the scientific assessment of EDCs. This report summarizes the key scientific literature pertaining to the role of EDCs in a number of selected human reproductive/developmental outcomes. Change in the frequency of health outcome trends, epidemiological evidence of an association between the health outcome of concern and exposure to EDCs, and mechanistic evidence of receptor-mediated effects were the criteria used to evaluate the strength of the evidence. While it cannot be concluded that EDCs cause reproductive effects in the general Canadian population, the weight of evidence provides cause for continued concern.

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40

Layton, Scott y Jason Belden. "Engaging Undergraduates in the Scientific Process: Exploring Invertebrate Endocrine Disruption". American Biology Teacher 78, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2016): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2016.78.5.410.

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Engaging students in the process of science to increase learning and critical thinking has become a key emphasis in undergraduate education. Introducing environmental topics, such as the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, into undergraduate courses offers a new means to increase student engagement. Daphnia magna can serve as a model organism for endocrine disruption, and its ease of handling, rapid reproduction rate, and clearly defined endpoints make it useful in short-term, student research projects. The concept of endocrine disruption can be tested through a 21-day reproductive study of D. magna exposed to varying concentrations of the pesticide fenoxycarb. Students will observe an altered reproduction rate and increased production of males under conditions that would typically result only in the production of female offspring. This research system allows students to formulate hypotheses, set up experiments, analyze data, and present results, leading to a greater appreciation of and interest in science.

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41

Choi, Kyung-Chul, Eui-Bae Jeung y Peter Leung. "Impact of Environmental Endocrine Disruption on the Reproductive System for Human Health". Immunology‚ Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 6, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2006): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152206775528905.

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42

Brooks, A. N. "Comparative physiology of the reproductive endocrine system in laboratory rodents and humans". Pure and Applied Chemistry 70, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1998): 1633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199870091633.

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43

Goldman, Jerome M., Ralph L. Cooper, Susan C. Laws, Georgia L. Rehnberg, Tammy L. Edwards, W. Keith McElroy y Joy F. Hein. "Chlordimeform-induced alterations in endocrine regulation within the male rat reproductive system". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 104, n.º 1 (junio de 1990): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(90)90279-4.

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44

Gibson, Douglas A. y Philippa T. K. Saunders. "Endocrine disruption of oestrogen action and female reproductive tract cancers". Endocrine-Related Cancer 21, n.º 2 (25 de octubre de 2013): T13—T31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-13-0342.

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Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are ubiquitous and persistent compounds that have the capacity to interfere with normal endocrine homoeostasis. The female reproductive tract is exquisitely sensitive to the action of sex steroids, and oestrogens play a key role in normal reproductive function. Malignancies of the female reproductive tract are the fourth most common cancer in women, with endometrial cancer accounting for most cases. Established risk factors for development of endometrial cancer include high BMI and exposure to oestrogens or synthetic compounds such as tamoxifen. Studies on cell and animal models have provided evidence that many EDC can bind oestrogen receptors and highlighted early life exposure as a window of risk for adverse lifelong effects on the reproductive system. The most robust evidence for a link between early life exposure to EDC and adverse reproductive health has come from studies on women who were exposedin uteroto diethylstilbestrol. Demonstration that EDC can alter expression of members of the HOX gene cluster highlights one pathway that might be vulnerable to their actions. In summary, evidence for a direct link between EDC exposure and cancers of the reproductive system is currently incomplete. It will be challenging to attribute causality to any single EDC when exposure and development of malignancy may be separated by many years and influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet (a source of phytoestrogens) and adiposity. This review considers some of the evidence collected to date.

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45

Cottone, Erika, Valentina Pomatto y Patrizia Bovolin. "Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Central Regulation of Nonmammalian Vertebrate Reproduction". International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/941237.

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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a well-documented pivotal role in the control of mammalian reproductive functions, by acting at multiple levels, that is, central (CNS) and local (gonads) levels. Since studies performed in animal models other than mammals might provide further insight into the biology of these signalling molecules, in the present paper we review the comparative data pointing toward the endocannabinoid involvement in the reproductive control of non-mammalian vertebrates, focussing in particular on the central regulation of teleost and amphibian reproduction. The morphofunctional distribution of brain cannabinoid receptors will be discussed in relation to other crucial signalling molecules involved in the control of reproductive functions, such as GnRH, dopamine, aromatase, and pituitary gonadotropins.

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46

Fusani, Leonida, Daniele Della Seta, Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri y Francesca Farabollini. "Altered reproductive success in rat pairs after environmental-like exposure to xenoestrogen". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n.º 1618 (24 de abril de 2007): 1631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0064.

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Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have the capacity of altering the normal function of the endocrine system. EDCs have shown dramatic effects on the reproductive biology of aquatic wildlife and may affect human reproduction as well. Studies on EDCs in mammalian species have often investigated the effects of short-term, high doses on male and female reproductive physiology. However, it is difficult to predict from such studies the effects of EDC on populations that are exposed to very low doses throughout their life via contaminated food and water. We studied the effects of EDC on mammalian reproduction with an environmental-like protocol where the endpoint is the reproductive success of exposed pairs. We focused on a subclass of EDC, the xenoestrogens, which mimic the action of natural oestrogen hormones. Male and female rats were exposed to low doses of the pure oestrogen, ethynyloestradiol, during development, by oral administration to their mothers during pregnancy and lactation, and to them until puberty. We evaluated the effects of the exposure on development and reproductive physiology of individuals, and on fertility and fecundity of pairs in which both members had been exposed to the same treatment. We found that low doses caused major reproductive deficits in the experimental animals. Very low, environmentally relevant doses did not have evident effects on exposed animals; however, the fecundity of exposed pairs was substantially altered. Environmentally relevant doses of xenoestrogens which have no evident physiological effects can alter the reproductive success of exposed pairs in natural populations.

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47

Wright, I. A. y A. R. Peters. "Nutrition: reproduction interactions in cows". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (marzo de 1991): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019863.

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In any cattle production system, reproductive performance is of central importance. The output from beef cow systems is calves, while lactation in the dairy cow is only achieved following parturition. On a world basis, the major cause of poor reproductive performance is inadequate nutrition, and in most cases this is represented by an inadequate energy supply, although in specific circumstances particular vitamin, mineral or disease problems can occur. This review considers how nutrition, and in particular energy nutrition may act via the endocrine system to influence reproductive performance in cows. The paper will consider the post-partum anoestrous period, fertilization and embryo mortality.

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48

Caro, Samuel P., Charlotte A. Cornil, Kees van Oers y Marcel E. Visser. "Personality and gonadal development as sources of individual variation in response to GnRH challenge in female great tits". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n.º 1902 (mayo de 2019): 20190142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0142.

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Seasonal timing of reproduction is a key life-history trait, but we know little about the mechanisms underlying individual variation in female endocrine profiles associated with reproduction. In birds, 17β-oestradiol is a key reproductive hormone that links brain neuroendocrine mechanisms, involved in information processing and decision-making, to downstream mechanisms in the liver, where egg-yolk is produced. Here, we test, using a simulated induction of the reproductive system through a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) challenge, whether the ovary of pre-breeding female great tits responds to brain stimulation by increasing oestradiol. We also assess how this response is modified by individual-specific traits like age, ovarian follicle size, and personality, using females from lines artificially selected for divergent levels of exploratory behaviour. We show that a GnRH injection leads to a rapid increase in circulating concentrations of oestradiol, but responses varied among individuals. Females with more developed ovarian follicles showed stronger responses and females from lines selected for fast exploratory behaviour showed stronger increases compared to females from the slow line, indicating a heritable component. This study shows that the response of the ovary to reproductive stimulation from the brain greatly varies among individuals and that this variation can be attributed to several commonly measured individual traits, which sheds light on the mechanisms shaping heritable endocrine phenotypes.

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Kumar, Vikas, Chandrajeetbalo Majumdar y Partha Roy. "Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals from leather industry effluents on male reproductive system". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 111, n.º 3-5 (septiembre de 2008): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.06.005.

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Joffe, M. "Myths about endocrine disruption and the male reproductive system should not be propagated". Human Reproduction 17, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2002): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.2.520.

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